CJ: 110 Exam 2

Contrast a typical situation that falls under the law enforcement function with a typical situation covered by service function. a. A law enforcement situation might involve investigating a crime, whereas a service situation might involve keeping a disagreement between two strangers from turning into a fistfight. b. A law enforcement situation might mean require conducting crime prevention classes at a community center; a service situation might be asking a homeowner to turn down loud music. c. A law enforcement situation might be locating someone who has violated a law, whereas a service situation might be coming to the aid of someone having a heart attack. d. A law enforcement situation might be finding a lost pet, whereas a service situation might be arresting a known fugitive.

A law enforcement situation might be locating someone who has violated a law, whereas a service situation might be coming to the aid of someone having a heart attack.

Contrast the responsibilities of an officer in a patrol unit with one in a special narcotics unit. a. A patrol officer handles a wide range of functions, including preventing crime, catching suspects, and mediating quarrels; the narcotics officer is dedicated solely to crimes involving narcotics. b. A patrol officer only works on crime prevention and traffic incidents; the narcotics officer is dedicated solely to crimes involving narcotics. c. A patrol officer only handles the investigation and apprehension of criminals, while narcotics officers work on narcotics-related crimes and community service functions. d. A patrol officer is responsible solely for community service and building relationships; the narcotics officer handles narcotics crimes in addition to preventing crime, catching suspects, and mediating quarrels.

A patrol officer handles a wide range of functions, including preventing crime, catching suspects, and mediating quarrels; the narcotics officer is dedicated solely to crimes involving narcotics.

Whose "good faith" is evaluated in the application of the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule? a. A suspect's b. A jury member's c. A judge's d. A police officer's

A police officer's

Compare the department contract model and the union brokerage model of hiring police officers. a. A private firm works with the department to hire off-duty officers in the department contract model; it works with the officer's union in the union brokerage model. b. A private firm works directly with the officer to hire off-duty officers in the department contract model; it works with the officer's union in the union brokerage model. c. A private firm develops a relationship with the police union in the department contract model; it works with the officer directly in the union brokerage model. d. A private firm works with the police department to find any police officers willing to move permanently into the private sector; the union brokerage model requires a firm to work with the union when looking for officers interested in permanent employment.

A private firm works with the department to hire off-duty officers in the department contract model; it works with the officer's union in the union brokerage model.

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the current status of the exclusionary rule in the Supreme Court? a. An irrelevant historical curiosity b. An inviolable cornerstone of constitutional jurisprudence c. An established doctrine with an uncertain future d. An established doctrine with so many exceptions that it is never applied

An established doctrine with an uncertain future

Which of the following cases barred a warrantless search of an automobile incident to a lawful arrest? a. Chimel v. California b. Virginia v. Moore c. Arizona v. Gant d. Maryland v. King

Arizona v. Gant

An approach to crime prevention that measures police productivity through frequent meetings among police supervisors, examination of crime statistics, and the development of immediate approaches and goals for problem solving and crime prevention is called __________. a. Incident-Driven Policing b. Differential Response c. Reactive Policing d. CompStat

Compstat

How do internal affairs departments and civilian review boards differ? a. Civilian review boards are comprised of non-sworn officers and internal affairs employee police assigned to this division. b. Civilian review boards can investigate individual officers; internal affairs departments can investigate entire departments. c. Internal affairs departments only investigate complaints from citizens; civilian review boards investigate complaints about officers from their fellow officers. d. Civilian review boards have the power to discipline officers; internal affairs departments do not.

Civilian review boards are comprised of non-sworn officers and internal affairs employee police assigned to this division.

In the case Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, which Supreme Court justice argued that the president had the authority to detain Americans indefinitely without providing any Fourth Amendment rights, access to courts, or evidence of wrongdoing? a. Antonin Scalia b. Clarence Thomas c. John Roberts d. John Paul Stevens

Clarence Thomas

Which of the following groups is most likely to believe that torture is often justified to gain information from terrorism suspects? a. College graduates b. Women c. African Americans d. Hispanics

College graduates

What two conditions must be established for a court to determine that a permissible consent search has occurred? a. Consent must be given by someone who has authority to give it, and the consent must be in writing. b. Consent must be voluntary and given by someone who has the authority to give it, though an officer's reasonable belief as to that authority will suffice. c. Consent can be either voluntary or involuntary, but must be given by a relative of the person with authority to give it. d. Consent can be gained by coercion, but must be given by someone with the actual, not merely objectively reasonable, authority to give it.

Consent must be voluntary and given by someone who has the authority to give it, though an officer's reasonable belief as to that authority will suffice.

What concept makes it difficult for police departments to ensure that their officers will follow departmental rules? a. Exchange b. Filtering c. Discretion d. Sequential tasks

Discretion

How would you contrast the political era of American policing with the community-policing era? a. During the political era, the focus was on fighting crime; the community-policing era brought about a focus on maintaining order. b. The focus of the political era was solely on maintaining order; the focus of the community-policing era has been to work with politicians and the federal government to control crime. c. During the political era, police chiefs were appointed by local politicians, and forces seemed to work for party in power; during the community-policing era, the focus has been on maintaining order and providing service to the community. d. During the political era, police focused on crime control; during the community policing era, police have focused on keeping order and providing service to the community.

During the political era, police chiefs were appointed by local politicians, and forces seemed to work for party in power; during the community-policing era, the focus has been on maintaining order and providing service to the community.

The roots of the American police come from the __________ tradition of law enforcement. a. European b. English c. German d. French

English

The "public safety" exception to reading a suspect his or her Miranda rights is analogous to which justification for warrantless searches? a. Plain view b. Search by consent c. Exigent circumstances d. Vehicle checkpoints

Exigent circumstances

How would you summarize the effects of the public's belief that crime fighting is the most important function of the police? a. Extra financial resources and prestige are afforded to efforts that make up a large portion of the problems facing police forces b. Extra financial resources and prestige are afforded to efforts that make up a small portion of the problems facing police forces. c. Funding and prestige are equally divided among the three functions of the police. d. The public's view of the most important aspect of law enforcement does not affect funding and or prestige.

Extra financial resources and prestige are afforded to efforts that make up a small portion of the problems facing police forces.

Which of the following is not a typical example of a constitutionally permitted warrantless search? a. Stop-and-frisk on the streets b. House searches without consent c. Automobile searches d. House searches by consent

House searches without consent

Which of the following statements explains the difference between implicit and explicit bias in policing? a. Implicit bias is the subconscious association of people from certain racial groups with crime or danger; explicit bias is open hostility to certain races, ethnic groups, or religions. b. Implicit bias is open hostility to certain races, ethnic groups, or religions; explicit bias is subconscious association of people from certain racial groups with crime or danger c. Implicit bias is the set of emotional and behavioral characteristics that lead to specific interpretations of events; explicit bias is open hostility to certain races, ethnic groups, or religions. d. Implicit bias describes the symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup; explicit bias describes the subconscious association of certain races or ethnicities with crime and danger.

Implicit bias is the subconscious association of people from certain racial groups with crime or danger; explicit bias is open hostility to certain races, ethnic groups, or religions.

What is the difference between reactive and proactive policing? a. In reactive policing, police action is initiated without request; in proactive policing, police respond to requests from the public. b. Reactive policing directs resources to known high-crime areas; proactive policing works by making the police presence known in an area in an attempt to deter crime. c. In reactive policing, police respond to requests; in proactive policing, police initiate actions without requests. d. Proactive policing assigns priorities to calls for service; reactive policing does not.

In reactive policing, police respond to requests; in proactive policing, police initiate actions without requests.

Which of the following movies illustrates the dangers of police officers using physical coercion to produce confessions from innocent suspects? a. In the Name of the Father b. Spotlight c. The Usual Suspects d. The Revenant

In the Name of the Father

What overarching concern incentivizes police departments to reduce the risk of excessive use of force? a. Fear of retribution by the public b. Guilt over use-of-force injuries and deaths c. Bad publicity d. Lawsuits by victims and families of victims

Lawsuits by victims and families of victims

Overseas offices of the FBI that coordinate with local law enforcement based on formal, negotiated agreements are called ________. a. Legal Attachés. b. terrorism outposts c. fusion centers d. community crime prevention programs

Legal Attaches

How did the USA PATRIOT Act change the landscape of criminal prosecution in the United States? a. It restricted the government's powers regarding when and how it could search and place wiretaps. b. It broadened the government's powers to conduct searches and wiretaps, and expanded the definitions of crimes involving terrorism. c. It narrowed the definitions of crimes involving terrorism. d. It reinstated the requirement that government officials obtain a warrant prior to searching third-party records such as those at libraries, financial institutions, phone companies, and medical facilities.

It broadened the government's powers to conduct searches and wiretaps, and expanded the definitions of crimes involving terrorism.

Which of the following is not a reason the Supreme Court has given in support of the exclusionary rule? a. It never allows a guilty person to go free. b. It is required by the Constitution. c. Alternatives to it do not work. d. Its absence would diminish all constitutional rights.

It never allows a guilty person to go free.

Which of the police functions do citizens feel is the most important? a. Maintaining order b. Service c. Crime prevention d. Law enforcement

Law Enforcement

How does the legalistic style of policing compare with the watchman style? a. Legalistic style emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of the law, whereas watchman style strictly enforces laws, making no accommodations for different groups of citizens. b. Legalistic style strictly enforces laws, making no accommodations for different groups of citizens, whereas watchman style emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of the law. c. Legalistic style allows for broad interpretation of the law in the name of keeping order, whereas watchman style caters to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to situations to avoid embarrassment. d. Legalistic style caters to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to situations to avoid embarrassment, whereas watchman style emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of the law.

Legalistic style strictly enforces laws, making no accommodations for different groups of citizens, whereas watchman style emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of the law.

Contrast the term legitimate force with excessive force. a. Legitimate force is the amount of force necessary to do the job of policing; excessive force violates departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding levels needed in a given situation. b. Legitimate force violates departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding levels needed in a given situation; excessive force is necessary to do the job of policing. c. Legitimate force occurs in clear view of the public; excessive force is always hidden from view of the public. d. Legitimate force is considered police brutality; excessive force is considered necessary in the course of policing.

Legitimate force is the amount of force necessary to do the job of policing; excessive force violates departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding levels needed in a given situation.

How has the government's emphasis on counterterrorism affected the focus of local law enforcement agencies? a. Local law enforcement agencies are now singularly focused on terrorist investigations. b. Local law enforcement intelligence analysts run fusion centers, where they compile and analyze information that they then share with state and federal officials. c. Local law enforcement agencies have been asked to handle crimes, such as bank robberies, that were previously investigated by the FBI. d. Local law enforcement agencies have been tasked with guarding vital sites such as nuclear power plants and military sites, rather their typical responsibilities of law enforcement, order maintenance, and service.

Local law enforcement agencies have been asked to handle crimes, such as bank robberies, that were previously investigated by the FBI.

What is the leading cause of erroneous convictions? a. Physical coercion by police b. Self-incrimination by those with developmental disabilities c. Misidentification by witnesses and victims d. The failure to read suspects their Miranda rights

Misidentification by witnesses and victims

Contrast the typical education requirements for most local and state police with those of federal law enforcement agencies. a. Most local and state police only require a high school diploma, whereas federal agencies require levels of education beyond high school. b. Local, state, and federal agencies all only require a high school diploma. c. Local and state agencies require a high school diploma, whereas federal agencies require that applicants pass a state law enforcement certification program. d. Local and state police require a four-year college degree, whereas federal agencies require an advanced degree such as a master's degree.

Most local and state police only require a high school diploma, whereas federal agencies require levels of education beyond high school.

What are the three elements that are required for direct-contact predatory crimes to occur? a. Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and aggressive policing b. Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and preventive patrol c. Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of anyone to prevent the crime d. Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and a geographic area prone to crime

Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of anyone to prevent the crime

How does the structure of the police department discourage officers from reporting inappropriate or dangerous actions by other officers? a. Officers who report on other officers are officially reprimanded. b. Officers depend on one another for their personal safety, so are reluctant to jeopardize that trust by turning each other in. c. There is no mechanism for investigating officers' inappropriate behaviors or questionable uses of force. d. Officers who are found to report on other officers' behavior often find themselves the subject of an investigation by the civilian review board.

Officers depend on one another for their personal safety, so are reluctant to jeopardize that trust by turning each other in.

Why is it not considered a search when police officers notice and use evidence under the "plain view doctrine"? a. People lack any reasonable expectation of privacy for items in plain view. b. Items in plain view never result in criminal charges. c. Plain view items are protected by the First, not Fourth, Amendment. d. The "plain view doctrine" covers actions only by private citizens, so constitutional restrictions don't apply to them.

People lack any reasonable expectation of privacy for items in plain view.

How are effective communication and a positive relationship with the general public integral to good police work? a. Police depend on the public for information necessary to do their job. b. They reduce the crime rate. c. Fewer complaints from the public translate into better job performance reviews. d. Officers don't have to do as much patrolling if they have informants on their beats.

Police depend on the public for information necessary to do their job.

Given their limited resources, how do law enforcement agencies decide what geographic areas to focus on, what methods to use, and what types of crimes to enforce? a. Individual patrol units go where there is most crime. b. The federal government determines priorities for state and local agencies. c. Police executives set policies that determine where, how, and by enforcing which crimes they will fulfill their mandate. d. The governor of each state determines the priorities for state and local law enforcement agencies.

Police executives set policies that determine where, how, and by enforcing which crimes they will fulfill their mandate.

Which of the following would be an example of "exigent circumstances"? a. A tenant allows the police to search his apartment. b. A murder suspect comes to a police station and agrees to preserve relevant blood and DNA on his hands and clothing. c. Police see through an open window that a man is pointing a gun at his son in an apartment. d. Police impound a vehicle after arresting the driver for operating under the influence.

Police see through an open window that a man is pointing a gun at his son in an apartment.

Who is responsible for maintaining the security of vital sites such as nuclear power plants, oil refineries, and military sites here in the United States? a. US Army b. US Navy c. Private-sector security firms d. Federal Bureau of Investigation

Private-sector security firms

Which of the following statements about probable cause is accurate? a. Probable cause is equivalent to a generalized suspicion. b. Probable cause is the same as "beyond a reasonable doubt." c. Probable cause means the same thing in every situation. d. Probable cause is a flexible concept involving the totality of the circumstances.

Probable cause is a flexible concept involving the totality of the circumstances.

Compare problem-oriented policing with intelligence-led policing. a. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes solving neighborhood disorder problems that may contribute to fear of crime or crime itself; intelligence-led policing emphasizes gathering, analyzing, and sharing information that can be integrated into community policing efforts. b. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes gathering, analyzing, and sharing information that can be integrated into community policing efforts; intelligence-led policing emphasizes solving neighborhood disorder problems that may contribute to fear of crime or crime itself. c. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes a greater use of foot and bicycle patrols to get to know citizens in a neighborhood; intelligence-led policing emphasizes solving neighborhood disorder problems that may contribute to fear of crime or crime itself. d. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes solving neighborhood disorder problems that may contribute to fear of crime or crime itself; intelligence-led policing hands over local control to federal intelligence agencies.

Problem-oriented policing emphasizes solving neighborhood disorder problems that may contribute to fear of crime or crime itself; intelligence-led policing emphasizes gathering, analyzing, and sharing information that can be integrated into community policing efforts

What is a major difference between a stop and a seizure? a. Stops involve greater interference with freedom of movement than seizures. b. As opposed to stops, seizures trigger constitutional scrutiny under the Fourth Amendment. c. Seizures involve the detention of property, whereas stops involve people. d. Seizures typically involve greater deprivation of liberty than stops.

Seizures typically involve greater deprivation of liberty than stops.

Which landmark Supreme Court case first restricted the police use of deadly force against a fleeing felon? a. Riley v. California b. Tennessee v. Garner c. Graham v. Connor d. Florida v. Jardines

Tennessee v. Garner

Contrast the types of crimes the FBI investigates with those that the DEA is tasked with. a. The DEA investigates terrorism and espionage, whereas the FBI investigates the importation and sale of controlled drugs. b. The DEA investigates terrorism and espionage, whereas the FBI investigates issues involving explosives and firearms. c. The DEA investigates violations of tax laws, whereas the FBI investigates terrorism and espionage. d. The DEA investigates the importation and sale of controlled drugs, whereas the FBI investigates terrorism and espionage.

The DEA investigates terrorism and espionage, whereas the FBI investigates the importation and sale of controlled drugs.

The Miranda warnings link which two key constitutional concepts? a. The Fourth Amendment's right to privacy and the Fourteenth Amendment's right to equal protection b. The Fourth Amendment's right to due process and the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination c. The Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination and the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel d. The Fourth Amendment's right to privacy and the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel

The Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination and the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel

Why do Miranda warnings apply only to so-called "custodial interrogations"? a. Those are the only kind conducted by police officers. b. The "public safety" exception bars their use in any other settings. c. Police officers never apply any sort of pressure or intimidation when interrogating suspects in a public place. d. The Supreme Court believes that people know they have the right to walk away when interrogated in noncustodial settings.

The Supreme Court believes that people know they have the right to walk away when interrogated in noncustodial settings.

Identify how the structure of a police bureaucracy is similar to the military. a. The chain of command is organized by ranks with a clear line of authority from top to bottom. b. All officers are required to wear uniforms at all times. c. The highest ranking officer in both the police and military is that of general. d. Members of both organizations enlist for a set period of time rather than apply for their jobs.

The chain of command is organized by ranks with a clear line of authority from top to bottom.

How has the field of private security changed in the past several years? a. The responsibilities of private-security firms have decreased. b. The overall openings in the field of private security has decreased. c. The number of industries employing private security has decreased. d. The responsibilities of and demand for private-security employees has increased from prior levels.

The responsibilities of and demand for private-security employees has increased from prior levels.

What would be the likely consequence of a police officer's refusal to swear or affirm the statements made in support of getting a warrant? a. The warrant would be denied because an "oath or affirmation" is a prerequisite for securing a warrant. b. The warrant would be granted because there is no need to swear to its contents. c. The warrant would be granted provided that it specified the place or person to be searched. d. The warrant would be denied because it did not establish reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.

The warrant would be denied because an "oath or affirmation" is a prerequisite for securing a warrant.

Compare the watch system of Boston with the slave patrols of the American South. a. The watchmen reacted to calls for help, whereas the slave patrols proactively sought out, caught, and controlled slaves. b. The watchmen proactively detained suspicious individuals, whereas slave patrols only observed and reported suspicious behavior. c. The watchmen operated as organized forces, whereas the slave patrols members worked individually. d. The watchmen had full powers to break into homes and arrest people, whereas slave patrols did not.

The watchmen reacted to calls for help, whereas the slave patrols proactively sought out, caught, and controlled slaves

What concerns law enforcement and civil libertarians about the lower-level private security personnel often hired to guard vital US sites? a. They are the least likely to have interaction with the public and have the least training and education. b. They are most likely to have interaction with the public and have the most training and education. c. They are most likely to have interaction with the public but have little training and education. d. They are paid so little that they are likely to abdicate their responsibilities in an emergency situation.

They are most likely to have interaction with the public but have little training and education.

How do police officers learn which actions might violate laws that protect individual rights? a. They attend lectures given by Supreme Court justices. b. They rely on formal guidance issued by police unions. c. They receive information at the police academy and subsequent updates from city and state attorneys. d. They read court decisions that correspond with their area of specialty.

They receive information at the police academy and subsequent updates from city and state attorneys.

What two factors define the working personality of the police? a. Racial bias and the threat of danger b. Threat of danger and the need to establish and maintain authority c. The need to establish and maintain authority and moral superiority d. The desire to help people and the threat of danger

Threat of danger and the need to establish and maintain authority

What characteristics of urban areas make policing more difficult? a. Higher rates of drug crime b. Unique populations that require social service skills c. Larger geographic area d. Witnesses to police brutality

Unique populations that require social service skills

Which of the following is an accurate statement about permissible vehicular checkpoints? a. Vehicular checkpoints can be used only at national borders. b. Vehicular checkpoints must target multiple types of criminal activities at once. c. Vehicular checkpoints can seek to identify only witnesses to accidents. d. Vehicular checkpoints must be narrowly focused on a specific objective.

Vehicular checkpoints must be narrowly focused on a specific objective.

Which Supreme Court case established the exclusionary rule? a. Florida v. Powell b. Massiah v. United States c. Miranda v. Arizona d. Weeks v. United States

Weeks v. United States

In the service style of policing, officers __________. a. focus on keeping order and providing community services unrelated to crime b. emphasize order maintenance, tolerate minor violations, and use discretion to handle small infractions informally c. emphasize strict enforcement of laws and less frequently use their own authority to handle matters informally d. cater to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to situations that avoids the public embarrassment of minor infractions

cater to citizens' desire for favorable treatment and sensitivity to situations that avoids the public embarrassment of minor infractions

Stereotypes, cultural variations, and language differences __________. a. eliminate tensions within the community b. complicate relationships between officers and community members c. build trust and understanding between officers and community members d. lead to cooperation between minorities and the police

complicate relationships between officers and community members

Since the 1970s, the percentage of minorities and female working in policing has __________. a. remained the same b. dropped by half c. doubled d. increased by 25 percent

doubled

The mission of the International Criminal Police Organization, also known as Interpol, is to __________. a. facilitate cooperation among the members of the European Union in their terrorism investigations b. support the French government in its efforts to investigate criminal activity on French soil c. facilitate international cooperation in investigating transnational criminal activities and security threats d. serve as the world's international police force, with jurisdiction above all police forces from individual countries

facilitate international cooperation in investigating transnational criminal activities and security threats

Which constitutional amendment prevents police officers from conducting "unreasonable searches and seizures"? a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Second Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment

fourth amendment

A branch of the police department that receives and investigates complaints against its officers is called ________. a. Strategic Weapons and Tactics b. Vice c. Internal Affairs d. Preventive Patrol

internal affairs

Seventy percent of expenditures for policing occur at the _________ level. a. state b. local c. federal d. county

local

The primary responsibility of officers on preventive patrol involves ________. a. interviewing witnesses of crimes b. making their presence visible in an area c. visiting schools and spending time meeting with students d. working with former addicts to help them from turning to crime

making their presence visible in an area

Discretion is the act of ___________. a. blatantly ignoring regulations because of a lack of interest in doing one's job b. making wise choices in ambiguous situations about how or when to enforce the law c. working beyond the supervision of superior officers in order to avoid job responsibilities d. following the rules without regard to the individual situation

making wise choices in ambiguous situations about how or when to enforce the law

Fear and __________ are two reasons why citizens refuse to cooperate with police investigations. a. the desire to reduce crime in their neighborhoods b. past bad experiences c. desire to get justice for victims d. desire to serve as a community role model

past bad experiences

The two largest and most important units in most police forces are ________. a. patrol and SWAT b. patrol and drug enforcement c. traffic and investigation d. patrol and investigation

patrol and investigation

The core group of personnel in local police departments that deploy uniformed officers to handle the full array of police functions for service, order maintenance, and law enforcement are called _________. a. special units b. investigative units c. patrol units d. community policing units

patrol units

In regard to the use of force in policing, research shows that __________. a. police use force frequently b. the types of force used fall in the more dangerous end of the spectrum c. use of force typically occurs when trying to apprehend a suspect d. police use force infrequently

police use force infrequently

The goal of the order maintenance function of the police is to __________. a. provide assistance to the community for matters unrelated to crime b. prevent crime through education and community organizing c. prevent behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace d. identify, locate, and apprehend individuals who have broken the law

prevent behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace

Some of the duties of the US Marshals Service include providing security at courthouses, pursuing fugitives, and __________. a. protecting the country's borders b. protecting witnesses c. protecting National Parks d. protecting the president of the United States

protecting witnesses

To be allowed under the Fourth Amendment, a stop must be justified by ________. a. probable cause b. the PATRIOT Act c. a warrant d. reasonable suspicion

reasonable suspicion

The collection of symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by a subgroup of a larger society is called __________. a. frankpledge b. subculture c. socialization d. working personality

subculture

Socialization is the process of learning the __________ of a group or subculture. a. requirements for membership b. legal rules and acceptable penalties c. practices and procedures d. symbols, beliefs, and values

symbols, beliefs, and values

The old English practice that required groups of families to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators to court was called __________. a. community policing b. the statute of Winchester c. the frankpledge system d. the watch system

the frankpledge system

The two reasons most often cited for choosing a career in policing are __________. a. good job benefits and an exciting work environment b. the opportunity to carry a weapon and job security c. the opportunity to help people and job security d. a desire to fight crime and the opportunity to carry a weapon

the opportunity to help people and job security

In addition to the reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior, another key component of a stop-and-frisk search is the belief that ________. a. the suspect may be armed and dangerous b. the suspect may be on the verge of destroying valuable evidence c. securing a warrant would take too long d. probable cause and reasonable suspicion go hand in hand

the suspect may be armed and dangerous