CIV History 4
Lutheranism
1st Protestant Religion Believe: -salvation could be achieved with faith alone (not good works)
St. Teresa of Avila
A Spanish saint who challenged protestant power by bringing people into the church with soft and loving approach: -reminds of the personal relationship w/ God in church -creates Carmelite Nuns -trying to bring church back to mysticism -CHURCH: ATTRACTIVE
Parliament
A body of representatives that makes laws in England. This is created as England develops into the constitutional monarchy it is today: -House of Lords -House of Commons
Magna Carta (1200)
A charter of liberty and political rights obtained from King John of England. The "parliament" didn't want him to tax so much so they forced him to sign this thus starting the constitution of Eng.
Nation state
A country that is bigger than a city-state and is ruled by monarch/absolutist government in 1600s
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body. -in England during time of absolutism
Absolutism
A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has total power. -usually rule over nation-state -people want it bc chaos in Europe so this=stable -have bureaucracy to control more (like Augustus) -France most, DR least
Mysticism
A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God -used by Teresa to bring protestants back
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. DEVOTION: connects to your faith physically
Martin Luther (1500)
A monk in Wittenberg who becomes a monk because God saves him in a storm. Through his intense study of scripture, he discovers what he thinks faith is. -lays down the foundation for protestant churches -justification by faith -"priesthood of all believers" -led the Protestant Reformation -wrote 95 theses (reforms for church) -thinks of God more personally/individually -HATES indulgence -likes "sinful" music: vernacular language... (Josquin)
Sun King
A nickname for Louis xiv that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. -Louis: ___ bc center of everything
Indulgence
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins. -important bc it is the spark for the reformation -movement started by Pope Leo X -#1 salesman: Tetzel -ML thinks it represents everything wrong with church
Domesday Book
A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth and also so the nobles could tax appropriately
Inquisition
A religious committee of Catholic clergymen that checked on Christians and made sure they were being good Christians -drives movement to "clean up" their act
Protestant Reformation (1500)
A religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Middle class (1600)
A term created to describe the merchants during the development of England. They gained their wealth as trade increased as there was more expansion of knowledge of world and trade/economics. -why Dutch Republic: $$$ -known as Bourgeoisie in France
The Power of the Monarch in England by James I (1600)
ABOUT: About what being a king means: having all the power, and that parliament has nothing on him (can't touch this) WHERE: England STYLE: not super formal POINT: To secure/state his absolute power QUOTE: "For kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods."
Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants by Martin Luther (1500)
ABOUT: How violent the peasant wars were and that the peasants were evil bc: not obedient, violent, claim to be Christian WHERE: Germany STYLE: List with examples POINT: to advise leaders about how to deal with the evil peasants QUOTE: "violently robbing and plundering monasteries and castles which are not theirs..."
The Power of Parliament in England by House of Commons (1600)
ABOUT: The parliament who disagree with James I WHERE: England STYLE: formal list POINT: demand respect from king QUOTE: "Sixthly... we avouch that the house of commons is the sole proper judge of return of all such writs and of the election of all such members..."
Justification by Faith by Martin Luther (1500)
ABOUT: explains authors concept that faith alone brings salvation and that it is not based on wealth WHERE: Germany STYLE: praising of God's goodness, tells his revelation journey POINT: to justify his idea of _______, to take $$$ power away from the church QUOTE: "Then I grasped that the justice of God is that righteousness by which through grace and sheer mercy God justifies us through faith."
Institutes of Christian Religion by Calvin (1500)
ABOUT: expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented: * predestination WHERE: Geneva STYLE: logical, Christian speechy, close-minded POINT: QUOTE: "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man."
The Court of Louis XIV by Duc de Saint-Simon
ABOUT: how great Louis is - kind, reserved, orderly, his faults = bc of others WHERE: Versailles, France STYLE: absolute praise POINT: justify bad kinship by putting blame on others (boost Louis up) QUOTE: "God had given him all that was necessary for him to be a good king, perhaps also to be a fair one."
Political Will and Testament by Richelieu (1600)
ABOUT: how to be a prince: powerful reputation, an army, wealth, accepted by subjects WHERE: France STYLE: hypothetical, treatise POINT: to say what he thinks about Prince power QUOTE: "The Prince must be powerful by his reputation", "Finally, by the possession of his subjects' hearts"
Johann Tetzel (1500)
ABOUT: indulgence (explains) and its benefits WHERE: Germany STYLE: an add for indulgence POINT: to make people "buy" indulgence QUOTE: "Are you not willing, then, for the fourth part of a florin, to obtain these letters... safe and sound into the land of Paradise?"
The way of perfection by St. Teresa of Avila (1550)
ABOUT: perfect love (pure intentioned) and spiritual love (for God) - no sinful lust!!! WHERE: Spain STYLE: facts w/ argument (old eng) POINT: to convince convent nuns not to be sinful (love only your Spouse, God) QUOTE: "For however good this love might be, everything must hark back to its origin, which is the perfect love, I spoke of."
Spiritual Exercise by St. Ignatius
ABOUT: teaching these exercises on how to be a good clergy member: 4 levels/stages WHERE: Spain STYLE: this is how to teach them... POINT: to explain generally what these "lessons" were QUOTE: "While the exercitant is engaged in the First Week of the Exercises, it will be helpful if he knows nothing of What is done in the Second Week."
95 Theses by Martin Luther (1517)
ABOUT: the changes the author hopes to see in the corrupt church WHERE: Germany STYLE: list of "requests" POINT: to point out problems in the church/start reformation QUOTE: "And let them thus be more confident of entering heaven through many tribulations rather than through a false assurance of peace."
Dutch Government by William Temple (1650)
ABOUT: the government system in the Netherlands WHERE: Netherlands STYLE: formalish POINT: to explain government as he is the ambassador (from England) QUOTE: "To that degree which was necessary for the defense and so small a state against so mighty Princes as their neighbors"
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by getting their "colonies" to send all money/wealth back to them
excommunicates
Because his ideas are spreading rapidly and are very against the catholic church, the pope calls Luther to Worms, Germany to denounce his comment. Instead, Luther does not and so the pope __________ him.
Printing
Because of ______, Luther's ideas spread like wild fire and soon his movement gains lots of momentum.
Council of Trent (1550)
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and reaffirm core catholic believe and generally clean up corruption because of the rise of Protestantism: KEEP: -mass -7 sacraments -Faith + Good works = salvation -Latin for all documents -Pope power -polyphony LOOSE: -Simony -pluralism -make priest seminary/school
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
Good works
Catholics believe you need to have these to get to heaven: ex). include acts of charity, sacraments, and prayer (mostly done with exchange of $$$)
Index of forbidden books
Document used to support counter-reformation that forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. -needed by printing made all book accessible -affectively blocked off protestant ideas from Catholics and thus no more could convert
Germany
During the time of absolutism, ______ (formerly the Holy Roman Empire) was a bunch of split up independent states. The most powerful leaders of these states elected a weak Emperor through which they could enact what they wanted. -*: "Empire" seems more powerful than states -mostly protestants -Big Independent states: Prussia and Austria
Italy
During the time of absolutism, _______ was a bunch of fragmented city-states with the Papal States in the middle. Very seperated
England
During the time of absolutism, ________ had a constitutional monarchy: -1066: William the Conqueror (French), conquerors Eng. and sets up "royal line" as king of England -1215: Magna carta -1300: Parliament... set up!!!
(peasant) rebellions
During the time that Martin Luther is excommunicated, he is taken in by a Prince who is against the Papal state at the time. During this time, many __________ are happening all over against the church including iconoclasm (destroying church stuff) because the movement has become less about faith and more about classes/wealth. -Luther will come out as against this
Henry IV (1600)
Father to Louis XIII who ruled France when Versaille was started and married Marie de Medici -made Edict of Nantes
nepotism
Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs) in the clergy. CORRUPT because the appointed are generally unqualified
Louis XIII (1600)
French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother (Marie de Medici), Cardinal Richelieu (advisor), and wealthy nobles.
Jesuits
Group founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism -become missionaries (focus on edu) -go places where there is no Catholics/Christians to convert -"army" of Catholics
House of Lords
House of parliament made up of the wealthy landowners that stays this way
House of Commons
House of parliament that, at first, was the lesser landlords that ran the government but, as the merchant class increased its wealth, they pushed their way in to being the first legislative body of Parliament whose members were "elected".
visible signs
In Calvinism, these are signs that tell us that we are blessed by God like being rich
Louis XIV
Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. -grandson of Henry IV
Priests
Low level parish ______ who performed religious ceremonies/sacraments at the local level. CORRUPT: they are not qualified/generally have minimal religious training: -don't know Latin -people questioning their salvation in priest's hands -don't follow rules (ex. Have kids)
Priesthood of all believers
Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.
Cardinal Richelieu (1600)
Minister to Louis XIII. His plan helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy through his advising of the king with the help of Marie de Medici -after both him and Louis XIII die, French are thrown into chaos as 4 year old takes over
Private Devotion (popular piety)
Praying at home or in private as a result of lack of trust in a corrupt church. Some examples of taking religious initiative: Mariology, veneration, pilgrimages, rosary beads (all have to do with getting closer to God) -people begin to go against corrupt church
Thirty Years War (1600)
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire about religion (Protestants and Catholics) -this adds to the chaos in Europe that causes absolutism
Calvinism
Protestant sect founded by John Calvin -strong moral code -predestination -separation of church and state -"conservative/drilling"
Carmelite Nuns
Started by Teresa of Avila: cloistered nuns (so Teresa has time to write a bunch of books)
Prince
The ________ in the Dutch Republic system of government had no power and was simply ceremonial
Threats
The __________ to the French absolutism: -Protestants (French: catholic) -Nobility (fight over king's spot)
Mariology
The branch of theology concerning the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as, her role in the Divine plan of salvation DEVOTION: can model themselves after a good role model (unlike church) and can have + connection bc Mary is closer to us than God or JC
absenteeism
The failure to show up for work CORRUPT: not fulfilling religious job
pluralism
The holding of several church offices at once CORRUPT: don't give all energy to on place, and bc in it for the money
Marie de Medici
The mother of Louis XIII and the wife of Henry IV. She became the regent (ruler) of France when her husband died and until Louis came of age and then advised him (highly)
Leo X
The pope who reconstructed St. Peter's basilica using indulgence funding movement (Tetzel leads this) -excommunicate Martin Luther
simony
The selling of generally higher church offices usually bought for the benefits of the church land CORRUPT: the people who buy are generally unknowledgeable laity
Dutch Republic (1600)
The united Provinces of the Netherlands that was the largest commercial power during the time of absolutism making Amsterdam the new Venice of Europe. Their wealth is based on merchants/trade. GOV'T: states general elects a Stadtholder and they both help make all decisions while the Prince is simply the face of the country
Corruption
There was a lot of ______ in the church leading up to reformation including: priests, simony, nepotism, pluralism, and absenteism
John Calvin (1500)
This Frenchman was influenced by Luther and became a highly influential Protestant leader -theologies: makes "_____ism" -doesn't believe in music (bc too much like church) -only Psalms -v. focused on spoken word of God (stricter)
Stadholder
This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions and some decisions in Dutch Republic = prime minister
Protestantism
Which splits into many: -Lutherans -Calvinism -Anglicanism (England) -Huguenots (France) Attractive because you have a more personal relationship with God All believe: Nicene creed, authority of Bible, Vernacular language, reject papal power
Parlay
William the conqueror used ________ to discuss with dukes. This is Important because it is a stepping stone to no absolute power.
Veneration
Worship of both Relics and Saints DEVOTION: tangible connection to God/faith
Rosary beads
a chain of adjoining beads and a crucifix used as an aid in the recitation of prayers DEVOTION: tangible connection, take control of own prayers rather than relying on church for salvation
Edict of Nantes (1600)
document that tolerated the Huguenots (Protestants in France)
St. Ignatius
starter of Society of Jesus and part of counter-Reformation. He was a knight but converts because of a revelation. He then seeks to stop the spread of Protestantism with missionary work and education -v. strict about religion: why he makes strict spirit. exercises -"army" of church
States General
term used by the national assembly of Dutch where the wealthy merchant class held real power. They elected the Stadholder =parliament with +power
Challenged
the church _______ protestant power by: -inquisition -index of Forbidden books -society of Jesus
Counter (Catholic) Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming their faith through: -church reformation -challenge protestant power Attractive: as the movement continues, they become more attracted as they have "fixed" corruption and are much more stable/unified than protestantism