civil rights to nixon
roe v wade
(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy
sncc
-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
impact of watergate
-public cynicism of politicians -changes in reporting news -public figures suspected -journalists as celebrities -responsibility to bare evil and help right what is wrong
betty friedan
1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
malcolm x
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
voting rights act of 1965
1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
pentagon papers
A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.
watergate scandal
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.
the tet offensive
A large attack by communist forces on American strongholds throughout Vietnam taking place on January 31, 1968 in which a few cities fell to communist forces. This offensive revealed to many Americans the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam as it was documented through television and photographs. Although this was a military victory for the United States, it significantly hindered the Johnson administration.
black power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
tonkin gulf resolution
Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years.
i have a dream
Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
united states relations with china and soviet union
Given the long history of animosity between those two nations, Nixon and his adviser Henry Kissinger, decided to exploit that rivalry to win advantages for the United States. That policy became known as triangular diplomacy.
freedom riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
montgomery bus boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
march on washington
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
black panthers
Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.
crisis in little rock
Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas was forced to integrate in 1957, however, they were resistant in letting 9 African American students attend the school, so President Eisenhower sent sent in Federal troops to help with school attendance and integration. The school was closed at the end of the year.
feminine mystique
Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.
united states v richard nixon 1974
Nixon had to surrender the tapes. Congress soon began to discuss charges of impeachment. It was soon discovered that segments of the recordings were missing from the tapes, Nixon's secretary claimed it to be an accident but it was clearly intentional
war powers act
Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power
kent state
Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
rosa parks
Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
brown v. the board of education 1954
Ruled that "separate is inherently unequal." Overruled Plussy v. Ferguson.
march on birmingham
Strategic movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to bring attention to the unequal treatment black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama (1963).
equal rights amendment
Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.
civil rights act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
james meridith
This was the first African American student that was denied entry into Ole Miss; The Mississippian governor,Ross Bernett, with the aid of the state police, prevented this man from registering
why did the u.s get involved in vietnam
To stop communism from spreading
martin luther king jr
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
freedom summer
a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of four established civil rights organizations: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), with SNCC playing the lead role.
counterculture
a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture
stagflation
a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
new federalism
a policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)
sclc
churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
integrating ole miss
james meredith wanted to attend ole miss after a federal court case allowed him
realpolitik
politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
affirmative action
programs intended to make up for past discrimination by helping minority groups and women gain access to jobs and opportunities
hippie culture
rebellious and politically aware, influenced by musicians, poets, artist, authors, philosophers. term coined in san fran newspaper, disillusioned by "the establishment" creating a generation gap, alternative lifestyles (communes, not getting married), "back to nature" living and drug experimentation
detente
the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)
domino theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
SALT 1 treaty
the treaty that Nixon signed with Russia, stood for Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
campus activism
youth movement on college campuses that generally opposed the war in Vietnam and believed the nation needed fundamental changes
