Clinical Nutrition Chap. 4

Rank each of the following foods based on carbohydrate content, from highest (top) to lowest (bottom).

1. baked potato 2. fat free milk 3. 1 egg

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that ________ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults?

130 grams per day

Identify how many hours it takes before glycogen stores are depleted in the liver if no carbohydrate is consumed.

18

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharide

Fiber is a type of

Polysachharide

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?

Saccharin

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______.

amylopectin, amylose

Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?

aspartame

Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "NutraSweet" and "Equal?"

aspartame

Which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?

beef eggs chicken fish vegetable oils butter margarine

True or false: A nutritive sweetener is sweeter tasting than an alternative sweetener.

false

True or false: The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

false

True or false: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits.

false

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemia (>125)

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

What are the unhealthy consequences of an excessively high intake of fiber?

intestinal blockages decreased absorption of zinc and iron

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

it contributes to a feeling of fullness after eating. it provides few calories.

Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates?

jelly

Glycogen stored in the ______ is used to maintain blood glucose concentrations when you have not eaten for hours or have not eaten enough carbohydrates.

liver

The ______ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

Refined grains are ______ in fiber than whole grains.

lower

If carbohydrate intake is inadequate and glycogen stores are depleted, the body can produce more glucose by breaking down

muscle

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweetners

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____.

polysaccharides

______ are carbohydrates that are not well digested by human enzymes, but they can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

prebiotics

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

reduces transmit time for feces reduces constipation

Examples of functional fiber include

resistant starch insulin polydextrose

Citrus fruits, apples, bananas, oat and rice bran, barley, peas, and beans are major food sources of ______ fiber.

soluble

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?

soluble or viscous

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners.

sucrose high fructose corn syrup sorbitol

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

table sugar honey jam jelly fruit baked potatoes

True or False: The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy

true

True or false: After the body has depleted all of the stored liver glycogen and no additional carbohydrate is consumed, the body can make glucose from amino acids. This may result in the loss of muscle tissue.

true

True or false: An ADI is an estimate of the amount of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume on a daily basis over the lifetime.

true

True or false: Soluble fibers are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

true

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

true

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of

two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

vegetables fruits grains

What is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?

0

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

A medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrate?

25%

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65

Which description best describes a starch?

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestines

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrates

A whole grain includes three parts: bran, germ, and endosperm. Which part is left after the grain is refined?

Endosperm

What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

Improves gastrointestinal health

Why is glycogen an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the human body?

It has a branched structure that can be broken down quickly.

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

Sugar beets and maple sugar

secondary lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

adds bulk to feces a substance found in plants is a complex carb

The highly branched structure of glycogen

allows rapid breakdown into glucose

What type of sweetener is the sweetest

alternative

Key nutrients provided by dairy products include:

calcium potassium protein vitamin D

Choose the group of substances that are classified as dietary fiber.

cellulose gums pectins hemicelluloses

Sucralose is made by adding _____ to sucrose.

chlorine (3)

primary lactose maldigestion

chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains. limit intake of added sugars.

Which of the following can assist the digestion of carbohydrates even before food enters the mouth?

cooking food

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

dark green veg starch veg red and orange veg beans peas

A dietary pattern that is extremely high in fiber may ______ the absorption of some essential minerals, such as zinc and iron.

decrease

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Insulin

decreases blood glucose levels

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are ______.

dietary fiber nonstach polysaccharides in foods

Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

false

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

Fiber that has been added to foods to achieve health benefits is called

functional fiber

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ________.

glucagon

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

If no carbohydrates are consumed, the liver's supply of ______ will be depleted within 18 hours.

glycogen