CJ326 Exam 1
what is the role of the frontal lobe of the human brain in behavior?
it is implicated in feelings of shame, empathy, and and moral reasoning. The use or lack thereof of these emotions determines how someone reacts is something is off. For example, if their amygdala is damaged they may not feel sympathy when hearing a baby cry or killing someone.
values
judgements of desirability, worth or importance
modeling
learning behaviors through relationships
Kohlberg's theory
moral development is hierarchal
impartiality
not showing favoritism
cognitive restructuring
process of learning to identify and dispute irrational thoughts such as "all-or-nothing" thinking or overgeneralization
what is the difference between psychological egoism and enlightened egoism?
psychological egoism is the idea that humans naturally seek self interest while enlightened egoism is the idea that egoism might appear to be altruistic because when you help others you get help (scratch my back and I'll scratch yours)
justice
quality of being fair, impartial, and just
recognition tests
recognize person's ability to recognize moral terms
equality
same treatment across the board
what is the role of a public servant?
the duty of enforcing the law and the ability to use discretion and must protect the constitutional safeguards that are the cornerstones of our legal systems
morality
a person's principles on determining right and wrong
what is a developmental theory?
a proposal that humans have growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity, Jean Piagat and Kohlberg's theories were both developmental
what is an ethical dilemma?
a situation where it is difficult to make a decision because either the right decision is not clear or it carries a negative consequence
discretion
ability to make decision between two or more choices
what behaviors might be subject to moral or ethical judgement?
acts that are performed, of human act, of free will, and affect others
Piagat's theory
believed that cognitive growth was related to emotional maturity
bounded ethicality
cognitive structure whereby decisions are interpreted
self efficiency
competence in one's own abilities
moral identity
composed of moral agency
procedural justice
concerned with steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment or other conclusion of law
corrective justice
concerned with what unfair advantages occur
substantive justice
concerns the appropriate amount of punishment for a crime
fairness
condition of being impartial
what are the ethical principles that govern public servants?
1. Public service 2. objective judgement 3. accountability 4. Democratic leadership 5. respectability
what are Braswell's reasons to study ethics?
1. be aware and open to ethical issues 2. develop critical thinking skills 3. become more personally responsible 4. understand coercive element of crumble justice system 5. develop whole sight
what are the four major categories that criminal justice professionals may be judged as ethical or unethical?
1. duties 2. values 3. imperfect duties 4. supererogatories
what are Krogstand and Robertson's three principles of ethical decision making?
1. fairness 2. equality 3. impartiality
Steps of analyzing an ethical dilemma
1. identify the facts 2. identify relevant values and concepts. 3. describe the immediate moral or ethical dilemma facing the individual 4. Resolve moral or ethical dilemma by using an ethical system
kohlberg's moral stages
1. punishment/obedience 2. instrument/relativity 3. interpersonal concordance 4. law-and-order 5. social contract 6. universal ethical principles
what are the "6 pillars of character"?
1. trustworthiness 2. respect 3. responsibility 4. fairness 5. caring 6. citizenship
what is meant by hedonistic calculus?
Bentham's reasoning on how to calculate potential rewards of a crime so the threat of pain or punishment will scare people away from committing the crime
veil of ignorance
Rawl's idea that people develop fair principles only if they are ignorant of their role in society
imperative principle
decisions should be made according to rules
utilitarian principle
decisions should be made according to what is best for the greatest number of people
generalization principle
decisions should be made assuming it would be applied to everyone in similar circumstances
what is the difference between a deontological system and a theological ethical system?
deontological is the study of duty or moral obligation while theological system is concerned with the consequences or ends of an action
retributive justice
determination and methods of punishment
what is meant by due process?
due process is the constitutionally mandated system to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation in order to protect liberty, life, or property
what is the difference between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas?
ethical dilemmas relate specifically to individual or circumstance while ethical issues are more broad social issues
restorative justice
focuses on meeting the needs of all those concerned
shermer's concept of evolutionary development of morality
ideas of morality develop over time (on social scale not individual scale)
reinforcement
use of punishment or rewards to reinforce behavior
distributive justice
what measurement should be used to allocate a society's resources
