Clinical Anatomy

2 types of bone

1) Spongy 2) Compact * Distinguished by the amount of solid matter, and the size and number of spaces they contain.

What are the three layers of the arteries and veins

1) Tunica intima 2) Tunica media 3) Tunica adventitia

Nerve

A bundle of nerve fibers and blood vessels in the PNS

Tract

A bundle of nerve fibers that connect the nuclei in the CNS

Parasympathetic system

Distributed only to the viscera of the head, neck and cavities of the trunk and erectile tissues of genitalia.

Anatomical Planes

Divide the body, and sections divide the planes into visually useful and descriptive parts

Lymphoid system

Drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream. Major role in body's defense system

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue

Clinical Anatomy

Emphasizes application of anatomical knowledge to the practice of medicine.

Medical Imaging

Enable the visualization of anatomy in living people. Can examine structures with normal tones, fluid volumes, internal pressures, that are not present In the cadaver.

Sympathetic system

Facilitates the "fight or flight" response

Neuronal axons

Fibers stat transmit impulses to other neurons or target muscles/organs

Cell bodies of presynaptic neurons.

Found in gray matter of the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Bone

Hard form of connective tissue that provides support, protection, movement, storage of certain electrolytes, and synthesis of blood cells.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle type found in the walls of the heart, myocardium, and some major blood vessels

Anatomical Variations

Structures of the human body that may be different from the norm. (Non-pathological)

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the human body

Autonomic Nervous System

Subdivision of the motor nervous system that controls functions of the body not under conscious control

Perichondrium

Surrounds the cartilage, provides nourishment for these tissues and are the sites of new cartilage and bone formation.

2 divisions of the ANS

Sympathetic and parasympathetic. (Based on location)

Sympathetic ganglia

Sympathetic trunks around the roots of the major branches of the abdominal aorta.

How do Synovial joints detect body movement and position.

Synovial joints are richly innervated by articular nerves.

Which joint is the most commomn

Synovial/freely movable

Neurons

The functional units of the nervous system.

Capillaries

Link the smallest arteries (arterials) and veins (venues). Function in gas exchange.

Subcutaneous Tissue

Located beneath the dermis, contains most of the body's fat stores.

Cell bodies of postsynaptic neurons

Located in or on the structure being inverted.

Classifications of bones

Long, short, flat, or irregular

How long does it take bones to grow

Many years

Prime Movers

Muscles primarily responsible for particular movements

Ganglion

Nerve cell body aggregations in the PNS

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous system

Nerve fibers and their nerve cell bodies

Cranial nerves

Nerves exiting the cranium

Spinal nerves

Nerves exiting the vertebral column

Neuroglia

Non-neuronal, supporting cells of the nervous system

How is smooth muscle activated

Not under voluntary control, activated by the ANS

Eponyms

Often used in clinical settings but not recommended because they do not provide anatomical context and are not standardized.

Antagonists

Oppose the actions of another muscle

Deep Fascia

Organized connective tissue layer that completely envelopes the body.

What does inflammation of lymphatic vessels indicate

Possible injury, or disease. (eg Cancer)

Concentric contraction

Provides movement by shortening

What allows appreciation of structures that are affected by muscle tone, body fluids and pressures or gravity.

Radiographic, sectional, and endoscopic anatomy

Cartilage

Semi-ridged connective tissue

How are muscles classified?

Skeletal striated, cardiac striated, or smooth.

How is cardiac muscle activated

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers forming the pace asker. It is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

How are Synovial joints drained of fluid

Through articular veins originating in the Synovial membrane.

Periosteum

Tissue that surrounds the bone

Sensory Nerves

Transmit impulses to the CNS from peripheral sensory organs

Joint

Union between two or more bones or ridged parts of a skeleton

Colloquial terminology

Used by, and to communicate with, lay people

Do most nerves convert a variety or single type of fibers

Variety of visceral or somatic and sensory or motor fibers.

Which walls are thinner. Veins or arteries?

Veins

Which is distinguished by valves. Veins or arteries? Why?

Veins, prevents the backflow of blood.

Synovial Joints

permits more or less free motion, the union of the bony elements being surrounded by an articular capsule enclosing a cavity lined by synovial membrane

What 2 neurons connect the CNS with an end organ. What do the organs consist of.

presynaptic and postsynaptic fibers. Consist of smooth muscle, gland or cardiac muscle.

Fixations

"Fix" a part of a limb while other parts are moving.

Types of skeletal tissue

1) Cartilage 2) Bone 3) Periosteum 4) Perochondrium

2 classifications of isotonic movement

1) Concentric 2) Eccentric

Extensions and modifications of the deep fascia

1) Divide muscles into groups 2) Invest individual muscles and neurovascular bundles 3) Lie between musculoskeletal walls and serious membranes lining body cavities 4) Hold tendons in place during joint movements

3 general types of joints

1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

Components of the lymphoid system

1) Networks of lymphatic capillaries 2) lymphatic vessels 3) lymph 4) lymph nodes 5) lymphocytes 6) lymphoid organs.

How can Synovial joints be classified

1) Plane 2) Hinge 3) Saddle 4) Condyloid 5) Ball and Socket 6) Pivot

Role of the Integumentary system.

1) Protection, containment, heat regulation, and sensation. 2) Synthesize and stores vitamin D. 3) Has leisure lines which show predominant direction of collagen fibers. Important for surgery and wound healing.

How are skeletal muscles further classified

According to there shape. 1) Flat 2) pennant 3) Fusiform 4) Quadrant 5) circular/sphincteral 6) Multi-headed / multi-bellied

Benefit of elastic and muscle fibers in the walls of blood vessels

Allow them to pump blood throughout the CV system

Eccentric Movement

Allows movement by controlled relaxation

Where do Synovial joints receive their blood supply.

Articular arteries that often form networks. (Anastomoses)

Synergists

Augment(increase) the action of prime movers

2 skeletal systems

Axial and Appendicular

Anatomical Directional Terms

Based on the body in the anatomical position

Location of the Deep Fascia

Beneath the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin

Primary concern of parasympathetic system

Body conservation, often reversing the effects of sympathetic stimulation

Systemic Anatomy

Body organized into organ systems

Regional Anatomy

Body organized into segments or parts

What makes up a neuron

Body, dendrites, and axons.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone formed during the embryonic and prenatal phase of development, made of mesenchyme

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones are united by cartilage

Fibrous joints

Bones are united by continuous intervening fibrous tissue

Axial skeleton

Bones of the head, neck and truck.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs

What makes up the central nervous system

Brain and spinal chord

Endochondralossification

Cartilage model is formed in during the fetal stage, with bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth

How is the nervous system divided

Central and peripheral nervous system

Bursa

Closed sacs formed of serious membrane that occur in locations subject to friction. Enable one joint to move freely over another

Nucleus

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Visceral sensory nerve fibers conveyed from the viscera

Conduct impulses for pain or reflexes.

Integumentary system

Consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures. (Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands)

How does skeletal muscle function

Contracting, causing automatic movements, maintains muscle tone, and provides for phasic (active) contraction.

Anatomical Terms

Descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide.

Primary goal of medical imaging

Detect pathology by distinguishing abnormalities.

Smooth muscles

Have no striations. Located in all vascular tissue and in the walls of the alimentary tract and other organs

What makes up the cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels

Where do presynaptic nerve fibers terminate

In sympathetic ganglia formed of cell bodies of postsynaptic sympathetic neurons

What does Surface Anatomy provide

Information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin

Where are presynaptic cell bodies found

Intermediolateral cell columns of gray matter of spinal cord.