CIS Political Science Review
Dual federalism is the practice of
Allowing the states and the federal government to exercise power separately in areas of legitimate concern to them
Compare and Contrast Liberals and Conservatives
Compare: - Both are willing to use the Government to get what they want. - Both have reasonable views on what they want. Contrast: - Liberals favor Government activities that promote equality as affirmative action programs to employ minorities and increased spending on public housing. - Conservatives oppose Government activities that promote equality as affirmative action programs to employ minorities and increased spending on public housing. - Liberals oppose Government actions that restrict individual liberties, such as banning sexually explicit movies or mandatory testing for AIDS. - Conservatives favor Government actions that restrict individual liberties, such as banning sexually explicit movies or mandatory testing for AIDS. - American Liberals are willing to use government to promote equality but not order. - American Conservatives are willing to use government to promote order but not equality. - Conservatives hate change. - Liberals love change. - Conservatives want less Government. - Liberals want more Government. - Conservatives are against gun control. - Liberals are not against gun control.
A power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) ____ power
Implied
Compared with equality of outcome, equality of opportunity requires a comparatively ____ level of government activity
Low
Globalization can be seen as a threat to
National Sovereignty
An example of a totalitarian government is the government of
Nazi Germany
Western Europe's experience with democratic socialism demonstrates that
Socialism can be practiced along with personal freedoms and democratic participation
A person who favors government ownership of some basic industries and a strong government role in directing the economy would best be labeled a
Socialist
The American system allows for the will of the majority to be blocked by
The Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court
Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?
The government should do what a majority of the public wants
The single most important factor leading to the Constitutional Convention was
The inability of the national or state governments to maintain order under the Articles
The effect of national emergencies and judicial interpretations on federalism has been to
To increase the power of the National Government
Federalism, or the division of power between a national government and regional units, stands in contrast to
Unitary Government
When a distribution of opinion is sharply divided over such issues as homosexuality or health care, there is great potential for political conflict. This type of distribution is known as
Bimodal distribution with the modes at each end of the possible range of opinion
In a totalitarian regime, there is a general desire for the government to control
Business, Labor, Education, and Religion
What kind of grant-in-aid allows the recipient of the grant the least discretion in determining how to spend the money?
Categorial Grant
A confederation can best be described as
A loose association of independent states
The U.S. Constitution, written in 1787 for an agricultural society currently guides the political life of
A massive urban society in the post nuclear age
According to the first national census, in 1790, about ____ percent of the American population lived in slavery
18
Which amendment do the authors categorize as "disastrous"? It is the only one to be repealled
18th
There are about ____ politically sovereign nation-states in the world today
195
Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the
1950s
Today, the mass media conduct most polls by
Telephone - Mobile Phone
Why do most democracies give power to representatives rather than directly to citizens?
- Bringing large numbers of citizens together for discussions and votes is difficult - Decisions may require specialized knowledge not possessed by the average citizen - Discussion of political issues takes more time than most people are willing to spend
Describe three factors that can affect the accuracy of a sample used in a public opinion poll
- How the sample is selected - The size of the sample - The amount of variation in the population
Discuss the three major purposes of government and explain each one
- Maintain Order: Police force, making laws, etc - Provide Public Goods: Education, highways, etc - Provide Security and Defense: "Establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity."
The Gallup Poll and most other national polls usually survey about ____ people in a poll
1,000
Congressional redistricting occurs once every ____ years
10
The ____ amendment lowers the voting age to eighteen
26th
Including the Bill of Rights, the following number of amendments have been added to the Constitution
27
Based on 2007 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as ____ local governments of different sorts
89,000
Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by the following number of states
9
When plotted on a graph, data on public opinion regarding whether homosexuals should be allowed to adopt children is the following
A Bimodal Distribution
Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?
A Layer Cake
Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?
A Marble Cake
The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as:
A Separation of Powers
One interesting feature of the U.S. Constitution is that it is
A comprehensive document of only 4300 words
A key component of the Virginia Plan was
A strong national legislature
According to pluralist theory, group struggle is democratic if
All groups are allowed to participate
Capitalism is best described as a(n)
An economic system in which production and property are privately owned, with a minimum of government interference
In the United States, the political positions argued in most public debates
Are primarily in the center of the government action continuum
The pluralist model of democracy contrasts with the majoritarian model on the role of public opinion because the pluralist model
Asks government to take into account the opinions of minorities
In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote
Both Order and Equality over Freedom
Children are likely to adopt their parents' party identification when
Both parents strongly identify with the same party
Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of
Checks and Balances
What constitutional crisis emerged from Shays's Rebellion?
Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, lacked the power to confront significant national emergencies
Political socialization
Continues throughout life
Describe the difference between Conventional and Unconventional Participation. Give three examples of each one.
Conventional Participation: Relatively routine behavior that uses institutional channels that is acceptable to the dominant culture - Voting - Writing letters to the editor - E-mailing elected officials - Blogging - Working for a campaign - Discuss politics w/ others - Participate - Forums, Polls, Petitions, Town Meetings Unconventional Participation: Relatively uncommon political behavior that challenges or defies established institutions and dominant norms Non-Violent - Sit-Ins - Boycotts - Strikes - Marches - Protests Violent - Assassinations - Intimidations - Murder (Abortion) - Property Destruction - Terrorism (9/11)
Congress exercises a potential check on the judicial branch through its constitutional power to
Create or eliminate lower federal courts
Which of the following might very well explain the durability of any given constitution?
Creation by an open participatory process, Specifically, Flexibility through amendment, and Flexibility through interpretation
The lengthy recession which began in 2008 has led to high unemployment, lower property values, and fewer property sales resulting in a loss in tax revenue for state governments. Since state budgets must balance each year, states are left with the following choices
Cut Services, Borrow Money, and Raise Taxes
A sign that pluralist democracy might not be working well in the United States is the
Declining participation of citizens in civic groups like the PTA
The names of more than 20 percent of the world's political parties contain some variation of the word
Democracy
Who is likely to oppose the death penalty?
Democrats, African Americans, and Liberals
Federalism is able to unify diverse groups of people because it
Does not require citizens to be ruled by majorities from different regions and with different interest
Social order is usually defined as
Established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior
Someone who believes that the elastic clause of the Constitution should be narrowly interpreted is most likely to endorse the concept of____ federalism
Dual
The text suggests that there are ____ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization
Economic
Examples of public goods are
Education, Sanitation, and Highways
The ____ amendment protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment
Eighth
A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as a(n) ____ clause
Elastic
The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "____ clause."
Elastic
A referendum is best described as a(n)
Election on a policy issue
The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics is called
Elite Theory
The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) was intended to prohibit discrimination in
Employment, Public Services, and Accommodations
The vast majority of recent preemptions have focused on
Environmental Protection and Homeland Security
When one person has the same chance to succeed in life as another, this is called
Equality of Opportunity
If all citizens in a society are given access to higher education, but a particular social class experiences a high dropout and failure rate, that society is failing to provide
Equality of Outcome
Liberals
Favor the use of government to foster equality
The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators
Follow the general contours of public opinion
Government efforts to meet the AIDS crisis raise a conflict between
Freedom and Order
The struggle to devise a new constitution at the Constitutional Convention represented an attempt to find an appropriate balance between (people still wanted a bill of rights for this reason)
Freedom and Order
Compared with a high school graduate, a person with a Ph.D. in economics would tend to support
Freedom over Order
The "unalienable rights" identified by the Declaration of Independence are
Freedom, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
What does democracy mean?
Government by the people
Explain the Theory of Democratic Government and then cite three examples.
Government depends upon the consent of the governed - Pluralist Theory: A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies - Bureaucratic Theory: The hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber - Elite Theory: A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization
The three-fifths formula that was used in regard to representation in the House
Had been used in 1783 under the Articles to allocate government costs among the states
In 2010, the following accounts for nearly 50% of national government grants to the states
Health Care funding
Although many countries openly advocate "rule by the people," much disagreement remains over
How "the people" is defined, and how those individuals should rule
In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson's statement that "all men are created equal" is similar to which theorist's belief that government is based on the "consent of the governed"?
John Locke
The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was
Judicial Review
The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means
Kratos
A libertarian is likely to believe
Laws should not define the minimum drinking age, marijuana should not be criminalized, helping the needy should be a matter of individual choice, government should not own and control industry
How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?
Less Likely
The oldest objective of government is
Maintaining Order
Using the state to redistribute income was originally a radical idea set forth by
Marx
Which philosopher's ideas form the basis of Communism?
Marx
All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except
Minority Rights
The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called
Political Socialization
Those who claim that the pluralist model fits the United States better than the elite model point out that
No identifiable elite wins consistently over a broad range of issues
Which of the following statements concerning recall is incorrect?
None of these
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
None of these
Which of the following statements regarding cooperative federalism is incorrect?
None of these
Libertarians are geographically dispersed, but tend to be located in the
Northeast and West
According to elite theory, the United States is actually a(n)
Oligarchy
An autocracy is a political system ruled by
One Individual
In general, libertarianism
Opposes all government action except that which protects life and property
Ethnic and religious rivals are often more interested in achieving a form of government that does the following:
Oppresses their opponents
According to Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, the proper objective of government is to ensure
Order
According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is
Plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end
A country abiding by the principle "one man, one vote" is practicing
Political Equality
The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called
Political Ideology
The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on
Prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes
Questioning established values
Although the United States is a capitalist country, the government does intervene in the economic arena, primarily through
Regulating Private Businesses
Explain The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and then summarize why Congress passed the law
Relaxed or scrapped limitations on media ownership. Set no national limits for radio ownership and relaxed local limits. Lifted rate regulations for cable systems and allowed cross-ownership of cable and telephone companies. - Attitudes started changing - The competition was thought to be good - Pressure to have better "marketplace ideas" - Regulations violated the 1st Amendment
Which of the following best identifies the basis for state representation in the electoral college?
Resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
A basic political value taught in elementary school is
Respect for authority
A republic is a government
Resting on the consent of the governed
When sampled, public opinion on tax increases reveals that the public is strongly against tax increases. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as
Skewed
The ideological distribution of the public has been ____ in every presidential election since 1964
Skewed toward Conservatism
If a state's drinking laws allowed eighteen-year-olds to drink alcoholic beverages in violation of the federal government's age requirement of twenty-one, the federal government's age restriction would supersede the state's law based upon the
Supremely Clause
For the United States, the core substantive principles of democracy are embedded in
The Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution
Why has power shifted (from the states) to the national government throughout the history of the USA? ( 5 different reasons)
The Framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government for the United States because they wanted to balance the power of the central government with states that would exercise independent influence over most areas of people's lives, outside of national concerns such as defense, coining money, and so forth. Liberty would be protected by requiring the federal government to share power and authority with the states
The shift away from dual federalism and toward cooperative federalism was a response to the problems associated with
The Great Depression
Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from ____ to ____.
The Mass Electorate; Organized Groups
A result of the Second Continental Congress was
The adoption of the Declaration of Independence
Define political socialization and then list at least three political agents of socialization
The complex process by which people acquire their political values - Family - Peer Groups - School
The Great Compromise resolved what issue?
The power of large versus small states
Home Rule is
The right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas
The three-fifths compromise left the South with 47% of the House seats, and the overrepresentation resulting from the South's large slave populations translated into greater influence in
The selection of the U.S. President
Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that
The way a pollster words a question can determine the answer
The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that
There are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause
One weakness of the substantive model of democracy is that
There is no agreement regarding which policies are democratic
According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?
There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it
People often seem inconsistent in their political beliefs because
They may favor government action to promote one value but not another
Which of the following statements concerning the Constitutional Convention is incorrect?
Thirteen states selected delegates
The Declaration of Independence was based on input from many people, but its primary author was
Thomas Jefferson
The primary goal of Federalist 10 was to demonstrate that the new government
Would not fall under the dominance of any one faction