CJUS Ch 1-6 Midterm
d
Under the interactionist view of crime, which of the following groups would wield significant power in shaping criminal law? a. educated university students b. members of the military c. the general public d. wealthy political campaign donors
d
Under the conflict view of crime, who decides the content of criminal law and shapes the definition of crime in a society? a. legal professionals b. the international court c. society as a whole d. the ruling class
a
A serial killer differs from a mass murderer in which way? a. A serial killer commits multiple murders over time. b. Aa serial killer murders at random. c. A serial killer targets innocents for fun. d. A serial killer targets more than one person.
d
An individual accused of a crime has been denied an attorney. Which amendment does this violate? a. Fifth Amendment b. Eighth Amendment c. Fourth Amendment d. Sixth Amendment
a
Antisocial behavior leading to crime that arises from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD) would be primarily considered a __________. a. neurological factor b. sociological factor c. biochemical factor d. economic factor
b
As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on? a. the existence of plea bargains b. fear of criminal penalties c. better understanding of the law d. fear of embarrassment
c
As a fair and impartial officer of the court, to what is a prosecutor responsible to? a. the judiciary in ensuring that justice is always met regardless of circumstances b. law enforcement agencies, in ensuring their safety comes first c. the Constitution, and ensuring that its standards are met d. the public in ensuring that crime is eliminated from the streets
d
At which stage of the criminal justice process is the accused informed of their constitutional rights via Miranda warnings? a. during initial contact between the suspect and law enforcement officials b. before the court during arraignment c. during the preliminary hearing d. upon being taken into custody following an arrest
c
Collective efficacy is exemplified by __________. a. a high degree of nationalism b. ethnic and racial solidarity c. cohesion among neighborhood residents d. a commitment to pay taxes
d
Compared to 1995, what has happened to the rate of violent crime in the United States today? a. It has increased by double. b. It is at peak levels. c. It has declined by a third. d. It has dropped by half.
a
Groups such as the Plug Uglies, the Swamp Angels, the Daybreak Boys, and the Bowery Boys are associated with __________. a. pre-twentieth-century, East Coast, urban gangs in the United States b. motorcycle gangs on the East coast during the latter half of the twentieth century c. disaffected former Confederate soldiers following the Civil War in Southern U.S. states d. corrupt municipal government administrations during nineteenth-century America
d
How can individuals reduce active precipitation? a. Cross the street after seeing a group of thugs. b. Be cognizant of the intentions of others around them. c. Carry a self-defense device such as pepper spray. d. Avoid wearing expensive jewelry in a crime-ridden neighborhood.
b
Which of the following is a violation of the substantive due process? a. An individual is denied representation by an attorney. b. An individual is convicted based on a racially biased law. c. An individual is forced to testify against him/herself. d. An individual is not allowed to cross-examine witnesses.
c
How has the What Works movement reshaped the modern criminal justice system? a. The criminal justice system in the United States is now more reflective of regional rather than national needs. b. The creation and application of criminal law is now primarily guided by political goals. c. Justice programs, policies, and procedures now undergo vigorous review to determine their validity. d. Criminal justice is now primarily geared towards rehabilitation as a means of reducing crime.
a
How did the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) impact the academic field of criminal justice? a. The LEAA supported the development of many criminal justice programs in colleges and universities across the country. b. The LEAA, in creating the modern field of criminal justice, established federal educational programs in colleges to train future employees. c. The LEAA successfully lobbied the governing bodies of the higher education system to formally recognize criminal justice as a major. d. The LEAA allowed for the creation of programs that transitioned university seniors directly into criminal justice institutions such as the FBI.
a
How does organized crime differ from corporate crime? a. Its acknowledged purpose is economic gain through illegal enterprise. b. It is engaged solely in economic crimes that are of a benign nature. c. It never deals with crimes of an economic nature. d. It does not use physical violence to facilitate the illegal acquisition of money.
c
How does the issue of gun rights in America show that the U.S. Constitution is open to interpretation? a. Although the U.S. Constitution outlines the need for individuals to have guns, courts have declared that it has no basis in the twenty-first century. b. While the U.S. Constitution recognizes an individual's right to bear arms, conflicting judicial and legal statutes serve to essentially void the Second Amendment. c. While the U.S. Constitution forces states to recognize an individual's right to bear arms, states can work to limit and regulate gun ownership if they choose to. d. Although the U.S. Constitution protects an individual's right to own weapons, there is no judicial statute that serves to affirm this right.
a
How does the racial animus model view criminal justice in the United States? a. Punishment is nonproportional and harsher for racial minorities than it is for others. b. High crime rates among racial minorities fuels a never-ending cycle of crime in their communities. c. Punishment is delivered equally to all, but racial minorities are more targeted by law enforcement. d. Racial minorities have an unwarranted negative view on the criminal justice system.
C
In the case of a robbery, which of the following would prevent an individual from being charged? a. The individual stole an item worth less than $500. b. The individual immediately returned the stolen item to its rightful owner. c. The individual did not take possession of property. d. The individual committed the crime over a week ago.
a
In what way does the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) provide a more complete picture of crime than the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? a. It takes into account crimes that are not reported to the authorities. b. It is not impeded by subjective views on what constitutes crime. c. It does not discriminate between low-level and severe crimes. d. It looks at crime based on information gathered from every U.S. citizen.
c
Individuals who experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with day-to-day functioning are considered to have what type of disorder? a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder b. clinical depression c. oppositional defiant disorder d. a lousy attitude
d
Social structure theories equate crime with which of the following? a. race b. age c. gender d. poverty
d
The consensus, conflict, and interactionist views of crime all share which common idea? a. the ruling classes mold the definition of crimes b. social forces are not relevant in molding the definition of crime c. the definition of crime is relatively stagnant and unchanging d. criminal law has a social control function
b
The contents of a will are being contested by a family. Which type of law would be used to resolve this dispute? a. procedural laws b. civil law c. public law d. substantive criminal law
a
The idea that the accused had the intent to commit a criminal act is __________. a. mens rea b. ad idem c. actus reus d. in situ
d
What aspect of U.S. history directly fuels the idea of cultural bias in high crime rates among black Americans? a. the twentieth-century civil rights movement led by minorities b. the Reconstruction Amendments of the nineteenth century c. the rise of non-European immigration in the latter half of the twentieth century d. the nineteenth-century system of racial slavery
d
What is state-organized crime? a. Crime that occurs within the borders of a specific state. b. Crime that is considered criminal in one state but legal in another. c. Criminal acts that are conspiracies between elected officials and members of organized crime. d. Criminal acts committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.
a
What is the basic premise of trajectory theory? a. Crime is complex, and not all individuals share the same path towards criminality. b. The only way to reduce criminality in a society is by dealing with it at an early age. c. Several key indicators show at an early age if a person will engage in criminality. d. Although not all criminals are the same, the socioeconomic conditions that motivate them are.
b
What is the idea of system bias dependent on? a. economic class b. race and ethnicity c. educational level d. age
c
What provides support for critical theory? a. Crime rates are directly proportional to the number of members in a community who are stricken by poverty compared to those who are not. b. It is widely understood that because laws are created by political forces, they are a reflection of the political stratification within a state. c. Evidence shows that as people become economically marginalized in a society, they will turn to violent crime for survival. d. Most prosecutors and members of the judiciary in the United States view crime from a critical lens, lending it majority support.
d
What role does technology currently play in crime? a. Technological developments have greatly masked the rise in violent crime. b. Technological developments are the reason why crime is dropping. c. Technological developments have pushed the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) into obsolescence. d. Technological developments have created new classes of crime.
d
What role might the "contagion effect" have on crime? a. Crime will rise due to increasing narcissism. b. Crime will rise as a result of increasing materialistic values. c. Crime will disappear due to the abandonment of materialism. d. Crime might be reduced due to prevailing social factors.
d
Which of the following is true for liberal feminist theories regarding crime? a. The second-class status of women has always meant their crimes were second-class. b. The class structure of America necessitates that women seek crime as a way to advance their status. c. Women are genetically predisposed to seeking and using crime as a way to facilitate change. d. Women have a lower crime rate due to their second-class economic and social position.
a
Which of the following persons would fit the mold for the general theory of crime? a. an individual with limited self-control b. an individual who is driven by necessity c. an individual who is highly intelligent d. an individual with a negative outlook on life
d
Which of the following primarily contributes to the monumental cost and size of the contemporary criminal justice system in the United States? a. differing regional views on crime b. various types of laws and statutes c. widespread civilian oversight d. dual system of federal and state government
a
Which of the following would be considered a biochemical factor that could influence criminality in an individual? a. high amounts of PCB in drinking water b. an association with criminal types c. genes that promote antisocial behavior d. a deteriorated neighborhood
b
Why are the ideas of mens rea and actus reus essential in proving a crime has been committed? a. Both principles are important because they provide prosecutors with sweeping ability to convict a person of a crime by only having to prove the existence of one or the other. b. An individual must not only be found to have personally committed a crime, but must also have acted with the intent to do so. c. While both ideas must be present for an act to be considered a crime, they exist independently of each other and make it more difficult for the accused to mount a defense. d. Since the accused must be directly involved in a criminal act, these legal principles limit the chances for people to be mistakenly charged.
c
Why can the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) be misleading? a. Police do not know the legal definitions of crimes. b. It only reports crime statistics for the nation as a whole. c. Not all criminal incidents are reported to the police. d. It does not differentiate between types of crimes.
a
Why do frequent abuses of power happen in the corrections system? a. Offenders are in an inferior power position to correctional professionals. b. Most correctional facilities are managed by politically corrupt entities and groups. c. There is limited legal and civilian oversight of correctional facilities. d. Correctional professionals have limited legal ability to combat and prevent violence.
b
Why makes excuse and justification defenses difficult to deploy? a. Individuals are rarely accused of crime when there is not overwhelming evidence against them. b. It is hard to disprove the criminal intent of an individual. c. Many state courts only allow for such defenses if there is tangible proof. d. Due to the nature of the human brain, most individuals are cognizant of their actions.
b
Why might a law enforcement officer (LEO) be wary of complaining about a partner who has been seen engaging in a low-level criminal activity such as illegal gambling? a. They are not legally protected in making such accusations. b. They fear the loss of respect from fellow officers. c. They fear being considered as a coconspirator. d. They are violating their oath to fellow officers.
b
How is poverty defined today? a. a family of two with earnings of about $28,000 a year b. a family of four with earnings of about $28,000 a year c. a family of four with earnings of about $14,000 a year d. a family of two with earnings of about $35,000 a year
d
In what way does the consensus view of crime differ from the conflict and interactionist views of crime? a. In deciding which behaviors should be outlawed or controlled, the state uses a globalist view incorporating the moral ideas of many religions. b. Society generally can't agree on what should be criminal so the ruling class needs to decide the law. c. A small number of elitists who control the system decide which behaviors should be outlawed or controlled based on their own personal beliefs. d. It holds that the majority of a society is in agreement as to what behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society.
a
In what way is situational crime prevention meant to control rational criminal activity? a. Situational crime prevention aims to deter crime by raising the risks of the offender being caught. b. Situational crime prevention recommends closing stores earlier to prevent criminals from acting. c. Situational crime prevention publicizes the law so that criminals know what is legal and what is not. d. Situational crime prevention educates the youth in the ways of law to prevent misperceptions.
c
In what way is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) intended to be more explanatory than the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? a. It includes the name of the offender for each crime. b. It compiles summaries rather than statistics related to crime. c. It requires reports of crimes to be put into context. d. It is concerned only with the basic aspects of a crime.
d
What aspect of self-report surveys impedes their validity? a. their nonanonymous reporting nature b. their use with only members of the population aged 45 and older c. their use in questioning solely adolescents d. the potential dishonesty of its respondents
b
What differentiates a necessity defense from a duress defense? a. An individual acts in a way that is considered retaliatory. b. An individual acts out of necessity according to their own judgment. c. An individual acts in response to threats made by another. d. An individual acts with force that exceeds the force used against him/her.
c
What do the biochemical, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share? a. the idea that sociological factors are always independent of biological traits in influencing crime b. the notion that crime can be reduced by changing food intake, which can promote crime c. a belief that criminal behavior is comprised of biological and sociological elements d. the hypothesis that crime is beyond the control of the offender
c
What does the crime control perspective of justice focus on as a deterrent? a. societal marginalization b. increased enforcement c. harsh punishment d. mandated rehabilitation
b
What forms the basis for social learning theories? a. Poverty is the primary determining factor in leading an individual to pursue a life of crime. b. Behaviors that lead to criminality are acquired through observation of human social interactions. c. Crime is dictated primarily by genetic abnormalities though cannot occur without certain social conditions. d. A lack of exposure to others leads an individual to resort to crime.
c
What is an adolescent-limited offender? a. children who engage in committing only felonies b. an offender whose criminal history begins committing minor crimes but graduates to major ones c. kids who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood d. delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue it well into adulthood
b
What is an excuse defense? a. a defense in which a person claims that he or she acted in self-defense b. a defense in which a person states that, due to impairment, he or she lacks the capacity to form sufficient intent to be held criminally responsible c. a defense in which a person argues that he or she was justified in doing what they did d. a defense in which a person admits to a lower-level criminal charge in exchange for the top count being dismissed by the court
b
What is necessary for a true bill of indictment to be issued? a. the consent of the accused and their declaration of innocence b. the existence and recognition of sufficient evidence against a defendant c. the criminal use of physical violence by an offender during an arrest d. the sworn personal testimony of a law enforcement officer before the court.
d
What is purpose of deinstitutionalization? a. to decriminalize lower-level criminal offenses b. to delegate more discretionary power from high to lesser courts c. to provide law enforcement agencies with the ability to issue citations d. to remove nonviolent offenders from the nation's correctional system
b
What is the aim of the restorative justice perspective? a. To eliminate the use of plea bargains and the granting of reduced sentences by using every means the state has to pursue full legal action against the accused. b. To enable offenders to appreciate the damage they caused, to make amends, and to be reintegrated into society. c. To punish offenders while providing them with the opportunity through ways such as criminal service, to clear their criminal record. d. To bring back order to neighborhoods by increasing the number of law enforcement officers and providing them with great discretionary power.
a
What is the central premise of critical criminology? a. Social inequality has a noticeable effect on encouraging crime. b. Criminal acts arise due to a power struggle within the lower class. c. Citizens resort to criminality when they believe that they will not be punished. d. Law enforcement measures by a state can either promote or dissuade crime.
c
What is the fundamental basis for the direct genetic view of crime? a. Environmental traits are linked to criminality. b. Economic inequality produces crime. c. Hereditary traits are linked to criminality.
c
What is the impact of plea bargaining on the United States justice system? a. It has increased the time and financial burden placed on criminal courts. b. It allows many violent criminals to escape punishment. c. It prevents the overwhelming majority of cases from going to trial. d. It has caused a complete breakdown in the strength of legal statutes.
b
What is the primary role of technology in relation to criminal law today? a. New technology is providing more ways for criminals to mount excuse defenses. b. New technology is resulting in new types and forms of crime. c. Technology has allowed many obsolete criminal codes to be eliminated. d. Technology is streamlining the court process by removing several steps.
c
What is the purpose of bail? a. Bail provides the accused with a financial option and way to expedite the legal process. b. Bail provides funds that are intended to help offset the rising costs of the judicial criminal process. c. Bail allows the accused to stay out of custody while giving them an incentive to return for trial. d. Bail prevents the accused from becoming a flight risk and leaving the country before trial.
d
What is the purpose of the exclusionary rule? a. It is intended to expand the investigatory powers of authorities against non-citizens. b. It limits the ability of the judiciary to take legal action against law enforcement officers. c. It prevents a citizen from being tried twice in criminal court for the same crime. d. It protects a citizen's constitutional rights and privileges from being violated.
b
What is the relation of psychodynamic theory to crime? a. Individuals do not choose to pursue crime but are powerless when they are predisposed to it. b. Problems during early development cause imbalances in personality leading to deviant behavior. c. Criminality arises from genetic disorders, which can be easily treated if addressed. d. Negative social settings spur the development of criminal beliefs and attitudes during adolescence.
c
What is the relation of the concept of early onset to crime? a. the assumption that crime is related to diet, and that there will be a drop in the crime rate if a youth is exposed to a healthy diet at an early age b. the assumption that youth will be less inclined to commit criminal acts as the punishments for them increase c. the idea that kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems or commit crime at an early age are the most at risk of repeat offending. d. the idea that beginning to watch television at an early age will lessen the risk of youth resorting to crime
b
What makes for rational criminals? a. They view their crimes as necessary given the socioeconomic structure of society. b. They weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions. c. They carry out their crime with the belief that it should not be considered a crime. d. They fail to understand the implications of their crime and that what they are doing is wrong.
c
What must all criminal law in the United States conform to? a. the United Nations (UN) Charter b. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights c. the U.S. Constitution d. the Magna Carta
c
What primarily prevents the criminal justice process in the United States from working as intended? a. The criminal justice process is beset by corruption at all institutional levels that operate within it. b. The criminal justice process is overly influenced by individuals motivated by political beliefs. c. The criminal justice process is hampered by enormous caseloads, inadequate resources, and limiting structural factors. d. The criminal justice process is slowed due to extensive civilian and constitutional oversight.
a
What sets criminal negligence apart from recklessness? a. It occurs when a person's carless and inattentive actions cause harm. b. The lack of intent means the behavior can only amount to a violation. c. In lacking mens rea, it is more difficult to prove as a criminal act. d. Nothing; they are on the same level of offending.
d
What similarities in goals are shared by the due process and equal justice perspectives? a. Standardization of decision making negatively affects the criminal justice process. b. The primary goal of the criminal justice process is to deliver harsh penalties. c. The American criminal justice system is nearly perfect and needs no improvement. d. Fairness and equity should be present in the criminal justice process.
c
What type of crime is predominant in the United States? a. violent crime b. white-collar crime c. property crime d. hate crime
c
What would serve to enhance the validity of crime reporting devices such as the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. having private entities oversee data collection b. limiting data to only crimes that are serious c. ensuring greater accuracy in the way they are reported d. factoring in criminal cases where defendants have been found not guilty
c
When compared to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), what does the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study reveal? a. A majority of people refrain from committing crime. b. Criminals and delinquents specialize in one type of crime. c. The crime problem is much greater than official statistics would lead us to believe. d. Crime rates recorded by various ways are roughly equal.
a
Which behavior is usually observed in those with an antisocial personality? a. reckless disregard for the safety of self or others b. strategic planning and planning ahead c. a devotion to honesty and integrity d. feelings of remorse for wrongs done to others
c
Which branch of government in the United States is entrusted with overseeing agencies of justice? a. political b. judicial c. executive d. legislative
d
Which element of the criminal justice system in the United States is concerned with investigating crimes and apprehending suspects? a. the correctional system b. federal judicial institutions c. the state court system d. law enforcement agencies
d
Which factor would those who believe in the objectivity of the criminal justice system consider as having a legitimate influence on decision making? a. race of the accused b. class of the accused c. gender of the accused d. evidence against the accused
b
Which if the following is a strength of the view that genetic factors influence criminality? a. It shows that a poor upbringing directly contributes to criminal activity in later years. b. It explains why a small percentage of youths in high-crime areas become chronic offenders. c. It explains random acts of irrational violence in communities. d. It shows how a poor educational system contributes to crime.
a
Which of the following best characterizes criminal law in the world? a. Ideas of criminal law date back centuries, and it is constantly evolving. b. The basis for criminal law is relatively modern and open to significant interpretation. c. Criminal law as a legal code is formulated on a mostly ad-hoc basis. d. It is built around strict, religious principles, and its fundamentals are unchanging.
b
Which of the following can cause strain resulting in economic criminal behavior? a. an individual's lack of desire to receive higher education b. inability of an individual to achieve financial security c. an individual being sidelined during a game d. a marriage ending in failure due to impropriety
d
Which of the following crimes would be considered a Level III crime under the wedding cake model of justice? a. a violent rape committed by a serial offender against a total stranger b. an individual accused of disorderly conduct due to inebriation c. a gang murder related to the sale of narcotics d. a physical assault by a first-time offender on a relative resulting in no injury
c
Which of the following does routine activities theory hold as necessary for crime to occur? a. lack of willingness for violence b. lack of rational criminal motive c. lack of an effective policing deterrent d. lack of suitable material targets
c
Which of the following situations cannot occur in the United States, as it would be considered the result of an ex post facto law? a. Due to the passing of a new law in a state, offenders in the future will be punished more severely. b. A state moves towards decriminalizing certain low-level violations without federal approval. c. An individual is punished for an act that was not criminal at the time of the act. d. The prison sentence of an individual is extended due to criminal behavior while in jail.
b
Which of the following would be classified as a burglary? a. an individual stealing a person's bag on the street at gunpoint b. an individual breaking and entering into a person's home to steal valuables c. an individual entering onto the property of another without consent d. an individual physically assaulting a person while attempting to take his wallet
a
Which of the following would be considered an example of a proper justification defense? a. During a home invasion, an individual comes under physical attack and smashes a lamp over the attacker's head, causing injury. b. During an arrest for drug dealing, the suspect pushes a plainclothes law enforcement officer, unaware that the officer is a cop. c. An individual sexually assaulted another, though he did so unknowingly and unwillingly because he was highly inebriated at the time. d. An individual shoots and kills an intruder in her yard to ensure the protection and security of her property.
b
Which of the following would be considered an expressive act of violence? a. a male assaulting the defending occupants of a house that he has broken into to burgle b. a male tracking down and killing a person he suspects is having an affair with his wife c. a female stabbing another woman when the latter refuses to hand over her bag and wallet d. a female shooting and killing a guard during a bank robbery
a
Which of the following would generally be considered a misdemeanor? a. an individual stealing a $30 video game system from a store b. a person driving 10 miles over the speed limit in good road conditions c. the use of a weapon by an individual to inflict harm on another during a home robbery d. an individual murders another during an attempted bank robbery
d
Which of the following would generally be considered a violation? a. an individual engaged in prostitution b. an individual stealing a person's bag from them on the street c. an individual driving while intoxicated (DWI) on country roads d. an individual failing to use a turn signal while driving
d
Which type of law set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system? a. public law b. substantive criminal law c. civil law d. procedural law
a
Why are defenses changing? a. Growing awareness of social problems is allowing attorneys to find new ways to defend clients. b. Increasingly, judges are dismissing the applicability of justification and excuse defenses. c. Rising numbers of statutes are limiting the effectiveness of classic defense tactics. d. Changes in technology and its relation to society are changing the nature of crime.
c
Why are ethical demands difficult to meet for those involved in the criminal justice system? a. They must balance their own need for security with that of protecting the public. b. They operate in violent conditions while lacking a code of ethics. c. They operate in an environment where moral ambiguity is the norm. d. They must enforce the law of the land, even when the laws are considered unpopular.
a
Why do the changing demographics of the United States show a possibility for an increase in crime rates? a. The number of youth entering the prime years of committing crime or of their criminal careers will be and are increasing. b. America is growing more narcissistic, and so property crimes will increase. c. As more immigration occurs, violent crime rates will rise due to unequal assimilation. d. Illegal immigrants, who are growing in number, are predisposed to crime
d
Why does the United States have a legal system largely derived from common law? a. It was chosen over customary law through a late-nineteenth-century referendum. b. Common law is the most widely used legal system in the developed world. c. The Founding Fathers saw common law as vastly superior to customary law. d. It is a legacy of British legal practices that were in place during colonial times.
d
Why does the culture of poverty have a degree of permanence? a. Poverty tends to grow from one generation to another. b. Ethnic mobility from poverty is impossible. c. Perceptions of wealth and status do not change over time. d. It allows for the creation of a perpetuating underclass.
d
Why does the nonintervention perspective view certain criminal punishments as harmful to offenders even after they have served their time? a. Once placed in the correctional system, offenders become less inclined to commit crime. b. The psychological stress from serving time in a correctional facility often results in health issues. c. Punishments rarely serve to teach offenders that what they did was wrong, or to correct behavior. d. Because of the stigma of crime, people may find it difficult to be accepted back into society.
b
Why is murder considered mala in se? a. Since not all people share the view that it is evil, it must be criminalized. b. It is an offense that by its very nature is evil and immoral. c. A majority of people think it should be a crime. d. It is one of the few crimes that universally is viewed as wrong.
d
Why is prostitution considered a public order crime in the United States? a. It is a crime universally viewed as wrong and unethical. b. It is a crime that upends ideas of private property rights. c. It is a crime rooted in violence and abuse. d. It is a crime that society has deemed immoral.
d
Why is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) currently of limited use in gauging crime nationwide? a. It is overly reliant on the use of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) databases. b. It only records and tracks nonviolent crime. c. It overutilizes subjective National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data. d. It has not been fully adopted in all 50 states.
c
Why is the U.S. response to terrorism in relation to criminal law coming under fire from critics? a. New laws aimed at reducing and preventing terrorism actually serve to limit the federal government in conducting effective investigations. b. In many instances, laws aimed at curbing terrorism are being illegally applied to assist authorities in non-terror-related criminal cases. c. Many new antiterrorism laws provide the government with sweeping investigatory powers that can be potentially abused. d. New antiterrorism laws have failed to deter terrorists and don't go far enough in catching terror plots.
b
Why is the courtroom work group important to keeping the justice system flowing? a. The courtroom work group limits the burden placed on courts by frequently reassigning lower level cases to lesser courts when needed. b. The courtroom work group delivers punishments while avoiding delays and avoiding formal trials. c. The courtroom work group streamlines the judicial process by assigning cases so that only the easy ones are sent to trial. d. The courtroom work group eliminates the learning curve of new prosecutors and judges by providing a quick way to familiarize them with the judicial system.
b
Why is the formation of the Chicago Crime Commission in 1919 important in the realm of criminal justice in America? a. It recognized the need for penitentiaries to better serve justice, and provided for their creation. b. It proved that theories on crime could be effectively utilized to combat crime in a large city. c. Its creation marked the first time that ideas of criminal justice were freely discussed and applied. d. It created the first uniformed police service in the United States.
a
Why is there an increasing push to decriminalize certain low-level offenses by lowering penalties? a. changing social perceptions and public opinion b. changing composition of the Supreme Court c. the need to streamline the criminal court d. a move towards decreasing recidivism rates