CJ - Final Exam Review

As we discussed in class, undergoing punishment - particularly a jail or prison term - actually makes it more difficult to avoid interaction with the criminal justice system in the future, and thus more difficult to escape a burdensome system. What nonsensical yet accidentally brilliant quote did my niece provide about this struggle within our system? - "You're under arrest because you're in jail." - "We have to go through it to make it better!" - "I don't like that so you're in trouble." - "You're under arrest because I said so."

- "You're under arrest because you're in jail."

What Amendment to the Constitution outlines protections against unlawful searches and seizures? - 14th Amendment - 5th Amendment - 6th Amendment - 4th Amendment

- 4th Amendment

What is typically considered a good estimation of the "preponderance of the evidence" burden-of-proof standard? - A 51% (or greater) chance the claim is true. - A 95% (or greater) chance that the claim is true. - No other reasonable explanation for the action. - Virtually certain that the claim is true.

- A 51% (or greater) chance the claim is true.

In general terms, what role do the police serve for governments? - A form of militia law enforcement to cover both urban and rural areas. - A historic record of criminal behavior in the community. - A civil (rather than military or privatized) enforcement apparatus for maintaining order. - A military enforcement apparatus for maintaining order.

- A civil (rather than military or privatized) enforcement apparatus for maintaining order.

Which of the following is the best description of what we mean when we discuss the crime rate? - A count of the overall number of crimes that occur in the country. - The percentage that crime has changed (i.e., increased or decreased) year-to-year. - A measure of the incidence of crime expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base. - An accurate measure of the true amount of crime that occurs.

- A measure of the incidence of crime expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base.

What would Maslow argue is the main reason people commit crime? - Individuals choose crime because they must satisfy their basic human needs and often crime is the clearest route to that satisfaction. - Individuals choose crime because their basic needs may cause a temporary break in their moral compass. - Individuals choose crime as a way to push back on an oppressive ruling class. - Individuals choose crime because they feel the need to fit in with widely-accepted cultural goals in society.

- Individuals choose crime because they must satisfy their basic human needs and often crime is the clearest route to that satisfaction.

Which of the following is the best summation of classical criminological theories? - Individual criminal behaviors are a product of divine ordination or, in some cases, predetermination. - Criminal behavior is a symptom of larger, deep-seated problems. - Individuals have free will and therefore weigh pleasure against pain when deciding to commit a crime. - Some individuals are inherently less intelligent and therefore cannot make sound moral decisions.

- Individuals have free will and therefore weigh pleasure against pain when deciding to commit a crime.

Which of the following best describes the reason(s) for police being labeled a "military" or "quasi-military" organizational structure? - Police organizations have a hierarchical, rank-ordered chain of command. - Police organizations rely on commands from a state or federal source. - Police organizations have a bottom-up organizational structure. - Police organizations employ a leadership structure of at least 4 Chiefs.

- Police organizations have a hierarchical, rank-ordered chain of command.

Which of the following best describes the reason(s) for police being labeled a "military" or "quasi-military" organizational structure? - Police organizations rely on commands from a state or federal source. - Police organizations have a hierarchical, rank-ordered chain of command. - Police organizations employ a leadership structure of at least 4 Chiefs. - Police organizations have a bottom-up organizational structure.

- Police organizations have a hierarchical, rank-ordered chain of command.

What factors influence bail-setting in our court system? - Prior criminal record - Seriousness of crime - Evidence that a crime has been committed - Likelihood of appearance

- Prior criminal record - Seriousness of crime - Likelihood of appearance

What is the "standard of proof" required for a judge to legally issue an arrest or search warrant? - Reasonable Suspicion - Clear and Convincing Evidence - Probable Cause - Preponderance of the Evidence

- Probable Cause

Our professor rejected the original plea offer and elected to go to trial despite suggestions that there was strong evidence against them. They were sentenced to a 36-month prison term. They are attempting to secure early release from prison on parole based on time served and good behavior while in prison. After they develop a parole release plan, who will make the decision regarding parole release? - A probation/parole officer in that jurisdiction - A parole board or similar authority - A judge from that jurisdiction - Assistant District Attorneys in partnership with correctional officers

- A parole board or similar authority

What conditions guide whether a prosecutor should pursue prosecution of a case? Select all that apply. Remember: This is the ideal set of factors guiding their decision, not necessarily what guides their decisions in practice. - A perpetrator can be identified. - They find that a crime has been committed. - The decision to pursue a charge will contribute to efficient case processing. - There is sufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict.

- A perpetrator can be identified. - They find that a crime has been committed. - There is sufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict.

While considering the possibility of a probationary sentence, the professor learns that there will be a report on the incident in question, their criminal history, family support, employment situation, and treatment needs prepared by a probation office in that jurisdiction. What do we call this service to the courts provided by probation offices? - A presentence investigation - A revocation report - A criminal background check - A needs assessment

- A presentence investigation

Double Jeopardy protections afforded by the 5th Amendment protect you from which of the following things? - Being tried for the exact same offense type within the same political jurisdiction. - Being tried for the same offense type at the state and then at the federal level. - Being tried for a separate offense that occurred during the same delinquent episode. - Being tried for the same offense type if a mistrial is declared.

- Being tried for the exact same offense type within the same political jurisdiction.

Individuals, including this pirating professor, face a number of challenges when reentering society after time in prison. These challenges include an inability to secure housing, lack of transportation, untreated mental or physical illness, and low prospects for employment. What is the general rate of recidivism within 3 years of release from prison? - Between 30 and 50% - Between 70 and 90% - Between 20 and 40% - Between 50 and 70%

- Between 50 and 70%

Soon after an arrest, there will be an administrative record that includes the suspect's name, fingerprints, photos, and charge(s) they were arrested for. Prosecutors will review this record and determine in the suspect will be charged with a crime or crimes. What is the name of this pretrial step in our criminal justice process? - Grand Jury Trial - Adjudication - Preventive Detention - Booking

- Booking

Federal district courts have jurisdiction over which of the following matters? Select all that apply. - Cases that involve federal laws - Cases that involve treaties with foreign nations - Cases involving traffic violations - Cases that concern civil matters of under $1,000

- Cases that involve federal laws - Cases that involve treaties with foreign nations

Criminological theorists, including Cesare Beccaria, suggested that in order for punishments to be effective, they needed to meet certain criteria. Which of the following lists outlines those key criteria? - General, Specific, and Retributive - Certainty, Swiftness, and Severity - Reactive, Proactive, and Rehabilitative - Classical, Neoclassical, and Critical

- Certainty, Swiftness, and Severity

Which school of criminological theory played a large role in informing early punishment theories during the era of Enlightenment? - Marxist Criminological Tool - Neoclassical Criminological School - Critical Criminological School - Classical Criminological School

- Classical Criminological School

"Family Tree" studies suggested that some families produced individuals who were "genetic defectives" and thus more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. In other words, criminality, like hair or eye color, may be passed down through genetics. What is one other possible explanation for crime consistently stemming from certain families? - Intelligence, rather than genetics, inform more delinquent behavior. - Consistent environmental influences over time in the same family may lead to delinquent behaviors persisting across generations. - Intergenerational poverty may be associated with being more likely to be arrested for crime. - Families pass down physical traits across generations, which inform a greater likelihood to engage in delinquent behavior.

- Consistent environmental influences over time in the same family may lead to delinquent behaviors persisting across generations.

What was Sir Robert Peel's role in the development of policing? - He established large-scale, uniformed, public-funded police forces in London. - He suppressed political influence of police in the American south. - He pushed for higher education requirements for all officers in rural and urban areas. - He established research-based practices in response to racial tensions in policing.

- He established large-scale, uniformed, public-funded police forces in London.

The professor's spelling errors and general lack of hope for fixing any of them over the next 6 months lad them down a dark path to (stay with me here) a felony arrest for pirating third-party spellcheck software. The judge and prosecutor, serial misspellers themselves, have sympathy. They discuss a plea bargain offer that, if the professor is willing to plead guilty to the charges, will result in a suspended prison sentence. This would most likely land the professor in what part of our correctional system? - Parole - Probation - Jail - Due Process Protections

- Probation

Identify the aspects of early juvenile court operation that, even amid developments over time, remain part of the juvenile court process today. Select all that apply. - Hearings occur in a separate room or area of the courthouse - Juvenile defense attorneys are afforded immense levels of discretion at all steps of the process. - There is separate, less publicly-available record-keeping for juveniles - A special judge oversees juvenile cases

- Hearings occur in a separate room or area of the courthouse - There is separate, less publicly-available record-keeping for juveniles - A special judge oversees juvenile cases

Why is In Re Gault (1967) considered a landmark case within our juvenile justice system? - In Re Gault expanded protections of juvenile prisoners against violence from adult inmates. - In Re Gault afforded police the ability to contact a juvenile's parents prior to arrest. - In Re Gault expanded the due process protections afforded to juveniles within our juvenile court system. - In Re Gault removed juvenile delinquents from a harmful apprenticeship system.

- In Re Gault expanded the due process protections afforded to juveniles within our juvenile court system.

After sentencing the professor, prosecutors expressed that a prison term was the only way to keep third-party spellcheck technology safe from the threat of piracy. What punishment strategy are they employing by sentencing the professor to prison time and thus restricting his access to a computer? Select the best answer. - Restoration - Retribution - Incapacitation - Restitution

- Incapacitation

Which of the following best describes the strategy of removing an individual from a community by placing them in a correctional institution? - Deterrence - Incapacitation - Reentry - Specific Deterrence

- Incapacitation

The U.S. correctional system often helps to enforce fines/minor sanctions determined by the court system. Aside from those fines, what are the four major components of the correctional system? - Probation, Jail, Prison, and Parole - Diversion Programs, Early Release Programs, Probation, and Parole - Courts, Halfway Houses, Probation, and Parole - Jail, Prison, Federal Prison, and Military Prison

- Probation, Jail, Prison, and Parole

Which of the following most directly informs due process of law? - Substantive Law - Criminal Doctrine - Common Law - Procedural Law

- Procedural Law

Which of the following best describes the members of the "courtroom workgroup"? - Prosecutor, Judge, Jury, and Defense Attorney - Prosecutor, Assistant District Attorney, and Judge - Prosecutor, Judge, Defense Attorney, and Defendant - Prosecutor, Judge, and Defense Attorney

- Prosecutor, Judge, and Defense Attorney

If someone "pleads the 5th" and elects to invoke their 5th Amendment Rights, what protections are they invoking? - Protections against illegal searches from law enforcement officers. - Protections against cruel and unusual punishments. - Protections against excessive bail or fines. - Protections against being compelled to testify against themselves.

- Protections against being compelled to testify against themselves.

How do public defenders operate within our court system? - Public defenders limit their clientele to high-profile cases. - Public defenders are exempt from many of the Sixth Amendment protections requiring them to provide assistance to defendants. - Public defenders are paid a fixed rate by a political jurisdiction to defend indigent defendants charged with crimes. - Public defenders, aside from the well-known ones, often engage in unethical practices to attract new clients.

- Public defenders are paid a fixed rate by a political jurisdiction to defend indigent defendants charged with crimes.

Which of the following descriptions is most accurate about the demographics of police officers in the United States? - They are overwhelmingly white (~85%) and male (~70%). - They are overwhelmingly white (~85%) but around 50% of officers are women. - They are overwhelmingly white (~85%) but, counting state and federal level officers, the majority of officers are women. - They are overwhelmingly male (~70%) but, counting state and federal level officers, the majority of officers are African American or Hispanic/Latino.

- They are overwhelmingly white (~85%) and male (~70%).

The vast majority of police departments in the United States fit within which of the following descriptions? - They follow a uniform, nationwide model for expenditures. - They are small and employ 25 or fewer officers. - They are large and benefit from high degrees of specialization. - They are required to hire only individuals who are not current residents of that city.

- They are small and employ 25 or fewer officers.

The courtroom workgroup works together to navigate crowded court dockets fairly and efficiently. Oftentimes, plea bargaining is a route to greater efficiency in processing cases; however, this means that the accused will forego a trial and instead plead guilty to a crime or crimes. Why would the accused be interested in doing this? Select all that apply. - They will be able to plead guilty in exchange for a lighter sentence than is typically associated with this crime. This may lead to, for example, probation, rather than jail or prison time. - They will be able to plead not guilty at a later date, but with greater clarity about the strength of the prosecutor's evidence against them. - They are not provided a court-appointed attorney. This may mean, for example, that they do not feel confident in defending themselves against a district attorney. - They will be able to plead guilty to a lesser offense. This may mean, for example, that they plead guilty to a misdemeanor to avoid being charged with a felony.

- They will be able to plead guilty in exchange for a lighter sentence than is typically associated with this crime. This may lead to, for example, probation, rather than jail or prison time. - They will be able to plead guilty to a lesser offense. This may mean, for example, that they plead guilty to a misdemeanor to avoid being charged with a felony.

Police officers are typically the first point of contact at the start of the juvenile justice "process." Which of the following is not one of the common options utilized by officers when starting this process? - Transport to juvenile hall or shelter - Transition to adult prison facility for holding - Referral to community resources - Counsel and release to parents

- Transition to adult prison facility for holding

Still shaken by misspellings, our professor is concerned that if they enter into a probationary sentence, they may violate the conditions of their probation, thus leading into a process to repeal the probationary sentence and substitute the original jail/prison sentence, or impose a new, more restrictive sentence. What recommendation would a probation officer make to the court to begin this process? - A recommendation of appeal of probationary sentence - A recommendation of revocation of probationary sentence - A recommendation of commutation of probationary sentence - A recommendation of expungement of probationary sentence

- A recommendation of revocation of probationary sentence

Which of the following is the most thorough definition of a system? Select 1 answer. - A set of people, groups, or organizations that work together. - A smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions directed to-ward the achievement of common goals. - An efficient process comprised of multiple people and parts. - A group of organizations that works in a smooth, reliable, and repeatable process.

- A smoothly operating set of arrangements and institutions directed to-ward the achievement of common goals.

One of the identifying structural elements of our court system is that it is a "dual court system." What does this mean? - A system of only 1 supreme court and only 50 district courts. - A system of state & local courts and a system of federal courts. - A system of original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction courts. - A system of justices who operate at the state and federal level simultaneously.

- A system of state & local courts and a system of federal courts.

One of the identifying structural elements of our court system is that it is a "dual court system." What does this mean? - A system of original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction courts. - A system of justices who operate at the state and federal level simultaneously. - A system of state & local courts and a system of federal courts. - A system of only 1 supreme court and only 50 district courts.

- A system of state & local courts and a system of federal courts.

What is a general term that implies a wrongful act leading to civil legal liability? - An offense. - A delinquent act. - A crime. - A tort.

- A tort.

After a brief pause in the use of capital punishment from 1972-1976, multiple consolidated cases led to a Supreme Court decision that reignited the use of the death penalty in the U.S., citing changes to the procedures in capital trials that ensure its use is is careful and judicious. One of these changes included Georgia's use of bifurcated trials. What do we mean by a bifurcated trial in a capital case? - A trial determining if there is evidence to move forward with charges and a trial determining guilt - A trial determining guilt and a trial determining sentencing are conducted separately - Multiple (at least 2) trials with separate juries to determine guilt - A trial aimed at selecting a fair and balanced jury

- A trial determining guilt and a trial determining sentencing are conducted separately

What is a clear way of defining crime for legal purposes? - Coordinated violence against individuals or groups. - An action that violates a contractual agreement, regardless of the intent. - A violation of the criminal law or penal code within a particular political jurisdiction. - Delinquent behavior that causes harm to another individual

- A violation of the criminal law or penal code within a particular political jurisdiction.

Why are court cases often framed as Defendant v. State? For example, Mapp v. Ohio or Miranda v. Arizona. - The state believes that there are typically multiple victims, so it cannot settle on one complainant against an individual. - Although there is often a victim, violations of criminal law are considered offenses against a particular political jurisdiction. - Individuals deciding to face a state or federal charge, rather than an individual, ensures their right to a jury trial. - The state (or country) wherein the victim resides does not want the victim involved in pursuing the case.

- Although there is often a victim, violations of criminal law are considered offenses against a particular political jurisdiction.

Although police are typically the first point of contact for entry into the juvenile justice system, parents or school administrators may refer juvenile cases to juvenile courts. This typically occurs for "status offenses." Which of the following is the best definition of status offenses? - An act that is roughly equally common among adult and juvenile offenders. - An act that is not a crime when committed by adults but is illegal for minors. - An act that is common among minors but reflects "adult-like" criminal behavior. - An act that immediately places a delinquent minor into an adult facility

- An act that is not a crime when committed by adults but is illegal for minors.

Thinking about the amount of people in prison in the United States over the last 40 years, which of the following best describes the trend in imprisonment in America? - A small decrease. - A small increase, but a relatively steady number overall. - A 100% increase - An over 400% increase.

- An over 400% increase.

The professor is now bound to become part of the ~6.5 million individuals under some form of correctional supervision in the United States. If the professor avoids incarceration but ends up in community supervision, they will become part of the what percentage of our correctional population who is under community supervision? - Around 90% - Around 25% - Around 70% - Around 50%

- Around 70%

After widespread corruption and lack of standards for hiring officers throughout the "political era" of policing, reformers pushed for higher standards and better preservice training. Who was one of the leaders in the push for a more professionalized police force in the United States? - Augustus Gloop - August Vollmer - August Rush - Aghast Ifu Choose This

- August Vollmer

Generally, why is the burden of proof higher to prove guilt for a violation of criminal law than it is to prove liability for a violation of civil law? - Because it is a much more clearly defined standard and is therefore easier for jurors to understand. - To ensure that prosecutor's offices are adequately funded to pursue legal action. - Because the punishments associated with violations of criminal law are often much more burdensome. - To ensure that trials take long enough to gather all relevant evidence and witnesses.

- Because the punishments associated with violations of criminal law are often much more burdensome.

What is a good, concise explanation of Merton's Anomie Theory as an attempt to explain criminal behavior? - Crime occurs as a result of competing interest groups wherein the ruling groups will use the justice system to control the subordinate groups. - Crime occurs because individuals reject cultural goals and instead adopt socially unacceptable practices in their peer groups. - Crime occurs as a result of the contradiction between the cultural goal of achieving wealth and society's inability to provide legitimate institutions to achieve this goal. - Crime occurs as a result of some neighborhoods having a less robust set of controls on delinquent behavior of juveniles, such as strong community organizations and opportunities for employment.

- Crime occurs as a result of the contradiction between the cultural goal of achieving wealth and society's inability to provide legitimate institutions to achieve this goal.

What is a good, concise explanation of Merton's Anomie Theory as an attempt to explain criminal behavior? - Crime occurs because individuals reject cultural goals and instead adopt socially unacceptable practices in their peer groups. - Crime occurs as a result of the contradiction between the cultural goal of achieving wealth and society's inability to provide legitimate institutions to achieve this goal. - Crime occurs as a result of some neighborhoods having a less robust set of controls on delinquent behavior of juveniles, such as strong community organizations and opportunities for employment. - Crime occurs as a result of competing interest groups wherein the ruling groups will use the justice system to control the subordinate groups.

- Crime occurs as a result of the contradiction between the cultural goal of achieving wealth and society's inability to provide legitimate institutions to achieve this goal.

Identify one reason why the criminal justice system in America is considered a "non-system" by some experts? - Certain federal court districts are not required to uphold constitutional rights. - The institutions and organizations in the criminal justice system operate toward a single common goal. - Criminal justice organizations throughout the country have significant differences in their goals and objectives. - There is often conflict, confusion, and disruption among the institutions that comprise the criminal justice system.

- Criminal justice organizations throughout the country have significant differences in their goals and objectives.

Identify one reason why the criminal justice system in America is considered a "non-system" by some experts? - Criminal justice organizations throughout the country have significant differences in their goals and objectives. - There is often conflict, confusion, and disruption among the institutions that comprise the criminal justice system. - The institutions and organizations in the criminal justice system operate toward a single common goal. - The process and set of rules for juvenile offenders is, for the most part, separate from that of adult defenders, often to protect the identities of such a vulnerable population.

- Criminal justice organizations throughout the country have significant differences in their goals and objectives.

Which two models of criminal justice have we been considering the merits of in recent classes? - Prosecution and Due Process Models - Crime Control and Rehabilitation Models - Victims' Rights and Due Process Models - Due Process and Crime Control Models

- Due Process and Crime Control Models

Which of the following is the best definition of criminological theory? - Explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of police, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process. - Explanations of how criminal behavior relates to other criminal or delinquent behavior - in communities, neighborhoods, or in society. - Precise estimations of why individuals commit delinquent or violent acts, as well as estimations of how individuals respond to these acts. - Explanations of why criminal justice actors make certain decisions in response to policy changes.

- Explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of police, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process.

What are some difficulties we face in accurately measuring crime? Select all that apply. - For a variety of reasons, many crimes are not reported to police. - A large proportion of crime in America goes undetected by police. - Victims of crime are required to undergo an independent reporting process if they want the crime "counted." - There are no nationwide efforts to measure crime.

- For a variety of reasons, many crimes are not reported to police. - A large proportion of crime in America goes undetected by police.

Although our professor has issues with improper capitalization, he does not have to worry about a capital charge or capital punishment, even if he elects to go to trial. For a brief stretch in the United States, there was a moratorium on the use of the death penalty after the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was imposed arbitrarily and "selectively against people of color." What Supreme Court decision led to this pause? - Miranda v. Arizona - McCleskey v. Kemp - Gregg v. Georgia - Furman v. Georgia

- Furman v. Georgia

Which of the following terms best describes our hope that when the public at large sees an individual undergo punishment, they will be less likely to engage in the criminal behavior that led to that punishment? - General Deterrence - Specific Deterrence - Community-Based Supervision - Incapacitation

- General Deterrence

If our professor accepts the plea deal, there will be conditions of probation that are specific to their case. There will also be conditions of his probation that are common across all probationers in that jurisdiction or state. These may include no arrest for new crimes, living at the address you provide to your probation officer, and being present for appointments with your probation officer. What term do we use for these conditions of probation? - Special conditions - General conditions - Restrictive conditions - Bargained conditions

- General conditions

An Appalachian State professor is completely against individuals talking out of turn without first raising their hand. To make this clear, the professor decides they need to enforce a harsh punishment for violating this rule from the start of the semester to send a message to the rest of the class that the behavior is unacceptable. On the first day of class, a student starts talking out of nowhere. The professor sends that student out of class, says that notes will not be available to them, and gives them no credit for attendance that day. He tells the class to take this as a signal of how that behavior will be handled. What deterrence strategy did the professor employ? Select the best answer. - General deterrence - Restoration - Incapacitation - Specific deterrence

- General deterrence

William Sheldon found that delinquents tended to have mesomorphic (athletic) body types. He suggested that this was evidence that body types may be related to holding different temperaments, which may then lead to more or less criminal behavior compared to those with endomorphic (softer, larger) or ectomorphic (taller, leaner) body types. What explains what Sheldon may have actually found? - Individuals with mesomorphic body types may also think that they can outsmart than law enforcement officials. - Individuals with mesomorphic body types were more likely to be selected to be in gangs, and thus more likely to engage in criminal behavior. - Individuals with endomorphic and ectomorphic body types simply have extremely mild temperaments. - Individuals with mesomorphic body types tend to be more aggressive or criminal in nature.

- Individuals with mesomorphic body types were more likely to be selected to be in gangs, and thus more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

In 2002, in Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that prohibiting those campaigning for judgeships from revealing positions on political or legal issues was unconstitutional and in violation of the First Amendment's protection of speech. Which of the following is a potential concern associated with electing judges in our court system? - Electing judges ensures that they work more closely with and mentor defense attorneys. - Judges using the court system to fulfill campaign promises or ensure popularity inherently introduces bias into their decisions. - Judges being elected will ensure that they regularly explain their decision-making to the public. - Electing judges ensures that judges will stay in the career for a longer tenure.

- Judges using the court system to fulfill campaign promises or ensure popularity inherently introduces bias into their decisions.

Which of the following best describes the individual who presides over U.S. District Courts? - Judges who are appointed by the president and serve until that president leaves office. - Magistrates who work closely with federal prosecutors. - Judges who are elected and must run for re-election every 10 years. - Judges who are appointed by the president; are confirmed by the Senate; and typically serve for life.

- Judges who are appointed by the president; are confirmed by the Senate; and typically serve for life.

According to the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), what is the most common type of property crime in America? - Motor Vehicle Theft or Grand Theft - Identity Theft - Burglary - Larceny/theft

- Larceny/theft

A vast majority of police in the United States are: - Federal Law Enforcement Officers - Local Police - Officers in Sheriff's Departments - State Law Enforcement Officers

- Local Police

A vast majority of police in the United States are: - Federal Law Enforcement Officers - State Law Enforcement Officers - Local Police - Officers in Sheriff's Departments

- Local Police

Which of the following statements about recidivism and reentry in the U.S. criminal justice system is true? - Reentry services aimed at improving recidivism are typically "individualized" and focus on the multiple needs of clients - Most rearrests occur within 12 months of release from prison. - As penalties got more harsh during the War on Crime and War on Drugs, recidivism rates improved. - Job training and education services that occur both in prison and after release are typically less effective

- Most rearrests occur within 12 months of release from prison.

What are two advantages of shifting to the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), as opposed to the Summary Reporting System (SRS) for the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? Select the best two answers. - NIBRS follows a hierarchy rule, wherein the most serious offense in a group of offenses is the one counted in the Uniform Crime Report. - NIBRS allows for more detail on each reported crime. For example, additional details on victim-offender relationship. - NIBRS evolves over time and allows the addition of new offense categories in future years. - NIBRS relies on self-reported victimization data, which allows us to understand victimization rates for crimes that were not reported to police.

- NIBRS allows for more detail on each reported crime. For example, additional details on victim-offender relationship. - NIBRS evolves over time and allows the addition of new offense categories in future years.

We know that not all crimes are reported to police. Which of the following sources attempts to fill that gap and shed light on crimes that were not necessarily reported to police? - Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) - Summary Reporting System (SRS) - Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

- National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the fear of crime in America? - News media and entertainment media play a large role in enhancing the public's fear of crime. - Fear of crime is rarely, if ever, a factor in decisions about criminal justice policy and reform. - Fear of crime makes individuals more likely to get involved in their communities. - The people most fearful of crime are also the most vulnerable to crime.

- News media and entertainment media play a large role in enhancing the public's fear of crime.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the fear of crime in America? - The people most fearful of crime are also the most vulnerable to crime. - News media and entertainment media play a large role in enhancing the public's fear of crime. - Fear of crime is rarely, if ever, a factor in decisions about criminal justice policy and reform. - Fear of crime makes individuals more likely to get involved in their communities.

- News media and entertainment media play a large role in enhancing the public's fear of crime.

Which of the following is true about the Political Era in policing? - City governments established strict training standards for the hiring of officers. - Women officers began to gain influence as line-level officers and leaders. - Officers were selected based on political or family connections - Police were used to facilitate positive community relations.

- Officers were selected based on political or family connections

Over recent years, the United States is taking some steps to move away from a long pattern of trending toward more and more mass incarceration. This has led to decrease in the rates of individuals in jails and prisons and some effort to release individuals from prison sentences early. Amid this change, what part of our criminal justice system might feel additional stress as numbers rise? - Parole - Federal Prisons - The Court System - Private Prisons

- Parole

Before making a decision about whether to go to trial, the professor decides to do some research about prison life. Administrative records from prisons suggest that incidents of victimization, particularly sexual victimization, are relatively rare or as low as 2.95 incidents per 1,000 inmates. If the professor is skeptical of administrative records and wants additional - perhaps more accurate information on victimization, what type of source might they seek out? - Rates from administrative records from other prisons as a comparison - Rates from self-report surveys from inmates - Rates of crime victimization generally in society, as that is who populates our prison system - Rates of victimization while on parole, as those may mirror rates while incarcerated

- Rates from self-report surveys from inmates

Since the reintroduction of capital punishment in January 1977, states and the federal government have executed 1,516 individuals. Over there same stretch, Black Americans have made up roughly 12 percent of the U.S. Population. Of those executed, what percentage have been Black? - Roughly 34% - Roughly 54% - Roughly 15% - Roughly 24%

- Roughly 34%

During the reformatory movement related to U.S. prisons, reformers attempted to enhance conformity with expected behaviors or "better" behaviors for incarcerated individuals. What is one new "tool" they used to enhance and reward conformity? - Additional cash upon release for individuals who enforced rules within their cell blocks - Sentence ranges that allowed earlier release for good behavior - Mandatory minimum sentencing that restricted flexibility and discretion - Random allocation of additional personal protection in prison

- Sentence ranges that allowed earlier release for good behavior

Entertainment media often portrays judges as primarily residing over criminal trials. While this an element of their duties, what are other key responsibilities of judges in our court system? Select all that apply. - Setting or revoking bail for defendants - Signing arrest or search warrants - Offering and negotiating plea bargains - Arrangning defendants

- Setting or revoking bail for defendants - Signing arrest or search warrants - arranging defendants

There are multiple ways to structure a sentence to probation, and often this structure varies state-to-state. Sometimes, a judge may elect to instill fear in an offender by initially sentencing them to prison, then placing them on probation, as a strategy to show them how unpleasant prison would be. What do we typically call this probation structure? - Unstructured sentencing - Incarceration simulation - Mandatory minimum sentencing - Shock probation

- Shock probation

One of the proposed goals of punishment is our system includes ensuring that punishments are designed such that after an individual undergoes a punishment, they will be less likely to engage in that criminal behavior in the future. Which of the following concepts best describes this goal? - Specific Deterrence - Incapacitation - General Deterrence - Retribution

- Specific Deterrence

University administration decides that professor's actions were unacceptable and did not contribute to student learning. Administrators want to provide a fairly harsh punishment for the professor to ensure that he does not "make an example of" another student in the future. They decide to remove spellcheck capabilities from the professor's desktop computer for 6 months and penalize the professor for each typo in class notes or emails. What punishment strategy are administrators most likely employing? - Incapacitation - Specific deterrence - General deterrence - Restorative Learning

- Specific deterrence

Historically, punishment strategies included banishment, heavy fines, and public corporal punishment aimed to humiliate and injure individuals. During the era of Enlightenment, reformers pushed for the use of prison. Which of the following is accurate about the reason they pushed for prison as a form of punishment? - State-run prisons were actually seen as a much more humane alternative to public humiliation and punishment - Corporal punishment was unpopular with the masses and citizens refused to attend these public punishments - Research suggested that banishment and heavy fines were ineffective at lowering crime - Banishment was ineffective, as city walls consistently crumbled and did not keep people out

- State-run prisons were actually seen as a much more humane alternative to public humiliation and punishment

Which of the following sources outlines criminal offenses and their penalties? - Procedural Law - Substantive Law - Common Law - Civil Law

- Substantive Law

What is one of the primary sources outlining an individual's due process rights? - The Bill of Rights - Penal Codes - Federal, State, and Local Ordinances - Civil Rights

- The Bill of Rights

In 1886, an election in Cincinnati led to a change in the political party in power in the city. Following this change, over 80% of the police officers were fired. This sort of behavior is most reflective of what era of policing? - The Modernist Era - The Professional Era - The Political Era - The Accountability Era

- The Political Era

Which Amendment to our Constitution ensures the presence and assistance of counsel at multiple stages of the criminal justice process? - The Sixth Amendment - The Fourth Amendment - The Eighth Amendment - The Fifth Amendment

- The Sixth Amendment

What authority does a court of original jurisdiction have? - The authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court. - The authority to determine who gets to hear a case. - The authority to hear a case after appellate jurisdiction is settled. - The authority to shift errors in a case to the plaintiff.

- The authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court.

What was a major aspect of the motivation to push for "a public trial, by an impartial jury" afforded by the 6th Amendment? - The citizens wanted to have a say in these matters - not just leave trial outcomes up to a king or ruling voice. - The citizens wanted to professionalize law education and push for recognition of this expertise. - The citizens wanted protections against petty, repeated harassment from government officials. - The citizens wanted to push back on the use of evidence obtained via illegal searches from government officials or vigilantes.

- The citizens wanted to have a say in these matters - not just leave trial outcomes up to a king or ruling voice.

There are a few actors within our criminal justice system whose discretion can have a major impact on the quality and equity of outcomes for individuals. For example, police discretion and prosecutorial discretion can introduce bias into the system. What do we mean when we discuss "discretion"? - The exercise of individual judgment, instead of formal rules, in making decisions. - The practice of going by the "letter of the law" in every decision. - The practice of making decisions through shared conversation with constituents. - The practice of conferring with other criminal justice professionals to make decisions.

- The exercise of individual judgment, instead of formal rules, in making decisions.

There are a few actors within our criminal justice system whose discretion can have a major impact on the quality and equity of outcomes for individuals. For example, police discretion and prosecutorial discretion can introduce bias into the system. What do we mean when we discuss "discretion"? - The practice of making decisions through shared conversation with constituents. - The exercise of individual judgment, instead of formal rules, in making decisions. - The practice of conferring with other criminal justice professionals to make decisions. - The practice of going by the "letter of the law" in every decision.

- The exercise of individual judgment, instead of formal rules, in making decisions.

What place do houses of refuge hold in the history of juvenile justice in America? - The first example of non-profit organizations contributing to mass incarceration - The structure as a result of the Juvenile Court Act of 1899 - The first facilities specifically aimed at housing juvenile delinquents. - The first rural apprenticeship system in the United States.

- The first facilities specifically aimed at housing juvenile delinquents.

If you have a sample of 1,000 cases adjudicated within one year of arrest, 25% have been rejected by the prosecutor and not pursued for prosecution, 12% have been dropped at various pretrial stages, 8% have been assigned to deferred adjudication, 52% have been disposed of by guilty plea, and 3% have been disposed of by trial. This means that close to 40% of cases brought to a prosecutor have been disposed of in some way other than guilty plea or guilty verdict. What term below best describes this effect in our system? - The dark matter of crime effect - The probable cause effect - The efficient workgroup effect - The funneling or screening effect

- The funneling or screening effect

In our system, why do we often refer to sentencing individuals to probation as "suspended sentences?" - The judge pronounces a probationary period and outlines fines, which are referred to as "financial suspensions." - The judge is suspending that individual's right to vote in many states and thus the "suspension" acts as a suspension of freedom. - The judge pronounces a jail or prison sentence, then that sentence is suspended on the condition that the offender follows the guidelines of their probation. - The judge and prosecutor agree to suspend further investigation of the case, thus forcing a guilty plea.

- The judge pronounces a jail or prison sentence, then that sentence is suspended on the condition that the offender follows the guidelines of their probation.

As we discussed in class, many actors in the criminal justice process use their discretion to make decisions that affect the lives of civilians. Oftentimes, we associated discretion with power in our system. Which of the following members of the courtroom workgroup has the most power? - The prosecutor - The defense attorney - The jury - The judge

- The prosecutor

According to Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates in 2019, which of the following is true about the rate of individuals in our correctional system? - The rate of individuals under correctional supervision has declined annually for over 10 years - The rate of individuals under parole supervision declined rapidly over the last decade - The rate of individuals under correctional supervision is nearly identical to rates a decade ago - The rate of individuals under correctional supervision was higher in 2019 than in 2010

- The rate of individuals under correctional supervision has declined annually for over 10 years

Defense attorneys clearly play an essential role in our criminal justice system; however, defense attorneys are criticized for defending someone who is unquestionably factually guilty of a crime. In cases such as these, what is the role of the defense attorney? - The role of defense lawyers is to inform the prosecutor or judge of the defendant's factual guilt in a timely manner. - The role of defense lawyers is to encourage misleading or false testimony under oath to incur a mistrial. - The role of defense lawyers in these scenarios is to be present only if the defendant elects to go to trial. - The role of defense lawyers is to provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession.

- The role of defense lawyers is to provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession.

What is the most accurate description of critical approaches to explaining crime? - The social structures we create based on race, gender, and class dominate or constrain individuals and ultimately may inform delinquent behavior. - Criminals are physiologically different from non-criminals; therefore, we must work to identify the inherent factors that lead to crime. - The ruling class designs structures to ensure that a working class is more likely to engage in crime. - Our economic system - capitalism - leads to a struggle for material wealth, which may lead to delinquent behavior.

- The social structures we create based on race, gender, and class dominate or constrain individuals and ultimately may inform delinquent behavior.

Police Organizations are a key contributor to the argument that the criminal justice system may, in fact, be a "non-system." How do they contribute to this argument? - There is no consensus on training, professional standards, or expenditures across different departments. - United States police officers attend a single national training academy with satellite offices across different states. - Police at the county, state, and federal level do not interact with court systems. - Police at the county, state, and federal level do not interact with correctional systems.

- There is no consensus on training, professional standards, or expenditures across different departments.

U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals have only appellate jurisdiction. What does this mean? - These courts have the power to review a case for errors of fact. - These courts overtake the original jurisdiction of state court systems. - These courts have the power to review a case for errors of law. - These courts have original jurisdiction over violations of law in certain districts.

- These courts have the power to review a case for errors of law.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation conducts and houses the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), which is an essential source for understanding what crime rates look like in America. Despite this important effort, what are some of the shortcomings of UCR? Select all that apply. - Until recently, it relied on a summary reporting system that only counted the most serious crimes reported by jurisdictions. - It excludes certain states from annual collection of crime data. - It accounts for reported crimes - only those known to police. This leaves out crime that was not reported to the police. - It relies on self-reported victimization information, which may be difficult for some victims to recall.

- Until recently, it relied on a summary reporting system that only counted the most serious crimes reported by jurisdictions. - It accounts for reported crimes - only those known to police. This leaves out crime that was not reported to the police.

Which of the following is a myth that people commonly believe about crime and the criminal justice system in America? Select 1 statement. - Violent crime is worse than is has ever been. - The United States prison population has increased over 400% over the past 40 years. - The United States has the highest rate of imprisoned persons of all countries in the world. - Larceny-theft is the most common type of property crime in America.

- Violent crime is worse than is has ever been.

In general terms, what do biological approaches to explaining crime attempt to discover? - Whether innate physical or physiological factors produce characteristics that lead to delinquent behavior. - Whether a specific physical trait causes someone to commit delinquent acts. - Whether multiple physical inferiorities make an individual more violent. - Whether individuals with deep-seated psychological problems are more delinquent.

- Whether innate physical or physiological factors produce characteristics that lead to delinquent behavior.

Grand Juries typically consist of 12-23 individuals who meet in closed sessions investigate charges coming from preliminary hearings. This group is charged with making what decision in our court process? - Whether the arresting officer acted in accordance with due process protections - Whether the defendant should enter into a guilty plea, not guilty plea, or plea of no contest - Whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime(s) - Whether the accused committed the crime(s) beyond a reasonable doubt

- Whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime(s)

Grand Juries typically consist of 12-23 individuals who meet in closed sessions investigate charges coming from preliminary hearings. This group is charged with making what decision in our court process? - Whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime(s) - Whether the accused committed the crime(s) beyond a reasonable doubt - Whether the defendant should enter into a guilty plea, not guilty plea, or plea of no contest - Whether the arresting officer acted in accordance with due process protections

- Whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime(s)

What reasons might a prosecutor have to not pursue prosecution of a case? Select all that apply. - In some instances, the public may have regularly violated this particular law with impunity for a long time with almost no complaints. - The accused individual may cooperate with the prosecutor in apprehending or convicting another criminal. - A victim may refuse to testify and thus make prosecution unlikely, leading a prosecutor to drop the case. - A prosecutor may feel that the statutory punishment for an offense is too severe for a particular offender (e.g., a first-time offender).

All are correct

Which of the following statements explain the importance and growth of Feminist Criminological Theory? Select all that apply. - An attempt to understand how patriarchal structures influence delinquency. - A concerted effort to understand the experiences of women employees within the criminal justice system. - A response to decades of male-dominant, male-centric explanations of crime and criminalization. - An attempt to explain and understand the criminality of women.

All correct