CJC 101: Exam Questions
True/False: International law prevents powerful states, like China, Russia, and the United States, from acting through unilateral action, as doing so would result in criminal prosecution
False
True/False: Justice is only relevant in the context of "social justice"
False
True/False: New online banking apps (Like Venmo) plus strict international banking regulations have decreased "money laundering" and become a challenge for criminals
False
This theory of international relations emphasizes a state's national security, promotes a "self-help" mentality, and focuses on maintaining power in a world system defined by anarchy. (A) Realism (B) Liberalism (C) Constructivism (D) Marxism (E) None of the above
Realism
This theory, specifically applied to understanding migrant populations, attempts to explain why migrants are seen as a threat to the safety and integrity of host countries. (A) "Criminology of the Other" (B) "Criminology of Place" (C) "Criminology of War" (D) "Criminology of the Domestic" (E) None of the above
"Criminology of the Other"
This conspiracy theory assumes there is an ongoing "genocide by substitution" happening within traditionally white, western countries by immigrant (non-white) populations (A) "New World Order" Theory (B) "Loose Change" Theory (C) "Q-Anon" Theory (D) "Great Replacement" Theory (C) All of the above
"Great Replacement" Theory
In international relations terminology, Apple Inc. is constituted as a: (A) "Non-governmental Organization (NGO)" (B) "Nation-State" (C) "Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)" (D) "Multinational Corporation (MNC)" (E) None of the above
"Multinational Corporation (MNC)"
Which of the following terms refers to the measures to redress or correct broad injustices and rebuild social trust including between offenders and victims? (A) Retributive Justice (B) Rehabilitation (C) Transitional/Restorative Justice (D) Procedural Justice (E) None of the above
(C) Transitional/Restorative Justice
The eligibility principle., as concerns "punishment," is limited to: (A) Acts that unintentionally cause harm to others (B) Acts that maliciously violate the personal security rights of others (C) Acts that are perceived as morally wrong by some members of society (D) Acts that result in financial loss for the victim (E) All of the above
Acts that maliciously violate the personal security rights of others
In criminal law, the prosecution must establish what is known as the "corpus delicti," or the "body of the case" (i.e,. the facts constituting a breach of a law). The portion of the case that is concerned with the "actions" of the criminal act is known as what? (A) Actus Reus (B) Carceral responsibility (C) Mens Rea (D) Plea Bargain (E) None of the above
Actus Reus
Borrowing from the social contract tradition, John Rawls used the thought experiment of the "veil of ignorance" to elaborate on the concept of social justice. What conclusion can we draw from behind the veil? (A) Rights in society should be distributed equally (B) All human beings have certain inalienable rights (C) All human beings would agree to a reciprocity of restraint (D) Social institutions should help oversee the equal distribution of rights (E) All of the above
All of the above
Firearms are one of the few goods that are trafficked from developed countries to developing countries. Why is this the case? (A) Increase in regional conflict in the developing world (B) Surplus military weapons in the developed world (C) Increased political instability after the Cold War (D) Decreased cooperation from border authorities (E) All of the above
All of the above
What is a key contributing factor underlying the victimization side of the "migration-crime-nexus"? (A) The dire conditions migrants often face in their home countries (B) The marginalization migrants often face in their new host countries (C) The de-prioritization of assimilation for migrants in host countries (D) The targeting of vulnerable migrants by transnational criminal organizations (E) All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following has contributed to an increase in "drug trafficking" in the context of the "globalization of crime"? (A) Increased demand for illicit drugs in affluent societies (B) Dire economic conditions in rural areas of developing countries (C) Limited international crime controls, including weak border security (D) Economic disparities and the search for valuable cash crops (E) All of the above
All of the above
In the Carl and David scenario introduced by Heffernan, and discussed in class, what "right" does Carl violate? (A) David's "right to be free from fraud" (B) David's "right to a personal opinion" (C) David's "right to free speech" (D) David's "right to be free of physical violence" (E) None of the above
David's "right to be free of physical violence"
When members of a particular group (e.g., ethnic, racial, or religious) are equated with animals, vermin, insects, or diseases, a sense of human revulsion occurs that disposes others to vilify the group. This process, which is one of the 8 "Stages of Genocide," is known as, what? (A) Classification (B) Symbolization (C) Dehumanization (D) Polarization (E) None of the above
Dehumanization
The film, Just Mercy, demonstrates how Walter McMillian (Johnny D.) was sentenced based on the eyewitness testimony of one individual, another convicted felon by the name of Ralph Myers. The conviction seems to defy the standard the U.S. criminal justice system uses when it comes to criminal sentencing, where we are only supposed to convict individuals when what "standard of proof" is met? (A) "Any evidence" that suggests a causal connection (B) A preponderance of evidence where a connection is "more likely than not" (C) Clear and convincing evidence suggesting a "high probability" of connection (D) Evidence that establishes guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt" (E) None of the above
Evidence that establishes guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt"
What does "endogenous factor" refer to when discussing/explaining the causes of criminal behavior among migrants? (A) Factors originating from migrants' home countries (B) Factors unrelated to migration (C) Factors originating within migrant communities that may influence criminal behavior (D) Factors related to host government policies
Factors originating within migrant communities that may influence criminal behavior
True/False: "Proportional punishment" requires that penalties include a "deterrence" factor, such as the threat of physical pain, to deter future criminal behavior
False
True/False: After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States used its power throughout the 1990s to limit international crime, including war crimes and crimes against humanity
False
True/False: Anglo-Saxon law accounted for an individual's harmful "intent," and made a clear distinction between injuries and wrongdoing
False
True/False: Because of the broad "leniency" that is afforded to various criminal justice institutions (from "law enforcement" to "judges"), the state is able to avoid systemic biases in sentencing and punishment
False
True/False: Behind a "veil of ignorance," rational people would consent to a system of "deterrence" as a first principle of criminal justice
False
True/False: In the film, Just Mercy, Attorney Bryan Stevenson gets all charges against Walter McMillian (Johnny D.) dropped using new advances in DNA testing
False
True/False: The "migration-crime nexus" is a straightforward, easily understood relationship whereby increases in migration increase transnational crime
False
True/False: The long history of criminal justice has primarily been concerned with "positive reciprocity," ensuring the return of benefits for received benefits
False
True/False: The term "genocide" entered international law after the Rwandan genocide
False
True/False: There has not been genocidal violence since the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 2002
False
True/False: To address the challenges poses by the migration-crime nexus, scholars says we should prioritize security (boarder security) over the protection of migrants' human rights
False
True/False: United Nations jurisdiction trumps that of member nation-states
False
What borderland area encompasses the Central Asian and Middle Eastern countries of Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan and is responsible for the majority of today's illicit opium production? (A) Golden Crescent (B) Golden Triangle (C) Strait of Gibraltar (D) Sinai Peninsula (E) None of the above
Golden Crescent
The United States Constitution grants every citizen a right to a fair and impartial jury of their peers. This type of jury meets first to investigate criminal conduct and determine if probable cause has been met. (A) Grand Jury (B) Wergild (C) Trail Jury (C) Prosecution (E) None of the above
Grand Jury
The character in Hotel Rwanda, Pat (Madame) Archer, worked with this non-governmental, international aid organization, which maintained strict neutrality and was not targeted by either side in the conflict? (A) League of Nations (B) International Court of Justice (C) International Committee of the Red Cross (D) United Nations (E) None of the above
International Committee of the Red Cross
The criminal justice alternative comes from the Old Testament and promotes a form of grievance-redress that aims for exact equivalence between the harm inflicted by an offender and a victim's response. (A) Lex Talionis (B) Turn-the-other-cheek (C) Stop-and-frisk (D) Proportional punishment (E) None of the above
Lex Talionis
This theory of international relations (and its offshoots) emphasizes nation-state interdependence to mitigate conflict through increased economic cooperation and participation in international organizations (A) Realism (B) Liberalism (C) Constructivism (D) Marxism (E) None of the above
Liberalism
As depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda, the Rwandan genocide unfolded over the course of 100 days, where approximately 800,000 Tutsis were murdered primarily by what weapon? (A) Soviet Kalashnikovs (AK-47s) (B) Machetes (C) Pistols/Handguns (D) Poison Gas (E) None of the above
Machetes
In criminal law, the prosecution must establish what is known as the "corpus delicti," or the "body of the case" (e.i,. the facts constituting a breach of a law). The portion of the case that is concerned with the "intention" of the criminal act is known as what? (A) Actus Reus (B) Carceral responsibility (C) Mens Rea (D) Plea Bargain (E) None of the above
Mens Rea
In the film Just Mercy, what crime is Walter McMillian (Johnny D.) accused of? (A) Murder (B) Sexual Assault (C) Armed Robbery (D) Drug Possession (E) None of the above
Murder
What is the central tenant of the "social contract" theory? (A) Natural political authority exists and does not require voluntary agreement (B) Political power is derived from the consent of the governed (C) Social contracts are based on unequal relationships (D) Government legitimacy is determined by religious traditions (E) All of the above
Political power is derived from the consent of the governed
Which of the following is NOT a condition for "justice in punishment?" (A) Inflict punishment only on those found guilty using proper procedures (B) Impose punishments uniformly corresponding to differences in wrongdoing (C) Ensure the scale of penalties is proportionate to the crimes being punished (D) Prioritize deterrence over justice (E) None of the above
Prioritize deterrence over justice
Which of the following terms refers to fairness in the process of resolving disputes and overseeing the system of criminal justice? (A) Retributive justice (B) Rehabilitation (C) Transitional/Restorative justice (D) Procedural justice (E) None of the above
Procedural justice
Cesare Beccaria advocated for the elimination of old forms of judicial torture and the elimination of the death penalty, believing that these types of state punishment did not "fit the crimes." A system where the punishment does fit the crime is known as what? (A) Lex Talionis (B) Turn-the-other-cheek (C) Stop-and-frisk (D) Proportional punishment (E) None of the above
Proportional punishment
The film Hotel Rwanda portrays the use of dehumanizing propaganda as a triggering mechanism for the Rwandan genocide. What was the primary mode by which this messaging/propaganda was disseminated? (A) Pamphlets dropped by helicopter (B) Television commercials on public channels (C) Radio broadcasts (D) Social media advertisements (E) All of the above
Radio broadcasts
This terrorist attack, perpetrated by Al-Qaeda against the United States of America, completely changed American national security, but it also changed the U.S perception of migrants as a "threat" to the national security by way of Islamophobia and stereotyping (A) Pear Harbor Attack (B) September 11, 2001, Attacks (C) Oklahoma City Bombing (D) Rwandan Genocide (E) None of the above
September 11, 2001, Attacks
After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, all modern nation-states were assumed to have this, a term to denote the absolute authority nation-states enjoy over a given territory. (A) Enlightenment (B) Dependency (C) Sovereignty (D) Interdependence (E) None of the above
Sovereignty
Political transition in this country, beginning in 1989, ushered in a new era of political instability and exacerbated international crime (especially firearms trafficking from its reserves) (A) United States of America (B) Afghanistan (C) Soviet Union (D) Germany (E) None of the above
Soviet Union
This criminal justice alternative promotes a form of preventive criminal justice by allowing law enforcement to stop and often search suspects when they have a reasonable suspicion they may have been involved in a crime. (A) Lex Talionis (B) Turn-the-other-cheek (C) Stop-and-frisk (D) Proportional punishment (E) None of the above
Stop-and-frisk
According to Justinian's classic definition, what is "justice?" (A) The constant and perpetual will to render punishment (B) The constant and perpetual will to render social burdens (C) The constant and perpetual will to render everyone their due (D) The constant and perpetual will to render mercy (E) None of the above
The constant and perpetual will to render everyone their due
What is the best way to describe "impartiality" in criminal justice punishment? (A) The punishment should be severe so as to deter future crimes (B) The punishment should be imposed by a neutral arbiter (C) The punishment should be determined by the victim (D) The punishment should be based on the social status of the offender (E) None of the above
The punishment should be imposed by neutral arbiter
What theoretical perspective explains why "second" and "third-generation migrants" may commit more crime than non-foreigners in some cases? (A) They always hold on to an "old-country" quality of life standard (B) They are less exposed to Western values than their parents (C) They become more sensitive to their marginalization as a result of relative deprivation (D) They have a stronger sense of traditional cultural identity than their parents (E) All of the above
They become more sensitive to their marginalization as a result of relative deprivation
Contemporary criminal justice has made a distinction between the category of the law that focuses on compensatory damages for victims and another category that leads to the punishment of the offenders. Which is the category that focuses on compensatory damages and not on criminal punishment, known as? (A) Lex Talionis (B) Vendetta (C) Tort (D) Judicial Torture (E) None of the above
Tort
True/False: "Trial juries" are responsible for determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant in a criminal trial
True
True/False: According to the data on historical homicide rates, the evolution of modern criminal justice has resulted in a significant decrease in homicides
True
True/False: As a theory to explain international conflict, realism has its roots in ancient political philosophy, including the writings of Thucydides from the 5th century BCE
True
True/False: As a way to limit feuds, Anglo-Saxon law aimed for retaliatory payback for injuries using using the "compensation" method
True
True/False: As demonstrated by cases like the Rwandan Genocide, international criminal justice frameworks and institutions, like the United Nations, are not equipped to prevent even the most violent forms of international crime
True
True/False: At its most basic, "criminal justice" is nothing more than a system of state-imposed punishment
True
True/False: Due to inconsistent law regarding legalization and registration, the United States is disproportionately affected by illegal "firearms trafficking" within its own boarders
True
True/False: In the film, Just Mercy, Walter McMillian (Johny D.) is wrongly convicted and sent to "death row"
True
True/False: International law is only binding on nation-states that ratify international treaties and legal frameworks
True
True/False: It was not until the "International Tribunal for Yugoslavia" that a sitting "Head of State" (i.e., leader of a country) was put on trail for war crimes
True
True/False: Like the assumptions of Thomas Hobbes, "state of nature," realists assume that the international system can be seen as an inevitable state of war, where international "anarchy" inevitably leas to conflict and war
True
True/False: The "fair warning" principle maintains that state agents may impose punishment only for conduct that violates publicly announced prohibitions on conduct
True
True/False: The "state surrogacy" principle ensure that the state maintains its position as a neutral body dedicated to social cooperation, enforcing criminal law "impartially"
True
True/False: The main character in Hotel Rwanda, Paul Rusessabagina, whose true heroism is depicted in the film, was a "Hutu" and had a wife of "Tutsi" heritage
True
True/False: The presumption of innocence means that the burden of proof rests on the "prosecution" to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
True
This criminal justice alternative that promotes a "non-response" to injury, usually as a mechanism for ensuring judicial mercy, comes from the New Testament and it known as, what? (A) Lex Talionis (B) Turn-the-other-cheek (C) Stop-and-frisk (D) Proportional punishment (E) None of the above
Turn-the-other-cheek
One of the problems with the pure retaliation model of criminal justice is that it historically led to protracted cycles of violence. These cycles of retaliatory violence were actually given a legal name is European criminal law, where two families or warring parties refused to pay restitution for harm done. Wha was this legal distinction known as? (A) Lex Talionis (B) Vendetta (C) Tort (D) Judicial Torture (E) None of the above
Vendetta
This decade's long conflict in Eastern Europe (1991-2001) resulted in numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity as a result of ethnic tensions and the dissolution of one country into six different ethnically based "republics." (A) World War II (B) Yugoslav War (C) Cold War (D) War on Terror (E) None of the above
Yugoslav War
