CLST 262 final exam

apobates

Dismount Jumping off and back onto a chariot with shield and helmet

Arete

It is often associated with the highest, most sought out level of achievement in both Greek athletics and Greek warfare.

Hysplex

A Hysplex is a starting mechanism used in the ancient Olympic games with the intention of creating a fair start. They were designed to be operated by a man standing on the side, who would hold rope tight which would in turn hold up a starting gate. When the tension on the rope was released, the gate blocking the start would drop and the athletes would be able to start at the same time.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Boxer Fresco (Akrotiri)

A fresco is a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries. The two subjects of this painting are each adorned with a single glove on their right hand, a girdle, and a blue cap with protruding hair. The two figures can be identified as youthful due to their partial nudity, which is characteristic in Minoan depictions of youth.

Belt Wrestling Krater (Cyprus)

A mixing bowl (also called krater) depicting a chariot and belt wrestling is shown above. Kraters are large vessels used to mix wine and water. This krater was made from ceramic and is from the late Cypriote Period, c. 1350-1250 BCE. During this time a number of such large kraters were exported by Mycenae to be sold on the Cypriote market.

Tripod

A tripod is a three legged structure that served as either a support for a cauldron/vase, a table, or even as a seat for a divinity or their representative (Suhr 1971: 217). It frequently had three rings attached to it that served as handles. Tripods served an important role in Greek ritual and mythology, functioning as trophies for wars and sporting events, as ornaments, and as sacrificial altars.

Sport

Among the many, there were mainly 4 that dominated the athletic scene at the time and were thus the most important, as all of them were sites for religious shrines. These sites included the Olympic Games, Pythian Games, Isthmian Games, and Nemean Games, collectively known as the Crown Games. Specific to the Olympics but not excluding the other Games, events were separated into three classes: boys, men, and beardless men.

discus

Ancient discus was not an individual event, but rather, was an event included in the pentathlon. The pentathlon was comprised of the discus, the javelin, the long jump, the stade, and wrestling. The discus event involved throwing a bronze disc that was on average 2.5 kg as far as possible.

Apollo

Apollo is the Greek Olympian god of the sun, light, plague, knowledge, music, oracles, archery, medicine, and prophecy. Pythian games are in honor of him

Castor and Pollux

As a young girl, Helen was carried off by Theseus. The brothers went off to Attica and rescued her, and they were known as leukopoloi, meaning the riders with white horses (Burkert 212, Howatson). Due to this title, they are often depicted in paintings and sculptures standing next to white horses. Later, they join Jason on his quest for the Golden Fleece. They stray off and find a giant man named Amykos, a son of Poseidon and impressive boxer. He is rude to the brothers and challenges Pollux to a boxing match. After a long battle, Pollux defeats Amykos. brothers are considered patrons of atheltics and athletic contests (Howatson). In particular, Castor was closely related to equestrian athletics, such as keles, synoris, and tethrippon, and Pollux was closely related to boxing.

Athletics

Athletics is perhaps the most important aspect of Roman and Greek culture leading to the emergence and dominance of these civilizations in the ancient world. Athletics, in the simplest terms, is the physical exertion of an individual or group, requires serious training and competition, with the goal being victory.

Boxing (pyx)

Boxing was one of three heavy events in the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, joining wrestling and pankration in the Barea Athla. It was first added in 688 BCE as a contest of strength, making it one of the world's oldest combat sports 1. During a boxing match, the athletes would wrap their hands and wrists, then strike at their opponent's head using their fists 2. Diagoras of Rhodes was a notable boxer champion.

Bull Jumping (Minoan)

Bull Jumping was a very popular sport during the Minoan period, and was pictured in their art as early as 2000 BC. The sport featured athletes jumping over charging bulls while trying to make their jumps as spectacular as possible by doing flips and even pushing off of the bull itself. Athletes who were able to successfully leap over the bull gained a lot of arete and respect from their fellow citizens

Hippias, olympic victor list

Created by Hippias of Elis, the Olympic Victors List dates back to the latter portion of fifth century BCE. Hippias attempted to chronicle all of the winners of the men's stadion in the Olympic Games.

Diomedes

Diomedes was an important hero in Homer's epic poetry the Iliad (Valk 1952: 269). He is considered a major hero of the Trojan War and is the only successful mortal to oppose Olympian deities

dolichos

Dolichos was the third of the four main ancient Olympic races. Dolichos was considered a long distance race around 3 miles

Ekecheiria

Ekecheiria, also known as an "Olympic Truce, that no one travelling to the games would be hurt

Achilles

Famous warrior. hosted funeral games in honor of his best friend Patroclus. The games were strictly for nobility. They competed in games like chariot racing, boxing competitions, wrestling matches, archery, foot races, and sparring with full armor

Diaulos

Footraces were some of the oldest and simplest forms of athletic competition. One of the variations that existed was the diaulos. The diaulos, also known as the "double flute", was a race of two lengths of the stadion

funeral games

Funeral games in ancient Greek society predated the organized Olympics and were important parts of funeral customs for elites, leaders, and war heroes in ancient Greek society. Established in Mycenaean Greece, these games were organized athletic competitions held during the funeral processes of the wealthy and renowned in which kings and leaders would compete in numerous sports and contests not only to honor the deceased but also gain their favor in the future.

Timeline

Greece 3000-1000 BCE Bronze Age 1000-700 BCE Geometric Period 700-480 BCE Archaic Period 480-323 BCE Classical Period 323-31 BCE Hellenistic Period 31 BCE-400 CE Roman Period 400-1453 CE Byzantine Period 776 BCE Founding of the Olympic Games (traditional) Rome 753-509 BCE Roman Kingdom 509 BCE-27 BCE Roman Republic 27 BCE-476 CE Roman Empire April 21, 753 BCE Founding of Rome (traditional) 80 CE Colosseum completed

Greek physical education

Greek physical education primarily focuses on the education systems developed in Athens and Sparta, as those two city-states (polis) with recorded and institutional physical education systems.

Halteres

Halteres are a carved stone or metal weight that were used in the Ancient Games in a version of today's long jump. The jumping competition, while not a stand alone event, was an event in the Pentathlon. Competitors used halteres to propel themselves further in their jump as swinging of the weights added extra momentum

Hellanodikai

Hellanodikai were the judges, priests, and organizers of the Ancient Olympic games. These judges drove the success of the ancient Olympic Games by maintaining fair standards and upholding the rules

Hercules

Hercules was a Greek demigod and is the most famous hero of Greek mythology. He was the son of the Greek god Zeus and the human Almene. He was known for many superhuman traits, which included strength and athletic prowess in sports.

Paideia

Homosexual relationships in Ancient Greece were more commonplace than one would initially consider, although exclusively same-sex couples were still rare. Greek sport was conducted without clothing and thus sexual encounters were likely. Because athletics existed within the Greecian patriarchy, mentor-mentee relationships were used to spread cultural expectations for males within society.

Wreath

In the ancient Greek games, the wreath (or crown) was a prize awarded to the victor for a given event. In ancient civic festivals, the main prizes were material objects of value, such as weapons or tripods, as well as wreaths (Kyle). But for the Panhellenic Games, the victor's prize was a wreath, and only the victor received one.

kleos

Kleos was a very important aspect of Greek culture in the ancient world, especially when discussing the famous Greek athletic competitions. Kleos translates closest to modern day English as glory,

Leonidas of Rhodes

Leonidas of Rhodes is known as one of the most accomplished runners in Olympic history. He participated exclusively in running events such as the Stadion, the Diaulos, and the Hoplitodromos.

Milo of Kroton

Milo of Kroton was a wrestler born in the 6th century B.C. in the city of Kroton which was a part of the area of Ancient Greece called Magna Graecia. Although he lead his fellow citizens to military victory over the city of Sybaris in 510 B.C., he is best known for his athletic capabilities and immense strength.

Nemean Sanctuary

Nemea was a religious sanctuary in the northern Peloponnese of Greece where pan-Hellenic athletic games were held every two years from 572 BCE until 271 BCE. Nemea comes from the Greek word meaning to graze.

Nemean games

Nemean games held athletic and musical competitions held in honor of Zeus. The game was held every 2 and 4 years.

Athletic Nudity

Nudity allowed free movement to help physical activity during the games. Also, since the games are held during the summer, nudity helped to deal with the hot temperatures during the games. Nudity also gave proof of gender as females weren't allowed to participate nor spectate the games.

Odysseus

Odysseus is a past king of Ithaca, Greece and grew to become the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. He then becomes a key character in Homer's other notable achievement, the Iliad, where he is also a hero in Epic Poetry. Odysseus participated in Athletics as a child and grew up to be a very athletic king and war hero. Odysseus is known for his intelligence and versatility as a leader, and that can be most noticeably shown in his role in the Trojan War.

olympia sanctuary

Olympia was a major Panhellenic religious sanctuary of Ancient Greece on the Alpheios River in the northwestern Peloponnese. Not a city but rather a centre of cults and contests. considered a model for the hosting of other games

Pankration

Pankration was an ancient Greek athletic event that was considered to be one of the three Barea Athla , or Heavy Events, the other two being Boxing (pyx) and Wrestling (pale). It was the "all-powerful" combative event that combined grappling and striking. It is beleived there were only two rules to the brawl, namely eye-gouging and biting were prohibited

Patroclus

Patroclus (or Patroklos) was a hero in Greek mythology whose adventures in the Trojan War are depicted predominantly in the epic poem Iliad written by Homer, a renowned poet of ancient Greece.

Peisistratus

Peisistratos' goal in promoting athletics was to gain the loyalties of Athenians, to increase support for the goddess Athena, and to eliminate the aristocracy, as well as to assert his own power. tyrant of athens.

Pheidippides

Pheidippides is a central figure within the Modern Olympic mythology and the institution of the marathon race in the modern Olympic Games. The popular version of the story that inspired the long-distance running event tells of a messenger of Marathon who fought as a heroic soldier in the Battle of Marathon

Pierre de Coubertin

Pierre de Coubertin was a French aristocrat known for being the founder of the International Olympic Committee and also served as the committee's second president. He is often considered the "father" of the modern Olympic Games.

Pindar of Thebes

Pindar of Thebes (c. 518 B.C. - c. 443 B.C.) was an Ancient Greek poet. He is particularly known for his epinicia (victory odes), which commemorated the victors of athletic contests.

Polydamas of Skotoussa

Polydamas of Skotoussa is a famous Greek combat athlete in the late 5th century. He is known for his several accomplishments, which include winning in the pankration in the 408 B.C. Olympic Games, and death.

Prohedria

Prohedria was a term used in Ancient Greece to describe both privilege and the physical front row seats at theatre (shown above) and stadiums.

Pyrrhic dance

Pyrrhic dance was an armed, combat-like dance originating in Ancient Greece. Much of what is known about Pyrrhic dance comes from Classical Greek writers, and from those sources it is believed that athletes competed in the dance at the Panathenaic games.

Barea Athla

The Barea Athla ("heavy events" in Greek) were the three combat sports performed at Panhellenic athletic competitions; these included boxing, wrestling, and the pankration (a nearly ruleless form of combat akin to today's MMA competitions). As Classical Greek athletic competitions had no weight classes, heavier athletes tended to hold a great advantage in this trio of sports

Charioteer of delphi

The Charioteer of Delphi is one of the most well-known and best preserved sculptures from ancient Greece. It is a bronze cast sculpture of a charioteer racing in the Pythian Games . The sculpture depicts a charioteer who has just won his event [1], and now presents his chariot and horses to the spectators. Although the charioteer is almost fully intact, only small parts of the horses and reigns have been recovered

Diagorids of Rhodes

The Diagorids of Rhodes were a family of Olympic athletes made up of Diagoras of Rhodes and his offspring. The family consisted of six champions at the Olympic Games over three generations, all of whom competed in the combat sports (Barea Athla), either Boxing (pyx) or Pankration. They also accumulated many victories in the other Panhellenic games and a variety of local games.

Gymnasion

The Greek word gymnasion means "a place for nudity". Athletic Nudity was common in ancient Greece. place for athletics and socialization

Hoplitodromos

The Hoplitodromos was one of the four foot races in the Ancient Greek Games. It was held at three of the four Panhellenic festivals- the ancient Olympic games, the Pythian Games, and the Nemean Games. During the race, athletes would wear pieces of hoplite armor

Isthmian games

The Isthmian Games were celebrated on the isthmus of Corinth, The Isthmian Games were held in April/May of the first and third years of an Olympiad, and were concurrent with the Olympia and the Pythia (which would occur later in the summer).

jockey of artemison

The Jockey of Artemision is a rare and compelling artifact dating back to the Hellenistic period in Greece. The large bronze statue depicts a young jockey riding a horse

Keles

The Keles was an ancient equestrian event first held at the 33rd Olympiad in the year 648 B.C.E(2). Unlike equestrian events such as the tethrippon and synoris where riders controlled many horses from a their chariot, the keles was a single horse race in which the jockey rode on the horse's back without a saddle or stirrups(4)

Panathenaia

The Panathenaia, a festival in honor of the goddess Athena, occurred in two editions. The Lesser Panathenaia occurred annually and the Greater Panathenaia occurred every four years. The central aspect of the Greater Panathenaia was the procession and sacrifice.

Pentathlon

The Pentathlon was a multi-event athletic Spectacle that was a part of the Ancient Olympic Games. In Greek "Pente-" means 5 and "athlos" means contest. This section of the games was made up of 5 events- Discus toss, Javelin throw, long jump, stadion (a 200-yard sprint), and wrestling.

Periodos

The Periodos describes the four most prestigious and important Pan-Hellenic games that took place in Ancient Greece. Specifically the games that make up the Periodos are the Stephanitic or Crown games comprised of: the Olympic games, the Pythian games, the Nemean games, and the Isthmian games.

Phaiakian games

The Phaiakaian Games were a part of Greek mythology and were first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey. The Phaeacians lived in a region called Scheria, which was the final destination of Odysseus.

Precinct of Pelops

The Precinct of Pelops is a sanctuary to the Greek Hero of Pelops, the King of the Pisa in the Peloponnesus. Pelops was a Greek Cultic Hero, who was a grandson of the Greek God Zeus.

sanctuary of isthmia

The Sanctuary of Isthmia is an ancient Greek temple primarily dedicated to the God Poseidon. Similar to how the games in Olympia were dedicated to Zeus, the Isthmia games were dedicated to Poseidon, and the sanctuary was the physical temple created in his honor.

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, finished in 457 BCE, was a marvel of ancient architecture, served as a symbol of the importance and relevance of athletics, and housed one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - the Statue of Zeus at Olympia. Constructed by the city of Elis from war spoils, it was a religious sanctuary dedicated to the Greek god Zeus.

Hippodrome

The hippodrome is the track on which horses and chariots raced during the ancient Olympics

javelin

The javelin, also often referred to as the akon, was widely considered one of the events that was most symbolic of war. Javelin throwing in sport fluidly transitioned spear throwing during war.

Epinikia

The term Epinikia (singular Epinikion) refers in general to poems or songs written as a tribute to victorious athletes at various Athletic competitions in ancient Greek times.

Panhellenic

The word Panhellenic refers to something that is shared or common to Greeks. "Pan" referring to all and "Hellenic" referring to the Greeks. Typically, something deemed Panhellenic was exclusive only to the Greeks. In ancient times Panhellenic sanctuaries and the Panhellenic games, the most famous of which was the Olympics, served as central pillars of Greek society. The main function of the games, which took place in Panhellenic sanctuaries, was to honor the gods and compete for "kleos" or glory.

Tethrippon

These equestrian events started beginning around 680 B.C and consisted of the tethrippon, keles , apene mule cart racing, and synoris. Individuals competed in these events to attain kleos or glory.

Chrematitic Games

These games developed their importance as each of the games/competitions winnings were valued at different amounts. A certain competitor who accumulated the most amount of earnings throughout the various victories across these games would accumulate great amounts of fame as a result.

Wrestling (pale)

Wrestling, also known as Pale (stemming from the word "palm"), was first introduced to the Olympics in 708 B.C. during the eighteenth Olympiad and was one of the most respected and honorable athletic events throughout Greece. Wrestling was one of the three combat sports introduced into the Olympics along with boxing and pankration. Wrestling also appeared in prehistoric times as a means of executing war or carrying out a defense mechanism against wild animals (1). The most famous wrestler in all of Greece was known as Milo of Croton.

Zeus

Zeus is a Greek god and is the son of Cronus and Rhea. He is the God of the sky and has the power to control lighting and thunder. A symbol of his power is his lightning bolt that he uses in battle. Zeus is also married to Hera

kaloskagathos

a phrase which signifies physical and moral excellence. This phrase was commonly used in a military or athletic context. Derived from an ancient Greek term kalos kai agathos meaning beautiful and good, it was particularly termed when discussing aristocracy

spectacle

a visually striking performance on display, or as an event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact. Regardless of the explanation you choose, both can be applied to the spectacle of ancient athletics. ex: Chariot races

Stadion

an running event. The term here refers exclusively to the race and not the latin word for stadium or the unit of length that was the exact length of a stadium. It was essentially the ancient version of the modern 200 meter dash although the exact length of the race depended on the stadium that it was held at.

Age distinctions

began around 632 BCE. age distinctions were 12-17 for boys (paides), an intermediate group, and men above 20 (andres)

Agon

competitiveness, rivalry, and aggression. fundamental part of human nature that contributed the universal development of the sport. agon is defined as a gathering, assembly, competition and games.

Apene

equestrian event which involved a person sitting in a cart driving mules. person is sitting down in the cart as opposed to standing

Stephanitic Games

games that used crowns of leaves, wreaths, as prizes. The first use of stephanitic to describe games appears in texts from the fourth BC. The word stephanitic implies more than just that the reward was a wreath, it describes games where winning was so prestigious that cities rewarded their own victors with special privileges. Olympic Games Olive Wreath Pythian Games Laurel wreath Nemean Games Wild celery wreath Isthmian Games Pine wreath

Athena

goddess of wisdom and war, favorite child of zeus, patroness of athens. her statue was adorned with the peplos during the panatheneic games

Panathenaic amphora

large ceramic vessels, that contained the olive oil given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games

Sanctuary at Delphi

located near the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, was a religious sanctuary sacred to the god Apollo. The sanctuary is most famous for the Temple of Apollo, which housed the Pythia - the high priestess of the Temple at Delphi

Reifenstahl's Olympia

made a movie of hitlers olympics called "Olympia" was groundbreaking. It was the first film to incorporate a wide variety of motion picture techniques that would later become cemented in videography. Gradual tracking shots, expressive close-ups, and rapid snap shots were just some of the unique techniques that Leni employed throughout the film.

Sitesis

the ancient practice of rewarding free meals to individuals who performed a great public service to their city-state. The practice was in some cases extended to athletes who were Panhellenic victors, most notably those from Athens.

Agoge

the physical education program in sparta. it was a tough program that looked to develop boys into men. violent game and competed naked with girls making fun of them to increase competition

Pythian Games

the second greatest of the four stephanitic (crown) games. Held every four years in Delphi at the sanctuary of Apollo, the games combined ritualistic elements with musical and athletic competition in order to honor the god Apollo. Delphi's status in Greek culture as the home of the oracle of Apollo (the greatest of the Greek oracles) gave the games a spiritual element most similar to the Olympic Games.

Synoris

the two-horse chariot racing event, being added to the games in 408 BC to the Olympic games (Kyle 122). The synoris was very similar to the tethrippon in that both saw the driver standing upright.