Clinical Anatomy
2 types of bone
1) Spongy 2) Compact * Distinguished by the amount of solid matter, and the size and number of spaces they contain.
What are the three layers of the arteries and veins
1) Tunica intima 2) Tunica media 3) Tunica adventitia
Nerve
A bundle of nerve fibers and blood vessels in the PNS
Tract
A bundle of nerve fibers that connect the nuclei in the CNS
Parasympathetic system
Distributed only to the viscera of the head, neck and cavities of the trunk and erectile tissues of genitalia.
Anatomical Planes
Divide the body, and sections divide the planes into visually useful and descriptive parts
Lymphoid system
Drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream. Major role in body's defense system
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue
Clinical Anatomy
Emphasizes application of anatomical knowledge to the practice of medicine.
Medical Imaging
Enable the visualization of anatomy in living people. Can examine structures with normal tones, fluid volumes, internal pressures, that are not present In the cadaver.
Sympathetic system
Facilitates the "fight or flight" response
Neuronal axons
Fibers stat transmit impulses to other neurons or target muscles/organs
Cell bodies of presynaptic neurons.
Found in gray matter of the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord
Bone
Hard form of connective tissue that provides support, protection, movement, storage of certain electrolytes, and synthesis of blood cells.
Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle type found in the walls of the heart, myocardium, and some major blood vessels
Anatomical Variations
Structures of the human body that may be different from the norm. (Non-pathological)
Anatomy
Study of the structure of the human body
Autonomic Nervous System
Subdivision of the motor nervous system that controls functions of the body not under conscious control
Perichondrium
Surrounds the cartilage, provides nourishment for these tissues and are the sites of new cartilage and bone formation.
2 divisions of the ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic. (Based on location)
Sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic trunks around the roots of the major branches of the abdominal aorta.
How do Synovial joints detect body movement and position.
Synovial joints are richly innervated by articular nerves.
Which joint is the most commomn
Synovial/freely movable
Neurons
The functional units of the nervous system.
Capillaries
Link the smallest arteries (arterials) and veins (venues). Function in gas exchange.
Subcutaneous Tissue
Located beneath the dermis, contains most of the body's fat stores.
Cell bodies of postsynaptic neurons
Located in or on the structure being inverted.
Classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, or irregular
How long does it take bones to grow
Many years
Prime Movers
Muscles primarily responsible for particular movements
Ganglion
Nerve cell body aggregations in the PNS
What makes up the Peripheral Nervous system
Nerve fibers and their nerve cell bodies
Cranial nerves
Nerves exiting the cranium
Spinal nerves
Nerves exiting the vertebral column
Neuroglia
Non-neuronal, supporting cells of the nervous system
How is smooth muscle activated
Not under voluntary control, activated by the ANS
Eponyms
Often used in clinical settings but not recommended because they do not provide anatomical context and are not standardized.
Antagonists
Oppose the actions of another muscle
Deep Fascia
Organized connective tissue layer that completely envelopes the body.
What does inflammation of lymphatic vessels indicate
Possible injury, or disease. (eg Cancer)
Concentric contraction
Provides movement by shortening
What allows appreciation of structures that are affected by muscle tone, body fluids and pressures or gravity.
Radiographic, sectional, and endoscopic anatomy
Cartilage
Semi-ridged connective tissue
How are muscles classified?
Skeletal striated, cardiac striated, or smooth.
How is cardiac muscle activated
Specialized cardiac muscle fibers forming the pace asker. It is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
How are Synovial joints drained of fluid
Through articular veins originating in the Synovial membrane.
Periosteum
Tissue that surrounds the bone
Sensory Nerves
Transmit impulses to the CNS from peripheral sensory organs
Joint
Union between two or more bones or ridged parts of a skeleton
Colloquial terminology
Used by, and to communicate with, lay people
Do most nerves convert a variety or single type of fibers
Variety of visceral or somatic and sensory or motor fibers.
Which walls are thinner. Veins or arteries?
Veins
Which is distinguished by valves. Veins or arteries? Why?
Veins, prevents the backflow of blood.
Synovial Joints
permits more or less free motion, the union of the bony elements being surrounded by an articular capsule enclosing a cavity lined by synovial membrane
What 2 neurons connect the CNS with an end organ. What do the organs consist of.
presynaptic and postsynaptic fibers. Consist of smooth muscle, gland or cardiac muscle.
Fixations
"Fix" a part of a limb while other parts are moving.
Types of skeletal tissue
1) Cartilage 2) Bone 3) Periosteum 4) Perochondrium
2 classifications of isotonic movement
1) Concentric 2) Eccentric
Extensions and modifications of the deep fascia
1) Divide muscles into groups 2) Invest individual muscles and neurovascular bundles 3) Lie between musculoskeletal walls and serious membranes lining body cavities 4) Hold tendons in place during joint movements
3 general types of joints
1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial
Components of the lymphoid system
1) Networks of lymphatic capillaries 2) lymphatic vessels 3) lymph 4) lymph nodes 5) lymphocytes 6) lymphoid organs.
How can Synovial joints be classified
1) Plane 2) Hinge 3) Saddle 4) Condyloid 5) Ball and Socket 6) Pivot
Role of the Integumentary system.
1) Protection, containment, heat regulation, and sensation. 2) Synthesize and stores vitamin D. 3) Has leisure lines which show predominant direction of collagen fibers. Important for surgery and wound healing.
How are skeletal muscles further classified
According to there shape. 1) Flat 2) pennant 3) Fusiform 4) Quadrant 5) circular/sphincteral 6) Multi-headed / multi-bellied
Benefit of elastic and muscle fibers in the walls of blood vessels
Allow them to pump blood throughout the CV system
Eccentric Movement
Allows movement by controlled relaxation
Where do Synovial joints receive their blood supply.
Articular arteries that often form networks. (Anastomoses)
Synergists
Augment(increase) the action of prime movers
2 skeletal systems
Axial and Appendicular
Anatomical Directional Terms
Based on the body in the anatomical position
Location of the Deep Fascia
Beneath the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin
Primary concern of parasympathetic system
Body conservation, often reversing the effects of sympathetic stimulation
Systemic Anatomy
Body organized into organ systems
Regional Anatomy
Body organized into segments or parts
What makes up a neuron
Body, dendrites, and axons.
Intramembranous ossification
Bone formed during the embryonic and prenatal phase of development, made of mesenchyme
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by cartilage
Fibrous joints
Bones are united by continuous intervening fibrous tissue
Axial skeleton
Bones of the head, neck and truck.
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs
What makes up the central nervous system
Brain and spinal chord
Endochondralossification
Cartilage model is formed in during the fetal stage, with bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth
How is the nervous system divided
Central and peripheral nervous system
Bursa
Closed sacs formed of serious membrane that occur in locations subject to friction. Enable one joint to move freely over another
Nucleus
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
Visceral sensory nerve fibers conveyed from the viscera
Conduct impulses for pain or reflexes.
Integumentary system
Consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures. (Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands)
How does skeletal muscle function
Contracting, causing automatic movements, maintains muscle tone, and provides for phasic (active) contraction.
Anatomical Terms
Descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide.
Primary goal of medical imaging
Detect pathology by distinguishing abnormalities.
Smooth muscles
Have no striations. Located in all vascular tissue and in the walls of the alimentary tract and other organs
What makes up the cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels
Where do presynaptic nerve fibers terminate
In sympathetic ganglia formed of cell bodies of postsynaptic sympathetic neurons
What does Surface Anatomy provide
Information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin
Where are presynaptic cell bodies found
Intermediolateral cell columns of gray matter of spinal cord.
