CJ326 Exam 1

what is the role of the frontal lobe of the human brain in behavior?

it is implicated in feelings of shame, empathy, and and moral reasoning. The use or lack thereof of these emotions determines how someone reacts is something is off. For example, if their amygdala is damaged they may not feel sympathy when hearing a baby cry or killing someone.

values

judgements of desirability, worth or importance

modeling

learning behaviors through relationships

Kohlberg's theory

moral development is hierarchal

impartiality

not showing favoritism

cognitive restructuring

process of learning to identify and dispute irrational thoughts such as "all-or-nothing" thinking or overgeneralization

what is the difference between psychological egoism and enlightened egoism?

psychological egoism is the idea that humans naturally seek self interest while enlightened egoism is the idea that egoism might appear to be altruistic because when you help others you get help (scratch my back and I'll scratch yours)

justice

quality of being fair, impartial, and just

recognition tests

recognize person's ability to recognize moral terms

equality

same treatment across the board

what is the role of a public servant?

the duty of enforcing the law and the ability to use discretion and must protect the constitutional safeguards that are the cornerstones of our legal systems

morality

a person's principles on determining right and wrong

what is a developmental theory?

a proposal that humans have growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity, Jean Piagat and Kohlberg's theories were both developmental

what is an ethical dilemma?

a situation where it is difficult to make a decision because either the right decision is not clear or it carries a negative consequence

discretion

ability to make decision between two or more choices

what behaviors might be subject to moral or ethical judgement?

acts that are performed, of human act, of free will, and affect others

Piagat's theory

believed that cognitive growth was related to emotional maturity

bounded ethicality

cognitive structure whereby decisions are interpreted

self efficiency

competence in one's own abilities

moral identity

composed of moral agency

procedural justice

concerned with steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment or other conclusion of law

corrective justice

concerned with what unfair advantages occur

substantive justice

concerns the appropriate amount of punishment for a crime

fairness

condition of being impartial

what are the ethical principles that govern public servants?

1. Public service 2. objective judgement 3. accountability 4. Democratic leadership 5. respectability

what are Braswell's reasons to study ethics?

1. be aware and open to ethical issues 2. develop critical thinking skills 3. become more personally responsible 4. understand coercive element of crumble justice system 5. develop whole sight

what are the four major categories that criminal justice professionals may be judged as ethical or unethical?

1. duties 2. values 3. imperfect duties 4. supererogatories

what are Krogstand and Robertson's three principles of ethical decision making?

1. fairness 2. equality 3. impartiality

Steps of analyzing an ethical dilemma

1. identify the facts 2. identify relevant values and concepts. 3. describe the immediate moral or ethical dilemma facing the individual 4. Resolve moral or ethical dilemma by using an ethical system

kohlberg's moral stages

1. punishment/obedience 2. instrument/relativity 3. interpersonal concordance 4. law-and-order 5. social contract 6. universal ethical principles

what are the "6 pillars of character"?

1. trustworthiness 2. respect 3. responsibility 4. fairness 5. caring 6. citizenship

what is meant by hedonistic calculus?

Bentham's reasoning on how to calculate potential rewards of a crime so the threat of pain or punishment will scare people away from committing the crime

veil of ignorance

Rawl's idea that people develop fair principles only if they are ignorant of their role in society

imperative principle

decisions should be made according to rules

utilitarian principle

decisions should be made according to what is best for the greatest number of people

generalization principle

decisions should be made assuming it would be applied to everyone in similar circumstances

what is the difference between a deontological system and a theological ethical system?

deontological is the study of duty or moral obligation while theological system is concerned with the consequences or ends of an action

retributive justice

determination and methods of punishment

what is meant by due process?

due process is the constitutionally mandated system to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation in order to protect liberty, life, or property

what is the difference between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas?

ethical dilemmas relate specifically to individual or circumstance while ethical issues are more broad social issues

restorative justice

focuses on meeting the needs of all those concerned

shermer's concept of evolutionary development of morality

ideas of morality develop over time (on social scale not individual scale)

reinforcement

use of punishment or rewards to reinforce behavior

distributive justice

what measurement should be used to allocate a society's resources