CMA Lessons 1-24

Fats

(also called) lipid is an important source of energy. Fat breaks down into fatty acids, which are essential for growth, development, and structure of cells. Fats can be categorized as saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, and monounsaturated fats depending upon their molecular structures. Saturated fats and some polyunsaturated fats tend to increase one's risk for heart disease. Other fats are unsaturated fats including polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats; these are correlated with lower risk for heart disease. Fats are essential to good health; however, they should be eaten in moderation and individuals should select healthful choices of fat foods. Hi fat foods include many fast food selections, fatty meats, dairy products, oils and butter, and many snack foods. Lipoproteins (LDLs and VLDLs) are associated with a high risk for heart disease. These values along with the amount of triglycerides in the blood are important factors in diagnostic assessments of health and nutrition.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs (level 2) Safety and Security (level 3) Love and belonging (level 4) Self Esteem (level 5) Self Actualization

Sebaceous glands

(oil glands) secrete oil to keep the skin surface lubricated and intact

PET scan

(positron emission tomography) is a nuclear medicine technique that produces three-dimensional, multicolored scans. It is used to identify amyloid plaques in the brain believed to cause Alzheimer's disease. Nuclear medicine is also used as a treatment for cancer.

Patient consent

- Consent to specific procedure and any consequential procedures during the process - The physician or technician performing the procedure - Consent to anesthesia - Consent to disposal of any tissue that is removed - Consent to any photography or recording of the procedure - Consent to the presence of students or other qualified medical personnel for observation - The patient's diagnosis, if known - The nature and purpose of the proposed treatment or procedure - Risks and benefits of the proposed treatment or procedure - Alternative treatments that are available - Risks and benefits of the alternative treatment or procedure - Risks and benefits of not receiving or undergoing a treatment or procedure

Professional personality traits of a MA

- Empathy - Honesty - Integrity - Dependability - Respect for individual and cultural differences - Sense of humor - Courtesy and patience - Common sense - Tact - Discretion - Confidentiality

Body Temperature

- Endocrine System: The hypothalamus in the brain helps to regulate heat production and loss by turning on and off heat regulation mechanisms in the body such as shivering, fever, sweating, and dilation or constriction of blood vessels. - Digestive System: When a person eats, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and insulin moves the glucose from the blood into the cells. Glucose is then oxidized in body cells producing heat. This heat is then distributed throughout the body via the blood vessels. Heat is also lost through elimination of feces. - Cardiovascular System: Heat is lost through the skin through several different body processes including conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation of perspiration. - Respiratory System: Heat is lost through respiration. - Urinary System: Heat is also lost through the elimination of urine.

Assessment Methods

- Inspection: visual examination of both external parts of the body and internal parts of the body through body cavities - Palpation: when they touch patients using the hands and fingers to feel surfaces of the body and organs - Auscultation: when they listen to parts of the body such as the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract - Percussion: when they tap the fingertips lightly, but sharply, against the body to assess the size and location of the organs underneath the area - Mensuration: measurement of parts of the body or the individual in general

Patient education and dismissal

- Instructions on keeping the dressing dry - Instructions to report any blood or drainage that appears on the dressing - The time frame in which to remove the dressing - A description of how the incision should appear Instructions on cleaning the area

Room preparation

- Learn about the surgical procedure and how the area should be set up - Confirm that the room is clean and all surfaces have been disinfected - Place clean table paper on the examination or surgical table - Check the sterilization dates on all sterile packets Gather any necessary equipment or supplies - Set up the sterile field on a Mayo stand - Open sterile packets and drop sterile instruments and supplies on the field without contaminating them - Cover or drape the sterile field with a sterile cloth Push the Mayo stand to the side out of traffic

Patient Preparation

- Obtaining necessary lab tests and results - Instructing the patient in the preoperative preparation and postoperative care including diet, refraining from eating and drinking immediately before the procedure, how to tell if complications have developed after the procedure, etc. - Informing the patient about the time to arrive for the procedure - Instructing the patient to have someone available to drive him or her home after the procedure

Body Temperature Measurement Methods

- Oral (mouth) - Axillary (under arm) - Aural (ear) - Rectal - Temporal Artery (temple)

Medication Routes

- Oral: require the patient to swallow the medication - Sublingual: holding a tablet under the tongue or between the cheek and tongue (buccal) allowing it to dissolve - Transdermal: requires the patient to rub medicated ointment or cream into the skin or to use a patch allowing the medication to be absorbed through the skin - Parenteral: any route of medication other than through the digestive canal

Surgical tray instruments

- Scalpel (with or without a blade) - Scissors - Hemostat - Needle holder - Sutures - Syringe and needle for anesthesia - Various gauge needles for drawing up anesthetic and injecting anesthetic

Skin prep tasks

- Shaving, if necessary - Scrubbing and rinsing the area with antiseptic soap - Applying antiseptic to the surgical area

Injectables

- Syringes - Needles - Ampules and Vials

Forms of Medication

- Tablets - Capsules - Lozenges: small, flavored tablets made from medicated sugar or syrup and designed to dissolve slowly - Suppositories: solid, conical masses of medication that melt upon insertion into the vagina, rectum, or urethra - Dermatological forms - Liquids - Injectables - Intravenous

Vital Signs

- Temperature: 98.6 degrees - Pulse: 60-100 bpm, Extremely fit individuals may have a lower heart rate. Activity or stress may also increase the heart rate. - Respiration: A healthy adult breaths from 12 to 16 breaths per minute - Blood pressure: 120/80

Exposure in the Medical Workplace

--Blood OSHA defines blood to mean human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. -Body Fluids Any fluid in the body including blood, urine, saliva, sputum, tears, semen, milk, or vaginal secretions. A term often used with specific reference to those fluids to which health care workers might reasonably be exposed Cerebrospinal fluid Peritoneal fluid Synovial fluid Pericardial fluid Pleural fluid Amniotic fluid -Vaginal Secretions Fluid that is naturally produced in a woman's vagina. -Pathology Specimens Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. Pathology specimens include: Tissue cultures Cells Any unfixed human tissue Fluid known to be HIV infected

Posterior Lobe

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): is also called vasopressin. It acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water into the blood, which increases or maintains the blood pressure in the body. If ADH is diminished, the kidneys secrete excessive amounts of very dilute urine. This is known as diabetes insipidus. These individuals can secrete as much as 6 liters of dilute urine in a 24-hour period. -Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection in females during pregnancy and contractions of the prostate in males.

Two immunity defenses in the body

-Cell-mediated immunity in which T4 lymphocytes and helper cells are the dominant players -Humoral immunity in which B cells are the main components responsible for antibody production

Situations Requiring Immediate Intervention

-Chest pain -Difficulty breathing -Seizures -Decreased level of consciousness -Allergic reactions -Diabetic reactions -Drug overdose -Head injuries -Severe lacerations and bleeding -Sudden onset of paralysis or loss of speech -Severe dizziness

Types of Fire Extinguishers

-Dry Powder -Water -Foam -Halon -Carbon Dioxide

Burn Assessment

Another important aspect of assessing the severity of burns is to determine the amount of body surface burned. The Rule of Nines is a method to calculate the extent of the burn. If the face, feet, hands, or genitals are involved, the burn is serious even though these areas comprise only a small percentage of the surface area. There are some important considerations for specific types of burns: In a burn from a flame, the respiratory system is often involved as the victim inhales the flames and heat. The airway can be seriously compromised Electrical burns involve an entry and exit wound as well as internal damage along the path of the current Exposure to lightning also causes an entry and exit wound as well as potential injury from the force of the lightning. In both electrical and lightning injuries, it is possible that the heart stops beating; CPR and use of the AED may be necessary. Radiation burns involve overexposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun and tanning booths, X-rays, and radiation therapy for cancer

Pulse Measurement

Apical Pulse: The apical pulse is the heartbeat heard when using the stethoscope at the apex of the heart. Count the apical pulse for a full 60 seconds to determine the BPM. This is the most accurate measurement of the pulse rate. Apical pulses are taken commonly on infants, patients taking specific heart medications, and critically ill patients. Radial Pulse: The radial pulse is palpated at the radial artery in the wrist. This is the site most often used to measure pulse in the medical office.

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable All radiation must use ALARA guidelines to protect both the patients and the healthcare professionals. When a physician decides there is a need to order a radiographic study, he or she must weigh the risk of the radiation against the benefit of the study in treatment of the disorder or disease.

Aging: Immune System

As individuals age, the immune system declines, placing the body more at risk for diseases and infections.

Anatomy of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

As the alimentary canal runs the length of the body from the mouth to the anus, its structure varies and it is supported by a number of accessory organs. The upper gastrointestinal tract is generally considered to begin in the mouth and continue to the ileum.

Present Illness

As the physician explores the chief complaints, he or she will diagnose the cause of the symptoms. Asking open-ended questions helps the physician explore the patient's condition. There are several common signs and symptoms related to specific illnesses.

Head Trauma: Hematomas

As with bone fractures, head injuries can be open, where the skull is fractured, or closed, where the skull remains intact. Patients experience changes in levels of consciousness, unequal pupils, blood or clear fluid coming from the ears and nose, severe headache, changes in vital signs, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and projectile vomiting. Patients can also display decerebrate or decorticate posture. The patient may also have hematomas, concussions, and contusions. Hematomas are collections of blood that form above or between the meninges. Some hematomas resolve spontaneously with bed rest, while others may require surgical intervention. The extent and duration of the hematoma as well as its resolution determine whether there are any residual effects.

Inflammation

As with other parts of the body, the organs of the gastrointestinal system can become inflamed, especially in the mucosa lining of the alimentary canal. Specific inflammations include esophagitis, gastritis, peritonitis, stomatitis, proctitis, diverticulitis, enteritis, and colitis, each with specific signs, symptoms, treatments, and degrees of seriousness. The physician will often visually inspect the areas using a specialized form of endoscopy, order blood tests and diagnostic imaging of the area, order microbiological smears or cultures, and prescribe appropriate medication.

Medical Assistant: Neurology

As with other specialty offices, the medical assistant working in the neurology office often takes the medical history and chief complaint, records vital signs, and ensures that all of the necessary paperwork (including precertification forms and informed consent forms) is signed and in the patient file. Medical assistants also assist in a variety of diagnostic procedures specifically related to diseases and disorders of the nervous system and should know how to perform basic procedures such as removing sutures and staples. The neurology system is unique in that patients may have varied levels of physical and mental dysfunction depending upon the nervous system condition. Accordingly, all office staff in this specialty area must develop excellent communication skills and empathetic attitudes.

Patient Prep and Instructions

Ask any female of childbearing age if she could be pregnant. For a pregnant client, diagnostic imaging of the abdominal area requires special attention from the physician. The physician will make a medical decision determining if the risk of not having the X-ray is greater than the risk of radiation to the unborn child. Instruct patients to remove all jewelry, eyeglasses, and metal objects from the area to be filmed. Store these in a safe place. Instruct patients to remove any clothing or undergarments that contain metal such as underwire bras or metal closures, such as snaps and zippers.

Patient History

Ask: -Personal history -Past medical or health history -Family medical health history -Chief complaint -Present illness -Assessment of body systems

Assessment of Sensory and Motor Function

Assessing sensory and motor function is done using tests such as grip response, strength tests in different body areas, balance tests, and other specific assessments.

Assessment of Mood and Behavior

Assessing the patient's mood and behavior involves determining if the patient makes eye contact while talking, looking for signs of happiness or sadness, evaluating posture, and assessing the person's affect as well as noticing if the patient is alert and responding properly in communications.

Assessment of Mental Status

Assessment of mental status typically consists of interviewing the patient to determine if he or she can answer simple questions to show normal functioning. The physician will not only note the answers, but observe how long it takes the person to process the information and whether or not the patient makes eye contact.

Universal Precautions and Body Substance Isolation

Assumes that all blood, blood products, human tissue, and body fluids from all patients are potentially infectious materials (carrying diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis B, and other bloodborne pathogens). Body Substance Isolation regards all body substances as infectious materials, which must be isolated to prevent the transmission of pathogen-caused diseases even if they are not known to contain the pathogens.

Ayurveda: Main Principles

Ayurveda is an ancient healing practice that originated in India. It stems from the Sanskrit word Ayurveda, which means "knowledge of life." The practice does not treat disease, but focuses on prevention by promoting the return and maintenance of good health. Elements include exercise, nutrition, massage, meditation, and herbal treatments. There are two main principles of Ayurveda: The mind influences the operation of the body. Negative thoughts can lead to poor health; positive thoughts can lead to good health Each individual has a specific body type that affects the specific direction of treatment. A body type is called prakriti

Visually Impaired Patients

-Never touch or pet the guide dog -Never call out to or otherwise distract the guide dog -Remember that when the dog is in the harness, it is "on duty", even when it is lying down -Never grab the harness or leash of the guide dog -Always speak to the person and not the dog -When you enter the room, introduce yourself -Always let the person know you are leaving the room -Always say the person's name so they know you are speaking to them -If you leave the person alone in an unfamiliar setting, give the person a point of reference that they can touch, such as a wall, counter, or piece of furniture -Be verbally descriptive when giving instructions -Do not hold on to the person, but offer your elbow or arm so they can follow where you lead -Don't worry about common phrases such as "see you later" or "looking good" -Everyone, including visually impaired people, use these common phrases -Always speak directly to the patient rather than deferring to the person with them -Remember that because a person is visually impaired there is no reason to assume that their hearing or anything else is impaired. Treat the person as you would any other patient

Medical Assistant: Endocrinology

-Obtaining the patient's medical history -Measuring and recording vital signs -Recording the patient's chief complaint -Obtaining blood and urine specimens -Packaging and sending urine specimens for analysis -Performing blood glucose tests with a glucometer -Discussing endocrinology-specific patient instructions including: -Diet concepts -Foot care for diabetics -Use and care of glucose self-monitoring equipment -Preparation for the various diagnostic tests the physician may order

Power Outages

-Only use flashlights for emergency lighting, candles can cause fires -Keep refrigerator and freezer doors closed. An unopened refrigerator will keep food cold for about 4 hours -Take steps too remain cool if it is hot outside Put on layers of warm clothing if it is cold outside -Turn off or disconnect appliances and other equipment -Consult an electrician or engineer if you are considering purchasing a generator for your home -Only use generators away from your home and never run a generator inside a home or a garage

Oxygen Therapy Equipment

-Oxygen Tanks -E Tank -H Tank -C Tank -Liquid Oxygen -Conserving Device -Concentrator -Tubing

Special Needs Patient Types

-Patients who are physically challenged in a variety of ways -Patients who are visually challenged or impaired -Patients who are hearing challenged or impaired -Patients who are speech challenged or impaired -Patients who do not speak English well or at all -Patients from different cultural backgrounds -Geriatric patients -Patients who are emotionally challenged

Emergency Plans

-Remain calm -Take care of the patients in the facility first -Call authorities immediately -Evacuate as necessary

Hearing Impaired Patients

-Speak clearly and distinctly -Face the person when you speak so they may read your lips -Never ask "can you hear me?" -Never approach the patient from behind without first letting the person know you are present. Tap their shoulder lightly to get their attention. Walk and move where the person can see you -Never shout -Use eye contact and facial expressions Know that appropriate behavior in the deaf culture is to wave hands, stomp feed, or flash a light three times to try to get another deaf person's attention. It is acceptable in this culture -Avoid using idioms and jargon when speaking with a hearing challenged patient. Use direct, basic words as much as possible -Use written instructions and materials when possible -Your patient may know sign language. You may wish to learn some common phrases on your own

Pain Descriptors

-Stabbing -Sharp -Cutting -Tearing -Burning, stinging -Dull -Intermittent -Continuous -Throbbing -Intractable -Unbearable -Colicky -Excruciating -Radiating -Aching -Nagging, gnawing -Fleeting

General Office Safety

-Store food separately in a designated refrigerator/cabinet in a lunchroom -Follow directions when using office and medical equipment -Remove any obstructions from hallways or passageways -Follow the flow patterns of the office rather than going against them -Replace burned out light bulbs immediately Keep all areas clean and orderly -Keep all medications locked in a designated cabinet -Dispose of expired medications as indicated by office policy -Store all equipment in the appropriate drawers or cabinets -Clean surfaces routinely and frequently to prevent growth of pathogens -Dispose of all medical materials in the appropriate containers following the appropriate procedures

Situations Requiring Notification of Physician

-Sudden onset of acute pain -Sudden acute illness -Severe vomiting -Poisoning -Foreign body in the eye -Possible fractures -Drug overdose

Consent Documents

-The Consent to Release of Information -Any informed consent documents that have been signed -A HIPAA form that explains the patient's rights to privacy

Patient Teaching

-The disease process and why it is causing pain -The treatments available for the disease -Medical dosage and treatment frequency -Potential changes in the patient's condition that the patient should be aware of

Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare

-The statement is voluntary, in writing, and dated and signed by the patient -If the patient is not capable of signing, another person may sign for the patient, in the patient's presence and at the patient's express direction -Two competent witnesses at least 18 years old, not related to the patient or responsible for the patient's healthcare, are usually required -The Power of Attorney must be notarized -Neither witness can sign on the patient's behalf -The person representing the patient must be at least 18 years old -The person representing the patient shall make decisions in the patient's best interest and the family cannot overrule these decisions without a court order -The appointment of this person becomes effective when the patient's physician certifies in writing that the patient is not able to consent -The patient may revoke the appointment by destroying the appointment document or informing others that it is revoked and by telling the physician

Minimum Time Requirements for Autoclave Sterilization: 15 minutes

-Unwrapped metal instruments on open tray, hinges open -Open glassware of metal containers -Needles and unassembled syringes -Unwrapped rubber tubing

Standard Precautions Guidelines

-Wash your hands before and after using gloves -Change gloves after each patient contact -Wear personal protective barriers according to the anticipated exposure to blood and body fluids -After exposure to blood or body fluids, immediately remove protective barriers and thoroughly wash your hands -Follow proper technique when handling, cleaning, and disposing of sharps -Use resuscitation devices for mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-tracheostomy artificial ventilation -Refrain from patient care if you have an open or weeping skin lesion -Use 10% sodium hypochlorite solution immediately to clean any blood or body fluid contamination on hard surfaces -Report all sharps injuries immediately

Minimum Time Requirements for Autoclave Sterilization: 20 minutes

-Wrapped or covered instruments -Muslin fabric -Wrapped rubber products such as tubing and catheters

Methods for Rating Pain

-numerical or symbolic scale (grade the pain using 1-10) -face scale (grade pain using happy to crying face) -full body pictures (point out the pain on the body at exact spots)

Triage Considerations for Prioritizing Patients

1. Contagious patients 2. Nauseated patients 3. Room availability 4. Patients with serious injuries or illnesses 5. Patients with serious symptoms

The Grieving Process

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

X-ray Examination Process and Protocol

1. Identify Patient and check order 2. Check X-ray equipment 3. Explain procedure and instruct patient 4. Position patient 5. Set controls 6. Ask patient to take a deep breath and hold 7. Take x-ray 8. Develop and review x-ray 9. Assist patient in dressing 10. Label and sleeve x-ray 11. Complete documentation

The Prescription as a legal document

1. Patient name and address 2. Date 3. Drug name, form, and strength 4. Directions to the pharmacist for amount of the drug to be dispersed 5. Patient instructions (Sig) to be placed on label 6. Refill Information Sometimes handwritten or sometimes printed instruction choices that the physician may circle 7. Physician's Signature

Cycle of Infection

1. Reservoir Host 2. Means of Exit 3. Means of Transmission 4. Means of Entrance 5. Susceptible Host

Emergency Intervention

1. Survey the scene 2. Conduct primary survey of victim 3. Call EMS 4. Gather info 5. Perform trauma assessment and management 6. Get baseline vital signs 7. Plan for transport

Signs, symptoms, and medical conditions related to HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexuals.

1981

US and French researchers described HIV infection that causes AIDs

1983

Training records for OSHA standards must be kept for _____ years.

3 years

Sterile packages enclosed with non-woven paper are considered sterile for up to __________.

30 days

Confidential records for each at-risk medical office employee must be kept, post-employment, for _____ years.

30 years

Training for OSHA standards must occur during the first____ days of employment and every year after that.

90 days

ABCD Rule

A = Asymmetry: This means that the shape of one half is different from the shape of the other half. B = Border: This means that the edges of the lesion appear irregular and ill-defined, ragged, and uneven. C = Color: This means that there is a mix of tan, black, and brown, but can also include blue, red, and white. D = Diameter: This refers to lesions larger than 6 millimeters in diameter.

C Tank

A C tank is a standard size, small portable tank that patients can use for short trips away from home. It holds about 240 liters of oxygen.

Cesarean Section

A C-section is a surgical procedure in which the physician makes an incision either midline in the abdomen and into the uterus to deliver the baby. This is done when the baby is too large to pass through the mother's pelvis, when the fetus is in distress and when the mother's life is in danger and immediate delivery is required. It is also done when the mother has previously had a C-section procedure.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

A D&C is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette to obtain tissue for diagnosis of some uterine diseases, to treat prolonged or painful uterine bleeding, or to empty the uterus of products of conception, usually after a miscarriage.

Pap smear

A Pap smear is a routine annual test used to scan for early stages of cervical cancer. As part of the pelvic examination, the physician uses a cervical spatula and cervical brush to obtain sample cells from the cervix and cervical canal. A lab will then examine the samples for the presence of cancer.

Contraception

Barriers are designed to prevent the sperm from entering the cervix and include condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps Chemical contact involves the use of a chemical spermicide, such as a foam, jelly, or cream, which kills the sperm on contact. Vaginal irrigation or douching with solutions to create an unfavorable condition for sperm survival is also an option, however may be less reliable. Hormonal control includes birth control pills, hormonal implants, intradermal patches, Norplant, Nuvaring, and Depo-Provera injections. These devices contain estrogen and progestin, which suppress ovulation, change the cervical mucus to make it less hospitable to sperm, and alter the endometrium. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are inserted by the physician through the cervix into the uterus. The device prevents the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine wall Surgical sterilization occurs when the physician performs a tubal ligation in which both fallopian tubes are tied off and the ends are cauterized. A laparoscope is used for this procedure Periodic sexual abstinence involves avoiding sexual intercourse during the probable fertile period of the menstrual cycle. This is the most unreliable method of birth control; however, it is the only method allowed in some religions

Bell's Palsy

Bell's palsy is a disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, which is the facial nerve. The patient experiences a sudden onset of facial paralysis on one side of the face. The face and mouth droop and there is limited sensation in these areas. It sometimes is associated with a viral infection. Treatment consists of steroid drug therapy and the patient may recover spontaneously, to a limited level, or not at all.

Biofeedback

Biofeedback is the process of training an individual in relaxation, visualization, and meditation techniques with the goal of controlling blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and brain waves. During training, these body processes are monitored electronically by a biofeedback machine. The machine gives audible signals to help the individual learn to consciously control his or her body systems and responses. The individual eventually learns to control the body functions without the machine. No state licensing is required for biofeedback practitioners, but the Biofeedback Certification Institute of America and other similar groups certify practitioners.

Cerebrovascular Accidents

A cerebrovascular accident is a stroke and occurs when circulation to the brain is compromised. Neurological function can be compromised as well. Plaque from atherosclerosis can occlude the cerebral arteries causing a cerebral thrombosis or an embolism. The arteries can bleed into the brain tissue causing severe dysfunction or death. Strokes typically come on suddenly. Signs and symptoms include unilateral paralysis, impaired or slurred speech, confusion, dizziness, facial droop, arm drift, loss of balance and coordination, visual difficulties, and loss of consciousness. The patient may also experience severe headache. All patients with these symptoms should be transported immediately to the hospital; patients have a better chance of survival with quick medical response.

Hemostat

A clamping instrument used to stop blood flow

Colposcopy

A colposcopy is an examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument. The physician may also perform a cervical biopsy during this procedure if a Pap smear indicates cervical dysplasia.

Routine Gynecological Assessment

A complete medical history including menstrual history, obstetrical history, surgical history, and drug therapy history A measure of the weight and height, blood pressure, and temperature Performance of a UCG (pregnancy test) for women of child-bearing age and capability, if indicated Assessment of vaginal bleeding A pelvic exam and Pap test

Cricoid Cartilage

A complete ring of cartilage around the trachea providing the attachments for the muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and for production of speech.

Concussion

A concussion is caused by a blow to the head or an injury caused by very fast acceleration or deceleration, such as in a car accident. The force is transferred through the skull and then to the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, headache, temporary loss of consciousness, and temporary amnesia. Most people fully recover.

Pneumothorax

A condition in which air gets into the plural cavity causing the lung to partially or completely collapse.

Contusion

A contusion is a brain bruise caused by rupture of the blood vessels. Hematomas can form. Symptoms include loss of consciousness, headache, and change in vital signs. The blood in the brain can damage brain cells. It is important to monitor vital signs and perform life-supporting procedures as necessary. In most cases, a surgeon will attempt to remove the clots in the brain formed from the blood.

Crash cart

A crash cart is typically on wheels so that it can easily be moved to the site of the emergency. Crash carts generally include: Oxygen tank and associated supplies Airways of various types and sizes Ambu bags Resuscitation masks in various sizes Bulb syringe for suctioning IV Supplies including:IV fluids (D5W, NS, D10W, and Ringer's Lactate in 500-ml bags)Butterflies in various sizesAngiocaths in various sizesHemostatsTourniquetsIodineAlcohol prepsIV tubingIV pole Emergency drugs Blood pressure cuff and stethoscope Scissors Gauze and bandages of various sizes Sterile and examination gloves Prepackaged needles and syringes of various sizes Water-soluble lubricant Pen light Batteries Hot/cold packs Pen and paper

Incision

A cut made with a knife, electrosurgical unit, or laser especially for surgical purposes

Cadaver

A dead body used for dissection, study, and tissue samples

Tympanic thermometer

A digital thermometer which is placed in the ear

Dislocations

A dislocation is an injury in which there is a separation of two bones at a joint. There is also often damage to the ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint. The injured body parts must be immobilized to prevent additional damage as well as to reduce pain. Treatment involves application of a cold compress, ice, compression, and rehabilitation.

Dislocation

A dislocation occurs when the bone is displaced from its joint as a result of a traumatic insult. A subluxation is an incomplete or partial dislocation. Dislocations are painful and the joint will appear deformed. Range of motion is limited and in most cases, the patient cannot move the limb at all. Common sites for dislocation include the shoulder, elbow, hand, fingers, hip, knees, ankle, and toes. In serious cases, the vertebrae, spinal cord, nerves, and blood vessels can be damaged and the tissues may be sprained and strained. Diagnosis includes an X-ray and treatment involves reducing the joint to its normal position. Surgery may be required. The joint is immobilized during the healing process.

Orthostatic hypotension

A drop in blood pressure upon standing or after standing motionless in a static position, which may occur after a surgical procedure is complete and the patient is recovering. Symptoms include dizziness or lightheadedness.

Periosteum

A fibrous membrane covering the outside of bone tissue

Epiglottis

A flap made of elastic cartilage tissue and covered with mucous membrane. It covers the entrance to the trachea. Upon swallowing, it prevents food from entering the trachea and the respiratory system

Eye Injuries

A foreign body in the eye requires immediate emergency treatment to prevent the object from causing further damage to the eye and vision. In these situations, have the patient turn the head toward the affected side and apply a sterile wash (or sterile IV fluid) across the eye from the inner cannula outward. Gently let the fluid flow across the eye. Contact EMS. Impaled objects must be secured so that the object doesn't cause further damage. The unharmed eye should be patched to prevent the damaged eye from moving since the eyes move together.

Four-Point Gait

A four-point gait starts in the tripod position with the crutch four to six inches in front of the foot and four to six inches to the lateral aspect. The feet should be about a foot apart for balance. This is the most stable gait and is used for patients with degenerative joint disease, impaired muscle coordination, muscle spasticity, or muscle weakness . The sequence of steps is: Right crutch forward Left foot forward Left crutch forward Right foot forward Repeat

Furuncles and Carbuncles

A furuncle is a localized infection or abscess that involves the entire hair follicle and surrounding subcutaneous tissue. A carbuncle is a very large furuncle or multiple furuncles connected by several drainage canals. The tissue becomes red and swollen around the hair follicle. The patient experiences pain, discharge, and drainage through the skin. The physician may prescribe warm compresses to promote spontaneous drainage as well as oral and topical antibiotics.

Gas Exchange (respiration)

A gas is formed of molecules that are constantly in motion. Just as air moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, molecules in a gas move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This natural process is called diffusion and typically takes place across a membrane. The two gases involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system are oxygen and carbon dioxide. In the body, cells use up oxygen to perform the chemical reactions necessary for the body to live and perform its functions. Carbon dioxide is the waste product of these chemical reactions. When the blood arrives at the alveoli of the lungs, it has a high concentration of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. The air that is breathed in contains a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide. At the alveoli, each gas diffuses to the other side. Oxygen diffuses from high concentration in the inhaled air to the blood in the capillaries, which has a lower concentration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the capillaries with a high concentration of carbon dioxide to the air in the alveoli, which has a lower concentration of carbon dioxide. In this way, oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Kinesiotherapist

A health care professional who, under the direction of a physician, treats the effects of disease, injury, and congenital disorders through the use of rehabilitative exercise and education alone.

Punctures

A hole or wound made by a sharp, pointed instrument

Hyoid Bone

A horseshoe-shaped bone in the neck area between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. It is not attached to any other bones, but is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior, and inferior directions. It aids the tongue in its movement and swallowing.

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. In a total hysterectomy, the surgeon removes the uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries. In a vaginal hysterectomy, the surgeon removes the uterus through the vagina rather than making an abdominal incision. Some physicians decide to leave a cervical stump intact as well as one ovary so that the patient continues to produce female hormones. After the uterus is removed, the woman no longer will have a menstrual cycle.

Lacerations and Incisions

A laceration is an open wound in which the skin and underlying tissue are torn. It usually has jagged edges that interfere with the healing process. Bleeding can be controlled by direct pressure or pressure points. This type of wound often needs sutures. Cleanse the laceration with soap and water or an antiseptic solution and remove all debris and foreign matter. For very severe lacerations, the physician may do this cleansing. Minor lacerations may simply require cleansing and a bandage. In both cases, you may need to immobilize the joint to facilitate healing. An incision is a cut with smooth edges made with a sharp instrument such as a knife. Cleanse an incision in the same way as a laceration. Incisions are often deeper and more extensive. The physician will often perform minor surgery and debride the area, trim away jagged wound edges, and suture the wound. Other tissues may be involved, such as ligaments, muscle, or tendons.

Tongue

A large muscle on the floor of the mouth used to manipulate food toward the esophagus as it is being chewed

Thyroid Gland

A large organ of the endocrine system in the neck. It secretes hormones that control the body's uses of energy, protein production, and sensitivity to other hormones

Laryngoscope

A laryngoscope includes a handle with a battery-powered light source and a set of interchangeable blades. Laryngoscopes come in fiberoptic and video models as well.

Lower Gastrointestinal X-Ray Studies

A lower gastrointestinal X-ray is recommended to detect colon and rectal cancer. This is also called a barium enema.

Breast cancer warning signs include:

A lump that can be seen in the breast or felt within the breast Changes in the breast's skin color or texture A depression or dimpling of the skin of the breast Changes in the appearance of the nipple, such as retraction or inversion Bloody or spontaneous discharge of any color from the nipple Swelling of the breast or of the lymph nodes in the armpit

Cold Ischemic

A method of preserving tissues for donation by using refrigeration

Cryopreservation

A method of processing donated tissue, in which the tissues are frozen at a super cold temperature

Heat Ischemic

A method of storing donated tissue in which the body is not refrigerated

Daltonism

A more common disorder in which the person cannot distinguish between red and green

Esophagus

A muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. When food is swallowed, it passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and then into the stomach.

Nebulizer

A nebulizer is a device that delivers fine particles of medication to the patient using compressed air or oxygen blown through tubing. The patient puts on a mask and inhales the medication. This device is useful when the patient has difficulty breathing and might not be able to use an inhaler easily. Nebulizers are used mainly in hospitals and outpatient or ambulatory facilities. A nebulizer is a good solution for administering this type of medication to a child. Nebulizers are not as portable as inhalers, but the technology is improving.

Epistaxis

A nosebleed

Glucometers and Patient Education

A number of patients seen in the endocrinology practice are struggling with diabetes. Diabetic patients must monitor their blood sugar using a portable machine called a glucometer. The glucometer provides an immediate result showing the patient's status and allowing the patient to take the appropriate action to maintain their health. A variety of glucometers are currently available. Current glucometers use test strips containing glucose oxidase, an enzyme that reacts to glucose in the blood droplet, and an interface to an electrode inside the meter. Although most meters use the standard "finger-prick" method, there are models that test at alternative sites or utilize a sensor placed under the skin for continuous monitoring. Patients should check their insurance coverage and consult with their doctor when choosing a glucometer for home use. The medical assistant is often required to instruct the patient in the proper use of the glucometer. Here are important consideration regarding the education of patients and glucometers: Demonstrate use of the glucometer using a model similar to the one the patient will use at home Create clear, easy-to-read instructions that the patient may take home Conduct demonstrations in well-lit, private rooms Encourage questions and research answers for questions that cannot be answered immediately

Nurse Practitioner

A nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practice registered nurse who has completed either a master's degree in nursing or a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree. NPs may diagnose and provide appropriate treatment for patients, including prescribing medications and may serve as the patient's primary healthcare provider depending upon their medical specialty. NPs must pass a board certification exam in a specialty area and be licensed through the state nursing board. Their scope of practice varies significantly by state

Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA)

A paraprofessional who assists the physical therapist, providing selected interventions under the direction and supervision of the physical therapist

Chest Pain: Nitroglycerine Tablets

A patient with prior episodes of chest pain may have been prescribed nitroglycerin tablets. Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator, meaning that it causes the blood vessels to dilate or get larger. Always wear gloves if handling a patient's nitroglycerine or put the tablet in the lid or a cup to avoid touching it; the medication can enter your own skin and cause your vessels to dilate. Always check the prescription on the bottle to ensure it belongs to the patient and ask the patient to place the tablet under his or her tongue or place it there for them. The tablet should fizzle under the tongue and will dissolve quickly. Tablets may be administered every five minutes for up to three doses, if needed.

Symptom

A perceptible change in the body related by the patient

Practitioner

A person who practices in a profession, such as medicine

Medical Secretary

A person who prepares and maintains medical records and performs related secretarial duties.

Social Worker

A person with advanced education in dealing with social, emotional, and environmental problems associated with an illness or disability

Dosage calculations

A physician calculates the dosage of most medications based on the recommended adult dose, on a pediatric calculation or recommendation for a smaller dose, or on the patient's weight. The physician will also consider special characteristics about the patient, for example if the patient is elderly, extremely thin compared to an average adult, extremely obese compared to an average adult, or very young. In addition, the physician may also consider the specific illness or disease state of the patient when prescribing the medication dosage.

Movable Table

A portion of the radiographic table can be moved to accommodate positioning of the patient.

Osteoblasts

A precursor cell in bone formation

Prognosis

A prediction of the outcome of a disease and patient recovery

Prognosis

A prediction of the outcome of an illness

Puncture Wounds

A puncture wound results from a pointed object penetrating the skin and underlying tissues. These wounds are particularly vulnerable to infection because there is often little bleeding and the edges of the wound can close trapping pathogens in the tissue. Bleeding serves to wash the pathogens out of a wound. To cleanse this type of wound, soak the area. The physician may need to irrigate the wound. After cleansing, apply a bandage to prevent further infection.

Tachycardia

A rapid heartbeat over 100 BPM

Achromatic Vision

A rare disorder in which the person cannot see any color at all, only shades of black, white, and gray

Recumbent

A recumbent position is when the patient is in a reclining position or lying down. Left recumbent is when the patient is lying on his or her left side; right recumbent is when the patient is lying on his or her right side

Physical Therapist (PT)

A rehabilitation professional who promotes optimal health and functional independence through the application of scientific principles to prevent, identify, assess, correct, or alleviate acute or chronic movement dysfunction, physical disability, or pain

Ruptured Tympanic Membrane

A ruptured tympanic membrane is also called a ruptured eardrum. This is caused when there is an opening or hole in the thin layer of the eardrum tissue that separates the outer and middle ear. It can be caused by an infection in which pus or fluid builds up behind the eardrum. When the pressure increases, the membrane can rupture. The membrane can also be damaged by a very loud noise, called acoustic trauma, as well as a sudden change in pressure, foreign objects, or other injury to the ear.

Salingectomy

A salpingectomy is the surgical removal of one fallopian tube. A bilateral salpingectomy is the surgical removal of both tubes.

Problem-Oriented Medical Record

A second option is to organize the patient chart by problem. This is called problem-oriented medical record (POMR). All problems are recorded creating a numbered problem list. For each patient encounter, the physician or other office staff enters information pertaining to a numbered problem in a specific section of the chart. When the POMR system is used, the physician uses the SOAP method of entering information. SOAP stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan of action. This ensures a systematic review of the patient.

Second-degree Burns

A second-degree burn involves the epidermis and the dermis of the skin. It is very painful. and more serious and more prone to infection than a first-degree burn. A second-degree burn heals with little scarring and shows fluid-filled blisters within 48 hours. To treat the burn, stop the burning. Do not break the blisters since this will allow pathogens to enter the skin and cause infection. As with first degree burns, contact the physician if the hands, feet, face, or genitals are involved or if the patient is very young or very old.

Asthma

A serious respiratory reaction in which the bronchial tubes constrict causing serious breathing difficulties.

Semicircular ducts

A set of three small membranous tubes of the vestibular labyrinth. These are located within the bony semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth and form loops of about two thirds of a circle. The three ducts lie in planes at right angles to each other and connect with the vestibular nerve.

Splint

A splint is a temporary device used after an injury to prevent movement of the affected extremity and to prevent further injury to the tissues.

Spontaneous abortion

A spontaneous abortion is also called a miscarriage. This is a situation in which the pregnancy is terminated and the fetus is lost with vaginal bleeding during early phases of the pregnancy. There can be a genetic link to fetal abnormality or hormonal imbalances, an incompetent cervix, infection, or an immunological response may cause the abortion. If bleeding is severe, the physician may perform a D&C to remove all products of conception from the uterus.

Sprain

A sprain is a partial tear of a ligament caused by a traumatic insult to the muscle, tendon, or ligament around a joint, typically from twisting or falling. The patient experiences severe pain, swelling, and discoloration. For leg or ankle sprains, the patient usually has reduced range of motion and has difficulty bearing weight. Diagnosis includes an X-ray to rule out a fracture and treatment involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). The joint is often immobilized to prevent further injury during the healing process.

Sprains

A sprain is an injury in which muscles, tendons, or ligaments are torn as a result of a trauma or overuse of a joint. Sprains are graded as Grade I, II, and III based on their severity. Sprains are often treated as though they were fractures until an X-ray confirms that there is no break. The typical treatment is immobilization, ice, elevation, compression, and rest. In serious cases, physical therapy is prescribed to improve healing.

Surgical Asepsis

A sterile technique, which involves more stringent procedures designed to eliminate all microorganisms and maintain an environment completely free of pathogens. Sterile asepsis techniques are used with invasive procedures, such as minor surgery in the medical office

Strain

A strain happens when the joint is moved beyond its normal range of motion causing overstretching of the muscle, tendon, or ligament. The patient experiences pain, numbness, weakness, and reduced function in the area. Swelling is common. Treatment includes cool therapy to relieve pain and swelling.

Strains

A strain is a tear of the muscle or tendon from abnormal stretching. As with sprains, the treatment is immobilization, ice, elevation, compression, and rest. Physical therapy may be needed.

Thyroid Cartilage

A structure in and around the trachea, which contains the larynx. The thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple that is more prominent in men than in women. This cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and protects the vocal cords

Sweat Test

A sweat test is performed to assist in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. In this test, a colorless, odorless chemical is applied to the child's skin and a sweat collection is attached for 30 minutes to an hour. The sweat specimen is analyzed for sodium and chloride.

Cytotechnologist

A technician trained in medical examination and identification of cellular abnormalities.

Third-degree Burns

A third-degree burn involves the full thickness of the skin. This type of burn is extremely painful, however, if the nerve endings are damaged, the patient may not feel some part of the burned area. Scarring is probable. The skin turns gray or black and can be charred. The underlying tissue is involved.

Transient Ischemic Attacks

A transient ischemic attack is temporary, but similar to a stroke. The symptoms are less severe. Treatment is the same. Call EMS and transport the patient to the hospital as soon as possible.

Elective surgery

A treatment or surgical procedure not requiring immediate attention and therefore planned for the patients or providers convenience.

The Radiographic Table

A variety of X-ray table shapes and sizes can accommodate different needs of the facility and are used for different types of radiographic procedures. Tables can tilt or have a floating tabletop to best position the patient. The radiographic table includes the Bucky tray and the moveable table for patient positioning. A lead strip around the top of the table absorbs scatter radiation.

Dura Mater

A very tough membrane that forms the outer covering of the meninges

Laceration

A wound or irregular tear of the flesh

Charting Guidelines

-Ensure that you have selected the correct chart for the patient. Verify the patient's name and birth date -Remember that there may be more than one individual with the same name, so ensure that you have the right patient -If making entries into a paper chart, print legibly using black or blue ink. Red ink is acceptable for allergies at some facilities -Ensure that the patient's name is on each page of the chart in case the file is disassembled and the papers become loose -Date and initial every entry -Write brief but complete entries -Use only acceptable medical abbreviations and terminology. Make sure that medical terms are spelled correctly -Never erase or whiteout mistakes. Draw a line through a mistake so that the original entry is legible. Write the word "error" above the mistake. Initial and date the correction. Then, enter the correct information and sign the completed entry -Document all phone conversations with the patient or patient's significant other including any action you take or recommendation you give the patient -Document all missed appointments

The Medical Assistant: Clinical Visits Tasks

-Ensure the safety of the patient in all areas -Prepare and maintain examination and treatment areas -Prioritize patient needs -Ensure that the patients complete required paperwork including consent forms and documentation of other information such as insurance and financial forms -Take the patient's medical history -Make entries into the patient's chart

Tornados

-Go to a predesignated area such as a safe room, basement, storm cellar, or the lowest building level -In a high-rise building, go to a small interior room or hallway on the lowest floor possible -Put on sturdy shoes -Do not open windows

Anterior Lobe

-Growth hormone (GH): stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and lipid mobilization and catabolism These are all important functions in the growth and development of the individual -Prolactin (PRL): is important in lactation of a mother who has just had a baby -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates the secretion of estrogen and follicle development in females and the maturation of the sperm in males -Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid to secrete its hormones -Luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates ovulation, the development of the corpus luteum, and the secretion of progesterone -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): is a tropic hormone that stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids from the cortex of the adrenal glands Melanocyte-stimulating hormone -(MSH): increases the secretion of melanin, which darkens the skin

Forest Fires

-If you see a wildfire and haven't received evacuation orders yet, call 9-1-1. Don't assume that someone else has already called -If ordered to evacuate during a wildfire, do it immediately and make sure to tell someone where you are going and when you have arrived -If you or someone you are with has been burned, call 9-1-1 or seek help immediately; cool and cover burns to reduce chance of further injury or infection

Minimum Time Requirements for Autoclave Sterilization: 30 minutes

-Instrument packs wrapped in muslin or paper -Syringes unassembled and wrapped in gauze or glass tubes -Needles packaged individually in gauze or paper -Sutures, needles, and materials wrapped in muslin or paper -Dressings loosely packed -Liquids or semiliquids

Wellness guideline

-Keep a positive attitude -Cherish your values. -Exercise your mind, body, and spirit -Control your stress. -Sooth your fears -Think happy thoughts. -Stay active -Challenge your mind. -Forgive and forget -Avoid dangerous drugs -Watch your sugar intake -Walk briskly -Enjoy the outdoors -Maintain a healthy weight -Eat a well-balanced diet -Rinse fresh fruits and vegetables before eating -Practice cleanliness. -Take medications as directed -Lower your blood pressure and cholesterol -Learn to breathe deeply

Fire Safety

-Know where all of the exits and stairways are in your building. -If a fire does occur, close all doors and windows (but only if it is safe to do so). -Before you leave, check bathrooms, store rooms, filing rooms, or any other place where the fire alarm may be difficult to hear to ensure everyone is evacuating. -The office policy should have a designated meeting place somewhere near the building. When you leave, meet the rest of the office there immediately so no one wastes time or risks injury looking for you. -Never use the elevator during a fire.

Security at Work

-Lock doors and windows at the end of each day -Engage security systems at the end of each day and ensure security codes are distributed to only those employees who need them and that they are kept secure -If you have keys, keep them secure and notify your supervisor immediately if they are lost or stolen -Secure prescription pads during the day and lock them up when closing the office -Account for all prescription pads at the end of the day. Complete an incident report if any are missing and notify law enforcement -Pay attention to individuals coming into the facility and ensure that everyone is supposed to be there

Speech Impaired Patient

-Maintain eye contact -Wait patiently for the person to finish speaking -Do not rush the patient or fill in words for them -Do not try to finish the person's sentences -Use other forms of communication, such as sign language, hand gestures, or written communication -Never treat the person as though they were stupid. They are just as intelligent as normally speaking people

Pain Management Strategies

-Medication -Measures to increase comfort -Alternative therapies -Exercise -Surgery

Written Exposure Control Plan

-Methods of compliance to OSHA standards -Infection control practices -Housekeeping and laundry decontamination -Hepatitis B vaccinations for workers -Engineering and work practice controls -Post-exposure evaluation and follow-up -Hazards communications -Documentation of training and record keeping

Abduction

Abduction is the moving of the body part away from the midline of the body

Dermabrasion

Abrading or rubbing of skin with brushes or rough paper

Chemobrasion

Abrasion of skin using chemicals (also called chemical peel)

Local anesthesia

Absence of feeling or pain in a localized area of tissue without the loss of consciousness

Absorbtion

Absorption is the time and process in which a drug reaches the cells and produces the desired action. In order for the drug to work in the body, it must be absorbed into the bloodstream and eventually into the cells of the body's tissues. The time it takes for absorption depends on many things. The form of the medication is a significant factor. The time and process whereby a drug reaches the cells and produces the desired action

Substitution

Accepting something in place of a desired object or need when the original cannot be obtained

Ayurveda: The Three Tridoshas

According to Ayurveda, the body is made up of three areas: Dhatus (tissues) Malas (waste products) Doshas (energetic forces). The body operates according to the balance of three doshas.The pitta controls body metabolismThe kapha controls the musculoskeletal systemThe vata controls the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and nervous system. The vata is also the main driver of the body. The three tridoshas create all the tissues of the body and remove the waste products as well as influence movement, transformations, sensory functions, and all other activities of the body and mind. There is no licensing or accrediting board for the practice of Ayurveda in the United States and practitioners practice as consultants, but not as medical doctors.

ABHES

Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools

Acne

Acne is a condition often beginning in puberty in which the pores become plugged with dead cells and sebum forming a growth medium for bacteria that results in pimples and cysts. The pores become inflamed and then the walls break allowing the sebum, dead cells, and bacteria to spill onto the skin and infect adjacent areas. The main areas affected by acne are the face, neck, arms, and upper back. It is important to avoid picking or squeezing the pimples, which could spread the bacteria and the damage the skin leaving a scar. Physicians may prescribe vitamin A acid cream to reduce the bacteria as well as antibiotic cream to help kill the bacteria and encourage healing of the skin. Oral antibiotics can also be prescribed.

Body Mechanics

-Move or lift only what is reasonable for you to lift. If the item you must move or lift is too heavy, get assistance. -Assure that the area in which you are working is safe and secure. A slippery floor can pose a serious risk. -When you lift an item, consider your body position relative to the item. You should always face the item squarely and avoid twisting or turning unnaturally. If you must turn, turn with your entire body, not just with your back. -Avoid bending your back. Always bend at the knees to avoid straining or injuring your back. The back should always remain straight as you lift, move, carry, and put down an object. -Lift objects with your legs rather than your back. Your legs are much stronger. -Carry an object close to your body so that it falls close to the center of gravity. -If an object is very large, push it, rather than lift it. -Use good posture while sitting, especially when sitting for longer periods.

Acupressure

Acupressure is also called shiatsu and is a traditional Chinese bodywork therapy. It is a form of massage based on a concept similar to acupuncture. The goal is to relieve discomfort by promoting greater balance and circulation of fluids and metabolic energies in the body by manipulating the chi, or the current circulating through the body meridians. In this theory, if the chi is blocked, disease results. Applying pressure on and massaging the area relaxes the involved muscle and tissue and reduces or eliminates pain and normalizes the chi. No states have licensing requirements for the practice of acupressure, although practitioners should graduate from an accredited school.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a component of traditional Chinese medicine and has been practiced for thousands of years. In this therapy, the acupuncturist inserts very thin needles into predetermined sites to stimulate certain body functions including heart rate, blood pressure, brain activity, blood chemistry, the immune system, and the endocrine system. The premise of acupuncture is that the stimulation of pressure points helps the body naturally regulate red and white blood cell counts and raise endorphin production. Some private insurance and Medicaid programs reimburse acupuncture therapy for the treatment of back pain. Acupuncturists must be licensed separately in most states; some states require acupuncturists to be medical doctors.

Acute Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is an infection of the appendix usually caused by bacteria lodging in the small organ. The patient will experience sudden onset of acute pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. The physician will palpate the abdomen to look for positive reaction to the pressure on the McBurney's point. Surgical removal of the appendix is required so that it does not rupture and spread the bacteria to the entire body. Antibiotics are usually prescribed.

The Examination Table

After the patient visit, replace the table paper. Be sure to turn all soiled surfaces inward and fold the paper into a small package for disposal. Your hands should come into contact with the clean side of surfaces only.

Aging: Musculoskeletal System

Aging individuals begin to experience aches and pains as well as reduced range of motion that limits physical activity. Muscle tone declines and arthritis sets in. Osteoporosis leads to more brittle bones, which in turn leads to more falls and injuries. The spinal discs experience normal wear and tear over years and begin to compress. Individuals become shorter with age. Joints become painful and swollen, especially in the hands and feet.

Implied consent

Agreement implied by the patient for examination and treatment when presenting for a routine visit; also, in an emergency, consent that is assumed the patient would give if the patient could do so

Radiolucent

Air is the least dense, so the X-rays can easily penetrate and show up as very dark.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is commonly called manic-depressive disorder. Patients with this mental disorder tend to have intense mood swings. In the manic phase the individual is highly outgoing, energetic, excited, and possibly euphoric; the manic individual sleeps very little and often experiences disturbed and disconnected thought processing that may result in displays of bizarre behaviors, dress, and judgment. A common symptom is spending money to excess and expressing of unrealistic, grandiose thoughts. In the depressed phase, the patient becomes sad with a flat affect, loss of appetite, and disturbed sleep patterns. Suicide is always a concern during this phase. Treatment involves antidepressive medications.

2 Hour Postprandial Glucose Tolerance Test

Blood testing to evaluate glucose metabolism (patient fasts overnight and then consumes a high-carb meal followed by blood sampling 2 hours afterward)

Serum Glucose Test

Blood testing to help determine insulin levels and inform the adjustment of medication

Total calcium

Blood testing to measure calcium levels and help detect parathyroid and bone disorders

Thyroid Function Tests

Blood testing to measure levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream and to help determine thyroid function

Blood tests

Blood tests are used to measure hemoglobin and hematocrit as well as alpha-fetoprotein (AFT) screening for neural tube defects performed during the fifteenth and eighteenth weeks of pregnancy. Glucose tolerance testing is also a routine part of prenatal screening to detect gestational diabetes.

The Four Humors

Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin

Nondisplaced fracture

Bone ends remain in alignment Any bone

Oblique fracture

Bone ends remain in alignment Long bones

Radiopaque

Bone is very dense and more difficult for the X-rays to penetrate so bone shows up as white on the X-ray film

Greenstick fracture

Bone partially bent and partially broken, like a twig or branch of a tree Long bones, usually the arms; often occurs in children

Psychiatry

Branch of medicine that deals with diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

Open wound

Break in the skin or mucous membrane that exposes underlying tissues

Cauterization

Burning of the skin or flesh with a caustic chemical, electrical current, or heated instrument

Effects of Alcohol

Alcohol is a non-nutrient that yields 7 kcal/gram. It is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and broken down by the liver before it is excreted from the body. In general, alcohol interferes with metabolism and contributes to the disease development in the liver as well as many other medical conditions. When more alcohol enters the liver than the liver can metabolize, the alcohol accumulates as fat and causes cirrhosis of the liver. A high need to metabolize alcohol also prevents the use of enzymes needed by the body for other chemical reactions. Long-term use of alcohol leads to malnutrition, obesity, ulcers, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Drinking alcohol when pregnant can lead to effects on the fetus in a condition called fetal alcohol syndrome.

Helper cells

Also T4 lymphocytes, which play a dominant role in cell-mediated immunity

Cochlear nerve

Also called the auditory or acoustic nerve. It carries the signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. The brain interprets the signal as sound

Trade Name

Also called the brand name or the proprietary name. Many different manufacturers can make the same medication and each manufacturer will name it differently to distinguish it from their competitors. Trade names are registered by the manufacturer just like other products are registered.

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which mental and physical functioning is reduced. Early signs include gradual loss of short-term memory, inability to concentrate or to learn new things, and progressing personality changes. Patients experience difficulty in communicating, restlessness, and disorientation. They may become hostile and combative and experience declining motor skills. Typically onset of Alzheimer's disease is after age 60 and the risk increases with advancing age. The cause has not been determined and diagnosis is often difficult; however, the use of imaging studies is improving the diagnosis. There is no cure, but some drugs tend to enhance memory and reduce anxiety and depression. Therapy is often recommended for both the patient and the patient's family.

Routine Visits: Wellness Checks for Older Children

Ambulation Gait Scoliosis Musculoskeletal abnormalities in the feet and legs Dental eruptions

ASL

American Sign Language

A&P Repair

An A&P repair is a procedure to correct a cystocele and a rectocele.

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

An ABG determines the patient's oxygen status. Many respiratory diseases can significantly reduce the amount of oxygen in the patient's blood. An ABG is a painful and invasive procedure designed to measure the oxygen status (PaO2 value), the acid-base status (pH value), and the carbon dioxide status (PaCO2 value). The physician compares the results of the test to normal values in order to determine how well the lungs function to bring oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Only specially trained professionals can perform an ABG procedure.

E Tank

An E tank is a small tank that holds approximately 500 liters of oxygen for patient home use in the event of power failure.

H Tank

An H tank is kept in the medical office. It holds approximately 6900 liters of oxygen and is for in-office emergencies or to test a patient's need for oxygen therapy.

Abrasions

An abrasion occurs when the outer skin is scraped away exposing the underlying tissue. Bleeding is usually only oozing, but the injury is typically painful because of the many nerve endings in this part of the skin. Clean the area and remove any debris. The physician may order application of antibacterial ointment and a sterile dressing. More severe abrasions may require burn treatment.

Hemothorax

An accumulation of blood and fluids in the pleural cavity preventing the lung from fully expanding. A hemopneumothorax is a condition of both blood and air resulting in a partial or complete collapse of the lung.

Alcohol thermometer

An alternative and safe thermometer; however, they may not be as accurate, so they are not commonly used

Amputation

An amputation is the total or partial removal of a limb or digit and may be required because of traumatic insult or disease. After an amputation, the patient may feel pain or other sensations in the area where the amputated part had been. This is called phantom limb or phantom pain and results from damage to the sensory nerves during amputation. It is not treatable, but generally goes away with time. After the stump has healed, the patient will undergo rehabilitation and typically receive a prosthesis.

Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)

An assessment of the performance of the respiratory system structures. It is done to confirm that a patient has a lung disease, but cannot be used to identify a specific respiratory disease. There are several types of PFTs. -Spirometry -Lung volume measurement - Diffusion capacity measurements

Avulsions and Amputations

An avulsion is a tearing away of the skin or tissue usually on limbs and appendages. Cleanse minor avulsion wounds with soap and water and return any skin flap to its normal position. Apply direct pressure to control bleeding and use a sterile dressing when bleeding has stopped. The wound may require sutures. An amputation is the complete removal of a body part. In some cases, the dismembered part will have been recovered. In some cases, surgeons can reattach a dismembered part. To improve the chances of reattachment, cleanse the dismembered part with sterile saline, wrap it with sterile and moist gauze, seal it in a plastic bag, and place the bag in a container of ice.

Ectopic preganancy

An ectopic pregnancy is also called a tubal pregnancy. This is where the fertilized egg implants in an area other than the endometrium, typically in the fallopian tube. The embryo can also implant in the ovary, outer wall of the uterus, intestine, or vaginal area. When it implants in the fallopian tube, the tube ruptures as growth continues. The patient experiences severe pain in the pelvic area, vaginal bleeding, and often shock. Treatment involves immediate intervention and surgical termination of the pregnancy as well as treatment for shock.

Episiotomy

An episiotomy is an incision in the perineum to facilitate the deliver of an infant.

Inflammatory

An immunological defense against injury, infection, or allergy , marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cells, and release of chemical toxins

Impaled Objects

An impaled object is a situation in which a large object has penetrated the skin and underlying tissues and is still lodged in the tissue. In most cases, it is important to leave the object in the tissue until a physician can safely remove it. The object may have damaged many tissues in the area including nerves, vessels, muscles, or even organs. The lodged object may actually be keeping the area from bleeding; pulling it out could cause severe bleeding from damaged vessels. Stop any bleeding by applying pressure to the area or to a pressure point. Immobilize the object where it is and immobilize the joint above and below the area to prevent excessive movement. Apply a bulky dressing held into place around the object.

The general state of health

An important factor in the body's ability to defend itself is an individual's general state of health. Healthy individuals have a greater ability to defend against pathogens. Overall health involves healthy weight, optimal nutrition, regular exercise, refraining from smoking, refraining from abuse of alcohol, and many other behaviors.

Health Educator

An individual professionally trained to instruct clients, families, or students about health-related topics, such as the diagnosis or the care of people with specific diseases or conditions.

Pneumonia

An infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Signs and symptoms include an upper respiratory infection, sore throat, high fever, shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Candidias (Candida albicans) Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Genital Herpes (Herpes simplex virus type 2) Genital Warts (Human papillomavirus) Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Spore

Capsule formed by some bacteria as a protective shell during their resting state; under favorable conditions the bacteria become active again

Diffusion Capacity Measurements

Carbon monoxide is administered and a measurement is taken of the amount absorbed in one cycle of inhalation and exhalation. The difference between the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled and the amount exhaled is an estimate of how long it takes the inhaled gas to travel from the lungs to the blood.

Malignancies of the GI System

Carcinoma of the lip and tongue Cancer of the esophagus Stomach cancer Colon cancer Rectal cancer

Palliative

Care that relieves pain and discomfort, but does not cure

Casts

Casts are solid, rigid, cylindrical casings designed to immobilize the joint or other body part so that fractures and tissues can heal. Casts may be made from plaster or synthetic materials, usually fiberglass. Plaster casts are heavier and can crumble or soften if they get wet. Plaster can also break with traumatic insult; however, plaster casts are more easily molded to the body part creating more effective immobilization. Synthetic casts are lighter and not affected by moisture. They are also very difficult to damage. Synthetic casts are inflexible and do not mold perfectly to the body part so may scratch skin or cause pressure areas.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Myobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can involve almost any organ of the body. When the patient inhales the bacteria, it multiplies and causes a lung infection that can spread to other parts of the body. The body forms a scar tissue around the bacteria and can contain it in an inactive state. A person with inactive TB pathogen has no symptoms and cannot spread the bacteria to anyone else. The bacteria, however, is still alive in the person's body. The scar tissue hardens and can be seen on an X-ray. If the immune system cannot contain the bacteria, the TB bacteria become active. Patients with active TB infection show symptoms of tiredness, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. These symptoms often worsen to include coughing, chest pain, coughing up sputum and blood, and shortness of breath. They are also highly contagious to others.

Caudal

Caudal describes the central ray toward the feet

Microorganisms

Cause infections, are tiny organisms not visible to the naked eye, grow in environments close to human body temp, dark, and moist.

Miotic medications

Causes pupils to constrict

Electrocautery

Cauterization by means of heated instrument uses high-frequency alternating electric current to destroy, cut, or remove tissue and to cauterize small blood vessels so that the blood quickly coagulates to stop bleeding.

Inhalers

An inhaler is a pocket-sized, portable device designed to allow the patient to self-administer medication directly into the respiratory passageways. The physician prescribes the medication and the patient purchases the inhaler containing the medication at the pharmacy. The advantage of an inhaler is that it delivers a consistent, metered dose of medication to the airways. It is essential that the patient use the inhaler correctly.

Speculum

An instrument used for dilating probing, and visualization of a body cavity; can be opened after insertion to visualize the area or to remove samples of tissue for additional examination

Thermometer

An instrument used to measure temperature

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is used to attack the malignancy at different stages in the cancer cell life cycle. Chemotherapy drugs are used as single drugs or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs or other types of drug therapy. The antineoplastic agents used in chemotherapy include: alkalating agents, antimetabolites, hormones and hormone antagonists, antitumor antibiotics, plant extracts with antineoplastic activity, and other anticancer drugs. The physician creates a unique approach for each patient's condition. The first dose of chemotherapy is typically the administration of the maximum tolerable dose with the goal of killing as many cancer cells as possible.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is caused by the herpes varicella virus. Patients with chickenpox have blister-like vesicles over their body. The virus is highly contagious and spread by droplets from the respiratory tract or direct contact with popped blisters. The virus can be reactivated later in life and reoccur as shingles. Stress is a common trigger.

Common Symptoms of Respiratory Diseases and Disorders

Chronic respiratory conditions often include clubbing (abnormal curvature of the nail bed), barrel chest appearance, and use of accessory muscles to breathe. -Respiratory sounds -cyanosis: A symptom of hypoxemia that often accompanies breathing difficulty or shortness of breath - cough - sputum: Blood-tinged sputum (called hemoptysis) or yellow/green sputum (indicating an infection)

Cleaning Floors

Clean up any spills immediately. Ensure that professional cleaners maintain the floors, windows, and structural components daily.

Intellectual Disability

An intellectual disability occurs because the intellectual growth of a child is interrupted, either during prenatal development, the birth process, or after birth. There may be a genetic link or the fetus may have been exposed to infection, have experienced compromised oxygen and nutritional supply, or have been exposed to toxins or high alcohol levels. There are many tests to help in the assessment of this kind of disability including the Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Symptoms include showing signs of lower-than-normal acquisition of intellectual and interpersonal skills and lower than expected skill development in areas of self-care, hygiene, safety, self-direction, and communication. Children are typically diagnosed after they enter school. The severity of the disorder dictates the type of care the patient will require as an adult. There is no cure for compromised brain cells.

Arrhythmia

An irregular heartbeat

Oophorectomy

An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one ovary. The remaining ovary continues to ovulate regularly; therefore, menses continues and the female can become pregnant. If a bilateral oophorectomy is performed, both ovaries are removed. This is called a surgical menopause. The female does not ovulate and does not produce female hormones. The menstrual cycle stops.

Anemia

Anemia is caused by several conditions in children, particularly iron deficiency and poor diet. It can occur if the breast milk has low iron because the mother is malnourished and has not taken prenatal vitamins. Symptoms include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves fortified formula for infants and iron supplementation. For older children, nutritional therapy and supplementation is recommended.

Bandage Scissors

Angled with a blunt tip on the longer end so that they can be used to slide under a bandage or dressing to cut it off without endangering the patient's skin

Energy Therapies

Energy therapies work with electromagnetic fields believed to surround the body. Examples include Reiki, Qi gong, and Therapeutic Touch. Energy therapies include therapies that work with the electromagnetic fields that are believed to surround the human body and include Reiki, Qigong, Therapeutic Touch, and many others. There are numerous schools of energy therapy and depending upon the school, the therapist or healer can have his or hands on the patient, off the patient, or even be in a different location. In some schools of energy therapy, such as Therapeutic Touch, the practitioners believe that they have the ability to restore health by sensing and adjusting the energy fields to induce relaxation or balance the energy fields to improve illness or injury. There is no scientific proof of the existence of biofields or electromagnetic fields surrounding the body.

Engineering and Work Practice Controls

Engineering controls reduce or eliminate the risk of occupational exposure to harmful pathogens and contaminants. These controls are found in the devices used in the medical facility that are designed to isolate or remove the health hazard. Examples include autoclaves, biohazard containers, safety cabinets, and safety needles that prevent needlestick incidents. Workplace practices include practices such as: -Frequent handwashing -Minimizing the dispersion of blood and body fluids -Proper use of biohazard containers and supplies -Securely covering any wounds -Proper use of gloves -Proper disposal of needles and sharps -Restricting all eating and drinking in the presence of body fluids -Using appropriate containers for infectious blood or tissues -Proper decontamination of equipment -Immediate filing of incident reports

Enteritis

Enteritis is caused by a protozoan or bacterial infection. The patient will experience nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, and malaise. Diagnosis is often made using the patient's symptoms and by performing a test of the patient's stool. The physician will order fluid and electrolyte replacement by mouth or IV therapy, nutritional support as needed, antimicrobial medications, and antinausea medications as well as bed rest.

Epistaxis

Epistaxis is a nosebleed, or loss of blood from the tissue lining of the nose. It typically occurs in one nostril only. Nosebleed has many causes including an allergic rhinitis, object in the nose, barotraumas, blowing the nose too hard, chemical irritants, direct injury, picking the nose, overuse of decongestant nasal sprays, surgery, infection, and cold and dry air. Treatments include manual squeezing of the soft portion of the nose between the thumb and finger. Nasal decongestion can be used to close off small vessels. The physician may need to intervene if the bleeding does not stop.

Epistaxis

Epistaxis is a nosebleed. It can be caused from blowing the nose, an upper respiratory infection, a very dry environment, hypertension, strenuous activity, high altitude, or an injury to the area. Most nosebleeds stop after a short time; however, if it does not, it can become a serious problem. Have the patient sit in a chair and tilt the head forward. The patient should apply direct pressure by pinching and holding the sides of the nose together. It may take up to 15 minutes for the vessels to clot and the bleeding to stop. Apply an ice or cold pack after bleeding is controlled. Instruct patient not to blow the nose for several hours after the bleeding has stopped. If the bleeding cannot be controlled, alert the physician and EMS.

The AMA Principles of Medical Ethics

Established by the AMA for physicians in 1847, addressing: - Integrity - Individual responsibility to society and community - Respect for human dignity - Lifelong study - Professional autonomy (self rule)

Eversion

Eversion is turning of the ankle toward the outside

Parathyroidectomy

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands (for example, to halt the progress of hyperparathyroidism)

Causes of Increased Blood Pressure

Exercise Stress, anxiety, excitement, fear Pain Increased arterial blood volume Loss of vessel elasticity as blood vessels age Increased peripheral resistance, narrowing of blood vessels Endocrine disorders Smoking Renal disease Liver disease Heart disease Right arm higher than left arm Certain drug therapies Increased intracranial pressure Late pregnancy Obesity Time of day

Exposure Control Areas

Exposure Control Plan for Blood-borne Pathogens states best practices for reducing exposure to blood-borne pathogens. -Engineering and work practice controls -PPE -Housekeeping and laundry decontamination -Hepatitis B Vaccinations -Hazard communication program -Training and record-keeping -Exposure, post-exposure, evaluation, and follow up

Proper Posture for the Desk

Eyes level with top of monitor Back support for curve in spine Arms parallel to floor resting on arm support Feet flat on floor Keyboard at elbow height for arms and shoulder alignment Thighs parallel to the floor Keep shoulders relaxed

Factitious Disorders

Factitious disorders involve those in which the patient attempts to gain attention by intentionally and fraudulently faking or exaggerating symptoms of disease for personal or financial gain. Munchausen syndrome is an example. This is a condition in which individuals gain an extensive knowledge of disease processes and injure themselves to show others that they have the disease. Munchausen by proxy occurs when a child under the care of the individual is intentionally hurt so that the child must seek medical attention. The caregiver then receives a psychological reward for saving the child or having a sick child. Treatment may include psychotherapy.

Denial

Failing to recognize obvious implications or consequences of a thought, act, or situation

Hippocrates

Father of medicine Rejected that disease was caused by supernatural causes---> he felt they were naturally caused by the four humors and for one to be healthy the humors should be kept in balance with diet, exercise, rest, positivity, and moderation

Anxiety

Fear of the unknown; a feeling of fear or worry about the future

First-degree Burns

First-degree burns involve only the epidermis of the skin, however, they are very painful. These burns typically heal without scarring. The skin becomes red, but does not blister. To treat a first-degree burn, submerge the area in cool water for two to five minutes. A physician should be contacted immediately if the patient is very young, very old, or if the hands, face, feet, or genitals are involved.

Granulation

Fleshy projections formed on the surface of a gaping wound that is not healing by first intention or indirect union

Cultural Views of Aging: Islamic

Followers of the Islamic religion tend to honor and respect older individuals and the stature of an individual increases with age. These elders are leading positions in the family and society. The eldest son typically cares for aging parents in the home.

Food Poisoning

Foods infected with bacteria or bacterial toxins cause food poisoning in those who eat the food. Patients experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and fever. Stool samples are studied to determine the cause. Primary bacterial causes of food poisoning include salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus. Infection by salmonella and other bacteria usually resolves itself within a week, though IV therapy may be required to maintain hydration. Infection by Clostridium botulinum is serious and can be life threatening; it requires an antitoxin and support to body systems as needed.

Transmission based precautions

For patients who are infected or suspected of being infected. These precautions require barrier protection, in addition to gloves, in the anticipation of exposure.

Ear Injuries

Foreign bodies in the ear can include insects, marbles, rocks, and a buildup of earwax. The object can often be seen with a flashlight in a dark room. Ear irrigation is the first treatment. The physician may need to use more advanced treatment depending upon the situation.

Hematopoiesis

Formation of blood cells

Head Lice

Found mainly on the scalp and in the hair and are caused by pediculus humanus capitis. This is commonly seen in school-aged children and is easily spread to others.

Digitalis lanata

Foxglove plant, the basis for digitalis preparations that slow and strengthen the heartbeat

Transverse fracture

Fracture crosses the bone at a 90 degree angle to the bone's axis

Spiral fracture

Fracture follows a helical pattern, twisting around the axis of the bone Long bones

Longitudinal fracture

Fracture parallel with the long axis of the bone, usually running along part of the length of the bone Long bones

Avulsion

Fragment of a fractured bone is torn away with the muscle or ligament Appendages; often occurs when clothing or a digit are entangled during the traumatic event

Depression

Fragments or portions of bone pressed down in the skull and into the brain and surrounding tissue Head, usually the result of acceleration-deceleration insult

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Level 3

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy, sense of connection

Frostbite

Frostbite is caused by extreme cold in which the soft tissue freezes. Contributing factors include cold air, moisture, water, and wind. The most common areas for frostbite include the toes and fingers as well as the ears, nose, and face. The first sign of frostbite includes redness in light-skinned individuals and lightening of the skin in dark-skinned individuals. This is called blanching. The skin and tissue becomes numb and the area then turns white. The tissue will eventually die and the affected body part will need to be amputated if not treated early enough.

Gallstones

Gallstones are solid crystal deposits; their presence is referred to as cholelithiasis. Patients experience pain in the right upper quadrant radiating to the right shoulder blade, as well as nausea and vomiting, and bile-colored emesis and stool. Patients may also experience jaundice. Stones may be present in the gallbladder or in the common bile duct. The physician will order diagnostic studies, including a cholecystogram and ultrasound of the gall bladder. Treatment usually involves pain medication and surgical intervention to remove the stones. The condition can be life threatening if not treated.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the stomach, small intestine, and colon commonly caused by rotavirus and Norwalk virus. The patient experiences abdominal pain and cramping and may or may not vomit and experience nausea or have diarrhea. Diagnosis involves palpating the abdomen and listening to digestive sounds. The physician will prescribe appropriate drugs, ensure the patient is hydrated, and make diet modifications until the patient has improved.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder is referred to as free-floating anxiety. Patients tend to be in a constant state of anxiety with no apparent reason. They worry and cannot make decisions. They also tend to have difficulty sleeping, hypertension, diarrhea, and tense muscles. Patients with panic disorder experience sudden and unexplained panic and report feelings of impending doom and fear of dying. They tremble, have difficulty breathing, have palpitations and chest pain, and become dizzy. The panic attacks are frequent, regular, and disabling. Treatment includes psychotherapy and drug therapy.

Subcutaneous

Given at 45 degree angle, and one site for this is the outer aspect of the upper arm

Intramuscular

Given at a 90 degree angle and common IM sites include: dorsal aspect of gluteus, deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventral aspect of the gluteus

When to use PPE

Gloves: -Anticipated contact with blood or body fluids -Contact with open wounds, sores, or mucous membranes Gowns: -Anticipated contact with body fluid splashes or droplets -Contact with open wounds, sores, or mucous membranes Masks, protective eyewear, or face shields: -Anticipated contact with body fluid splashes or droplets -Anticipated droplet spread from patient's productive cough -Anticipated aerosol spread of body fluids or tissue during procedures Disposable patient equipment: -Easily transmitted infectious diseases (if disposable equipment is unavailable, disinfect and sterilize nondisposable equipment before use with another patient)

The Joint Commission Guidelines for Pain Assessment and Management

Guidelines involve assessing the pain using an approved scale, treating the pain, and then ensuring regular follow-up and reassessment.

Standard Precautions

Guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for reducing the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens in medical facilities. Standard Precautions combine the major features of the Universal Precautions (UP) and the Body Substance Isolation (BSI) standards. The basic premise is that all blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes may contain transmissible infectious agents. -Hand hygiene -Personal protective equipment (PPE) -Needlestick and sharps injury prevention -Cleaning and disinfection -Respiratory hygiene (cough etiquette) -Waste disposal -Safe injection practices

Cilia

Hairlike projections extending from certain epithelial cells. These trap and prevent microorganisms from entering deeper into the body

Nonpathogen

Harmless organism that does not cause disease

Nonpathogens

Harmless organisms that do not cause disease

Suture Scissors

Have a hooked tip on one blade used to slip under a suture to clip it for removal

Oral route

Have patient chew up the tablet

Towel Clamps

Have sharp, curved points to hold towels and drapes in place

Dementia due to head trauma

Head trauma can cause dementia by decreasing the blood flow to the brain. Symptoms are similar to vascular dementia and treatment has the goal of reducing pressure on the brain and of stopping further bleeding into the brain tissue. Once brain cells die, there is no regaining function in those cells. Treatment includes emotional support of the patient and family and drug therapy to relieve any psychological problems, such as depression. In some cases, patients may receive occupational therapy to relearn daily tasks.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Physiology of the Ear

Hearing occurs when sound waves move through the ear. The waves enter the auditory canal at the auricle, vibrate the tympanic membrane, move the tiny ossicles in the middle ear, pass through the oval window, and move into the inner ear or labyrinth to the cochlea. The waves then move the fluid in the cochlea, which causes the auditory receptors in the organ of Corti. These tiny hairs relay the signal to the auditory nerve fibers. The signal is sent to the auditory center of the cerebral area of the cortex and interpreted by the brain as sound.

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is a result of sodium and water depletion from the body as a result of dehydration, external heat, and strenuous activity. The victim perspires profusely and the skin is moist, pale, and cool. The body temperature is normal. The victim may complain of a headache, muscle cramps, weakness, dizziness, and nausea. To treat heat exhaustion, move the patient to a cool environment and lie down. Apply cool compresses and give small cups of water. Individuals can prevent heat exhaustion by drinking sufficient amounts of water in hot environments and before and during strenuous activity.

Conduction

Heat transfer by direct contact through fluids, solids, or other substances

Hair structures

Help regulate body temperature, but also keep particles that could carry pathogens out of openings into the body and away from the skin's surface

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection spread by blood and body fluids. It can cause death, especially in children. Symptoms include jaundice, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, joint pain, flu-like symptoms, liver damage, and liver failure.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an infection of the liver. There are several types: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In general, the patient experiences jaundice, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, fever, joint pain, enlarged liver and enlarged lymph nodes. The physician will conduct a microbiology study to determine the specific pathogen as well as liver function tests and possibly liver biopsy in some cases. The physician will prescribe the appropriate medication, bed rest, low carbohydrate diet, and treatment for individual symptoms. Vaccines can prevent infection with prevention being the primary goal.

Herbal Medicine

Herbs have been used to treat disease and prevent illness for centuries. Each herb is chosen according to its individual properties and is often used in combination with other herbs and with other types of holistic treatments. It is thought that herbs can counteract the effects of poor nutrition, stress, and lack of exercise as well as help repair, strengthen, and rebuild body tissues. Herbs should be consumed with caution and may have serious side effects. As a medical assistant, it is important to ask patients if they are using any herbal therapies and record this in the chart. The physician needs to be aware of any herbs a patient is using as certain herbs may interfere with a patient's medications. There are no herbal medicine licensing or accrediting boards in the United States and no controls or standards for herbal products. The FDA does not approve any of these products since there is not sufficient scientific evidence suggesting their effectiveness.

Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex is a systemic disorder resulting from previous infection with herpes simplex virus. The virus moves to the nerve root and is dormant until it is triggered by stress. Typical symptoms include severe pain on the lips and in the mouth, fever, headache, malaise, and blisters that eventually scab over. Treatment includes cool compresses to ease the pain, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, pain medication, and antiviral cream for the lips.

Herpes Zoster

Herpes zoster is also called shingles and is a systemic disorder resulting from infection with the herpes varicella virus (chickenpox). The virus moves to the nerve root and becomes dormant. It can later be triggered by stress or when the patient becomes immunocompromised. Patients can suffer from post-herpetic neuralgia for several months after blisters disappear. This disorder is not contagious to those who have already had chickenpox, but can be contagious to those who have not. Symptoms include severe pain, fever, headache, malaise, rash, and blisters, which fill with fluid followed by dark pus or blood and eventually turn into scabs. The blisters typically occur on the trunk of the body and follow dermatomes. Treatment includes cool compresses to ease pain, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and pain medication.

Homeopathy

Homeopathic treatment uses natural remedies made from plants, animals, or mineral substances to stimulate the immune system so that it can fight disease and heal itself. Homeopathy is based on the theory that "like cures like", that is, large doses of a certain substance causes symptoms, but smaller, highly diluted doses cure them. A homeopathic practitioner determines the required strength of a treatment by assessing the patient. A medical doctor, doctor of osteopathy, or dental surgeon who passes a written and practical exam can become a Diplomate in Homeopathy (DHt) and can be certified as a CCH (Certified in Classical Homeopathy) after completing 500 hours of training, gaining one to two years of experience, and passing a written and practical exam.

Therapeutic Diets

Clear liquid diet: Used as a preoperative and postoperative diet and for before certain tests Full liquid diet: Used for preoperative and postoperative diet and for certain tests or GI upsets Soft diet: Used as a postoperative diet to reduce strain on the GI system and for some disorders Mechanical soft diet: Used when mastication is difficult or impossible High-fiber diet: Used to increase bulk in the GI tract to aid elimination Low-fiber diet: Used when the intestinal mucosa is inflamed and diverticulosis is the condition Bland diet: Used to avoid irritating the gastric mucosa Elimination diet: Used to determine allergic responses in suspected food allergies Diabetic diet: Used to control blood glucose levels in the diabetic patient Low-fat or low cholesterol diet: Used to reduce blood levels of lipids and cholesterol Reduced-calorie diet: Used for weight loss Infant and pediatric diets: Used to provide the nutrients necessary for growth Diets for pregnancy and lactation: Used to provide adequate calories and nutrients to support the growing fetus and nursing infant Geriatric diet: Used to support dentition, activity, and medication needs of geriatric patients High-energy diet: Used to prevent fluctuating levels of blood sugar

Cluster B

Cluster B is referred to as the Dramatic Cluster. It includes borderline and antisocial personality disorders such as narcissistic disorder, borderline personality disorder, and histrionic disorder. These individuals are emotional, dramatic, and erratic.

Cluster C

Cluster C is referred to as the Anxious Cluster. It includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive (OCD) personality disorders. These individuals are fearful and anxious.

Compression

Collapse of the bone due to pressure exerted on it Spinal vertebrae

Exfoliative Cytology

Collections and examination of cells shed from body surfaces, such as the inside of the mouth

Medical Laboratory Technologist

Collects samples and performs tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.

Influenza

Commonly called "the flu," influenza is caused by RNA viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Symptoms include fever, cough, headache, and malaise. Some people may develop a sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The flu lasts for one to two weeks and then patients typically recover, unless they have a compromised immune system.

Common Defense Mechanisms

Compensation Conversion Denial Displacement Identification Overcompensation Projection Rationalization Regression Repression Substitution Suppression

Vocal Cords

Composed of infoldings of mucous membranes stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate when air flows past them creating phonation.

Exercise Physiologist

Concerned with assessing, improving, and maintaining patients' fitness and health. They also provide assistance in recovering from injuries and diseases, and coping with disabilities.

Diagnosis

Conclusion made about the patient's condition by interpretation of data

Risk factors

Conditions or situations that makes a person particularly vulnerable to certain diseases or disorders -smoking or tobacco use -poor physical fitness -sedentary lifestyle -high alcohol intake -poor nutrition -disregarding auto safety measures -high stress levels - occupational hazards -environmental hazards -drug use and abuse -lack of immunizations -poor dental health -high blood pressure -very low blood pressure -family history of cancer, heart attack, stroke, or diabetes -unsafe sex -high heart rate low heart rate -unhealthy BMI -risk-taking behavior

Brain stem

Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.

informed consent

Consent given by a patient after all potential treatments and outcomes have been discussed for a specific medical condition, including risks and possible negative outcomes

Consent to Release Information

Consent to Release Information is a requirement based on the regulations of HIPAA. In order for the provider to release any information to a third party, the patient must sign a form that includes: -The name of the medical facility or practice that is releasing the information -The name of the individual who is going to receive the information -The patient's full name -The specific information that is going to be released -The purpose for the information -The date of the signature -The date the consent will expire -The signature of a witness to the patient signing the form

Deepest skin layer

Contains fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and connective tissue to help cushion organs and insulate the body

Continuous

Continuous body temperature is fairly constant over 24 hours and above the patient's normal baseline. This is seen in fevers indicating an infection.

Conversion Disorder

Conversion disorder is often called hysteria. Symptoms include paralysis, tremors, mutism, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, temporary blindness, or seizures. These all tend to create an escape from the situation. The symptoms typically go away after the stressful situation has passed. Treatment involves psychotherapy.

Overcompensation

Converting unconscious wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous or unacceptable into their opposites. Behavior that is completely the opposite of what one really wants or feels. Overcompensation is often referred to as reaction formation

Craniosacral Therapy

Craniosacral therapy includes applying gentle pressure to the areas of the craniosacral system. This system includes the skull, face, mouth, spine, sacrum, connecting membranes for the cranium and sacrum, and cerebrospinal fluid. The goal is to create tension in these areas to promote central nervous system health and to create a general state of relaxation. There is no licensing required to practice craniosacral therapy, although practitioners must have appropriate training and pass practical and written exams.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Created the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard

Obstetrical History

Date of the last menstrual period (LMP) Age at the onset of menses (menarche) Frequency and duration of menstrual periods Estimated amount of blood loss during periods (slight, moderate, heavy) Pain, if any during menstrual period Total number of pregnancies Number of live births (fetus born alive and of gestational age of viability) Number of multiple pregnancies Number of still births Number of miscarriages or abortions (spontaneous or induced) Infants born with congenital defects Age at cessation of menses (menopause) Surgical procedures, if any History of any sexually transmitted disease Dates of last mammogram and Pap smear Medications, including birth control pills (BCP), vitamins, and aspirin Method of contraception Breastfeeding, if there is a history of previous pregnancies Blood type

Dementia

Dementia refers to reduced mental or cognitive functioning after age 18. There are many causes including Alzheimer's disease, vascular compromise resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrients to the brain, traumatic insult, and the general aging process.

Diagnostic Drugs

Designed to help the physician diagnose the disease. For example, when a radiologist uses a contrast material in diagnostic imaging, the medication can help make certain parts of the image more visible.

Curative Drugs

Designed to intervene in the disease process and to cure or improve the patient's condition. An example is an antibiotic designed to destroy the pathogens causing an infection.

Prophylactic

Designed to maintain a healthy state by preventing disease. Examples include childhood immunizations for measles or mumps and the flu vaccine.

Replacement Drugs

Designed to restore the patient's normal body substance, element, or chemical that is deficient or not being produced. An example is a thyroid hormone replacement prescribed when a patient has had his thyroid removed.

Therapeutic Drugs

Designed to treat and relieve symptoms caused by a disease or disorder. An example is a medication designed to relieve pain.

Cryosurgery

Destruction of tissue using extreme cold

Electrocautery

Destruction of tissue with an electric current

Cardiac Catheterization

Diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is threaded through a major artery back to the heart through the aorta. The catheter may be threaded into the left ventricle or into the coronary arteries

D & C

Dilation and curettage

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is caused by the bacteria Corneybacterium and is spread by airborne droplets from the respiratory tract. It can damage the heart and central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include a false membrane in the throat that develops and interferes with breathing.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Dutch tradesman and scientist, known as the Father of Microbiology, first microbiologist, his work to look at microbes resulted in the microscope

The Cancer Prevention Lifestyle

Eliminate all tobacco products Avoid second-hand smoke and other carcinogens Avoid promiscuous sexual behavior Do not share needles Eat several servings of fruits and vegetables each day Limit intake of alcoholic beverages Exercise regularly and maintain a normal weight Conduct monthly self-examinations for lumps and abnormal lesions Inspect skin regularly for changes in pigmentation, lesions, and abnormal growths Apply sunscreen prior to sun exposure and wear protective hats and clothing in the sun

Emptying Waste Receptacles

Empty the waste receptacles frequently and use a disinfectant spray to kill any pathogens.

Compensation

Encountering failure or frustration in some sphere of activity, one overemphasizes another

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a situation in which the endometrial tissue is displaced to other tissue in the reproductive system or into the abdominal cavity, where it implants and grows. The displaced tissue continues to respond to hormonal changes and causes pain. Attacks tend to subside after menopause. Diagnosis is by pelvic examination and laparoscopy. Treatment involves hormones, surgical removal of the ovaries, and D&C.

Female Fertility test

Testing the female's fertility is a more complicated process and can be costly. Many issues can reduce fertility. Sufficient hormone production, adequate uterine lining, health and size of the uterus and cervix, movement of the ovum through the fallopian tube, quality of cervical mucus, etc. are all potential impediments to fertility. Any problem or dysfunction in the female reproductive system can potentially cause infertility. The physician will order blood work to test for hormone levels and assess the structure and function of the reproductive organs. A laparoscopy can be performed to view the internal reproductive organs from a surgical incision in the abdomen. There are treatments depending upon the conditions found. Most fertility testing and treatment is not covered by insurance and can be very costly.

Hemoglobin A1C

Testing used to analyze a patient's blood glucose level over a 3-month period. Normal A1C is less than 5.7 percent. A higher percentage indicates a higher blood glucose level.

Sign

That which can be seen, heard, measured, or felt by the examiner

Anterposterior view (PA)

The AP view refers to the view seen when the central ray is directed from front to back

Universal Precautions

The CDC's original guidelines for preventing the transmission of AIDS and other blood-borne diseases

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord protected by the skull and spinal column of the skeletal system, respectively. The brain controls all functions in the body; the spinal column acts as a relay station and is responsible for the immediate reflexes of the body. Three layers of meninges cover the brain and spinal cord to provide an important layer of defense against injury. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows throughout the brain and length of the spinal column providing support and cushioning. CSF is produced in the ventricles.

Immune system

The body's second line of defense against infection by pathogens. The lymphatic system, part of the larger immune system, is a vascular system with lymph nodes positioned throughout the body. Lymph nodes serve as filters and remove pathogens from the blood as they pass. When lymph nodes are swollen, this is a sign that they are doing the filtration job. Eventually, the filtered pathogens are killed and reabsorbed into the body as harmless wastes

Aging: Cardiovascular System

In the cardiovascular system, plaque begins to build up in the vessel on the vessel wall causing the lumen of the vessel to narrow. The vessels also lose their elasticity so that they become more rigid. This causes an increase in blood pressure and an increased workload on the heart, which in turn, becomes enlarged and less efficient in the pump action. The heart then struggles to pump the blood holding nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic waste products around the body to where they are needed or eliminated. In some patients in which this process is severe, the patient develops cardiovascular disease that eventually impacts the lungs. Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs becomes more difficult. The higher blood pressure also impacts the kidneys and other organs leading to severe physical problems. Older adults also may experience orthostatic hypotension in which the body cannot adjust quickly enough to changing position. For example, when an older adult stands up too quickly, he or she could become light-headed and fall causing other injuries.

Physiology of the Eye

In the process of seeing, light refracts (bends) after it enters the sclera at the cornea. It then passes through the pupil. The choroid keeps the light from scattering. The rods and cones of the retina receive the light refraction image. The optic nerve then transmits the image through the thalamus of the brain to the vision region of the cerebral cortex. The image is actually upside down at this point, but the cerebral cortex of the brain inverts it.

The Incident Report Form

Incident reporting involves documenting unexpected events after they have occurred. Data from an incident report can then be used to track emerging trends or problems so they can be dealt with. Use an incident report for the following: -When a contaminated needlestick injury occurs -When wrong medication has been given -When a prescription pad is missing -When an accident occurs in the office -When an electrical shock occurs

Malignancies

Include lung cancers and cancer of the larynx. Symptoms can include obstructed airways that reduce the flow of oxygen into the lungs and ultimately the body. Smoking is a significant risk factor

Medical Records

Include: -Demographic info -Administrative info -COnsent docs -Clinical info -Lab docs -Diagnostic procedure reports -Hospital Docs -Therapeutic service reports

The circulatory system

Includes specific cells that play a major role in surrounding and destroying pathogens. These include leukocytes (white blood cells) and lymphocytes

Assessment

Includes the physician's diagnosis or nurses's assessment

Cultural Views of Aging: Indian

Indian elders are highly respected and looked to for counsel. They have authority in the family and community and control wealth and marriage of their children. It is important to care for the elderly and is thought to impact one's status in the afterlife.

CD4 count

Indicates the number of T cells; 1000/mm is a normal count, but does not indicate HIV infection

Hypochondriasis

Individuals with hypochondriasis report pain and symptoms that have no physiological basis. The individuals actually experience the symptoms and are not convinced when the medical test results show no pathology. Hypochondriacs tend to have an abnormal preoccupation with their state of health, which can be incapacitating. Treatment involves psychotherapy.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder experience unrelenting thoughts and obsessions accompanied by compulsive, repeated action. Examples of obsessive thoughts include sexual fantasies or harming others. Actions include repeated excessive handwashing, twitches, rolling up sleeves and rolling them down, etc. The actions tend to reduce the stress level. Treatment usually involves drug therapy and psychotherapy.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a delayed response to a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, war, terrorist attack, fire, rape, abuse, or any other event that caused serious compromise of personal safety. The onset may be immediate or delayed and symptoms include anxiety, denial of the event, fear of it reoccurring, nightmares, flashbacks, reduced appetite and weight loss, and loss of interest in normal activities. Many individuals simply isolate themselves. Treatment involves psychotherapy and drug therapy to help regain normal sleeping patterns.

Inflammation

Inflammation can occur in many of the accessory organs, including the pancreas (pancreatitis), the gallbladder (cholecystitis), and the liver (cirrhosis). The physician will treat each disorder depending upon the severity and cause.

Phases of normal wound healing

Inflammatory phase: - Blood serum and cells form a network of fibrin in the wound. - A clot forms, filling in the wound and bringing the edges together with shreds of fibrin. - A scab begins to form. Granulation phase (also called fibroblastic phase): - A network of granulation tissue absorbs fluid. - Epithelial cells begin to form from the edge of the wound. - A scar begins to form. Contraction phase (also called maturation phase): - Small blood vessels are absorbed and fibroblasts contract. - The scar shrinks and becomes lighter in color.

Functions of the Gastrointestinal System

Ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption, elimination

Natural Immunity

Inherited

Intermittent

Intermittent body temperature includes several bouts of high temperature interrupted by periods of normal body temperature. This is often seen in malaria and other infections.

Internal Bleeding

Internal bleeding is a life-threatening bleeding of internal organs or tissues. Although you may be able to see bruising or skin discoloration, there may be no obvious signs on the body. Other physical signs include tenderness and swelling at the site of the injury. The patient may also show signs of shock, nausea and vomiting, extreme thirst, anxiety, and a drop in blood pressure. Eventually, the person will lose consciousness if the bleeding is not stopped. Inform the physician and call EMS. Treat the patient for shock.

Laryngitis

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx, or voice box. It causes the voice to be raspy or may cause the patient to lose his or her voice altogether. Causes include cold or flu, acid reflux, overuse of the voice, or allergies. It can also be a sign of cancer, polyps, or damage. Physicians treat the cause to treat laryngitis.

Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is caused by lead in the environment. It can affect the child's physical and mental development. Children can be poisoned by eating or coming in contact with lead-based paint, water from lead pipes, lead salts in foods, ceramic food containers painted with lead-based paint, food grown in contaminated soil, and older vinyl mini-blinds. The neurological damage cannot be reversed. Symptoms include loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability, difficulty walking, stumbling, anemia, weakness, colic, peripheral neuritis, mental retardation, headache, stupor, convulsions, and coma. Treatment involves removing the source, using chelating agents to remove lead from the blood, and treating the symptoms.

Leukemia

Leukemia is an abnormal increase in white blood cells. The symptoms include fatigue, aching, infection, and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves chemotherapy and bone-marrow transplant.

Common Disinfectants: Hydrogen peroxide

Level of Disinfection: low Common Names and Uses: Hydrogen peroxide. Used to clean objects or surfaces not intended for human contact.

Common Disinfectants: Chlorine and compounds

Level of Disinfection: low Common Names and Uses: Sodium hypochlorite, also known as household bleach. Recommended by OSHA to clean blood spills. Used also as a surface disinfectant. Usually diluted to 1 part bleach to 10 parts water.

Common Disinfectants: Alcohol Isopropyl

Level of Disinfection: low to intermediate Common Names and Uses: Isopropyl alcohol. Used to disinfect rubber tops of vials, stethoscopes, percussion hammers.

Mucous membrane

Line body cavities and passages serving as barriers to microorganisms. The secretions produced inhibit microbial growth

Liquid Oxygen

Liquid oxygen is called cryogenic liquid. When oxygen is liquefied, it has a boiling point of -297.3°F. This type of oxygen is much less bulky than gas form and costs less to store. A typical storage system consists of a cryogenic storage tank with an inner and outer shell, a vaporizer, a pressure control system, and piping necessary to fill, vaporize and supply the oxygen.

Bone Classifications

Long bones are found in the thigh, lower leg, upper arm, lower arm, and digits. Short bones are found in the wrists and ankles allowing very specific movement. Flat bones include the scapulae, ribs, and pelvic bones. Irregular bones include all other bones such as the patella and vertebrae. Where bones come together, there is a joint. Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments, and muscles are attached to bones via tendons. Together these elements make movement possible. Bones also serve as a repository for calcium and other minerals. When calcium levels in the blood become low, the body pulls additional calcium from bones to increase the blood levels. The blood then circulates the calcium throughout the body.

Levels of Disinfection

Low-level Disinfection: Low-level disinfection kills most bacteria and viruses but does not kill pathogens such as tuberculosis bacilli or bacterial spores. This level is used for surfaces such as exam tables, countertops, and walls. Noncritical items that do not touch the patient or touch only intact skin can be cleaned at this level. A higher level is required if there is any possible contamination by blood or body fluids. Intermediate-level Disinfection: Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses and bacteria, and tuberculosis bacilli, but cannot kill bacterial spores. This level is used for articles that come in contact with skin but not with mucous membranes. Examples include blood pressure cuffs and stethoscopes. High-level Disinfection: High-level disinfection kills all microorganisms except bacterial spores. It is used for articles that come in contact with mucous membranes. Examples include equipment used in the oral cavity, throat, and vagina.

Medical Records Technician

Maintains record of patient care by compiling, reviewing, and filing documentation of a patient's condition, treatment, and health outcome.

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder is referred to as depression. The patient experiences overwhelming sadness, hopelessness, and despair and often has difficulty sleeping and has no appetite. Patents report feelings of worthlessness and may frequently think about suicide as a way to escape their intolerable situation. There is no specific cause for this disorder; however, it is believed to be related to chemical imbalances in the neurotransmitters of the brain, specifically, serotonin. A depressive state may be triggered by a major, negative life event. Depressive disorder is treated with antidepressant medications, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclics, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). A downside of the medications is that they often have serious and undesirable side effects and take several days to take effect.

Measles

Measles is also referred to as rubeola. It is a viral infection spread by airborne droplets. Symptoms include a fine rash over the body, fever, malaise, eye problems, Otitis, pneumonia and encephalitis.

Routine Visits: Well-Baby Checks

Measure weight and height and compare to national norms Measure head and chest circumference and compare to national norms Take temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure (in older children) Test range of motion of limbs, head, and neck Test pupil reaction Check ears, nose, and throat Check cardiac and respiratory status Palpate abdomen

Visual Acuity Measurement

Measures a person's ability to read letters on a special chart at a specific distance. The test assesses the degree of eye injury or disease process and establishes a baseline so that the physician can monitor any disease present or the effectiveness of treatment. The test uses Snellen charts that come in many forms and languages.

Lung volume measurement

Measures the inhalation capacity of the lungs, which is an important component of many lung diseases.

Medical Assistant: Obstetrics and Gynecology

Medical assistants in the OB/GYN office assist with obtaining the patient history, particularly OB/GYN-related information. They also measure vital signs and assist with numerous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including pelvic exams and obtaining Pap smears and other specimens. Additionally, you may be expected to instruct patients in breast self-exams and in nutritional information related to pregnancy and lactation or breastfeeding. Prenatal visits involve obtaining and recording the patient's weight and blood pressure and checking a urine specimen for protein and glucose. Urine pregnancy tests are also performed when pregnancy is indicated or when the patient complains of vaginal bleeding. For pregnant and new mothers, you may be asked to provide the patient information and community resources related to labor and delivery, prenatal classes, and caring for newborns.

Psychiatrists

Medical doctor or physician specializing in the medical treatment of mental illness

Body planes

Medical terminology describes the body in planes.

Endosteum

Membrane lining the inner portion and marrow cavity of the bone

The Menstrual Cycle

Menarche signals the beginning of the female's reproductive capability. Hormones control the development, maturation, and release of ova for fertilization and the subsequent implantation into the wall of the uterus. If the male's sperm does not fertilize the ovum or the zygote (fertilized egg) is not implanted, the endometrial lining is shed as menstrual flow to prepare the uterus for the next potential pregnancy. Normal menstruation is based on a 28-day cycle. The onset of a menstrual period is considered the first day of the cycle. The menstrual period normally lasts around five days. This duration is followed by the repair of the endometrium, the release of estrogen, and the maturation of another ovum during days 6 to 13. On about day 14, luteinizing hormone is secreted and the ovarian follicle ruptures. This is called ovulation. The follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum. Estrogen and large amounts of progesterone cause the endometrium and uterine blood vessels to thicken to prepare for pregnancy. The ovum moves through the fallopian tube. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates and levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. Menses begins again. Menopause is the cessation of menses and occurs between the ages of 45 and 55.

Meningocele

Meningocele is a congenital hernia that results in the meninges protruding through a defect in the skull or spinal column. The child has an apparent bulging over the spinal column, typically in the lumbar region. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening in the vertebral column.

Tzanck Test

Microscopic examination of tissue scraped from a pustule and stained, this procedure allows for identification of the type of viral infection involved

Mind-Body Interventions

Mind-body interventions focus on ways in which a person's mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health directly affect his or her physiological health. Examples include cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, prayer, meditation, and therapies incorporating art, music, and dance.

Electronic Health Record

Most offices now use electronic health record systems that allow for electronic entry of data as well as multiple ways to view the data for the patient record. Physicians and other office staff can enter information directly into the electronic record using computers and tablet computers.

Mammogram Screening

Most physicians recommend annual mammograms after age 40; however, the physician may suggest a different schedule depending upon the patient's medical history, presenting symptoms, and family history.

Mucus vs Mocous

Mucus is a noun. It refers to the thick fluid secreted by a mucous membrane to lubricate tissues and help prevent microbial growth. Mucous is an adjective used to describe a noun as in mucous membrane.

Mumps

Mumps is also called infectious parotitis. It is caused by a virus that spreads by direct contact with salivary secretions of the infected person. It can cause sterilitiy in males if contracted as an adult. Symptoms included swollen parotid glands, fever, diarrhea, malaise, and difficulty swallowing.

Myelomeningocele

Myelomeningocele is a form of spina bifida in which a portion of the spinal cord and membranes protrude through the vertebral column. Most patients require intensive physical care and often do not survive into adolescence. Symptoms include a deformity in the lumbar region of the spinal column, paralysis, and loss of bowel and bladder function. Treatment involves surgery to protect the exposed spinal nerves and cord and supportive care.

Nasal Speculum

Nasal speculums come in several shapes and sizes and are used to examine the nasal areas. They are also used in operations.

Naturopathy

Naturopathy is an approach to healthcare that helps the body heal itself by treating psychological, physical, and genetic factors in addition to the disease process. Practitioners are called naturopaths. They use several approaches including nutritional and lifestyle counseling, acupuncture, exercise, hydrotherapy, osteopathy, homeopathy, herbal medicine, and other therapies. Naturopaths are licensed primary care practitioners. They assess the patient to determine the illness, provide education to the patient about how to live a healthier lifestyle, and then select the best treatment for the specific illness. They may refer the patient to other healthcare professionals if necessary. Practitioners are required to become a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (ND) after completing four years of naturopathic medical school. Some states require passing a state or national board examination.

Anatomy and Physiology of Cognitive Functioning

Nerve cells are called neurons. They form an intricate and highly complex network through which electrical impulses flow. Neurons connect with each other at a point called the synapse. Between each connection is a tiny space, called the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter substances are released from vesicles at the end of one neuron and float across the synaptic cleft. When they get to the receptor site on the end of the next neuron, they start the impulse in the new neuron. In this way, the electrical impulse is propagated from one neuron to the next. Dysfunction of the brain can involve the neurons, the neurotransmitter substances, or the receptor sites. All physical movement, unconscious action by the organs, and thought, feelings, emotions, and behavior are controlled by the movement of the electrical impulses moving along the neurons and across the synaptic clefts between neurons.

Fomites

Nonliving objects that may transmit infectious material

Pulse Ranges

Normal heart beats 60-100 bmp Newborn: 130-160 Infant: 110-130 Children 1-7: 80-120 Children over 7 years: 80-90 Adults: 60-80 Elderly Adults: 50-70

Nutritional Aspects of Aging

Nutrition is critical in the care for all individuals, but especially for geriatric patients. In general, nutritional status tends to decline with age for several reasons: Loss of teeth and poorly fitting dentures Decreased secretions and slower digestive processes Diminished taste Isolation Reduced financial resources Depression

Hepatitis B Vaccinations

OSHA requires that medical facilities offer the Hepatitis B vaccinations to every healthcare worker at no charge and within 20 days of starting their employment. The facility must also provide education about the benefits of the vaccination. The employee can accept or decline the offer. Employees who decline the offer must sign a form saying so and may accept the offer at a later time.

Training and Record Keeping

OSHA standards require that employers train their employees about the occupational risk of exposure to infectious substances. This training must occur in the first 90 days of employment and then again annually. Employers must keep training documentation to be in compliance with OSHA.

OSHA

OSHA stands for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It was established by Congress to regulate worker safety on the job in all industries, including the healthcare industry. It aims to reduce the hazards to workers in every type of work setting and also maintains health programs for employees as well as monitors and enforces its regulations.

Paraplegia

Paraplegia is the loss of sensation and motor activity of the lower trunk and lower extremities and is caused when the spinal cord is injured at the lumbar or thoracic region. The patient may be limited in walking or moving the lower limbs or this may be completely impossible. The patient may also lose control of bowel and bladder function depending upon exactly where the cord is damaged.

Eye Shields

Patients wear eye shields when the lower jaw or larynx is X-rayed.

Gonadal Shield

Patients wear gonadal shields when the abdomen is X-rayed.

Half Apron

Patients wear half aprons when the chest is X-rayed.

Gloves

Patients wear lead gloves when their hands are exposed to the radiation.

Physically Challenged Patients

Patients who are physically challenged may need special assistance (or may not need special assistance) with certain activities. As a rule, it is best to ask patients if they need assistance before helping

Petit Mal Seisures

Petit mal seizures are fleeting periods of unconsciousness. These are common in children who have petit mal epilepsy. The seizure is so fleeting that they often go unnoticed and the person may appear to be staring into space or blinking.

Voice Tone

Pleasant, confident, and projecting your intentions

Aromatherapy

Practiced for thousands of years across many cultures, aromatherapy uses essential oils extracted from flowers and herbs. Originally, aromatic plants were burned to drive out evil spirits and to purify the air. The modern concept of aromatherapy focuses on the autonomic nervous system and stimulates the release of chemicals responsible for relaxation and pain reduction. Some essential oils have antibacterial or anti-inflammatory properties and others are prescribed for relief of symptoms of colds, flu, sinusitis, migraine headaches, insomnia, digestive problems, and muscle pain. Other oils are used for depression, relief of nausea, and improving mental alertness. There are no licensing requirements or accrediting boards for the practice of aromatherapy in the United States, although many schools have their own certification standards.

Alternative Medicine

Practiced in place of conventional medical treatment. Alternative medicine uses methods of diagnosis and treatment differing from conventional medicine. Many of these techniques have been used for centuries and originated in cultures all over the world. Common examples of alternative medicine include homeopathic and naturopathic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and Ayurveda.

Blood pressure

Pressure the blood exerts on the vessel walls as a result of the pumping action of the heart

Triage

Prioritizing patient needs by assessing symptoms, situations, and external factors and arranging patients according to most immediate need

Sweat Test

Procedure to determine the level of chloride in the skin (high skin chloride can occur in some diseases)

AsepsisBody Substance Isolation (BSI)

Procedures, equipment, and supplies used to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases by preventing direct contact with all body substances such as blood, body fluids, drainage, feces, urine, sputum, and saliva

Projection

Projection refers to the path of the central rays from the source through the object

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive screening test to measure the oxygen saturation (O2 sat) of the tissues. Physicians use the results to analyze symptoms of cardiovascular and respiratory distress problems.

Radiation therapy

Radiation X-rays are used both to diagnose and to treat cancer. In cancer treatment, the radioactive material is injected or implanted into the body with the goal of destroying tumors while protecting healthy tissue. Additionally, focused X-rays are used to destroy the cancer cells by a radiation oncologist using highly specialized equipment. In this method, healthy cells are also destroyed.

Hormone Therapy and Immunotherapy

Hormone therapy can be effective in hormone-dependent cancers such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. The oncologist can order drugs to suppress hormone synthesis or drugs to block the action of hormones. Hormone producing glands can also be surgically removed. Each procedure is used for a specific type of cancer depending upon the mechanism of action of the cancer itself. Immunotherapy is also known as biotherapy and is typically used in combination with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to enhance the body's immune system to help it fight cancer. Immunotherapy includes cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibody therapy, and nonspecific immunotherapy, primary immunotherapy, and adjuvant immunotherapy. Nonspecific immunotherapy can be used as the primary treatment¸ but is often used as assistive therapy to other cancer treatments. Cytokines are used in this treatment. These are naturally occurring hormones that regulate the growth and activity of the blood and immune system cells and can boost the immune system and reduce the side effects of other cancer treatments.

Tropic Hormones

Hormones that send messages to other glands that will in turn secrete other hormones

Hospice Considerations

Hospice is the holistic care of terminally ill patients in a home or home-like setting. The goal of hospice is to provide quality, palliative care to patients during the final phase of life. Hospice staff assist not only the patient, but the patient's family. The healthcare professionals manage the disease symptoms, administer medications, and provide nutritional support. Pain management is an important focus as is the emotional and spiritual well-being of the patient. Hospice professionals work as a team to aid the patient and family. These team members include the physician, nurse, chaplain, social worker, home health care workers and volunteers. They work to address the physical, social, emotional, and financial support to the patient and family.

Housekeeping and Laundry Decontamination

Housekeeping employees must receive specific OSHA-required training and immunization protection against selected pathogens. All employees must follow OSHA standards related to housekeeping and laundry decontamination procedures.

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy is also called water therapy and is used to increase flexibility and strength and to accelerate the healing process. It is also used with patients who cannot withstand more rigorous exercise regiments. In conventional medicine, hydrotherapy is used as a part of physical therapy. Patients use swimming pools, saunas, steam baths, whirlpools, Jacuzzis, and hot tubs as well as hot and cold packs, ice massages, and moist heat packs. Hydrotherapy by heat stimulates circulation and relaxes the muscles and by cold can help reduce swelling and pain. Some hydrotherapy treatments are designed to induce hyperthermia or high body heat in which the body develops a fever, inhibits the reproduction of microorganisms, and increases antibody production. This therapy has not been proven to be effective and should not be used on the very old or very young.

Hypersensitivities and Allergic Reactions

Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions occur when the immune system tries to fight off foreign substances. The result is inflammation and organ dysfunction. Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated histamine and other types of immune system response to the foreign substance. An allergic reaction develops after repeated exposure to the antigen over time. Allergic reactions include many symptoms, depending upon the severity of the reaction.

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia, sometimes called heat stroke, is a serious condition caused by prolonged exposure to extremely hot temperatures and dehydration. The body goes into shock, and the body temperature increases to 105°F or higher. The skin becomes dry, red, and hot to the touch because the body loses its ability to sweat as a means to cool itself. Eventually, the person will suffer severe brain damage and die. To treat hyperthermia, loosen clothing and cool the body down as quickly as possible by pouring cool water over the victim or sponging with a cool, wet cloth. This is a medical emergency and you should notify the physician and EMS.

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation involves quick, shallow breathing or rapid, deep breathing resulting in decreasing carbon dioxide in the blood. The blood vessels and blood pressure decrease. The patient may experience these symptoms. Encourage the patient to breathe slowly. It may be helpful to have the patient breathe into an oxygen mask, to breathe out of only one nostril, or to breathe into a paper bag. Breathing air with a higher concentration of carbon dioxide tends to slow breathing. Chest tightness Cardiac palpitations Rapid pulse Deep sighing breaths Anxiety Tetany

Hypothermia

Hypothermia results from prolonged exposure to cold or cold water causing the core body temperature to drop below 95°F. The victim first feels cold, and then begins to shiver. The victim then begins to feel numb and tingles over the body, especially extremities. The skin is cool to touch with a blue or ashy tinge. Respirations become slow and shallow. The victim becomes disoriented and eventually loses consciousness. Body functions and organs slow until they shut down. Treatment involves warming the body. It is important to remove any cold, wet clothing and wrap the victim in warm blankets. Heat packs can be used as long as they are not placed directly on the skin. When the victim is fully conscious, he or she can drink warm liquids. This is an emergency condition and the patient should be seen by a physician.

Hyrdocephalus

Hyrdocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain and skull. It results from a developmental error, trauma, infection, or blood clot that develops during or after delivery. Surgery is possible and if done before neurological damage occurs, the child may have good prognosis. Symptoms include an enlargement of the skull with bulging fontanelles. Often a shunt is surgically inserted into the skull to drain the excess fluid into the circulatory system.

Myelography

Imaging using contrast medium to assess damage or abnormalities of the spinal cord uses both fluoroscopic and radiographic technologies to examine the spinal subarachnoid space. Air and a dye (contrast medium) are injected into the space at the lumbar region to examine abnormalities in that area. Today, MRIs are used more often; however, if the patient has a metal plate or a pacemaker, an MRI cannot be used and the patient must be examined using myelography.

Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Radiation and chemotherapy have reduced the need for radical surgery, although surgery is still the best option in many situations. The downside of radiation and chemotherapy drugs is the array of side effects that must be monitored and managed. Pain management is a major concern. Physicians will prescribe analgesics and noninvasive procedures. Radiation and chemotherapy include very toxic drugs and procedures and can even increase the risk of other malignancies, such as lymphomas and leukemia, especially in children. Children also face growth retardation and cognitive impairment when treated for cancer at a young age.

Hazard Communication Program

In order for hazards to be recognized by health workers, there must be acceptable and understandable labeling on all hazards. Commonly labeled hazards in medical facilities include: -Storage containers and refrigerators that hold regulated infectious waste require an orange or orange-red biohazard label -Radioactive waste occurs as a by-product of nuclear medicine or radiation therapy and must be labeled as such -Medical offices are required to inventory all toxic substances used in the facility. Each must be labeled with an MSDS label. Employees must read each MSDS and initial a form enabling the employer to provide evidence that all employees have read the MSDS. When you initial the form, you accept the responsibility for the correct handling of the hazardous substance.

sports massage

In sports massage, the massage therapist applies therapeutic massage before, during, and after the patient engages in sports activity. The goal of sports massage is to loosen the muscles and relieve fatigue before a sporting event and to maintain peak performance, reduce muscle tension, promote flexibility, relieve swelling or edema, and prevent injuries. This is a common therapy with elite athletes and sports teams.

Cultural Views of Aging: Chinese

In the Chinese culture, grandparents tend to be close with their children and grandchildren. The eldest son typically cares for aging parents and it is considered shameful to not provide this care.

Cultural Views of Aging: Japanese

In the Japanese culture, it is thought that parents take care of children and then children take care of parents when the time comes. Elders are looked to as counselors, but do not have family duties. They are taken care of by their children and often take care of their grandchildren which is seen by the elderly as an honor.

Cultural Views of Aging: Latino

In the Latino culture, the elderly are viewed as important to tie younger generations to the family culture and heritage. The daughters are expected to care for elderly parents. Typically, the elderly do not live with their children, but do expect to be cared for. They actively help with the needs of the family.

Diagnostic Procedures

Radiograph is an X-ray of the bone and surrounding tissue CT Scan takes a cross-sectional image to help visualize fine details of the tissue Arthrogram uses a fluoroscope and contrast medium to view the internal aspects of a joint Myelogram uses an injection of a contrast medium into the spinal canal to diagnose intervertebral disc disorders Bone Scan is an imaging technique to evaluate the bone density and view other abnormalities of bone tissue Electromyogram (EMG) is a diagnostic test that measures the muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation in order to assess the nervous conduction of the muscle and surrounding nerves Bone and Muscle Biopsy removes tissue samples to identify cancerous and benign neoplasms and other pathogenic conditions of muscle and bone Blood Tests look for increased or decreased levels of blood calcium, phosphorus, or alkaline phosphatase to diagnose various bone and muscle diseases

Radiographic Positioning Terms

Radiography uses specific position terms in addition to body planes and body positions.

Reflexology

Reflexology aims to restore the natural energy flow of the entire body by stimulating the specific reflex points on the foot or hand. The practitioner applies pressure to these points to restore function to the body areas connected to each point. There is no state licensing requirements for the practice of reflexology. Practitioners can be certified by completing an appropriate program and passing a written and practical exam.

Relapsing

Relapsing fever occurs for five to seven days and then the body temperature returns to normal for the subsequent five to seven days. This is a sign of a fever caused by a pathogen.

Remittent

Remittent body temperature shows significant fluctuations in a 24-hour period, but never falls to normal body temperature.

Biopsy

Removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to facilitate diagnosis

Rhytidectomy

Removal of excess skin to eliminate wrinkles

Laser Therapy

Removal of lesions and birthmarks using a heated laser at close range

Curettage

Removal of surface/minor skin leasions with a curette

Cleaning Equipment

Remove used or soiled equipment and appropriately disinfect or sterilize according to the office protocol.

Debridement

Removing dead tissue or foreign material from a wound

Respiratory Distress

Respiratory distress can have many causes including reaction to a long-term debilitating disease, anaphylactic shock, asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, and trauma. Signs and symptoms are included here. Treatment involves removing any obstruction or medication, depending upon the cause. For individuals with a previous diagnosis and who have an inhaler, assist them in taking the medication. Acute anxiety with gasping breaths Bradypnea Cyanosis Failure of the chest to rise and fall with breathing Nasal flaring Pursing of the lips Noisy breathing Tachypnea

Pathological fracture

Results of insult to diseased or weakened bone that normally would not cause a fracture in healthy bone tissue Any bone, particularly of the spine and hips

Rhinitis

Rhinitis is an irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the nose. Symptoms include stuffy nose, runny nose, and post-nasal drip. The most common form of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis triggered by allergens in the air. It can also be caused by bacteria and viruses.

Decontamination Methods

Sanitization: Sanitization inhibits bacterial growth or inactivates pathogens, but does not destroy microorganisms. Sanitization is used to remove contaminated materials from equipment or instruments. Disinfection: Disinfection destroys or inhibits pathogens, but does not kill spores and some viruses. It is used to clean surfaces and equipment for noninvasive procedures. Disinfection may also be used to clean some equipment that may be damaged by sterilization in an autoclave. Sterilization: Sterilization destroys all living forms of pathogens, including spores. When you sterilize equipment and establish a sterile field, you have created a microorganism-free environment preventing contamination by pathogens. Sterilization of equipment is done in an autoclave.

Oliguria

Scanty urine output

Mental Disorder Classifications

Schizophrenia Mood disorders Personality disorders Anxiety disorders Somatoform disorders Gender identity disorders Dementia Mental disorders of childhood Substance-related disorders

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia involves disordered and disorganized thinking, inappropriate affect, unpredictable behavior, and visual or auditory hallucinations. The affected person is often out of touch with reality and does not function well in society and normal situations. Researchers really do not have a good understanding the causes of schizophrenia, but believe that heredity, environment, and stress are significant factors. Psychiatrists treat schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications to control symptoms. Schizophrenia often has a devastating affect on the family and friends of the patient.

Psychology

Science dealing with normal and abnormal mental processes and behavior

Abrasion

Scrape of the skin due to something abrasive

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) occurs during the winter months where there are short days and limited sunlight. Symptoms include excessive sleepiness and sleeping for long periods, increased appetite and weight gain, heightened anxiety, and loss of energy. Treatments include phototherapy (light therapy) to increase the melatonin production in the skin and exposure to as much natural daylight as possible. Patients may also need antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or supplemental melatonin, if the condition is severe.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Level 2

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Level 4

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Shingles

Shingles is caused by the herpes varicella-zoster virus becoming active in the body and attacking the nerve. This occurs in individuals who have had the chickenpox earlier in life. The virus is dormant, but present and activation is often associated with stress. The patient experiences intense pain and small blisters along the nerve path typically in the lower extremities and lower back on one side of the body. Drug therapy includes antiviral medications, steroids, analgesics, sedatives, and antipyretics. The condition usually goes away in a month or so.

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Similar to Bell's palsy, trigeminal neuralgia occurs suddenly and is usually limited to one side of the body. The face is affected due to the infection of the fifth cranial nerve, called the trigeminal nerve. The pain is extreme and intermittent. Treatment involves analgesic drug therapy and potentially surgical intervention to cut the nerve.

Sinusitus

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. Symptoms include bad breath, loss of smell, cough that worsens at night, fatigue, malaise, fever, headache, facial tenderness, nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, and postnasal drip. Common treatments are designed to reduce congestion and treat the cause of the infection. Antibiotics are not typically needed. Most infections cure without treatment.

Follicle

Small hollow or cavity with secretory functions

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft-tissue trauma involves skin and underlying tissues. If the wound is closed, the skin is not broken; however, there may be bleeding into the surrounding tissue. There may be significant swelling of the area as well. Crush injuries are special soft-tissue injuries resulting from a force applied to the tissue and can involve damage of tissue, nerves, and organs. For soft tissue injuries, elevate the limb above the heart and apply cold compresses. Immobilize the joint above and below the injury. Monitor vital signs and the patient's appearance and treat for shock as needed. EMS may be required.

Somatization Disorder

Somatization disorder is one in which there is pain or physical symptoms of illness in more than four body regions or systems with no pathology to cause the symptoms. Patients tend to have chronic, recurring, multiple complaints and these often begin before age 30. Patients are treated using psychotherapy.

Informed Consent

Special procedures, including surgical procedures, require an informed consent. The informed consent documents that the provider informs the patient about the following information related to the procedure: -The patient's diagnosis (if it is known) -The description of the procedure and its purpose -The expected outcome and advantages of the procedure -The risks involved with the procedure -The possible negative outcomes of the procedure -The risks involved if the procedure is not done -Any alternative procedures that might apply to the situation along with the risks and advantages of this alternative The patient must sign the document containing this information after discussing the procedure with the provider. Signing documents indicates that the patient understands what is going to happen and any risks. In a medical office, there are many diagnostic procedures and minor surgical procedures along with administration of blood, blood products, and chemotherapy that require informed consent.

Spina bifida occulta

Spina bifida occulta describes a set of conditions that occur when the neural tube fails to close during fetal development. The infant has a dimpling or depression of skin over the affected lumbar region often with a tuft of hair on the skin. There is no intervention, although the physician will closely watch the child for any signs of neurological symptoms. The spinal cord and nervous system are typically not involved and in many cases, there are no symptoms. Some physicians refer to the developmental disorder as vertebral fusion defect to avoid confusion with the serious disorder of spina bifida.

Spirometer

Spirometry allows you to obtain baseline information about the patient's normal breathing, deep inhaling, and deep exhaling so that the physician can compare it to the progression of a disease of the respiratory system.

Sputum Cultures

Sputum specimens from the patient can help the physician diagnose various respiratory infections. There are several different techniques for obtaining the sputum. Deep pulmonary sputum specimens are obtained by deep thoracic coughing, stimulation, or suctioning. It is important that sputum, not saliva, is obtained for the test, so training is required to ensure that the test is performed properly. This specimen collection is not within the scope of practice of the medical assistant. Sputum samples are also used for cytology to diagnose lung carcinomas and for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) to test for tuberculosis.

Mayo stand

Stand that holds a flat metal tray for setting up a sterile field for instruments and supplies; usually has an open side that allows it to be moved over a gurney or table

Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a series of repetitive seizures during which the patient does not regain consciousness. This is a medical emergency and requires prompt intervention. Diagnosis of epilepsy is based on the patient's history of seizure activity as well as results of an EEG, MRI, and CT scan. Treatment involves drug therapy with anticonvulsants and education about the condition. Counseling is also recommended. There is no cure for epilepsy. Many patients can live long, productive lives if they respond to drug therapy.

Cold sterilization

Sterilization with a chemical sterilant, performed when heat cannot be used

Schedule III Substances (C-III)

Substance with accepted medical use and lower abuse potential that Schedule I or Schedule II controlled substances. Prescriptions may be refilled five times within six months with physician authorization -Combination drugs containing lower amounts of narcotics or stimulants, including Tylenol with codeine

Schedule II Substances (C-II)

Substances with accepted medical use and high potential for abuse. No refills without a new physician-written prescription. -Narcotics, including Demerol, morphine, codeine, Dilaudid, Oxycodone -Amphetamines, including Dexadrine, Ritalin -Cocaine -Short-acting barbiturates, including phenobarbital, amobarbital, Seconal

Schedule IV Substances (C-IV)

Substances with accepted medical use and less potential for abuse than Schedule III substances. May be refilled five times within six months with physician authorization. -Anti-anxiety drugs including Xanax, Valium, Librium -Sedative hypnotics including Dalmane, Restoril, Halcion. Ambien, Versed

Schedule V Substances (C-V)

Substances with accepted medical use and limited abuse potential. Prescription must be authorized by physician, and patient must be 18 years old and show identification. -Cough medicines with codeine, antidiarrheal medication such as Lomotil

Schedule I Substances (C-I)

Substances with no accepted medical use in the United States and high potential for abuse. Illegal to obtain or prescribe for use in the United States. -Narcotics, including heroin -Stimulants, including amphetamine variations and Ecstasy -Depressants -Hallucinogens, including LSD, mescaline, peyote -Cannabis, including marijuana

Acute Abdominal Pain

Sudden onset of acute abdominal pain may signal a serious underlying condition. A physical exam is required to determine the cause. The physician will assess each quadrant of the abdominal area to determine the organs that might be involved. Help the patient get into a comfortable position. Keep the patient warm and monitor vital signs frequently. Do not allow the patient to eat or drink or take pain medication. Some conditions may require surgery and there can be serious complications if the patient eats or drinks prior to surgery. The physician will also order laboratory and radiographic studies to assist in diagnosis of the problem.

Supination

Supination is the turning of the palm of the hand upward

Surgical removal

Surgeons attempt to physically remove the cancerous tumor with the goal of achieving negative margins around the tumor. This means that a certain amount of normal tissues is removed along with the tumor to ensure that the entire tumor is removed. If the margins are not clean, the likelihood of the tumor returning can be high. The surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the region for examination to determine if the cancer cells have entered the lymphatic system. Additionally, infected lymph nodes are typically removed along with the tumor. Palliative surgery has the goal of relieving pain or obstruction to control symptoms.

Emergency surgery

Surgery that must be performed immediately to save the person's life or a body organ

Lipectomy

Surgical removal of fat

Thyroparathyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Thyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid that necessitates permanent hormone (thyroid) replacement therapy

Tangenital

Tangential describes the path of the central ray along a body part as the part is seen in profile

ADA Title IV (Telecommunications)

Telecommunications companies offering telephone service to the general public must have telephone relay service to individuals who use telecommunication devices for the deaf (TTYs) or similar devices.

Tendon Problems

Tendons pose another area for joint damage. Tendons can be severed when the tissue is lacerated or severely torn resulting in immobility of the limb because the tendon attaches the muscle to the bone.

Thyroid Scan

Test employing the administration of a radioactive element to the thyroid gland, allowing for visualization and the detection of tumors, etc.

Radioactive Assay Test

Test measuring levels of hormones in the blood plasma.

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Test to determine blood sugar level where a measured dose of glucose is administered orally or intravenously and then followed by the testing of blood at specific intervals to determine the patient's ability to use glucose (for example, this test is used to determine insulin response in diabetic patients and to detect gestational diabetes in pregnant women)

Basal metabolic rate

Test to measure energy used during the resting state (somewhat outdated)

Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test (RAIU)

Testing involving the oral or intravenous administration of radioactive iodine and the subsequent measure of the uptake of the idodine into the thyroid gland, thereby determining thyroid function.

17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS)

Testing of urine to identify adrenocorticosteroid hormones and determine adrenal cortical function

17- Keosteroids (17-KS)

Testing of urine to measure the 17-KS present, can be used to diagnose adrenal tumors

Fractures

There are several types of fractures. A closed fracture does not break through the skin. An open fracture, or compound fracture, is one in which the skin is torn open by the bone. The break can be complete, twisted, or splintered. X-ray and other types of diagnostic imaging techniques are used to diagnose fractures. Treatment involves immobilization above and below the joint while ensuring that the circulation is not impaired. Fractures can also involve significant tissue damage in the area.

Manipulative and Body-based Methods

These techniques focus on alternative treatment of the musculoskeletal system or other body systems. Examples include acupressure, Alexander Technique, chiropractic therapies, craniosacral therapy, foot reflexology, lymphatic massage, Rolfing, and many others.

Oropharynx

This area includes the back of the throat and lower oral cavity

Nasopharynx

This area includes the nose and upper palates of the oral cavity as well as the tonsils and tongue

Laryngopharynx

This area includes the opening to the bronchial tubes, the glottis, and the epiglottis as well as the voice box composed of cartilages and the vocal cords

The X-ray Tube

This cylindrical radiographic glass tube contains a vacuum that produces radiation. Inside the glass tube is a cathode and anode. The cathode is a heated filament similar to what you find in a fluorescent lamp. When the machine is turned on, an electric current is passed through the cathode, which heats it up and forces electrons off the cathode filament. The anode is a flat disc made of tungsten and is positively charged. The positive charge draws the electrons across the space in between the cathode and anode at a very high force. This force releases energy in the form of an X-ray, which is allowed to pass through a series of filters out of a tiny hole in the lead protective covering of the tube. The X-ray beam passes through the patient's body and a camera on the other side takes a picture on film.

Haemophilus Influenza Type B

This form of flu occurs mostly in children under age 5 and causes acute respiratory infections as well as infections of the blood, bones, joints, and head. It can also cause bacterial meningitis and can be fatal. Signs and symptoms include fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, irritability, headache, bulging fontanelles, stupor, seizures, pneumonia, meningitis, and septic arthritis.

Past medical or Health History

This information refers to the patient's medical or health background including previous health issues, childhood diseases, injuries, medications, etc. In many cases previous conditions impact the current condition or patient's health in general.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

This is a progressive neuromuscular disease with no cure and a fatal outcome. The cause is unknown. The patient experiences muscle weakness and minor involuntary muscular contractions during the early stages. The condition progresses to a complete loss of neuromuscular function and eventually the patient requires a ventilator to breathe and a feeding tube. Cognitive ability is not affected. Treatment is only supportive until death.

Hypermesis Gravidarum

This is known as morning sickness and is often the first sign of pregnancy. Patients with morning sickness experience nausea and/or vomiting that typically subsides as the pregnancy progresses. It is caused by changes in hormone levels. In cases of severe vomiting, the patient may need to replace fluids and electrolytes via IV therapy.

The respiratory zone

This is located above the soft palate and is where the air moves into the oral cavity

The olfactory zone

This is the most interior part of the nose where the sense organs for smell are located. The chonchae are nasal bones in this area and they are covered with a mucus membrane tissue, which traps particles to clean the air before it moves further into the respiratory system. The chonchae cause the air to be turbulent, which further cleans the air by forcing particles up against the membrane. Here the air is warmed and humidified before it moves on

The vestibular zone

This is the outermost opening of the nose. The nares, or openings, are the start of the passageway for the air. The anterior nares are the nostrils. Tiny nasal hairs, called cilia, filter inhaled air and trap particles to clean the air before it moves too far through the respiratory system

Float Assistant

This person assists as needed outside the sterile field. The float assistant is clean, not sterile. -Obtaining supplies and equipment -Retrieving sterile packets from the supply area -Completing necessary requisitions -Identifying and labeling specimen containers -Transporting specimens to the laboratory -Adjusting the light -Assisting in many other nonsterile tasks

Supine or Dorsal Recumbent

This position is when the patient is lying face up

Personal History

This section includes social and occupational information about the patient. The physician reviews this information to determine if there are any risks involved or if any patient behaviors might impact the patient's current illness or condition.

Laboratory Documents

This section of the health record includes the following items: -Chemistry reports -Cytology reports -Hematology reports -Histology reports -Microbiology reports -Serology reports -Urinalysis reports -Any other reports related to the patient

Diagnostic Procedure Reports

This section of the health record includes the following items: -Electrocardiogram and other cardiology testing reports, including EKG strips -Imaging and other radiology reports, such as X-rays, MRIs, etc. -Respiratory therapy reports -Miscellaneous diagnostic procedure reports

Clinical Information

This section of the health record includes the following items: -The patient's medical or health history -Any progress notes completed by providers -The current complaint or chief complaint for each encounter -All physical examination and assessment findings documented by the provider and other health professionals -A list of any patient allergies -The medical treatment plan or services the provider gives to the patient -A list of current medications that have been prescribed, dispensed, or administered -The patient's immunization record -Any consultation reports related to the patient -Any home-health care reports on the patient -All outcomes and response to care

Title V (Miscellaneous)

This title includes a provision prohibiting either (a) coercing or threatening or (b) retaliating against individuals with disabilities or those attempting to aid people with disabilities in asserting their rights under the ADA.

Cultural Views of Aging: American

Though there are a wide variety of cultures in America, the dominant view is that it is embarrassing for individuals to require assistance. Elderly typically would rather live independently, separate from their children.

Body ringworm

Tinea corporis is body ringworm and typically affects the hairless body skin. It can be transmitted by infected animals. The patient has red scaly patches with a clear center area that looks like a ring. These can form vesicles and itch.

Athletes foot

Tinea pedis affects the feet and is common in athletes or those who visit locker rooms and public showers. The patient has cracks and blisters between the toes and on the soles that burn and itch.

Yellow nail

Tinea unguium affects the fingernails and toenails. The nails become thick, hard, brittle, and have a yellow tinge.

ADA Title I (Employment)

Title I requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations for applicants and employees with disabilities and prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all aspects of employment. Reasonable accommodation includes, for example, restructuring jobs, making work-sites and workstations accessible, modifying schedules, providing services such as interpreters, and modifying equipment and policies. Title I also regulates medical examinations and inquiries.

Dry Powder Extinguishers

To extinguish fires resulting from combustible metals, not preferred to be used in fighting delicate electronic appliance fires

Foam Extinguishers

To extinguish flammable liquid fires such as oil based paints, greases, and hydrocarbon liquids

Halon Extinguishers

To extinguish most types of fires except combustible metal fires (use will be stopped for environment protection)

Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

To extinguish most types of fires except combustible metals Effective to extinguish electrical fires Becomes less effective in the open air due to wind dispersion

Water Extinguishers

To extinguish ordinary combustibles such as paper, wood, and clothes

Male fertility test

To test for sperm viability, the physician will analyze the male's blood to check for appropriate hormone levels and test donated semen to verify a sufficient sperm with fully mobile tails and heads. The ejaculation mixture is also analyzed to determine if it is the correct viscosity. There are several treatment options for diagnosed problems. Additionally, donated sperm can be used with the female's ovum. Donor sperm are also an option for females who wish to become single parents or for same sex couples to achieve pregnancy.

Medications for Upper Respiratory Disorders

To treat upper respiratory disorders, the physician commonly orders medications in these forms: Lozenges Gargles Throat sprays Antibiotics

Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Tonic-clonic seizures are experienced in grand mal epilepsy. The patients often experience an aura, or warning sign that the seizure is about to happen. Auras may be odors, sounds, dizziness, sports, tingling, or loss of consciousness. Tonic-clonic seizures are bilaterally symmetrical and involve the entire body. After the seizure, the individual is usually unconscious for a brief period and usually does not remember the events of the seizure. This is called a postictal state.

Tonsilitis

Tonsillitis is the inflammation and swelling of the palatine tonsils. Symptoms include difficulty in swallowing, ear pain, fever and chills, headache, sore throat, tenderness, and loss of voice. When a patient has an infection, the tonsils filter and collect the pathogens. This causes the inflammation and swelling of the glands. The treatment involves antibiotics to treat the infection.

Toxemia

Toxemia is caused by sudden hypertension in the last trimester. The patient experiences a sudden change in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, spots before the eyes, and edema in the face, hands, and feet. This condition is more common in pregnant women under 19 and over 35. Convulsions can trigger the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. This condition is called preeclampsia in the milder form and eclampsia when convulsions occur. The physician monitors for this condition on a regular basis with blood pressure and urine testing. Treatment involves dietary changes in the early stages to reduce sodium and ensure adequate protein consumption. The patient will be hospitalized if the blood pressure cannot be controlled. The condition is usually resolved after delivery. In some cases early termination of the pregnancy is necessary to save the mother's life.

Dental Assistant

Trained to provide support to a dentist with general tasks ranging from clerical work and assistance at chair-side to laboratory, infection control, dental laboratory, and exposure of radiographic images.

Skin Graft

Transfer of skin to another area (for example, to treat burned areas)

Dermoplasty

Transplanting or grafting of skin

Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which both fallopian tubes are ligated (cut) with a laser. Once the physician ligates each end of the tube, he or she cauterizes it to stop bleeding. The procedure is performed through a small abdominal incision with a laparoscope. This procedure is a permanent form of contraception and prevents all sperm from meeting the egg for fertilization.

Tubing

Tubing connects the oxygen to the patient via either a cannula shown here or a mask. The tubing is flexible and sometimes long enough to allow the patient as much freedom in movement as possible while still staying safe from tripping or getting the tube wrapped around items or kinking.

Tumor Markers

Tumors release proteins, hormones, and other substances into the blood. These products can be used to screen for the tumor and to determine the effectiveness of any treatments. These products are called tumor markers. Common tumor markers are used to diagnose and monitor colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the uterus, cancer of the cervix, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and digestive tract cancer. In Practice: Cancer markers can also be elevated in non-cancer conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, liver disease, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, menstruation, and inflammation of the pleura.

Brain Processes and the Importance of Neurotransmitters

The brain is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. This means fostering a balance in all functioning of the body. The brain does this by reacting to all of the sensory inputs, including emotions and thoughts. The brain processes inputs and interprets them to form a response either in the form of a movement, a body organ response, or additional thought or emotion. The rapid communication through the neuroelectrical circuitry of the brain is accomplished by neurotransmitters. Some neurotransmitters initiate impulses from one neuron to the next. Others inhibit electrical impulses. These are called excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively. These neurotransmitters are the key to all behavior, thought, emotion, and movement. Medications commonly used in treating mental health disorders include antidepressants and antipsychotics that interact with the action of neurotransmitters to affect emotion and thought processing.

The Brain Stem

The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and connects to the spinal cord. The brain stem is formed by the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is responsible for the regulation of the body's vital functions such as heart rate and respiration rate.

Bronchoscopy

The bronchoscope is a tool for visualizing the bronchial tree and for clearing mucous obstructions. The physician can also use the scope for obtaining a biopsy. The procedure is invasive and requires general or local anesthetic. The patient cannot eat or drink before the procedure.

Cartilage Problems

The cartilage in the knee joint is called the meniscus. This cartilage can be torn as a result of twisting motion or other traumatic insult. The patient experiences pain, edema, limited range of motion, and limited ability to bear weight. Arthroscopy is performed to visually examine the area and can also be used to repair the injury. Pain is controlled with medication and the patient must rest and elevate the joint during recovery.

Cell-mediated Response

The cell-mediated response produces T-cell lymphocytes in response to some infections and malignancies. The cell-mediated response is also part of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in some patients several hours after exposure to an allergen. It is also involved when the body rejects transplanted tissue.

The Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a small area located at the lower back of the brain that coordinates brain activities so that they work together in actions such as balance and posture, ambulation, and other motor skills, such as eating, typing, dressing, riding a bicycle, etc.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is responsible for equilibrium and is involved with control of involuntary and voluntary movement and coordination.

Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortical area is associated with logic and planning.

The Cerebrum

The cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex and is a thin layer on the outside of the brain containing millions of cell bodies. It controls intelligence, learning and memory, reasoning and judgment, and emotions. It also interprets the input from voluntary muscles and sensory organs, processes the information, coordinates with information already locked in memory, and formulates a response.

Cervix

The cervix is the entrance to the uterus.

Chief Complaint

The chief complaint (CC) involves the patient describing in his or her own words the symptoms causing the reason for the visit. Symptoms are changes in body functions that indicate disease or injury. The chief complaint should be limited to one or two specific symptoms including the onset, duration, location on the body, frequency, intensity, and any changes over time.

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

The collective name for lung diseases with long-term, steadily worsening airway blockage. It is typically caused from smoking or long-term exposure to chemicals, fumes, or organic dust. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the most common diagnosis. Treatment typically includes oxygen therapy, medications, and treatment to prevent infections. Patients should also quit smoking.

Concentrator

The concentrator requires electricity and makes its own oxygen without needing to be refilled. This is used when the oxygen is ordered for home use.

Suppression

The conscious decision to delay paying attention to an emotion or need in order to cope with the present reality

American Medical Technologists (AMT)

The credentialing agency that has RMA

Decubitus

The decubitus position is when the patient is lying down. Left decubitus is when the patient is lying on the left side; right decubitus is when the patient is lying on the right side.

Arachnoid

The delicate middle covering that resembles a spider web

The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

The donor must be at least 18 years old The intent to donate must be made in writing The donor may designate specific organs or tissue for transplantation, the entire body for research or transplantation, or any acceptable organs or tissues The donor's valid statement takes precedence over other individual's wishes, except when an autopsy is required by law If the donor has not acted during his or her lifetime, the survivors, in a specified order of priority, may act on the donor's behalf If aware of the donor's wishes, the attending physician may dispose of the body under the act The physician accepting the donor's organs in good faith is protected from lawsuits The death of the donor may not be determined by any physician involved in the transplantation The donor may revoke the intent to donate, or the gift may be refused by the recipient or by the healthcare provider No financial arrangements can be made for donated organs

Antibiotic

The drug classification for medications used to treat bacterial infections

Expectorant

The drugs classified as ___ are used to increase respiratory secretions and to liquefy secretions to facilitate removal. expectorant

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is one of the two main control systems of the body along with the nervous system. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to affect change in other organs of the body. There are many things that can go wrong with glands of the endocrine system mainly involving secreting too much or too little of the hormone creating serious consequences for the individual.

Phagocytosis

The engulfing and destruction of microorganisms or foreign matter by phagocytic cells

Erect

The erect position is when the patient is sitting or standing

Colposcopy

The examination of vaginal and cervical tissue by means of a colposcope allows the physician to visually examine the vagina and cervix using light and magnification. During the procedure, the physician removes cells for biopsy to detect abnormal growth or other condition.

Demographic Information

The first section of most patient records includes the patient's demographic information. This information includes: -The patient's name -The patient's address and phone numbers -The patient's occupation and work address The patient's next-of-kin information This information is typically validated or updated each time the patient visits the medical office or hospital.

Robert Liston

The first surgeon to administer surgical anesthesia

ELISA

The first test for HIV antibodies, but results are not specific for HIV infection alone

Emergency Equipment and Supplies: Drugs

The following emergency drugs are commonly stored in an emergency medical box: Activated charcoal Atropine Diphenhydramine Epinephrine Furosemide Instant glucose Insulin Lidocaine Local anesthetics Nitroglycerin Normal saline Phenobarbital and diazepam Sodium bicarbonate Solu-Cortef™ Spirits of ammonia Syrup of ipecac Verapamil

Structure of the Gastrointestinal System

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is also called the digestive system. It is one long tube that travels from the mouth to the anus; specialized layers and accessory organs supply substances used in digestion. For medical purposes, the system is divided into the upper GI tract (UGI) and the lower GI tract (LGI). The tube, or alimentary canal, has four layers: the mucosa, submucosa, mucularis, and serosa. These layers are essential in the digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream from the foods we eat and drink. The outer surfaces of the accessory organs are covered by protective layers; the visceral peritoneum directly covers the organs and the parietal peritoneum covers the outside of the organs.

Hair Anatomy

The hair is nonliving keratin tissue. Its purpose is to transmit sensory information to the brain and to help maintain body temperature. Each hair is formed in a hair follicle and the hair extends from the follicle upwards toward the surface of the skin. The hair root is composed of a bulb and papilla, which is nourished by tiny blood capillaries. The hair follicle is attached to arrector pili muscles that when stimulated, causes the hair to stand erect. Near the shaft of the hair is a sebaceous gland, or oil gland, which secrets an oily substance that conditions the hair and skin to help protect it from drying out.

Family Medical History

The health conditions and cause of death of the patient's immediate family members can significantly impact the patient's risk for certain diseases. The questions you ask the patient include the age, current health status, and disease occurrences of blood relatives and if they are deceased, cause of death. Blood relatives include parents, grandparents, siblings, and children. Questions about the patient's spouse are also included.

Removal Order

The heart is always removed first, then the other organs as quickly as possible.

Humoral Immune Response

The humoral immune response produces B-cell lymphocytes when the body is exposed to an antigen and also develops antibodies for that antigen. The humoral immune response is specific to the antigen.

Pia Mater

The innermost layer attached to the brain and spinal cord tissue

The Integumentary System

The integumentary system involves the skin and the accessory organs found within the skin structure. This is the first line of defense against infection. Few pathogens can get past intact skin; however, when the skin is damaged, as with cuts or scrapes or surgical procedures, pathogens can readily enter at the damaged site and the risk of infection increases.

Homeostasis

The interaction between body systems that maintains optimum body function

Functions of the Nervous System: Autonomic System

The involuntary actions of the body, such as heart rate and sweating, are controlled by the autonomic system. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight" responses in times of stress or when one is threatened. For example, if you see a bear in the woods, the natural response is to either fight the bear or run away. The body secretes hormones to help improve muscle response, heart rate, respiration rate, etc. so that you have the physical means to get out of harm's way. Emotional stress also elicits this response. One of these hormones is epinephrine, also called adrenaline. The parasympathetic system typically slows down normal physiological functioning. Many drugs can have an impact on each of these systems.

Repression

The involuntary exclusion of a painful or conflictual thought, impulse, or memory from awareness

Labia Minora and Labia Majora

The labia minora are the small inner structures of the vagina. The labia majora are the outer lips of the vagina.

Nasal Cavity

The large air filled space above and behind the nose of the face. This is where the air is received from outside and from the other areas of the respiratory tract. Inside the cavity are nasal conchae. When the air passes through the nasal cavity, the conchae create turbulence for the air so that any particles fall out and stick to the membrane lining the area.

Mandible

The lower jawbone of the skull. Strong muscles move the jaw to facilitate chewing. It also holds the lower teeth

Diaphysis

The main or mid section of a long bone

Medical Assistant: Oncology

The medical assistant in the oncology office may perform several important functions to assist the physician and patient. As with other specialties, medical assistants take medical histories and vital signs to provide information to the physician for the patient encounter. They also assist the physician with a variety of patient examinations and procedures performed in the medical office as well as instruct the patient how to prepare for the examination or procedure. Medical assistants help the patient in removal of clothing, gowning, and draping and often collect specific specimens for transport to a lab facility for study. Finally, medical assistants may be asked to arrange for additional tests and procedures, hospital stays, and community services. The medical assistant is a vital member of the healthcare team in the oncology office.

Medical Assistant: Medical Imaging

The medical assistant role in diagnostic imaging includes patient education about the procedure, assisting the patient in preparing for the procedure, and positioning the patient during the procedure. Accordingly, it is essential that you understand the basics of each type of imaging technology, the equipment, and the safety guidelines designed to protect the patient and the health professionals involved in the patient care. Medical assistants may schedule the imaging procedures for the patient after the physician has ordered a test during an exam.

Medical Assistant: Orthopedic Medicine

The medical assistant working in the orthopedic office may be asked to perform many tasks to assist the physician and support the patient being treated. As with other medical specialties, orthopedic medical assistants often obtain and record the medical history, vital signs, and patient symptoms as well as assist the physician in procedures and patient instruction. X-rays are an important diagnostic tool in musculoskeletal disease; and the medical assistant will place the X-ray film on the radiography view box for the physician to view. The medical assistant also assists the patients during the procedures and arranges appointments for diagnostic tests and procedures. In an orthopedic office the medical assistant will provide the patient with supportive and ambulation devices, such as crutches, canes, and wheelchairs and is responsible for instructing the patient in proper use of these devices. The medical assistant often arranges additional services required by orthopedic patients, such as rehabilitation, transportation, mobility services, and physical therapy.

Bradycardia

The medical term for a heart rate of below 60 BPM

The Meninges

The meninges include three layers of connective tissue forming a protective covering around the brain and length of the spinal cord. The three layers are included here.

Midbrain

The midbrain consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The thalamus is associated with perception and pleasure and the hypothalamus is the master control of the autonomic nervous system including control of hormone secretion, body temperature mechanisms, and emotions. The hippocampus is involved in moving new memories to long-term memory.

Choroid

The middle layer of the eyeball containing blood vessels, lymphatics, and intrinsic eye muscles

Nail

The nail includes the nail bed, the nail body, the lunula, the nail root and the cuticle. The nail itself grows from the root to the tip.

Asthma

The narrowing and swelling of the airway passages along with the production of extra mucus. Breathing is very difficult and patients cough, wheeze, and have shortness of breath. Asthma attacks can be life threatening. The cause of asthma is not well understood. Pollution, allergies, smoking, and other irritants in the passageways, in addition to stress can cause an asthma attack. Asthma is treated with anti-inflammatory medications and bronchodilator medication administered through inhalers and nebulizers. Oral medication is also used to relieve symptoms.

Assessment of Body Systems

The physician will review all of the body systems with the patient to identify any symptoms that the patient did not disclose and to assess the severity of the symptoms. The physician will enter all information into the patient's chart and then focus the examination as needed to diagnose the problem.

Diagnostic Procedures

The physician will use a variety of procedures to diagnose gastrointestinal conditions. These include: Palpation to determine pain and hardness of organs Auscultation to listen to normal and abnormal sounds in the gastrointestinal tract Visualization of the abdomen to look for distension Upper GI series, which uses X-rays of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum Lower GI series, which uses X-rays of the small intestine, colon, and rectum using a barium enema to increase the clarity of the image Gallbladder series, which is an X-ray imaging to examine the gallbladder, also called a cholecystography Endoscopy examination including gastroscopy, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), and colonoscopy) Stool specimen studies for ova and parasites Occult fecal blood specimen tests Blood tests Ultrasound studies of the abdomen and organs MRI of the abdomen

Asepsis

The practice of maintaining a pathogen free or pathogen-controlled environment to prevent the spread of illness and disease.

Ultrasonic cleaning

The process of using ultrasound waves to loosen contaminants

Diastole

The relaxation phase of the heart muscle; lowest reading of the blood pressure

Reservoir Host

The reservoir host is the carrier of the pathogen. The host may or may not exhibit symptoms of the disease that the pathogen causes. The host may even be unaware that there is any kind of infection at all. Once the host is infected with the pathogen, there is a time for incubation in which the pathogens multiply.

Epiphysis

The rounded end of a long bone

Sagittal Plane

The sagittal plane is a vertical division of the body dividing the body into equal or unequally right and left sections. The midsagittal plane divides the body into an equally right and left half. This is also called the median or longitudinal plane

Allergy Testing: Scratch Testing

The scratch test is a procedure in which the potential antigen is placed into a scratch made on the skin. If the person has an allergy to the substance, the skin will show an immune response. Typically several antigens are tested at once.

Western blot

The second and confirming serologic test for HIV infection

Aging: Skin

The skin becomes drier and thinner with age. It also loses its elasticity which leads to wrinkles and becomes more fragile so that it tears more easily. Pigmentation and other changes to the body cause age spots. As the individual loses fat cells and collagen, the skin begins to develop wrinkles and the eyelids begin to droop. The hair thins and both men and women can begin to lose hair. Men especially can lose all of their hair, termed alopecia. In females, the supportive tissue of the breasts break down and the breasts begin to sag, especially in women with larger breasts. The abdomen also begins to thicken.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body and the first line of defense against pathogens by providing a physical barrier for the body. The skin also serves many other functions including: Temperature regulation Protection against dehydration Environmental sensing of pain, temperature, and pressure Synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight Excretion of toxins in perspiration The skin is divided into three separate layers.

Soft Palate

The soft palate is the soft tissue that forms the back of the roof of the mouth. It does not contain any bone.

Functions of the Nervous System: Somatic System

The somatic system includes the parts of the nervous system under voluntary control by conscious thought. That is, if a person wants to type on the computer, he or she does this voluntarily.

Source of Organ/Tissue Donation

The source of the donation can either be a cadaver or a live donor. Tissues, such as inner parts of the bone and ear, skin, corneas, connective tissue, and veins are harvested from a donor who has been pronounced dead. Organs such as heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, stomach, and intestines can also be harvested after a patient has been pronounced dead. In the case of organ donation, the patient must have sustained brain death under circumstances in which a medical facility could support artificial respiration and circulation using ventilation and medications. Live donors can donate certain tissues, kidneys, bone marrow, stem cells, cord blood, and a smaller portion of the liver.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is housed in the vertebral column. Here it is protected by the bone structures of the vertebrae and the protective layers of the meninges, allowed to be flexible by the cartilaginous disks between the vertebrae, and cushioned by the cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nerves of the muscles and organs branch out from specific locations on the spinal cord.

Oblique

The term oblique refers to a body or body part placed at an angle less than a 90-degree angle

Three-Point Gait

The three-point gait starts in the tripod position with the feet about a foot apart. This gait is used for patients who can bear weight on only one leg. It requires good upper arm strength and muscular coordination. The sequence of steps is: Moving the affected leg forward with the crutches Balancing on the crutches, move the unaffected leg forward Repeat

Transverse Plane

The transverse plane divides the body into an upper and lower portion. This is also called the horizontal plane.

Lobes of the brain

The two cerebral hemispheres contain the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes as well as the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortical area, which covers all of the lobes. The cerebral hemispheres control all the body's voluntary and some involuntary activities. Motion is controlled by the frontal lobes and sensation is controlled by the parietal lobes. Hearing is controlled by the temporal lobes and vision is controlled by the occipital lobe.

Fallopian Tube

The two fallopian tubes are bilaterally located in the pelvis connecting to the uterus. The ova travel through the fallopian tubes from the ovaries to the uterus. The sperm also travel through the fallopian tubes to meet the ovum to fertilize it. Fingerlike projections called fimbriae help move the egg toward the uterus with a wave-like motion.

Ovary

The two small ovaries are almond-shaped structures located in the pelvis beside the uterus in a fold of the broad ligament. Ovulation occurs when the ovaries produce and release an egg, called an ovum in response to stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone. The ovary also produces hormones that control the entire reproductive process including the menstrual cycle, menarche, the fertility cycle, menses, and menopause.

Uterus

The uterus is a hollow pear-shaped organ centered in the pelvis region of the female. It is composed of three layers. The endometrium is the inside lining and responds to hormonal influences. The myometrium is the main uterine muscle. The perimetrium is the external lining. The fertilized egg implants itself in the uterus for growth and development. If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrial lining is sloughed off.

Smooth muscle

lines the walls of the blood vessels, respiratory tree, and hollow organs. It contracts involuntarily. The muscle cells have only one nucleus in each cell and appear smooth when examined with a microscope. Contraction is in response to neurological electrical impulse, hormonal influence, exercise, and medications.

Auscultation

listening to sounds within the body

Pineal Gland

located in the central portion of the brain and secrets melatonin. Melatonin is involved in the circadian rhythms of the body

Eccrine sweat glands

located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. They appear in most areas of the body, but are concentrated in the head, back, neck, palms of hands, and soles of feet. Each gland begins at a tiny bulb in the subcutaneous level that is lined with sweat-producing cells. Eccrine glands secrete their substances in response to increased temperature and physical activity.

Control Panel

located inside a lead-lined area with a lead-treated observation window for viewing the patient. The technician or physician stands in this area while the actual radiograph is being performed. The controls include: Quantity (milliamperes, or mA) Quality (kilovoltage, or KVP) Time (milliampere seconds, or mAS)

Chronic pain

long term and is a result of a chronic disease such as cancer, arthritis, or back pain. Some long-term effects include the following: -Decreased activity -Inactivity -Decreased quality of sleep -Irritability -Fatigue -Mood swings -Depression -Anger -Low self-esteem -Feelings of helplessness -Difficulty in dealing with other stresses of life -Tendency toward chemical, alcohol, or medication dependency

Kaposi's sarcoma

malignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with AIDS

B-lymphocytes,

mature in the bone marrow

Dermis

middle layer of skin

mEq

milliequivalent

mg

milligram

Body Lice

mites and itch mites are spread by poor hygiene and body contact or sharing of clothing or bedding. Body lice are called pediculus humanus corporis.

Mammography

n X-ray of the breast tissue taken to detect possible abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or malignant tissue. During a mammogram, two different views are taken for each breast. Regular mammograms should be a part of a woman's routine gynecological examination. Men may also require mammograms to detect breast cancer or trauma injury. A technologist who specializes in imaging of the breast is a mammographer.

Endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure A group of proteins in the brain

npo

nil per os, nothing by mouth

Vasodilator

nitroglycerin, Isordil, and Nipride

Eupnea

normal breathing

ns

normal saline

Extension and flexion

occur at the knee, elbow, fingers, and toes. Hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints allow these movements.

Protraction and retraction

occur at the mandible, or jaw bone.

Supination and pronation

occur at the wrist in pivot joints such as in the proximal ends of the radius and ulna in the arm.

Hypersensitivity and Allergy Reactions

occur when the body becomes inflamed and organs become dysfunctional when a foreign substance enters the body

Immunodeficiency Diseases

occur when the immune system is unable to fight the disease and protect the body. The immune system of the body responds but isn't strong enough to do the job. result when the body's immune system cannot effectively fight infection and protect the body from disease. Immunodeficiency diseases can be genetic or can occur when the body is weakened by chemotherapy or radiation, immunosuppressive drugs used during organ transplant procedures, or disease. When a patient undergoes chemotherapy or radiation therapy or when he or she must take immunosuppressive drugs, the ability of the white blood cells to fight the invasion is decreased. The patient may get infections from normal pathogens that invade the body. If the person's leukocytes were functioning normally, the infection would be contained; however, with the lowered ability of the white blood cells, the infection can be extremely severe or fatal.

Circumduction

occurs at ball-and-socket joints and causes movement around an axis such as at the shoulder and hip.

Rosacea

occurs in middle-aged and elderly individuals. The cause is unknown. Patients will experience symptoms of pustules, papules, and rhinophyema. The physician will treat the disorder with antibiotics.

Rotation

occurs when the body rotates about an axis at a pivot joint such as with the atlas and axis of the neck making the head turn from side to side.

ung

ointment

ss

one half

Sonography

uses high-frequency sound waves that are bounced off of internal body structures. The echo is passed back to the monitor and recorded forming a composite picture. Ultrasound can display movement of the structure in real time. Sonography is often performed on pregnant women to assess fetal growth and size, the number of fetuses, placental location, and possible birth defects. Since sound waves are used, it is a safe procedure and can give a three-dimensional view of the fetus if 3-D ultrasound equipment is used.

Brace

usually a more permanent device that provides support for weak muscles or joints. It allows the joint to function normally while providing specialized padding. A brace can also help correctly align the bones in disorders such as scoliosis, congenital hip dysplasia, and other conditions. Braces can typically be removed to allow for bathing or inspection.

Moles

usually benign. The cause is unknown. The physician will monitor moles in routine examinations for changes in color or size, or an increase in itching, pain, or bleeding. These can all be signs of cancer. Moles can be removed for cosmetic purposes

vo

verbal order

aq, aqua

water

prn

when necessary

Eosinophils

white blood cells that are attracted to cells and parasites coated with C2B substances. An example is helminths, a type of worm. Eosinophils secrete chemicals to erode the walls of the invading organism.

Monocytes

white blood cells that eventually mature into macrophages. These cells perform phagocytosis, which is a process of ingesting foreign agents and substances. Other phagocytes, called Kupffer cells are housed in the liver and lymph node reticular cells

Acromegaly

tAcromegaly If the pituitary gland hypersecretes growth hormone after childhood, acromegaly occurs. This is a hormonal disorder of middle-aged adults where there is abnormal growth of hands and feet and features of the face. The swelling of soft tissue of the hands and feet is an early sign. Eventually the bones change in size. The brow and lower jaw protrude, the nasal bone enlarges, and the spacing between the teeth increases. Arthritis is a serious concern as is carpal tunnel syndrome. The skin becomes coarse and oily with an increase in the number of skin tags. The lips, nose, and tongue enlarge and the voice deepens. The person tends to sweat excessively with an increased skin odor. Patients also suffer fatigue, weakness, headaches, impaired vision, abnormal menstrual cycle, and breast discharge in women. Men are often impotent. Other organs tend to enlarge as well. The treatment is to remove the tumor and to reverse or alleviate symptoms with drug therapy and radiation therapy

tab

tablet

Percussion

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

Two-Point Gait

tarts in the tripod position with feet about a foot apart. This gait is used by patients with better balance and muscular coordination and who can bear more weight. It is a good alternative to the four-point gait. The sequence of steps is: Move the left crutch and right foot forward at the same time Move the right crutch and left foot forward at the same time Repeat

to

telephone order

Apical

the apex of the heart

Optic disc

the blind spot where there are no receptors so that the optic nerve can enter the eye

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

the body does not recognize the body's red blood cells and they are destroyed by B cells. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia also destroys the lymphocytes, which leaves the immune system unable to defend the body from pathogens. Symptoms include weakness, fever, chills, dyspnea, bruising, and pale skin color or jaundice

Carbohydrates

the body's first and primary source of fuel. This nutrient is found in grains, cereals, pastas, rice, fruits, and certain vegetables, such as potatoes. Glucose is a simple sugar. All carbohydrates are broken down to eventually become glucose which is absorbed into the blood and used immediately as fuel or stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen to be mobilized later when the blood runs out of glucose between meals.

Iris

the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

Medical Asepsis

the daily cleaning technique used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms. Medical asepsis requires maintaining a very clean environment and implementing practices that prevent the transmission of disease by reducing the number of pathogens in the environment. Proper handwashing is a main component of medical asepsis. Other practices include: -Keeping surfaces and objects free of dust, dirt, and insects -Properly disposing of biological waste materials -Ensuring adequate lighting and ventilation -Wearing minimal jewelry -Wearing protective equipment as necessary

The Collimeter

the device that narrows and filters the X-ray beam so that only those rays that are parallel are allowed through to the patient's body.

Range of Motion

the full degree of movement in a healthy joint. When a person is incapacitated or immobile or has joint damage, ROM decreases. With good joint health, activity, muscle strength exercises, and flexibility exercises, ROM can be increased. Active range-of-motion exercises are those performed by the patient without help. Passive range-of-motion exercises are those performed by another person, such as a physical therapist. When muscles are idle for long periods, such as in illness where patients cannot move or get out of bed, they can atrophy and ROM will be diminished.

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

the government agency tasked with keeping citizens safe. This organization has established guidelines for safety in numerous areas and strictly regulates many areas of healthcare. OSHA's Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standards are designed to reduce employee risk of infectious disease that are passed through blood contamination. Any worker with occupational exposure to blood and body fluids must follow these standards. Those who violate the standards may be fined for each violation. Know the standards and follow them!

Folliculitis

the inflammation and infection of a hair follicle, typically caused by Staphylococcus. It is characterized by pustules at the hair follicles and is treated by daily cleansing with antiseptic cleanser. The physician may prescribe oral antibiotics.

Meningitis

the inflammation of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, vision problems, motor problems, and fever. Treatment includes antibiotics or antiviral drug therapy.

Vitamins

organic compounds that the body requires in small amounts for metabolism, growth, and development. Vitamins are classified as fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water soluble (the rest of the vitamins). Vitamins also serve as antioxidants to help protect cells form damage that leads to cancer, atherosclerosis, and other health problems. Fruits and vegetables are great sources of vitamins. Different colors of food contain different vitamins, so a variety of colors represents an array of vitamins.

oz

ounce

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Adrenal Medulla

outside portion of the adrenal gland secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestins. These stimulate many areas of the body to facilitate metabolism, kidney function, and sexual function.

Retin

the inner layer of the eyeball that contains the rods and cones. The cones are responsible for color and daytime vision and the rods are responsible for black and white vision and vision in dim light

Minerals

play an important role in the regulatory processes of the body as well as in tissue development and repair. Minerals are categorized as major minerals and trace elements. Trace elements are required by the body, but only in very small amounts. Minerals are found in most foods.

Esophagus

the long tube that carries the bolus of food to the stomach. At the top of the stomach is a muscular sphincter, called the esophageal sphincter, which controls entry of the food into the stomach

Congenital skin disorders

present themselves at birth. A common congenital disorder of the skin is psoriasis. It is chronic, noninfectious, and inflammatory with no known cause or cure. Patients will have plaques of various sizes with thick, flaky, red, dry or silvery scales. The plaques are often concentrated on the patient's scalp, knees, elbows, or trunk. They can itch, be painful, and contain pustules. The dermatologist will treat psoriasis with exposure to UV light to slow the cells growth and prescribe steroid cream to reduce inflammation. Antihistamines may also be helpful. Chemotherapy is used for serious cases.

Avulsion

process of forcibly tearing off a part or structure of the body, such as a finger or toe

Diaphoresis

profuse sweating

Audiometer

provides information regarding which sound frequencies a patient is able and unable to hear. An audiologist or technician performs the test with the patient sitting in a quiet room or a soundproof booth. The earphones are marked for the right and left ear and must be placed on the correct ear. Tones are delivered to the ear to determine hearing capabilities.

qns

quantity not sufficient

qs

quantity sufficient

Rectum and Anus

rectum is located at the end of the large intestine. This muscular organ helps pass the waste products from food digestion out of the body through the anus. The waste material is now called feces.

Pain Assessment

referred to as the fifth vital sign along with pulse rate, respiration rate, temperature, and blood pressure -When did the pain start? -Where is the pain located? -How frequently does the pain occur? -Can you describe the pain? -What actions or movements tend to lessen or increase the pain?

Hirsutism

refers to excessive hair growth and can be caused by polycystic ovaries or tumors of the adrenal glands . The physician may treat hirsutism with medications to suppress production of the hormone causing the condition or remove the tissue or organs causing the hormonal balance

Vienna Speculum

resembles a funnel and comes in a variety of sizes. It is used to examine the external canal and eardrum.

Limited-Scope Radiography

restricts the number of X-ray procedures that a healthcare worker can perform. This ensures that you do not get more radiation exposure than is healthy. Medical assistants can perform some limited-scope X-ray procedures, typically only upper and lower extremities, chest, and some skull positions. You must follow all state regulations related to limited-scope radiography.

Conjunctivitis

the medical name for pinkeye. Symptoms include swelling of the eye and area around the eye, itching, burning, discharge, and redness of the membranes lining the eyelids. Pinkeye is caused by bacteria or viral infection, allergies, irritating substances, contact lens products, or other substances. Infectious conjunctivitis is highly contagious and sometimes requires antibiotic eye drops or ointment.

Autoimmune Disorders

result in the body not recognizing its own cells and seeing them as foreign invaders. The body develops antigens in response to its own body tissue. This may affect any body area including, collagen, hematopoietic tissue, cardiovascular system tissue, the gastrointestinal system, the endocrine system, the renal system, and nervous tissue. There are several tests that the physician can perform to help assess autoimmune system diseases. A Coombs' test assesses the development of antibodies to hemolytic diseases. An antinuclear antibody test is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. The physician will prescribe steroids and immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the body's immune response. Therapy may be needed to help maintain functioning of the muscles.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

results from direct skin contact with an allergen, such as poison oak, poison ivy, latex, laundry products, drugs, and other substances. It can also be caused by exposure to radiation from sun or tanning beds. Symptoms include skin redness and swelling and potentially burning or itching caused by oozing from small vesicles. The main treatment includes removing the allergen, cleansing the skin, and applying steroid cream or taking oral steroid medication.

ad

right ear

s

sans, without

Apocrine glands

secrete a substance with an odor. These are scent glands and begin to function at puberty; they secrete sweat in response to emotions such as stress, anxiety, pain, or sexual stimulation. These glands are more numerous in the armpits, groin, and region of the nipples and are associated with the hair follicles.

Salivary Glands

secrete saliva to moisten food so that it can be easily broken up and swallowed. The first steps in digestion begin with the amylase enzyme in the saliva, which breaks down sugars in carbohydrate foods

Dermis

the middle layer. Its thickness also varies depending upon the location on the body. This layer contains three types of tissues: collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers. It also contains specialized cells and structures including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels and nerves, as well as specialized nerve receptors

Parathyroid Gland

separate glands, but embedded in the surface of thyroid glands. There are two parathyroid glands in each lobe of the thyroid gland. These glands are important in maintaining the calcium levels in the blood by removing the stored calcium from the bones.

malignant hypertension

severe and rapid high blood pressure that can damage internal organs

Passive Immunity

short term. It involves the administration of already formed antibodies instead of the body's creation of those antibodies. To continue being immune from the pathogen, the person must be further vaccinated. Newborn babies have a passive immunity to some diseases for a short time because of the transfer of the mother's antibodies through the placenta. If the baby is breast fed, passive immunity is continued for a longer period. However, in order for the baby to continue having immunity, he or she must be vaccinated. The CDC maintains a vaccination schedule for children to improve their protection from common diseases.

Epidermis

the outer protective layer of the skin. It varies in thickness depending upon the location on the body. For example, the soles of the feet and palms of the hand have a thicker dermis than the face or torso. The epidermis has five layers: Stratum basale Stratum spinosa Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum The bottom layer is formed by the stratum basale. The cells push their way up towards the top as the stratum corneum sheds the dead cells. The epidermis is constantly replacing its protective dead cells with new cells from the base up. As the elongated cells move up towards the corneum, they flatten. This outer stratum corneum sheds itself every two weeks or so.

Physical Pain

signals that the body is experiencing an inflammation or disease process. Pain receptors send electrical impulses through nerves to the brain, should send a message to the person to seek medical attention to treat the problem. Unfortunately, some people have an impaired sense of pain due to nerve damage and won't be able to tell when they are in physical pain

Contact Dermatitis

similar to allergic dermatitis, but is not caused by an allergen. The patient simply needs to have come in contact with a chemical substance such as a dye, detergent, acid, cleaning product, etc. The skin becomes red, swells, and presents small vesicles that ooze, burn, or itch. The treatment is the same as for allergic contact dermatitis.

Sebaceous glands

small glands in the skin responsible for depositing an oily secretion on hairs. The secretion is called sebum. Sebaceous glands are found on all parts of the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is estimated that there are about three thousand sebaceous glands per square inch of skin and they are concentrated on the face, scalp, chest, and back. At puberty, these glands begin producing sebum setting the stage for acne and other skin disorders.

Arthrography

the radiographic examination of a joint. Air or dye is injected into the joint space so that it can be viewed easily with the radiography technique

Diabetic Coma and Insulin Shock

Two emergencies can result from diabetes: a diabetic coma and an insulin shock. Hypoglycemia is a condition in which there is too much insulin and the blood sugar falls below 70 mg per deciliter. Hypoglycemia can be a result of skipping a meal, vomiting after taking diabetic medication, excessive exercise, or a metabolic reason. It can also be caused by injecting too much insulin. Signs and symptoms mimic intoxication and include slurred speech, balance disturbances, and uncharacteristic behavior. The patient may have clammy skin and be anxious or combative. You must intervene in this emergency immediately by administering glucose. If the patient is conscious, ask about last meal and diabetic medication. Emergency glucose comes in a liquid or gel form that can be squirted into the patient's mouth or the patient may be able to drink orange juice. This is a serious condition and can be fatal. Hyperglycemia is a condition in which there is too little insulin. This can occur when a diabetic does not get enough insulin. The patient may experience acidosis. The patient's breath develops a sweet, fruity odor and may progress to an unconscious state. Insulin should be administered immediately. Keep the patient warm and comfortable.

Echocardiogram

Type of sonogram used to study the internal structures of the heart

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is used during a pregnancy to assess the age and health of the fetus as well as to assess gynecological conditions. The technology uses ultrasound waves to create a visual image of the tissues.

Vocally impaired

Unable to speak, or having a diminished ability to speak

Empathy

Understanding of and sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of others

Ataxia

Unsteadiness, a problem with coordination

Cancer warning signs include:

Unusual bleeding or discharge A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere A sore that does not heal Change in bowel or bladder habits Persistent hoarseness or cough Persistent indigestion or difficulty swallowing Change in a wart or mole

Urine test

Urine tests are performed to determine if a patient is pregnant. Urine is also tested for the presence of protein and glucose. High levels of protein in the urine can indicate toxemia of pregnancy and elevated glucose levels can indicate gestational diabetes. Both are severe complications of pregnancy.

Computed Topography (CT Scan)

Use of CT scan to view internal body structures and see the various planes of the tissue commonly called a CT scan (formally called a CAT scan). This procedure provides tomographic information that allows the image to be taken at a specific level or plane of the body by removing the images above and below the selected plane. A narrow X-ray beam illuminates a specific plane of an internal object and then sequentially merges multiple two-dimensional radiographs to form a three-dimensional image.

sc, sub-q

subcutaneous

SOAP

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

MRI

Use of magnetic resonance imaging technology to produce high quality images of the inside of the body to view tissues Magnetic resonance imaging is called an MRI. It is used to produce high-quality images of the inside of the body. Where the CT scan specializes in larger images, the MRI takes smaller images. MRI uses wavelengths of energy to produce the images. Physicians order MRIs to help diagnose abscesses, aneurysms, thrombi, congenital heart disease, cysts, edema, hemorrhage, infarctions, multiple sclerosis, muscular disease, skeletal abnormalities, thrombosis, and vascular plaque formation. In Practice:MRIs cannot be performed on patients with pacemakers, metal hardware, metal staples, body tattoos with dye that contains metal, or metal foreign bodies in the eye because MRI uses a magnetic field.

Nuclear Medicine

Use of swallowed or injected radioactive material as a tracer that is absorbed into tissues and then detected with a special scanner requires that the patient either swallow or be injected with radioactive material called a tracer. The tracer is absorbed by the tissue or organ to be studied. Then, a highly specialized scanner detects the tracer and gives information about the function of the tissue, the chemical activity of the tissue, and the metabolism of the tissue.

Slit lamp

Used examine and perform specialized procedures within the front structures of the eye

Metzenbaum Scissors

Used for dissecting tissue. There are several shapes

Forceps

Used for grasping and there are many different types depending upon the use. Some are hinged at one end with a spring hinge so that they can be opened and closed using the fingers and thumb. The mouth may be smooth or have teeth depending upon the needs of the surgeon to avoid damaging tissue or to help in grasping, respectively. - Allis tissue forceps - Small mosquito hemostats - Kelly hemostats - Long hemostats - Hemostats for grasping sponges

Germicide

substance that kills germs

Insulin

Used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, insulin is naturally produced by the body, but can also be produced synthetically.

Thyroid Hormones

Used in the treatment of thyroid disorders, thyroid hormones are a natural product of the body, but can be produced synthetically.

Steroids

Used to combat disease, steroids are an anti-inflammatory agent and hormone naturally produced by the body, but can also be produced synthetically.

Licorice

Used to soothe inflamed mucous membranes (early medicine

Chamomile

Used to soothe nerves (early medicine)

Hemostats

Used to stop the bleeding in a vessel

Ginger

Used to treat GI problems (early medicine)

Peppermint

Used to treat indigestion (early medicine)

Leeches

Used to treat wounds (early medicine)

Electrocardiograph Technician

Uses special equipment and medical techniques to record the electrical impulses transmitted by a patient's heart. Data acquired by electrocardiograph technicians assists physicians and cardiologists in diagnosing medical conditions in patients

Needle Biopsy

Using a sterile needle to remove tissue for microscopic examination

Causes of Decreased Blood Pressure

Weak heart Massive heart attack Hemorrhage Shock and vascular collapse Dehydration Adrenal insufficiency Certain drug therapies Disorders of the nervous system Hypothyroidism Sleep Infections, fevers Cancer Anemia Approaching death Middle pregnancy Pain Starvation Sudden postural changes Time of day

OSHA Guidelines

Wear examination gloves in any situation in which there may be body fluids, blood, or contaminated objects or medical equipment Dispose of biohazardous materials in an appropriate waste receptacle Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves and before caring for another patient or victim Wear additional PPE, such as face mask, if there is chance of exposure to bodily fluids Use a facemask barrier device if you perform CPR Wash any uncovered skin with soap and water immediately after contacting bodily fluids and flush mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth immediately with water Do not eat, drink, or touch your face during an emergency Follow sharps precautions when using syringes and needles or with other glass or sharp objects in the area Follow correct sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization procedures when cleaning up after the emergency

Conserving Device

When a patient breathes in and out while using oxygen, a shift in the pressure of the diaphragm sends a signal through nasal cannula to a pressure sensor in a conserving device. This opens an electronic circuit, which opens an electrical valve to deliver a precisely metered dose of oxygen prescribed by the physician. After the initial dose of oxygen is delivered, the system automatically resets waiting for the next inhalation from the patient. This stops the oxygen from continuing to flow while the patient is exhaling, thus reducing the waste of oxygen during breathing.

Auricle

the visible part of the ear outside of the head. It is also called the pinna

Brain Tumors

When cells develop abnormally, they can cause tumors in the brain just as in other parts of the body. The tumors can be benign or malignant. Unlike benign tumors in other parts of the body, benign brain tumors are very dangerous because they crowd out brain tissue and exert pressure on the surrounding brain cells. Patients experience headache, vomiting, vision problems, balance and coordination problems, and decreased muscle strength. In some cases, depending upon the location of the tumor, patients experience speech problems, personality changes, and mental function problems. Physicians use MRIs, CT scans, EEGs, examination of the cerebral spinal fluid, and biopsied tissue studies to diagnose the problem. In most cases, treatment involves removal of the tumor through surgery or gamma radiation surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation may also be effective. Drug therapy may help relieve symptoms.

WNL

Within normal limits

Aseptic

Without germs

Hypopituitarism

___ is a reduction in the excretion of any of the pituitary hormones. It may involve retarded growth, retarded or delayed sexual maturation, or metabolic dysfunction. Hypothyroidism

Adrenal medulla

___ is the portion of the adrenal glands that works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system during activation of the sympathetic response, producing epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Adrenal medulla

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

a chronic burning or aching pain in muscles and the soft tissue of the joint. It is caused by trauma, infection, emotional stress, or poor ergonomics. The pain is caused when the median nerve becomes trapped and inflamed. Physicians may prescribe exercise or a brace to reduce mobility. Surgical intervention may be required to release the compression on the nerve.

Rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic disease that causes an inflammation and destruction of synovial membranes of the joints. The cartilage and bone erode over time and become deformed. In adults, symptoms include joint pain, low-grade fever, fatigue, malaise, and weight loss. Children may suffer from a type of this disease called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Epilepsy

a chronic seizure disorder in which the patient has various types of seizures. The causes vary with the patient, but can include chemical imbalances, alcohol withdrawal, poisoning, drug toxicity, eclampsia, metabolic diseases, and the accumulation of waste products in the blood when the kidneys do not function properly. Seizures can also be caused by infections, a stroke, or brain trauma. There are three types of seizures possible with epilepsy:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

a chronic systemic disorder that can affect connective tissue throughout the body. It has high mortality rates within five years of onset. Symptoms include a butterfly rash on the face, fever, malaise, weakness, weight loss, photosensitivity, joint pain, pleuritis, carditis, hair loss, and ulcerations in the oral cavity.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

a chronic, inflammatory, noncancerous infection caused by increased secretion of the sebaceous glands. In infants, it is called cradle cap

Cataract

a clouding of the lens of the eye affecting vision and is common in older people. More than half of people over 80 have cataracts or have had cataract surgery. Symptoms include blurry vision, faded colors, glare, poor nighttime vision, double vision, and frequent changes to eyeglasses prescriptions. Cataracts develop slowly and can be helped with special features on glasses. Surgery is a good option; the cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial lens.

Abdominal Hernia

a condition in which a portion of the intestine breaks through weak muscles and membranes of a wall of the abdominal cavity. The physician will palpate the abdominal area and order diagnostic studies. Surgery is required to repair the damage.

Vitiligo

a condition that causes patches of light skin. It affects people of all skin types, but it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin. The condition is not life-threatening or contagious. Treatment for vitiligo may improve the appearance of the affected skin but does not cure the disease.

Pancreas

a digestive gland near the stomach that secretes digestive fluids, sometimes called pancreatic juices, into the small intestine to continue the digestion of food substances coming from the stomach. The secretions move through a duct, called the pancreatic duct.

Multiple Sclerosis

a disease in which there is progressive destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuron resulting in progressive disability. The cause is unknown, but thought to be related to immune, viral, and genetic factors. The patient experiences problems with motor and sensory function and vision may become impaired. Patients also have weak muscles making walking difficult. Exacerbation is a common occurrence. There is no cure. Treatment involves drug therapy.

Osteoporosis

a disorder in which calcium needed for body functioning is taken from the bones causing the bones to become brittle and at risk for fracture. Individuals typically do not have symptoms until they age and fracture their bones. This is a common problem in older individuals; however, the disease starts early in life. In women, after menopause when estrogen levels decrease, there is a significant loss of calcium in the bones. Diagnosis involves blood serum studies, CT scans, bone scans, and other imaging studies. Exercise helps to slow the progress. Treatments also include calcium and vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy, and other drugs.

Advance Medical Directives

a document allowing patients to request that life-sustaining treatments and nutritional support not be used to prolong their life. The directive may also include the durable power of attorney.

Living Trust

a document that tells the physician of a person's wish to die naturally rather than be kept alive when death is inevitable. It indicates treatments that should or should not be performed as well as when treatment should be terminated

Hospice

a facility or program that provides care for the terminally ill in a home setting or in a hospice facility or center. The philosophy of hospice care focuses on palliative care of the terminally ill patient's symptoms, including physical symptoms, emotional needs, spiritual needs, and social needs of both the patient and the family. The goal is to allow the patient to die with dignity in his or her own home or in a hospice facility and to care for the family during the difficult time.

Albinism

a genetic disorder that results in partial or total lack of skin color. There is no known cure. The skin is very pale and the hair is light or white. Eye color can be very light or red irises. In some cases, there can be visual difficulties including nystagmus, strabismus, astigmatism, and photophobia.

Dwarfism

a group of conditions in which patients' bones are shorter than normal in the arms and legs or trunk. A main cause is reduction of pituitary gland function and hyposecretion of growth hormone. Achondroplasia is the most common type of short-limb dwarfism. Patients also have bowed legs, reduced joint mobility in the elbow and loose ligaments in other joints. The treatment tends to focus on management of medical complications.

Sebaceous Cysts

a growth that arises from the epidermal tissue and is caused by a blocked sebaceous gland duct. The physician will perform an incision to drain the cyst and then prescribe antibiotics as needed

Scoliosis

a lateral curve of the spine causing one hip or shoulder to be higher than the other. Individuals usually have pain and shortness of breath with activity. This occurs more commonly in adolescents and may be caused by uneven leg lengths, muscle degeneration, or problems with the vertebrae. Treatment involves exercises, muscle electrostimulation, and braces as well as surgical implant of a rod through the spinal column to help facilitate normal growth and proper alignment.

Macular Degeneration

a leading cause of vision loss in Americans over 60. This is a disease that destroys the sharp, central vision. It affects the macula, or part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. Macular degeneration advances slowly so that people do not notice the changes immediately. Treatment can slow vision loss, but will not restore vision. There is no treatment to prevent vision loss. Laser surgery can slow the progression.

Active Immunity

a long-term immunity and often lasts for the person's lifetime. Immunizations typically lead to active immunity.

Appendix

a narrow, dead-end tube about three inches long that is attached to the cecum. The correct name is the vermiform appendix. The appendix works in the body's immune system defense.

Allergy Testing: Skin Patch

a procedure in which the physician places a patch that has been soaked with potential antigen on the skin. If the person is allergic to the substance, the area will show an immune response after a period of time. Typically several antigens are tested at once.

Rheumatoid arthritis

a progressive autoimmune system disease resulting in deformed, painful joints. The disease may become systemic impacting many joints throughout the body. Treatment involves drug therapy, exercise, and heat for relief of pain.

Muscular Dystrophy

a progressive, degenerative weakening of the muscles. It typically starts in childhood and results in immobility as an adult. It is considered to be a genetic disorder. Diagnosis includes family medical history, muscle biopsy, and measurement of the electrical impulses of the muscles via an EMG. There is no cure; however, exercise, physical therapy, braces, and surgery may help extend mobility. Most children with muscular dystrophy die before reaching adulthood.

Hay Fever

a seasonal respiratory reaction to allergens such as pollen.

Optometrist

a specialist (not a physician) who examines eyes, tests visual acuity, and prescribes adaptive lenses and contact lenses

Optician

a specialist (not a physician) who grinds lenses, inserts lenses into frames, and fits eyeglasses

Otorhinolaryngologist

a specialist who treats ear, nose, and throat diseases and conditions

Rhinologist

a specialist who treats nose diseases and disorders

Laryngologist

a specialist who treats throat diseases and disorders

Allergen

a substance capable of producing a hypersensitive allergic reaction even though the substance itself is not harmful to the body. For example, in a person allergic to pollen, the body elicits an immune response even though the pollen is not really harmful

Sclera

a tough white fibrous tissue covering the outside of the eyeball and attaching to the extrinsic muscles that move the eye.

Cushing's Syndrome

a very rare disorder that occurs when there is hypersecretion of cortisol. ACTH releases cortisol as a result of stimulation of the pituitary gland in the brain. This may be caused by using steroids in the management of inflammatory illnesses or can be a result of tumors on either the pituitary or the adrenal glands. Patients with Cushing's disease have muscular weakness, thinning of the skin, rounded facial features, weight gain, frequent bruising, and fatigue. They are also at increased risk for diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, and osteoporosis. The disease will cause death if untreated. Treatment includes surgery and radiation to remove tumors as well as decrease in use of steroids.

Stye

also called a hordeolum. It is a local, acutely inflamed growth of the eyelid. The eyelid swells significantly. A chalazion is the chronic form of a stye. Causes include dry skin problems, acne, poor lid hygiene, incomplete removal of eye makeup, infected cosmetics, stress, and hormonal changes. Symptoms include pain, redness, discharge, tenderness, tearing, blurred vision, a scratchy feeling, a droopy eyelid, and crusting. Treatment can include surgical incision and drainage, steroid injection, antibiotic ointments or drops, oral antibiotics, and treatment of the cause.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

also called a stroke. A stroke can be caused by three different problems in the brain: An embolus can lodge in an artery causing an occlusion of the blood vessel. The brain tissue is deprived of oxygen and nutrition and eventually dies. A thrombus may occlude an artery and block circulation to the brain. A vessel rupture may cause hemorrhage into the brain tissue. Vessel ruptures can be caused by an aneurysm or malignant hypertension To prevent permanent brain damage and even death, stroke victims must get immediate medical attention. Symptoms of CVA vary, but commonly include headaches, loss of nerve function, loss of muscle function, speech difficulties, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Treatment includes anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents to increase the blood flow to the affected area. Surgery may be performed to halt the hemorrhage and to reduce pressure on the brain that may be caused by edema.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

also called adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This is the most common form and is diagnosed later in life. In these patients, the cells are resistant to insulin even though the pancreas is still producing some insulin. There is a strong correlation between obesity and Type II diabetes, however not all diabetics are obese. It is thought that these patients can make sufficient insulin for a normal body weight, but not enough for the extra body weight. This form of diabetes is treated with diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemic medications to control blood sugar. Patients may require insulin injections as well.

Neutrophils

also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). These specialized blood cells react to infection that threatens the health of the body cells and protects those cells from damage.

Eardrum

also called the tympanic membrane. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear. It helps to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear

Scalp ringworm

also known as tinea capitis, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

an acyanotic defect in which there is an opening in the septum between the right and left ventricles. This opening results in shunting of the blood from the left to the right side of the heart. Symptoms include a heart murmur, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, failure to gain weight, restlessness, and irritability. Treatment involves surgery to repair or patch the ventricular septum.

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

an agency of the U.S. Government, with headquarters and main laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia. The CDC conducts research into the origin and occurrence of diseases and develops methods for their control and prevention.

Hyperthyroidism

an elevated thyroid hormone level. Graves' disease is the most common form. It is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thyroid to produce too much thyroxine. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, restlessness, heart palpitations, tremors, sweating, increased activity in the intestinal tract, menstrual changes, weight loss, and changes in hair and fingernails. The heart may enlarge and the disease can cause cardiovascular disorders. Physicians treat hyperthyroidism with antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid, and surgery. If the thyroid is removed, the patient will require lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.

Palpation

an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

Angiography

an image resulting from an angiography, which is an invasive examination of the blood vessels to explore the patency (or lack of blockage) of vessels and to identify abnormal vascularization. The carotid and vertebral arteries are outlined by injected dye for a cerebral angiography Injected dye also helps to assess the pulmonary vessels in pulmonary angiography Renal angiography helps to view the renal circulation Angiography is used in cardiac catheterization to assess the coronary vessels in the heart

Anaphylaxis

an increasingly severe antigen-antibody reaction to repeated exposure to an allergen and can be potentially life threatening. The antigen triggers the production of antibodies that in turn trigger the immune response. Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening response in which the antigen-antibody reaction leads to a closed airway. Immediate emergency care is required. Many people with severe allergies, such as to bees or peanuts, carry an epi-pen with them at all times. The epinephrine in the pen gives them time for EMS to intervene after exposure to the substance.

Bursitis

an inflammation of the bursae in synovial tissue of the joint resulting in pain and limited range of motion in the joint. It is caused by repetitive motion to the joint, which causes friction in the bursal space. Some systemic disorders may also lead to this condition. Treatment involves moist heat applications alternated with cold applications and drug therapy.

Dermatitis

an inflammatory condition that occurs on or in the layers of the skin. It can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (ongoing or long term).

Pernicious Anemia

an inherited autoimmune blood cell production disorder and results from a deficiency of intrinsic factor in which red blood cells develop abnormally when vitamin B12 is deficient. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, pallor, light-headedness, tachycardia or palpitations, nausea, vomiting, neuritis, and a numbing or tingling feeling in the extremities.

Lordosis

an inward curvature to the lower spine and results in a swayback. Causes stem from developmental issues or osteoporosis in older adults. Treatment involves exercises and braces as well as fusion of the vertebrae in severe cases.

Kyphosis

an outward curve of the spine usually in the thoracic region creating a hump on the back. Individuals with severe kyphosis have pain and problems with mobility. In children, developmental issues or certain diseases can be the cause; in adults, kyphosis can be a result of osteoporosis. Treatment involves exercises, braces, and surgical intervention in extreme cases.

Hyperparathyroidism

an oversecretion of parathyroid hormone causing an elevation in blood calcium levels, or hypercalcemia. The calcium migrates from the bone tissue into the blood causing joint pain, kidney stones, disturbances in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal problems, and brittle bones. The treatment is to fix the cause, using surgery, or drug therapy to inhibit the reabsorption of the calcium from bone tissue.

et

and

tid

three times a day

Ossicles

tiny bones of the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea

Optic nerve

at the back of the eyeball and transmits the image to the brain

Lyme Disease

transmitted to humans by ticks typically found on deer and other outdoor animals. Symptoms start with a red ringed area with a white or faded center around the bite. The patient will experience a range of symptoms from mild flu-like feelings to severe neurologic involvement. The physician will prescribe an antibiotic.

Large Intestine

called the colon. This long, large, muscular organ attaches to the end of the small intestine and moves upward on the right side of the body, across the bottom of the area of the stomach, and downward on the left side of the body. The small intestine deposits waste materials from digestion into the cecum, which passes the waste materials along to the next section of the colon on its way to being eliminated at the anus. The colon has small divisions (pouches) in the muscular tube called haustra. The muscular colon moves the digested food along the colon from one pouch to another through a process called haustral churning. An important function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes back into the body.

Lyme disease

caused by an infection spread by the bite of a deer tick infected with spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Symptoms include fever, chills, fatigue, headache, joint and muscle pain as well as an itchy rash surrounding a red circle, which appears in the early stages. If untreated, the infection leads to arthritic pain and abnormalities in the nervous and cardiovascular system. The diagnosis includes testing for the bacteria. Treatment involves removal of the tick, oral antibiotics, and control of fever.

Gigantism

caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland during childhood before the growth plates of the bones close. Typically this results from a tumor in the pituitary gland or another underlying medical condition. Gigantism is characterized by overgrowth of the long bones and very tall stature with increased growth of muscles and organs. Treatment involves removal of pituitary gland tumor.

Addison's Disease

caused when the cortex of the adrenal gland is damaged and there is a decreased production of adrenocortical hormones. It can also be caused by an autoimmune disease or by an infection of the adrenal glands, cancer, or hemorrhage into the glands. Signs and symptoms include weight loss, anorexia, weakness, lethargy, increased pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, hypoglycemia, joint and muscle aches, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Treatment includes replacement of the adrenocortical hormones.

Ovarian Cyst

causes pain in one side of the lower abdomen and possibly vaginal bleeding. It may be cyclic, enlarge, or rupture if it is not surgically removed. Though the cause is unknown, an ovarian cyst is related to normal function of the ovary and may be associated with infections. Ovarian cysts are diagnosed with ultrasound, pelvic examination, and laparoscopy. In some cases, cysts may resolve themselves on their own; in other cases, surgery is required.

Adrenal Cortex

two separate glands just like the anterior lobe and posterior lobe of the pituitary. The outside area of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex and secretes specific hormones. The inside area of the adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla and secrets different hormones. The inner portion of the adrenal gland works with the sympathetic nervous system to activate the sympathetic response to a stimulus by secreting epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) hormones. The general action of this system is to initiate the flight-or-fight response to stress. This means that when faced with a danger or stress, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated so that you can either fight the danger or run away. Heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tensing, and many other body functions elevate to a very high level.

cm

centimeter

Ciliary body

changes the shape of the lens and how light is refracted to the retina

Small Intestine

connects the stomach and the colon. Here a large majority of the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins takes place. Any leftover, undigested food substances are then moved to the large intestine for elimination through the anus. The small intestine also absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream so that they can be transported to the cells of the body. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

Intrinsic muscle

control the shape of the lens resulting in focusing the image

Pituitary Gland

controls so many different functions in the body that it is called the master gland. The pituitary is a tiny structure located in the midbrain area of the brain protected by the skull. It has two lobes: an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. Each lobe acts as a separate gland controlling different functions of the body. The pituitary gland is controlled by another structure of the brain, the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus secretes releasing factors and causes each lobe of the pituitary to release its hormones into the bloodstream. These are then carried to other parts of the body to affect a specific change by certain tissues and hormones. Select each term for more information. Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe

FEMA Resources

coordinates the federal government's role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters. These disasters include natural events, man-made events, and even acts of terror.

cc

cubic centimeter

Acidic pH

urine and vaginal secretions inhibits microbial growth. Urine expels microorganisms from the urinary tract and cleans the external perineal areas. In a healthy individual, urine is sterile

Glaucoma

damages the eye's optic nerve and a leading cause of blindness in the United States. It occurs when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly increases resulting in damage to the optic nerve. Early treatment is important and includes medicated eye drops and/or surgery.

Ophthalmoscopy

done as a part of an eye examination and a routine physical examination to determine the health of the retina, vitreous humor, and other internal structures

Drainage

flow of fluids from a wound or cavity

fl

fluid

fl oz

fluid ounce

Synovial joints

found in the neck, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. These joints are freely movable, called diarthrosis. Synovial joints are encapsulated by a connective tissue capsule filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint. The bone surfaces of these joints are covered with articular cartilage for protection and ease of movement. Some synovial joints have sacs called bursae that contain synovial fluid. The bursae are used to cushion the joint. Synovial joints are also protected by a joint capsule of connective tissue, which eventually joins with the periosteum of the bone.

Cartilaginous joint

found in the pubic symphysis between the pelvic bones and between the vertebrae bodies of the spine. This type of joint exhibits amphiarthrosis, or slight movement.

Fibrous joints

found in the sutures of the skull and made of fibrous tissue. These joints exhibit synarthosis, or no movement.

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease caused by frequent regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus, especially when the patient is lying down. Treatment involves drug therapy, avoiding lying down immediately after eating, and elevating the head in bed. Serious consequences can occur because the acidity of the stomach contents will damage the lining of the esophagus.

Testes

glands in males located in the scrotum. They produce the hormone testosterone, which is essential for normal growth and development of male accessory sex organs and for the act of copulation and the male sex drive.

Osteoarthritis

gradual onset of joint pain with edema and decreasing range of motion caused by degeneration of the joint tissues. The joints become weak and may have bone spurs that cause pain and immobility. This disorder is part of the aging process. Image studies help in the diagnosis and patients can be treated with drug therapy, exercise, and heat for pain relief.

g

gram

Pancreas

has both an endocrine and exocrine function. The exocrine function of the pancreas works in digestion by secreting pancreatic juices through the pancreatic duct to facilitate digestion of foods. The endocrine function produces and secretes insulin and glucagon in response to the level of glucose in the blood. The pancreas secretes insulin to enable the cells to take in the glucose from the blood. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose when there is insufficient blood glucose to meet the body's needs. When the blood glucose level increases, insulin helps it to move into the cells where it is burned as fuel.

Generator

he power source to the machine

HMO

health maintenance organization

Convection

heat transfer by air

Ch 9 TB

here

Ophthalmoscope

used to examine the retina and other internal structures of the eye.

Tonometer

used to measure intraocular pressure

Eye spud

used to remove a foreign particle

Safety Precautions

here are three primary principles that govern radiation exposure for anyone involved in the procedure (both the patient and the healthcare staff.) Time: Keep the length of exposure as short as possible Distance: Keep the distance between the technician and the radiation source as far as possible Shielding: Use lead protective equipment at all times for the staff and patient during the procedure. Workers who spend time in radiation areas must also wear radiation exposure badges (called dosimeter badges) to measure the amount of exposure they are getting over time. The room where X-rays are taken is also protected with lead

Bucky Tray

holds the film cassette and can be moved to either end of the table as needed.

Non-tropic hormones

hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects

h or hr

hour

hs

hour of sleep

stat

immediately

Presbyopia

impaired vision as a result of aging

Eczema

inflammation of the skin that can be triggered by stress, sudden and severe weather changes, or certain foods. Eczema presents as a rash on the face, neck, elbows, knees, and upper trunk. The patient will have severe itching and possibly a rash with small oozing blisters. The blisters can turn dry and leathery in adults. The treatment is typically steroid cream, antihistamines, and antibiotics. Pimecrolimus cream is a steroid-free anti-inflammatory cream that can be used instead of steroids

Myasthenia Gravis

is a chronic weakness of muscles usually beginning with the facial muscles and progressing to other parts of the body ultimately resulting in complete paralysis. It is thought to be an immune system disorder involving acetylcholine receptors. Treatment involves drug therapy. Remission is possible.

Parkinson's Disease

is a degenerative brain condition. Patients experience bouts of muscular rigidity and palsy. The tremors start in the hands and then progress to head shaking and nodding. The patient's movements become slow, facial muscles become stiff, and the patient tends to shuffle. The cause is unknown, but may be related to a deficiency in the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Treatment involves drug therapy with L-dopa and anticholinergic drugs. There is no cure.

Osteomyelitis

is a painful disease affecting the bone. Patients experience fever and tend to prevent bone movement to limit pain. It is caused by a bacterial infection of the bone tissue and marrow and may result from an infection during a surgical procedure or trauma in which the bone tissue was exposed. Staphylococci bacteria are the usual bacterial cause; however, other bacteria can also infect bone tissue. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy. For extensive infection, surgical removal of the bone tissue may be needed.

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

An allied health professional who uses radioactive and stable nuclides to make diagnostic evaluations of the anatomical or physiological conditions of the body and who provides therapy with unsealed radioactive sources

Anesthesiologist Assistant

An allied health professional who works directly under the supervision of a licensed anesthesiologist and assists in developing and implementing the anesthesia care plan

Green tea

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

PSA Screening and Digital Rectal Examination

PSA (prostate-specific antigen) screening and a digital rectal examination is prescribed for males annually after age 50.

Dysuria

Painful urniation

Pap Smear and Pelvic Examination

Pap smear and pelvic examinations are recommended annually for sexually active females throughout life.

Temporal bone

Part of the skull that houses the ear structures

Anesthesia

Partial or complete loss of sensation

Bloodborne pathogens

Pathogens carried in the bloodstream

Intraoperative

Patient care during surgery

Thyroid Shields

Patients wear a thyroid shield when the skull is X-rayed.

Vaginal Bleeding

Patients with gynecological diseases and conditions often present with vaginal bleeding outside of the regular menstrual cycle. Abnormal bleeding can occur at any age and can be an indication of disease or sexual abuse. It can also indicate a hormonal imbalance. If bleeding occurs during pregnancy, it is abnormal and requires immediate assessment for the cause. The medical assistant often records the patient's medical history. When the patient reports vaginal bleeding or unusually heavy menstrual flow, record the actual amount lost and the color. Ask the patient to describe the flow stating if it is spotty or continuous. Determine the type of pad or sanitary napkin the patient uses or whether she uses tampons. Ask the patient to describe how much blood is present and if it is spotty or saturated as well as how much of a pad is covered. Ask the patient how long it takes to saturate a pad or how frequently it must be changed. Ask the patient if the color of the blood is dark, light pink, watery, or bright red. The answers to these questions can help the physician assess any pathological condition. Record all answers in the patient's chart.

Ovarian Cancer

Patients with ovarian cancer experience lower back pain, constipation, lower abdominal discomfort, and irregular menstrual periods. The physician diagnosis ovarian cancer using a pelvic exam that reveals a pelvic mass, a laparoscopic exam and elevated tumor markers for ovarian cancers. Treatment involves surgical removal if possible and chemotherapy.

phobic disorders

Patients with phobic disorders experience unusual fear or anxiety about a specific object, situation, or activity. The fear progresses to a point where it controls a person's life since a great deal of time and energy is spent on avoiding the object of the fear. Common targets of fear for phobic disorders include darkness, heights, social situations, pain, spiders, bacteria, closed spaces, dentists, insects, cats, blood, water, physicians, thunder and lightning, bees, snakes, disease, flying, fire, death, strangers, and animals. The phobia for each focus has a specific name.

Uterine Cancer

Patients with uterine cancer experience vaginal spotting or bleeding in the early stages of the disease and then pain in later stages. This type of cancer is possibly caused by overexposure to estrogen, including postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. The physician biopsies the uterine tissue to determine the existence of the abnormal cells. Treatment involves surgical excision and radiation.

Peak Flow Testing

Peak flow testing measures the patient's maximum ability to exhale. This test can be used to monitor the effectiveness of medication and the progression of disease. Peak flow rates vary according to the patient's medical condition, body frame, age, and time of day the test is taken.

Prodromal

Period between earliest symptoms and appearance of physical sign, such as fever or rash

Incubation

Period of time between exposure to infection and the appearance of symptoms

Carrier

Person who has the capacity to transmit a disease and is usually unaware of infection

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment refers to the required protective wear for healthcare employees to safeguard from potentially infectious blood and body fluids. Each piece of equipment is worn independently or in combination depending upon the situation: -Gloves protect the hands from direct contact -Face shield or mask protects from sprays, splashes, or droplets -Gown or lab coat protects the worker from large amounts of infectious materials -Mask protects from airborne transmission of pathogens

Ischemic

Pertaining to a decreased blood supply to tissue due to impaired circulation to the organ or body part

Noncritical

Pertaining to objects that do not touch the patient or touch only intact skin.

Postoperative

Pertaining to patient care following surgery

Preoperative

Pertaining to preparation before surgery

Epithelial

Pertaining to the epithelium (cells covering the external and internal surfaces of the body)

Pertussis

Pertussis is also called whooping cough. It is spread by direct contact and airborne droplets and can cause pneumonia, atelectasis, Ottis, and convulsions. Symptoms include a dry, harsh cough with spasms, a high fever and dyspnea.

Assessment of Deep Tendon Reflexes

Physicians assess deep tendon reflexes using a rubber reflex hammer to strike various tendons to check for a jerk response. This test provides indications of spinal cord damage, which is where this reflex is initiated.

Chest x-ray

Physicians commonly order chest X-rays to help diagnose or screen for respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscesses, lung tumors, and mechanical insults, such as pneumothorax or hemothorax. The physician will seriously consider the risks of the X-ray for pregnant women since too much radiation can be dangerous to the fetus.

Ear Medication Instillation

Physicians typically prescribe ear medication in several doses. Since the same bottle is used repeatedly, it is essential that the bottle dropper be kept sterile and the medication be kept at room temperature. The middle ear is very sensitive to extremes of temperature.

Buccal route

Place the tablet between the patient's cheek and gum

Sublingual

Place the tablet under the patient's tongue

Radiation Shields

Placed in specific places of the body to block the X-rays. Radiation shields are made of 1/16 inch lead equivalent. Both the patients and technicians wear shields. There are several types of shields for specific purposes. Any personnel and family members who are in the room with the patient should also be provided with lead aprons, gloves, and thyroid shields. Anyone who is actually in the room when the radiograph is performed should always be positioned to the back of the tube Types: - full aprons - half aprons -gonadal shields - thyroid shield - eye shields - gloves

T4 lymphocytes

Play a dominant role in cell-mediated immunity

Prn

"whenever necessary" or "as needed"

Poisoning and Overdose

Poisoning and overdose emergencies are unique in that it is important to determine the substance that was consumed in order to provide appropriate treatment. A poison control center should be contacted to determine the appropriate intervention. Poisons can be introduced into the body in four ways. - Injestion -Injection -Absorption - Inhalation

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression occurs in some women during the first few days or weeks after childbirth and ranges in severity from sadness to despair or psychosis. The new mother feels inadequate to take care of her newborn and is filled with worry and apprehension. Patients report fatigue, loss of appetite, and avoidance of social interaction. It is thought that the sudden changes in hormonal balance during and after the birth process along with the new responsibilities and sleep deprivation are the major factors. Healthcare providers and family members should be alert for these symptoms and seek treatment if necessary. The physician may provide antidepressant medication. This disorder typically resolves itself after a few days or weeks.

Factors Influencing Respiration Rate

- Allergic reactions - Disease - Exercise or increased activity - High emotions - Stimulation of the peripheral nervous system - Fever - Hemorrhage - High altitude - Medications and drugs - Obstructed airway - Pain - Shock - Decrease or increase in the CO 2 in the blood

Floods

-Avoid walking or driving through flood waters -Just 6 inches of moving water can knock you down, and 2 feet of water can sweep your vehicle away -If there is a chance of flash flooding move immediately to higher ground

Hurricanes

-Know where to go. If you are ordered to evacuate, know the local hurricane evacuation route to take and have a plan for where you can stay. -Put together a disaster supply kit, including a flashlight, batteries, cash, first aid supplies, and copies of your critical information if you need to evacuate

Types of pain

-Physical -Psychological -Phantom

States began testing blood donation for HIV antibodies.

1985

A person progresses from being HIV positive to having full blown AIDS when their T cell count is below __________.

200/mm

Sterile packages wrapped in muslin from the date of autoclaving are considered sterile for up to___________. After___________ the items must be rewrapped in new muslin paper and resterlilized.

3 weeks

Absorbable suture material is absorbed in how many days after insertion?

5-20 days

1 grain

60 milligrams

Sterile packages enclosed in disposable pouches are considered sterile for up to _____________.

9 to 12 months

brain abscess

A brain abscess is a collection of pus, immune cells, and other material in the brain, usually from a bacterial or fungal infection.

Pneumoconiosis

A chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles. It is most often seen in minors or other industrial workers.

Holistic

A medical practice that focuses on the whole patient and addresses the social, emotional, and spiritual needs of a patient as well as physical treatment

subdural hematoma

A subdural hematoma lies under the dura mater and above the arachnoid meninges.

Adduction

Adduction is the moving of the body part toward the midline of the body

Cleaning the Areas

After the patient visit, clean any soiled surfaces according to the office protocol.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

All medical facilities must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Review the titles of this act on this page to learn more. Remember, if you see something that goes against this act, report it to your supervisor. Visit the ADA website for more information about ADA compliance.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in the body that perform the body's functions.

extradural hematoma

An epidural or extradural hematoma is above the dura mater, just under the cranial bone.

Medical Assistant: Geriatrics

As in other medical offices, the medical assistant helps the clinical staff by taking the medical history, chief complaint, and vital signs of patient as they enter the office in preparation for the patient encounter. Additionally, the medical assistant supports the physician as directed with the diagnostic procedures and treatments as well as offers support to the patients. An important part of the interaction with geriatric patients is to listen carefully and assist them in understanding the physician's instructions, the procedures themselves, and information about medications. You may also be asked to assist the patient in finding additional resources and support systems in the community or other medical facilities as well as work closely with family members.

End of Day Check and Restock

At the end of the day, make sure the rooms are clean, disinfected, and restocked as needed.

Distal

Away from the center

Axial

Axial describes the path of the central ray along the long axis of the body part

Axillary

Axillary describes the path of the central ray toward the axilla, or underarm

Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia assist in the processing of memory storage of emotions associated with the rewarding of behaviors such as drinking, eating, and sexual activities.

Communication Etiquette

Be accurate, timely, clear, complete, and concise in your communication with both patients and the office staff, especially physicians.

Examination Room Check

Before patients arrive, check each exam and treatment room to make sure it has been cleaned thoroughly, is free of any clutter, and has been restocked according to the standard protocols for the office. Also check the patient schedule for the day and supply the exam or treatment room with any special items or supplies that might be needed for a patient encounter.

Mercury glass thermometer

Being removed from medical facilities due to potential exposure to a heavy element if the thermometer is broken

Biologically Based Therapies

Biologically based therapies emphasize the use of natural substances such as herbs, foods, vitamins, and essential oils. Examples include aromatherapy and herbal medicine.

Protein Bound Iodine Test (PBI)

Blood test measuring the concentration of thyroxine (T4) in the bloodstream. Iodine binds to the protein in the blood and allows for measurement.

Fasting blood sugar

Blood test measuring the glucose circulating in the blood after a 12-hour fast

Blood serum test

Blood test measuring the level of certain substances (calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose) and assisting in determining the function of various endocrine glands

Displaced fracture

Bone ends out of alignment Long bones

Standard precautions

CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines Universal and Body Substance Precautions, and the second consists of Transmission-based Precautions

CDC

CDC stands for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This agency studies and monitors disease and disease prevention strategies with the goal of protecting public health and safety. It also provides immunization services and health information to the public and healthcare providers.

COPD

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and describes a variety of respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Patients with this condition have air trapped in their lungs and find it difficult to expel the carbon dioxide from the alveoli. Patients with COPD experience shortness of breath and a rapid heart rate as well as significant weakness. They may also wheeze, have diaphoresis, and experience tightness in their chest. When an individual experiences these symptoms, call the physician, who will probably order oxygen. The physician may order other medications as well or ask that you call EMS, depending on the particular circumstance.

Bactericidal

Capable of killing or destroying bacteria

Transmission-based precautions

Care based on symptoms of disease and transmission method of the pathogen, such as contact, droplet, air, vector, or common vehicle

Cephallic

Cephalic describes the central ray toward the head

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is often asymptomatic. In some cases, the patient experiences bloody vaginal discharge and bleeding between menstrual periods. The cause may be associated with exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV). The physician may find cervical lesions during a visual pelvic examination. Other diagnostic procedures include a Pap smear and cervical biopsy. Treatment involves surgical excision of the lesion plus chemotherapy and/or radiation. There is now a vaccine for HPV.

Medication Error Prevention

Check for the right: Patient Drug Dose Route Time Documentation

Nose Injuries

Children often put small objects up their noses that can swell or become lodged. The airway can also be obstructed. A physician must remove the object.

Cluster A

Cluster A is referred to as the Odd Cluster. This cluster includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypical personalities. These individuals appear as odd and eccentric.

Frozen Section

Collecting a thin piece of tissue for immediate microscopic examination (for example, used during surgery to detect cancer)

Fungal Scrapings

Collecting scrapings with a curette, placing on a growth medium, and examining microscopically to confirm fungal growth

Marsupialization

Creation of a pouch to promote drainage of a closed area (for example, used to treat a cyst)

Comminuted fracture

Crushing or splintering of the bone Crushing or splintering of the bone

Decreased Level of Consciousness

Decreased levels of consciousness ranges from dizziness or light-headedness to complete unconsciousness. In some cases, the level of consciousness diminishes quickly. Additionally, as people lose consciousness, they can potentially incur other injuries in a fall. When a person begins to lose consciousness, it is important to assist the person to the ground and elevate the feet to lower the risk of shock. Continuously monitor vital signs. Simple dizziness may pass quickly; more serious problems may require a longer period for the patient to recover.

Subcutaneous tissue

Deepest layer of the skin

Autoclave

Device used to sterilize instruments under steam and pressure

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a common diabetic eye disease and the leading cause of blindness of adults in the United States. It is caused by a change in the blood vessels of the retina. The blood vessels swell and leak fluid. Controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol is an important treatment.

Pathogen

Disease-causing microorganisms

Hazardous Waste Disposal

Dispose of all hazardous materials according to OSHA guidelines.

Absorbable suture

Dissolved by the body fluids and do not need to be removed. It typically takes several days after insertion for complete disappearance of the suture. These are used for internal organs such as the intestines and bladder and for the subcutaneous tissue as well as to tie off blood vessels. These sutures are sometimes used for skin. Absorbable sutures eliminate the need to go back into the area for removal. There are both natural (surgical gut or catgut) and synthetic sutures of this type.

Ear Irrigation

Ear irrigation is commonly used before examining or treating the patient for an ear condition. This is only done if ordered by the physician to make the tympanic membrane easier to examine.

CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)

Established Standard Precautions which are infection control guidelines intended to reduce the risk of occupational exposures

Extension

Extension is the increasing of the angle between two bones or straightening the joint

The respiratory system

Facilitates coughing, sneezing, and other respiratory movements which help expel pathogens that are inhaled, thus preventing them from moving deeper into the body

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Father of Modern Anatomy, dissected the human body

Flexion

Flexion is the decreasing of the angle between two bones or the bending of the joint

Full Apron

Full aprons cover the breasts and abdominal-pelvic area and are worn by both males and females when the extremities are X-rayed.

Intradermal

Given at a 10 to 15 degree angle, in the anterior aspect of the forearm

Vestibular nerve

Goes through the semicircular canals and receives positional information

Barriers to communication

Illness, culture, age

Diagnostic radiography

Images of body tissues to allow the physician to diagnose and treat a patient's health condition or injury

Venous Studies

Imaging of blood vessels to look for blockage and weak spots

Trauma Procedures

Imaging of body tissues, such as bones, to look for fractures or abnormalities

KUB Studies

Imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to assess problems associated with the urinary system tissues and organs

Bone and Joint Studies

Imaging to assess arthritis, dislocations, fractures, and other abnormalities

Surgical Procedures

Imaging to assist in performing detailed and delicate surgical procedures

Head, Neck, and Spinal Studies

Imaging to look for fractures, compressions, and other abnormalities

Impetigo

Impetigo is a highly contagious skin infection caused by the Streptococcus virus. It is found around the nose, mouth, cheeks, and extremities. The infection becomes a pustule and the fluid spreads the infection to the surrounding area. Lesions are yellow or red, weeping, crusted, and swollen. The physician typically prescribes topical antibiotics to reduce the bacteria growth.

Cultural Views of Aging: Native American

In Native American cultures, the elderly are highly respected and looked to for passing on the traditions of the culture. It is a family responsibility to care for the aging population. It is thought that grandmothers who are not cared for by their children should have done a better job raising them.

Colorectal Screening

In a colorectal screening, the fecal material is screened for occult blood. This is recommended yearly. Additionally, physicians will order a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy every three years after age 50.

Normal Hormone Function

In normal, healthy adults, hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback system using the measure of the hormone in the blood as a type of thermostat. When the blood level of the hormone increases, the gland recognizes the increase and stops secreting the hormone. When the gland registers that the blood level is low, it starts producing and releasing more of the hormone. Think about how a thermostat measures temperature; when the environment gets too hot, the thermostat registers the temperature and turns down the heat and turns up the air conditioner. When the environment gets too cold, the thermostat registers the temperature and turns the air conditioner off and turns the heat up. The goal is to keep the room at a specified temperature. The goal for glands is to keep the hormone production and secretion at an optimal level to meet the body's changing needs.

quadriplegia

In quadriplegia, there is paralysis of the entire trunk and all four extremities. This is caused by spinal cord injury in the cervical area. The respiratory muscles may also be affected requiring mechanical assistance for breathing.

Indigestion

Inability to digest, often with pain in the GI tract

I & D

Incision and drainage

Plan of Action

Includes any treatments, tests, medications, consultations, surgery, or physical therapy that may be recommended

Integrative Medicine

Incorporates conventional, complementary, and alternative therapies to treat a medical condition.

Nosocomial Infection

Infection resulting from the hospitalization of a patient

Psychological Considerations

Infertility issues are very emotional. Listen with compassion when patients talk about their difficulties or sadness as a result of infertility, miscarriages, or related issues Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and menopause can compound problems and increase a patient's emotions The diagnosis of cancer intensifies the fear of death and can make a woman feel as though she has lost her femininity Parents who have twins, triplets, or more face many more challenges than those having only one child at a time A single mother may face unique challenges

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and can be chronic or acute. Bronchitis can be considered a form of COPD.

Inspiraiton

Inhalation of atmosphere air or oxygen by physical or therapeutic means

Sphygmomanometer

Instrument to measure blood pressure

Opthalmoscope

Instrument used to examine the eyes

Stethoscope

Instrument used to listen to sounds within the body

Sphygmomanometer

Instrument used to measure blood pressure

Inversion

Inversion is the turning of the ankle toward the inside

Cultural Views of Aging: Korean

It is thought to be honorable to care for elderly parents and the children provide the financial support of their parents.

Chemical Name

Its official pharmaceutical name based on the chemical composition of the substance

Approximation

Joining together of surgical wound edges

Laparoscopic Procedures

Laparoscopic procedures are surgical procedures performed using a laparoscope to view the internal structures through small incisions. Additionally, the physician may remove or repair organs using instruments attached to the laparoscope. The advantage of laparoscopy is that it does not require cutting through the abdomen to perform the inspection or other procedure; this reduces recovery time and lowers the risks associate with more extensive surgery.

Laryngeal Mirror

Laryngeal mirrors help the physician see all areas of the larynx, especially the posterior part of the cavity.

Common Disinfectants: Glutaraldehyde

Level of Disinfection: high Common Names and Uses: Cidex, Cidex Plus, Glutarex, Metricide, Procide, Omnicide, Wavicide. Can also be used as a chemical sterilant. As a disinfectant, it is used to clean glass thermometers and flexible sigmoidoscopes.

Common Disinfectants: Ethyl

Level of Disinfection: high Common Names and Uses: Ethyl alcohol. Used to clean glass thermometers.

Common Disinfectants: Phenolics

Level of Disinfection: low Common Names and Uses: Carbolic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide, phenic acid, hydroxybenzene, hexachlorophene, Lysol. Used as a surface disinfectant.

Lymphatic massage

Lymphatic massage is also known as lymphatic drainage. It stimulates the lymphatic system to improve metabolism, remove toxins and wastes from the body, and enhance the immune system. It is not advised for patients with aneurysms, hematomas, tissue damage, or bacterial inflammations. Practitioners must be trained and certified as a Certified Manual Lymph Drainage Therapist (CMLDT).

Nonabsorbable suture

Made of silk, nylon, steel, and other materials that cannot be absorbed by the body. These sutures are used for deep tissues to permanently hold tissue in place since they do not react with body tissues. Nonabsorbable sutures are also used for skin repair, but these must be removed.

Word Choice

Make thoughtful word choices that communicate the message in a professional and unbiased manner. Avoid using slang because not everyone understands slang terms.

Incision and Drainage

Making an incision to allow for drainage of pus or other material

Aerobes

Microbes that require oxygen

X-ray

Most common diagnostic image you will assist with in the physician's office. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light. It is invisible to the human eye. X-rays can penetrate most body tissues and record an image on a radiographic film. The physician is able to view abnormalities in the body's tissues because air, fat, water, and bone all develop on the film in different shades of black and white. Air is the least dense, so the X-rays can easily penetrate and show up as very dark.

Common GI Symptoms

Nausea Vomiting "Coffee-ground" emesis Diarrhea Constipation Bright red blood in stools Melena Abdominal pain Abdominal distension Dyspepsia Anorexia Flatulence Dysphagia

Identification

Occurs when a person avoids painful thoughts and emotions by identifying with some symbolic sources of strength

Regression

Occurs when a person under stress reverts to behavior characteristic of a younger age

Projection

Occurs when people avoid a negative evaluation of themselves by seeing their own unpleasant thoughts or actions in other people

Conversion

Occurs when somebody converts psychological problems into a physical ailment

Rationalization

Offering a socially acceptable and apparently more or less logical explanation for an act or decision actually produced by unconscious impulses

Aging: Nervous System

Older individuals experience a decline in their sense of taste, especially sweet and salty. This can lead to a lower desire to eat and nutritional concerns. Vision and hearing also decline along with physical sensation. The body's physical sensation is an important protective mechanisms so when sensation declines, other injuries can occur. Response time to stimuli diminishes, further putting the body in danger. The individual may need to stop some daily activities, such as driving. Aging may also impact the brain. Some individuals may find it difficult to control conscious movement, retain information in short-term memory, or communicate in a logical manner. This decline may require additional care.

Distribution

Once a drug is absorbed by the body, it must then be distributed through the body. Distribution is accomplished by the patient's circulatory system.

Means of Exit

Once the incubation period is over, the pathogens need a way to leave the host. Typically, the pathogens will exit the host via bodily fluids such as blood, tears, saliva, sputum, feces, urine, and vaginal secretions. At this point, the patient may not experience any clinical symptoms.

Impacted fracture

One end of a fractured bone driven or wedged into the other end of the same bone Long bones and bones of wrists, elbows, shoulders, ankles, knees, and hips

Infertility

One specialized area of the OB/GYN practice involves fertility. Many individuals and couples have difficulty conceiving a child or maintaining a pregnancy after conception. Infertility is a term used to describe partners who are under the age of 35 and who have actively tried to conceive without medical assistance for one year without a resulting pregnancy. For couples over 35, the timeframe is shortened to six months. There are two categories of infertility: Primary infertility refers to couples who have never achieved a pregnancy.Secondary infertility refers to couples after one or both have achieved a viable pregnancy. Currently, the statistics suggest that fertility issues are 40% female factors, 40% male factors, and 10% unknown factors. Some OB/GYN treat only females, while others treat both males and females when fertility is the goal.

Clinical Dietician

One who is concerned with the promotion of good health through proper diet and with the therapeutic use of diet in the treatment of disease.

Iris Scissors

Only 3-4 inches long with sharp points for ophthalmic surgery

Compound fracture

Open wound over the ends of the fractured bones; often an end of the bone is visible Long bones

Debris

Organic or inorganic extraneous material that interferes with the proper functioning or cleaning of supplies or equipment

Anaerobes

Organisms that survive and grow in the absence of oxygen

Otitis Externa

Otitis externa is called swimmer's ear. It is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal. It causes a general condition of an earache. It can be related to dermatitis or to a microbial infection.

Otitis Media

Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear or middle ear infection. It occurs around the area of the tympanic membrane and in the inner ear and Eustachian tube. It typically heals on its own, but is painful.

Fire Extinguisher Operation

PASS Pull the pin. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. Squeeze the handle. Sweep side to side.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PID is a bacterial invasion of the vagina and pelvic cavity typically caused by a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The patient experiences fever, chills, a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, severe pelvic pain, backache, and tender abdomen. The patient will also have an elevated white blood cell count. Treatment includes antibiotics.

Symptoms and Warning Signs of Suicide

Prolonged depression that includes crying, sadness, helplessness, hopelessness, fatigue, weight loss, change in bowel habits, and poor concentration Uncharacteristic behavior Mood swings A vacant stare Change in eating and sleeping patterns Lack of interest and withdrawal Lowered interest in sexual activity Giving away prized possessions

Pronation

Pronation is the turning of the palm of the hand downward

Certified Surgical Assistant

Provides aid in exposure, hemostasis, closure, and other intraoperative technical functions that help the surgeon carry out a safe operation with optimal results for the patient.

American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)

Provides credentialing for CMA

ADA Title III (Public Accommodations)

Public accommodations include facilities such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, retail stores, etc., as well as privately owned transportation systems. Title III requires that all new construction and modifications must be accessible to individuals with disabilities. For existing facilities, barriers to services must be removed if readily achievable.

ADA Title II (Public Services)

Public services (which include state and local government agencies, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, and other commuter authorities) cannot deny services to people with disabilities or deny participation in programs or activities that are available to people without disabilities. In addition, public transportation systems, such as public transit buses, must be accessible to individuals with disabilities.

Objective

Refers to findings from physical exam, the vital signs, lab results, or other diagnostic testing.

Possible Causes of Cancer

Repeated exposure to carcinogens Genetic cellular mutations Immune system diseases Hormones Viruses

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)

Requires that every effort be taken to protect the civil rights of the disabled

Escherichia coli

Resides in the colon of all people. It is an essential component of the healthy functioning of the digestive tract. However, when E. coli moves to another part of the body, such as the urinary tract or skin, it can cause a serious urinary tract infection.

B cells

Responsible for antibody production, utilized in humoral immunity

Peristalsis

Rhythmic, involuntary, wavelike motion in the hollow tubes of the body that assist the passage of contents

Rubella

Rubella is also called the German measles. It is caused by a virus that spreads by direct contact with infected people as well as nasal or oral secretions. It can cause birth defects if the pregnant mother contracts the disease. Symptoms include a fine rash over the body and high fever.

Seizures

Seizures involve involuntary muscular contractions resulting from abnormal cerebral stimulation. The main goal in emergency management of a person having a seizure is to prevent the victim from injury. Ease the victim to the floor and move furniture or other objects out of the way to minimize the risk of injury. Do not attempt to force open the victim's mouth or put anything in the mouth. Stay with the person and provide privacy. Loosen any constricting clothing. Monitor the patient's breathing and, if necessary, keep the airway open by gently jutting the jaw forward and tilting the head backward. Turn the patient's head to the side so that any fluids can drain and not cause choking. In many situations, a seizure is not a medical emergency. If the person has a diagnosis of a seizure disorder and recovers sufficiently, you may need to assure the person has a ride home. If this is the first seizure or it lasts for more than a few minutes, call EMS. Most individuals with diagnosed seizure disorders have anti-seizure medication. The physician may order oxygen. Do not allow the person to be alone or drive after a seizure.

Assessment of Sensory Abilities

Sensory abilities are evaluated by asking the patient to close the eyes and then touching the patient's skin in various areas to determine where the patient feels the touch. A sterile safety pin is sometimes used in a prick test. The physician may assess the olfactory senses, or sense of smell, by asking patients to identify various odors.

Pruritus

Severe itching causing an eruption on the skin; usually red

Shock

Shock is a general term referring to a collapse of the cardiovascular functioning resulting in insufficient oxygen to the body. This collapse can have a number of causes including bleeding, stopping of the heart, dilation of the blood vessels due to a drug or psychological or emotional response, respiratory distress, neurological conditions, metabolic insults, sepsis, or anaphylaxis. If a person remains in shock without treatment, he or she can quickly die. Immediate intervention is required when shock occurs. Treatment involves: Having the patient lie down Keeping the patient warm Maintaining a sufficient airway Controlling all bleeding Monitoring vital signs Providing emotional support Elevating lower limbs above the heart

Exposure, Post-Exposure Evaluation, and Follow-up

Should an exposure event occur, follow the facility's specific procedures for during the exposure, after the exposure, and for follow-up care. Counseling and treatment must be offered.

Distal

Situated away from the point of origin or attachment

Proximal

Situated toward the point of origin or attachment

Simple fracture

Skin intact over the fracture Any bone

Integumantary

Skin, hair , and nails

Chronologically Organized Medical Record

Some facilities organize the information in the patient's chart chronologically meaning that each new entry is added to the top of the pile with each patient visit. At the beginning of the chart is a piece of paper with the name of the patient at the top. Each time the patient visits the office, a health professional dates the sheet and records vital signs and the reason for the visit. The physician then adds narrative comments. New sheets are added as needed.

Generic Name

Sometimes called the nonproprietary name or common name. This name is assigned to the drug by the manufacturer seeking approval of the drug by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). The generic name is sometimes a shortened version of the pharmaceutical name. All manufacturers of the drug use the same generic name. It is never capitalized.

Psychologists

Specialist in the field of psychology, therapy, and research

Body Positions

Specific terms are associated with positioning a patient for the X-ray. Remember that right and left always refers to the patient's right and left sides.

Fluorescein ophthalmologic drops

Stains the eyes

Swedish massage

Swedish massage is performed with the goal of promoting general relaxation, stimulating circulation, and enhancing muscle tone as well as reducing muscle tightness. It uses five specific strokes to relieve joint pain and stiffness and to increase circulation.

Objective symptoms

Symptoms that are visible and can be observed, such as pimples, pustules, or inflammation

T-lymphocytes

T-cells, migrate from the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland

Accommodation

The adjustment of the lens of the eye to various distances

Administrative Information

The administrative information includes all of the data needed to bill and collect payment for the services provided. This information typically includes: -The patient registration record that is usually in the patient's handwriting. Some facilities now allow the patient to enter this information online or to use a computer at the facility -Any correspondence with the patient, with other health professionals regarding the patient, with insurance companies, and others -The patient's insurance information and copies of the patient's insurance cards -The name of the individual responsible for payment of the bill

The Nutrition Facts Panel

The amount of the food that is designated as a serving size The total calories in a serving of the food The calories from fat in a serving of the food The grams of total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat in a serving of the food The milligrams of cholesterol in a serving of the food The milligrams of sodium in a serving of the food The grams of total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and sugars in a serving of the food The grams of protein in the food The Percent Daily Value of each nutrient including vitamins and minerals if these are in sufficient quantity in a serving of the food The food's ingredients

Subcutaneous

The base level of the skin is the subcutaneous level. It houses larger blood vessels and many nerves and is composed of fat tissue and connective tissue. An important function is to regulate body temperature by insulation and dilation or constriction of the blood vessels in the skin.

Pupil

The black spot in the middle of the iris that dilates or constricts to adjust for the amount of light coming into the eye.

Frontal Plane

The frontal plane divides the body into front and back portions. This is also called the coronal plane.

Aging: GI System

The gastrointestinal system begins to slow resulting in constipation.

The Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which originate at the base of the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which originate at specific areas of the spinal cord. Each nerve innervates a specific region of the body or specific organ.

Generic name

The pharmaceutical name for a medication that is used by all manufacturers that produce the medication

Hard Palate

The roof of the mouth is created by the hard palate, which is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull.

Specific Immune Response

The specific immune response activates when inflammation alone is insufficient to manage the infection. The response is controlled by T-cell lymphocytes of the cell-mediated response and B-cell lymphocytes of the humoral immunity processes.

Lateral

The term lateral refers to a body or body part placed at a 90-degree angle

Standard Precautions

The two tiers are: -Universal Precautions and Body Substance Isolation - Transmission based precautions

View

The view refers to how the image is seen from the image receptor and is the opposite of projection

Psychosocial Emergencies

There are several types of psychosocial emergencies. State laws dictate what must be done in areas of domestic violence, sexual abuse and rape, suicide, and other psychosocial behaviors. Listen to the patient carefully without judging. Inform the physician if a patient discusses any of these issues. The physician will make appropriate decisions for informing authorities.

Effacement

Thinning of the cervix

Prone or Ventral Recumbent

This position is when the patient is lying face down

Rhythm

Time interval bw pulses or breaths

Cannula

Tube or sheath

Inhalation and exhalation (breathing)

Twelve pairs of ribs surround the entire cavity housing the lungs and protect them from physical damage. The muscles between the ribs work together with the diaphragm to bring air into and out of the lungs during contraction and relaxation of the muscles. The diaphragm forms the bottom of the pleural cavity and helps to push the air out of the lungs. When these muscles contract, the size of the plural cavity enlarges and the pressure is lowered. Air naturally moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Since the pressure is decreased inside the pleural cavity, air rushes in. This is inhalation, sometimes called inspiration. When the muscles relax, the cavity shrinks again to normal size, which increases the pressure and air rushes out. This is exhalation, sometimes called expiration.

Thymectomy

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid (for example, to distinguish a thyroid nodule from a cyst)

Thyroid Echogram

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid (for example, to distinguish a thyroid nodule from a cyst)

Hearing impaired

Unable to hear, or having a diminished sense of hearing

Radiography

Use of X-rays to study body tissues

Contrast Studies

Use of a contrast medium injected into the tissue to enhance the image

Fluoroscopy

Use of a fluoroscope that allows for images to be taken of the tissue in motion used to study internal organs as they function. The unique aspect of fluoroscopy is that the images capture movement in the tissues. A fluoroscope projects visual images on a fluorescent screen instead of film so that the internal structures can be viewed. The technician can also take static pictures of different parts of the image.

Cryosurgery

Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue a procedure in which abnormal tissue is frozen to destroy the abnormal cells. It may be performed in combination with a colposcopy.

Stethoscope

Used to focus and amplify sound

Needle Holders

Used to hold the needle for suturing

Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia is a result of decreased blood flow to the brain caused by atherosclerosis. Oxygen is prevented from nourishing the brain cells. Symptoms include loss of intellectual faculties, memory lapses, and personality changes as well as anxiety, depression, and irritability. The condition progresses with age. Patients tend to lose interest in their surroundings, friends and family, personal hygiene, and appearance. There is no cure; however, in some cases, surgical removal of plaque may be successful to prevent further damage. Drug therapy can increase the blood flow to the cerebral arteries. Once brain cells are destroyed, they cannot be regained.

Polyuria

Voiding large amounts of urine

Lymphocytes

White blood cells responsible for the antigen-antibody response and sensitization (memory) to antigens to which the body has been exposed previously. Lymphocytes include B-cells and T-cells When a pathogen or foreign body invades the body, the T-cells and B-cells destroy it. Once destroyed, macrophages absorb the foreign substances through phagocytosis. Recall that when only T-cells are involved it is called cell-mediated immunity (or cell-mediated response). When both T-cells and B-cells are involved, it is called a humoral or antibody-mediated immunity.

Complementary Medicine

Works together with conventional medical treatment.

Closed wound

Wound that involves trauma to the underlying tissue without a break in the skin or mucous membrane or exposure of the underlying tissue

Autoclave load

Wrapped or unwrapped instruments, packs, and supplies placed in an autoclave to be sterilized

Grave's Disease

___ is a condition of hyperthyroidism. The symptoms include: a feeling of nervousness, excessive perspiration, insomnia, palpitations and rapid heart rate, intolerance to heat, weight loss, excessive thirst, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Choose.....

IDDM

___, a pancreatic disorder, has an abrupt onset, and usually appears before the age of 30. IDDM

Actinic Keratosis

a benign skin disorder typically caused by exposure over time to solar or artificial UV rays. It can be precancerous. The physician will often recommend a biopsy of the tissue after removing it. The patient will have scaly, bumpy, crusty areas on the face, ears, and neck. The affected area may be flesh-colored, light or dark tan, pink, red, or a combination. It will also itch and be tender.

Encephalitis

a brain inflammation caused by viruses often from birds, horses, or mosquitoes. It may also be an infection resulting from mumps, measles, chickenpox, influenza, rubella, mononucleosis, herpes simplex virus, and West Nile virus. Patients experience headache, fever, malaise, lethargy, vision problems, nausea and vomiting, seizures, decreased levels of consciousness, nuchal rigidity, and ultimately death if not treated. Treatment involves drug therapy with the appropriate antibiotic or antiviral medication.

Hiatal Hernia

a condition in which a portion of the stomach slips above the diagram in the thoracic cavity. The esophagus extends through a hole in the diaphragm to reach the stomach; when the stomach pushes up through this hole, the patient experiences severe pain. Treatment involves drug therapy, avoiding lying down for a period after eating and elevating the head while in bed.

Diverticulosis

a condition in which small pockets form in the intestinal lining. The patient suffers abdominal pain and distension, flatulence, and difficulty and pain in defecation. The colon is mainly affected. The physician will palpate the abdominal area and listen for digestive sounds as well as order diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves dietary changes to include more fiber and fluids and eliminate some foods.

Retinal Detachment

a condition in which the retina is lifted or pulled from its normal position. If not treated immediately, it can cause permanent vision loss. The retina can also be torn slightly, which can lead to retinal detachment. This condition is more common in women over 40, but can occur in anyone. Symptoms include a sudden or gradual increase in specks that float around the field of vision or light flashes in the eye. Patients can also experience the appearance of a curtain over the field of vision. This is a medical emergency. Treatment is done with laser surgery or a freeze method, called cryopexy, and can be performed in the doctor's office.

Cellulitis

a condition of inflammation and infection of the subcutaneous tissue typically caused by Staphylococcus. The physician will generally prescribe IV antibiotics and possibly pain medication. Elevation of the extremity and heat can address the impaired circulation of the swollen tissue.

Hypothyroidism

a disorder in which the thyroid produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormones. Untreated, it can lead to conditions such as thyroid gland enlargement, called a goiter. The most common cause of a goiter is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid. These patients have a higher risk of heart disease. Cardiomegaly can also occur.

Antigen

a foreign substance, typically made of protein that evokes an allergic reaction. When this antigen enters the body, the body's immune system reacts to deactivate the antigen, neutralize it, or to kill it altogether

Stomach

a main digestive organ. There are several parts to the stomach. One end connects to the esophagus while the other end connects to the small intestine

Mayo stand

a movable stainless steel instrument tray on a stand

Myasthenia Gravis

a neuromuscular disease that shows sporadic weakened muscles, especially after strenuous activity. The disease progresses to complete muscular and respiratory paralysis. Symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, double vision, ptosis, difficulty in swallowing, and backward flow of fluids through the nose.

Spirometry

a noninvasive test that measures the exhalation capacity of the lungs. It is commonly used to track the progress of acute or chronic respiratory conditions and is used as a postoperative treatment.

Gallbladder

a pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the underside of the right side of the liver via the cystic and bile ducts. The gallbladder stores bile made in the liver and concentrates it. As bile is needed, the gallbladder secretes it into the stomach. Bile helps in the emulsification of fats. People who have had their gallbladder removed should limit their consumption of fats because only a limited amount of bile is secreted directly from the liver at one time.

Allergy Testing: Intradermal

a procedure in which a small amount of potential antigen is injected under the skin. If the person has an allergy to the substance, the area will show an immune response after a period of time.

Tympanic cavity

a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Fluid can accumulate within the middle ear because of infection or other reason and may need to be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a small needle.

Otolaryngologist

a specialist who treats ear and throat diseases and disorders

Otologist

a specialist who treats ear diseases and disorders

Ophthalmologist

a specialist who treats eye diseases and conditions

Auditory canal

a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear at the eardrum. It is about 35 mm in length and 5 to 10 mm in diameter

Orthopnea

ability to breathe easily only in an upright position

Hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure

Psychological Pain

acute or chronic, life situations, such as trauma or death, can cause acute pain. With time, acute pain tends to subside. In some cases, what begins as acute pain continues and becomes chronic. Chronic pain is often diagnosed as depression, and symptoms may include anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, depression, and other psychological problems.

pc

after meals

Presbycusis

age related hearing loss

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

also called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). It is diagnosed often in children who cannot produce sufficient quantities of insulin, if any. Patients must continue daily insulin injections for their lifetime. Type 1 diabetes can also be treated with a pancreatic transplant.

amt

amount

amp

ampule

Fovea

an area in the back of the eye responsible for sharp vision

Hypoparathyroidism

an undersecretion of parathyroid hormone that causes low serum calcium levels, called hypocalcemia. The result is an increase in nerve excitability where there is spontaneous muscle contraction or twitching. This is called tetany. The heart muscle is affected and tends to contract weakly. Treatment is lifelong calcium replacement therapy with vitamin D supplements.

Transient Ischemic Attack

are caused by short periods of limited blood flow to the brain. Symptoms are similar to those of a stroke, but less severe and the condition resolves itself within 24 hours. There is typically little long lasting effect; however, individuals who have TIAs may be showing signs that a stroke is to come.

ad lib

as desired

Radial

at the wrist over the radial artery

Skeletal muscle

attached to bones and responsible for the movement of the body. These movements are voluntary. This muscle tissue has multiple nuclei in the muscle cell, called the myofiber. The myofiber itself is long and striated making it have a striped appearance. Contraction is in response to neurological electrical impulses, hormonal influences, exercise, and medications.

ante

before

ac

before meals

Lower Respiratory System

begins at the laryngopharynx where the trachea branches into the bronchi. The bronchi lead into the right and left lungs and divide into smaller and smaller branches to become bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole is a cluster of tiny air sacs, called alveoli. Each alveolus is wrapped by tiny blood vessels, called capillaries. Here the oxygen that is breathed in is exchanged for carbon dioxide that must be breathed out. The heart and lungs lie in the pleural cavity. The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes. The heart is nestled in a fold of the left lung. Each lung is covered by a double-folded membranous covering, called the pleura. The innermost layer is the visceral pleura and the outermost layer is the parietal pleura. Between the layers lies a serous, watery substance that helps to lubricate the membranes to prevent friction as you breathe in and out.

Keloids

benign overgrowths of collagenous scar tissue that is often raised and hard. It is typically a result of a surgical procedure or traumatic injury. Some disappear by themselves. The physician can perform a cryotherapy or may perform a surgical procedure followed by an X-ray treatment or steroid injection.

po

by mouth

Headaches

called cephalgia. In many cases, the cause cannot be identified. Pain often results from irritation of sensory nerve endings in the head or neck. Symptoms include pain that patients describe as diffuse, dull, aching, sharp, acute, intense, throbbing, or almost unbearable. The physician may use imaging studies, EEG, and physical examination to diagnose the condition. It is important to determine the underlying pathology. Treatment includes analgesic drug therapy to relieve pain, stress reduction, and massage. Migraine headaches are intense, throbbing, and incapacitating. They are thought to be caused by changes in the blood flow in the brain. Prodromal symptoms include photophobia, tinnitus, flashing lights, and cravings for sweets or other foods. Treatment for migraine headaches includes bed rest in a darkened room, analgesic drug therapy, relaxation exercises, and beta-blockers.

cap

capsule

Anaphylactic Shock

caused specifically by a severe allergic reaction to a foreign substance, and is a life-threatening emergency in which the body responds to a foreign substance, such as bug bites, bee stings, certain foods, latex, etc. The physician should be called immediately. Many individuals who know they are allergic to specific substances carry an EpiPen, which is a self-injectable dose of epinephrine designed to sufficiently slow down the response in order to obtain medical assistance. Some patients may also carry an allergy notification card or wear an allergy bracelets or necklace to notify others of the severe allergic condition. The physician may also order an antihistamine to treat a patient in anaphylactic shock.

Melasma

causes brown to gray-brown patches on the face. Women are far more likely than men to get melasma. It is common during pregnancy because hormones seem to trigger melasma.

Multiple Sclerosis

chronic or progressive neurological disorder that affects the myelin sheath, which covers and insulates cells of the nervous system. It is thought to be genetic or caused by a viral infection. Symptoms include double vision, muscle weakness, progressive lack of coordination leading to paralysis, numbness, prickling, tingling, dysphasia, incontinence, and severe mood swings.

Phantom Pain

common occurence after a part of the body has been amputated. The severed nerve endings initiate electronic impulses to the brain as they would if there were actual pain receptors in the area. The brain interprets these signals just as it would if there were real pain. Phantom pain is often very severe, but tends to subside permanently with time.

Earlobe

composed of adipose connective tissue and does not contain cartilage, but does have a large blood supply and nerve endings

Thyroid Gland

composed of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea in the neck. It secretes several hormones: Thyroxine (T3) increases the metabolic rate of the body and is used for cell building and repair throughout the body Triiodothyroinine (T4) also increases the metabolic rate of the body. It is essential in cell building and repair Calcitonin increases the storage of calcium in the bones

Suspensory ligaments

connect the ciliary body to the lens

Pharynx

connects the mouth to the nasal cavities and throat. Here the food moves into the esophagus. Upon swallowing, the epiglottis covers the glottis, or opening to the trachea, to prevent the food from entering the respiratory system and causing choking or obstruction. An individual cannot breathe and swallow at the same time. Attempting to do so allows food to enter the trachea

lower gastrointestinal tract

considered to begin with the cecum and continue to the anus

Extrinsic muscle

control the movement of the eye

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

Mydriatic eye drops

dilate pupils

dil

dilute

dc

discontinue

disp

dispense

Liver

divided into five separate lobes. A smaller left lobe lies on the left side of the body. The larger right side lies on the right side of the body. The liver metabolizes, or breaks down, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It also removes nutrients from the blood and stores glucose as glycogen; the liver later converts glycogen back to glucose when the body needs additional blood sugar. The liver also stores fat and protein and converts these nutrients to glucose as needed. Additionally, the liver helps form clotting factors and blood plasma proteins and serves as a filter to detoxify the blood from drugs and some toxic substances.

Charting

documentation of all the events of a patient's visit

dr

dram

gtt

drop, drops

Hypertension

elevated blood pressure

elix.

elixir

Keratinocyte

epidermal cell that produces keratin

aa

equal parts, of each

q

every

q2h

every 2 hours

q4h

every 4 hours

qh

every hour

qn

every night

Expiration

exhalation

ext

extract

Ovaries

female sex glands that secrete estrogens and progesterone. These hormones promote the growth, development, and maintenance of secondary female sex organs and characteristics and facilitate the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. They also promote mammary gland development.

Endoscope

fiber-optic instrument used to visualize the internal aspect of the GI tract

qid

four times a day

Thymus Gland

functions early in childhood and has little function in adults. The thymus gland helps to develop the immune system. It is located in the mediastinum and is composed of lymphoid-type tissue. During adolescence, it shrinks and atrophies. The thymus gland is involved in the immune response and is essential for the maturation of T-cells in the child.

gr

grain

Swing-through Gait

has the following sequence of steps. It is used for individuals who have difficulty moving independently. Move both crutches forward Lift and swing the extremities to and past the crutches Repeat

Lymphatic System

highly involved in the immune response to pathogens and foreign bodies. The thymus gland and bone marrow are responsible for developing lymphocytes. The organs of the lymphatic system include the lymph glands, tonsils, and spleen, which filter substances from the lymph and stimulate the production of lymphocytes. The lymphatic vessels allow the lymph to flow throughout the body.

Urticaria

hives

Acute pain

immediate and often severe, tends to be temporary and lessens when treated and with time. Examples include pain from surgery, a broken limb, or appendicitis.

Specialized radiographic examinations

include mammography, angiography, arthrography, and cholecystography. Note that many of these procedures are highly specialized and require extensive training and specialized equipment.

inj

inject

Otoscope

instrument for examining the ear

Otoscope

instrument used for examining the external canal and the tympanic membrane of the ear

id

intradermal

im

intramuscular

iv

intravenous

kg

kilogram

au

left ear

Lens

lies at the back of the anterior chamber of the eyeball and focuses the image.

Cardiac muscles

line the walls of the heart. Its contraction causes the heart to pump and is involuntary in response to neurological electrical impulse, hormonal influence, exercise, and medications. The muscle tissue is striated and has branching interconnections that allows the entire muscle to contract simultaneously.

l

liter

Diastolic Blood Pressure

lowest pressure of the artery when the vessels are relaxed. As with systolic blood pressure, inelastic arteries and nervous control can increase the diastolic pressure Bottom number (##/80)

Proteins

made from amino acids. There are 21 amino acids in the body. Nine of the 21 amino acids are essential, meaning that you must consume these in the foods you eat because the body cannot make them. The remaining 11 amino acids are nonessential, meaning that the body manufacturers these using the essential amino acids that are consumed. Some amino acids are conditionally essential, meaning that they are required in times of illness or stress. A complete protein is one that supplies all of the essential amino acids in the proportion required by the body; complete proteins include meat, fish, eggs, and other animal products. Non-animal products provide incomplete proteins. If only non-animal products are eaten, the individual must combine appropriate foods to get the complete set of essential amino acids required. A protein deficiency results in poor body growth, development, and function. Protein is used as an energy source only as a last resort when all carbohydrates and fats have ben used up.

The Ishihara Color Vision Test

measures the patient's ability to see colors. Seeing color is a function of the cones of the retina. People who cannot see color may have defective cones or no cones at all. A patient may not be able to identify one or more primary colors. People can be born with color blindness (typically males) or it can be caused by damage or disease of the retina, the optic nerve, or the thyroid gland. There are two types of color blindness.

Mensuration

measuring

med

medicine

mcg, ug

microgram

Tongue

moves the food around as it is chewed to help turn the mouthful of food into a bolus, which is then maneuvered to the throat and swallowed. This process of chewing is called mastication

noc

night

Upper Respiratory System

nose, the pharynx, and the larynx. The two sides of the interior nose are separated by the nasal septum. The interior nose has three zones: vestibular, olfactory and respiratory The upper respiratory area is also divided into three areas distinguishing the mouth and throat areas: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

npo

nothing by mouth

Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, and inversion

occur at the ankle in condyloid joints.

Abduction and adduction

occur at the hip and shoulder using ball-and-socket joints.

DNR (do not resuscitate)

order declaring that the patient has requested to not be given CPR The patient has an incurable injury, disease, or illness The patient's death will occur within a short time Using life-prolonging procedures would serve only to artificially lengthen the dying process. These conditions must be certified in writing by an attending physician.

Analgesic

pain-relieving

Quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

Hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Alopecia

partial or complete hair loss. It can be inherited or caused by aging, iron deficiency, thyroid diseases, skin infection of the scalp, chemotherapy, and radiation. In some cases, if the condition is addressed, the hair will grow back.

po

per os, by mouth

Systolic Blood Pressure

period of highest pressure on the artery. It represents the force of the blood against the artery wall when the ventricles of the heart are contracting Top number (120/##)

Aural

pertaining to the ear

pc

post cibum, after meals

lb

pound

rx

prescription

PCP

primary care physician

POMR

problem-oriented medical record

Contraction

process of drawing up and thickening of a muscle fiber

Tachypnea

rapid breathing

RMA

registered medical assistant

The Organ Procurement and Transplant Network

requiring that all hospitals performing transplants follow OPTN rules to receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement. When a donor is identified, his or her data is entered into the system to find the closest match to the candidate with the greatest need.

Acquired Immunity

results from being exposed to a disease or being immunized through vaccinations.

sol

solution

Swing-on Gait

starts in the tripod position with the feet about a foot apart. This gait is used with patients who have lower extremity injuries or disabilities and who have very strong arms and good muscular coordination. The sequence of steps is: Move both crutches forward Lift and swing the extremities to the crutches Repeat

Sterilant

sterilizing agent

Cholecystography

the examination of the gallbladder using oral contrast, which the patient swallows. This provides a visual picture of the gallbladder to look for gallstones or obstruction of the cystic duct.

bid

twice a day

Axillary

under the arm

Zeiss Microscope

used to magnify the tympanic membrane

Inspection

visual examination

Emesis

vomit

H2O

water

Basophils

white blood cells important in hypersensitivity reactions in the allergic response

c, cum

with

Calorie Intake

Obesity and overweight are serious health problems for many individuals in the United States. Numerous diseases and disorders are associated with being obese and overweight. There are also significant problems associated with being underweight. In general, when individuals consume more calories than they expend, they gain weight. When they consume fewer calories than they expend, they lose weight. There are many physical, hormonal, and psychosocial factors that impact this concept. Economics: People with lower incomes tend to buy high-carbohydrate foods to make the food budget last longer. Often these high-carbohydrate foods are also high in fats, low in protein, and high in empty calories, meaning that they do not provide sufficient nutrients for the amount of calories Cultural: In many cultures, eating a meal is a significant social activity and can lead to the overconsumption of high calorie foods. Alcohol consumption also delivers empty calories with little nutritional benefit. Lifestyle: As people become busy in life, there is an increased tendency to consume fast foods, which are typically high in fat and empty calories and low in the nutrients needed by the body. Advertising compounds the problem encouraging people to make less healthful food choices. The most reliable way to maintain a healthy body weight is to maintain the balance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure.

Medical Assistant: Dermatology

Obtain the patient's medical history Measure and record patient vital signs as they begin the patient encounter and as requested by the physician Instruct and assist patients in removing clothing Drape patients for specific purposes Assist patients as necessary and as requested by the physician, and provide emotional support during procedures Assist the dermatologist as necessary during the physical exam and procedure Instruct patients about medication orders and pre- or post-procedure instructions Schedule and remind patients about appointments

Emergency Medical System Professionals

The Emergency Medical System (EMS) is designed to provide prehospital care for victims of emergencies as well as safe and prompt transportation to an appropriate emergency facility via ambulance, helicopter, or even airplane, in some situations. The role of the EMS professional is to: Provide on-the-scene intervention and treatment Prepare the victim for transportation to a medical facility Transport the victim to the facility Once the patient has been delivered to the medical facility, the EMS professionals pass the care to that facility. In some cases, EMS responders may work with a physician at a medical facility to provide treatment and stabilization. EMS professionals also work with local law enforcement and fire departments to manage emergency situations, such as traffic control, crowd control, rescue, extrication, etc. In most areas of the country, victims of emergencies can access the EMS by calling 911 on landlines and cell phones. The FCC requires all wireless service providers to transmit 911 calls to a Public Safety Answering Point regardless of whether the caller subscribes to the provider's service or not. A three-phased enhancement strategy is being implemented in which service providers must also provide the number from which the call was made as well as the GPS location of the call. Carriers have a specified time period within which they must comply with these new FCC rules.

Auditory tube

The Eustachian tube. It runs from the middle ear to the pharynx and is designed to protect, aerate, and drain the middle ear. It can be come inflamed and infected if blocked

The Glasgow Coma Scale

The Glasgow Coma Scale is a standardized system to assess brain activity, level of consciousness, and brain damage. The three responses include eye response, verbal response, or motor response. Each response is assigned a numerical value and the score estimates the rating of the injury. The best score is noted for each area. An example score is E2V2M4.

Left Lateral View (LL)

The LL view refers to the view seen when the left side of the body faces the film.

The Mantoux Test

The Mantoux test helps to screen patients for contact with or presence of the active disease state of TB (tuberculosis). If there is a positive result on this test, it is followed by another Mantoux test or a chest X-ray or both to negate or confirm the results. A positive Mantoux test result indicates only that the patient carries the TB bacteria and does not indicate active TB. If the patient has a lowered immunity, the first Mantoux test may not yield a reaction. Additional tests may be indicated if the patient regains his or her immunocompetence.

Posteroanterior View(PA)

The PA view refers to the view seen when the central ray is directed from back to front

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is formed by a complex network of cranial nerves stemming from the brain, spinal nerves stemming from the spinal cord, and sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. This complex set of nerves controls body functions by receiving and sending signals to and from the brain and spinal column.

Right lateral view (RL)

The RL view refers to the view seen when the right side of the body faces the film

Thyroid

The ___ gland is composed of two lobes and is located in the neck on either side of the trachea It secretes T3 and T4 which are essential for energy, and cell building and repair. thyroid

Aging: Urinary System

The bladder may spasm as one gets older causing incontinence. There is also a significant loss in the muscle tone of the sphincter that adds to the risk of incontinence. In males, an enlarged prostate may cause urinary retention, frequency, or nocturia.

Water

The body itself is approximate 70% water. Water is an important nutrient and is involved in almost every body process. It works to regulate body temperature, lubricate joints, carry nutrients to and waste materials from body cells in the blood and aids in most chemical reactions in the body. Water is excreted form the body through the urinary system. Some water is lost through the digestive system as well. Excessive water loss results in dehydration, a serious condition that can lead to death if not remedied. People consume water through direct consumption as well as through the consumption of foods.

The Neuron

The nerve cell is called a neuron. It is the functional unit of the nervous system. The neuron is uniquely structured to conduct electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles and organs of the body and from the sensory receptors of the body back to the brain and spinal cord. Each neuron has a main part, called the cell body, containing a nucleus and other typical cellular components. The neuron's unique structures are the axons and dendrites. The axon is a long projection of cellular substance that connects with other neurons, muscles, and organs. At the end of the axon are terminal ends, which hold neurotransmitter substances. The other projections from the cell body of a neuron are the dendrites. One neuron can have many dendrites projecting off of the cell body. The dendrites connect with the terminal ends of the axons of other neurons. When neurotransmitters are released from the terminal end of the axon, they travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to a receptor site on the dendrite of another neuron or to a receptor site on a muscle or organ. This connection system forms the highly functional network of nerves that conduct electrical impulses throughout the body. The electrical impulse always runs from the dendrites through the cell body, through the axon, and on to another dendrite, muscle, or organ. Some neurons in the peripheral nervous system are additionally protected by a myelin sheath on the axon portion of the cell. The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that winds itself around the axon. It increases the speed of the electrical impulse moving along this part of the neuron.

Susceptible Host

The new host starts the cycle over again. When the susceptible host has a compromised immune system, it is easier for the pathogens to cause an infection. The body responds to the infection with pain, swelling, and redness as well as higher temperature and higher pulse rate. Laboratory tests can detect the infection and identify the specific microbes. If the body's natural defenses cannot overcome the infection, the physician will order antibiotics and other medications to help the body's defenses.

Nonspecific Immune Response

The nonspecific immune response causes inflammation in body tissue due to injury. The inflammation involves chemical, vascular, and leukocyte activities in the tissues around the injury. The result is redness in the area of the injury, swelling, pain, and warmth of the tissues.

Biopsy

The obtaining of a representative tissue sample for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis the excision of a small sample of tissue to be examined in the lab for abnormal growth, cancer cells, infection, or other abnormality. A biopsy needle is used to shave, punch, or excise a small sample of the tissue.

Optional surgery

The paitient is given the option of suregery or not . SUrgery is not medically relevant, denial of surgery will have no adverse effects on the patient's health

Tonsil

The palatine tonsils can be seen in the back of the throat. These form the immune system's first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens.

Means of Transmission

The pathogens are then transmitted by air, physical contact, contaminated food, human carriers, animal carriers, insects, fomites, and soil.

Means of Entrance

The pathogens then enter the new host through the respiratory system, genitourinary system, gastrointestinal system or the eyes, ears, or open areas in the skin. Microorganisms can also cross the placental barrier to infect the fetus.

Therapeutic Service Reports

The patient's medical record will include the following reports if any therapeutic services were provided: -Nutritional therapy reports -Occupational therapy reports -Physical therapy reports -Speech therapy reports -Rehabilitation therapy reports -Social worker reports

Hospital Documents

The patient's medical record will typically include the following information if the patient was admitted to the hospital: -Admission notes from the attending physician -Emergency room reports -Medical history and physical examination reports -All operative reports -All pathology reports -A discharge summary report

Scrub assistant

The person who assists directly with the surgical procedure. The responsibilities are: - Setting up the sterile field - Assisting the physician with sterile procedures before the surgery - Assisting the physician with donning sterile gown and gloves - Handing the physician the instruments and supplies as requested during the procedure - Draping the patient - Cutting sutures

Allergy Testing: CBC

The physician may order a CBC (complete blood count) to look at the red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Different white blood cells will increase with an allergic response to an antigen.

Methacholine Challenge Test

The physician uses this test to diagnose and treat asthma. In this test, the patient inhales periodic and increasing amounts of the methacholine and then undergoes PFTs to assess the reaction of the bronchial airways. This test can lead to increased difficulty in breathing and therefore is not advised for many conditions including patients with reduced lung volume, uncontrolled hypertension, and women who are pregnant and breastfeeding.

Tongue Depressor and Light Source

The physician uses tongue depressors to examine the mouth and throat. A light source is also used to increase visibility. Depressors are thin, wooden blades that are rounded at both ends.

Assessment of Motor Function

The physician will assess motor function by evaluating eye movement. The patient is asked to hold the head still and then look in specific directions or to follow the physician's finger or pen as it moves from side to side and up and down.

Oral Communication

- voice tone - word choices - focused conversation - repeat messages - clarification - communication etiquette - phone etiquette

Important professional characteristics of the medical assistant

- Medical assistants must understand how to communicate in the medical workplace using accepted medical terminology - Medical assistants must understand how to communicate with their patients and coworkers in a kind, compassionate, clear, and respectful way recognizing that situations in the medical environment often evoke emotional responses - Medical assistants must be able to complete the physical tasks associated with the job effectively and safely. These include lifting, manipulating equipment, standing, hearing, and seeing in order to keep themselves and their patients and coworkers safe and to provide high quality patient care

Code of Ethics for Medical Assistants

A code of ethics for medical assistants established by the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)

Radiology Technologist

A health care professional skilled in the theory and practice of the technical aspects of the use of x-rays and radioisotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

Respiratory Therapist (RT)

A health care professional skilled in the treatment and management of patients with respiratory problems, who administers respiratory care

Occupational Therapist (OT)

A health care professional who provides services designed to restore self-care, work, and leisure skills to patients/clients who have specific performance incapacities or deficits that reduce their abilities to cope with the tasks of everyday living

Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)

A health care professional who works under the supervision of an occupational therapist in planning and implementing programs to restore the self-care, work, and leisure skills of clients/patients

Genetic Counselor

A health professional academically and clinically prepared to communicate genetic, medical, and technical information about the occurrence, or risk of occurrence, of a genetic condition or birth defect.

Phlebotomist

A health professional trained in the opening of veins for the withdrawal of blood

Medical Transcriptionist

A health professional who prepares a written record of patient data dictated by a physician.

Dental Hygienist

A licensed, professional auxiliary in dentistry who is both an oral health educator and clinician, and who uses preventive, therapeutic, and educational methods for the control of oral diseases.

AAMA

American Association of Medical Assistants

AMT

American Medical Technologists

Electroencephalograph Technologist

An allied health professional trained to obtain interpretable electroencephalographic recordings and who is able to apply electrodes in specified locations, conduct routine and special tests, and prepare the tracing for interpretation by the neurologist.

Ultrasound Technologist

An allied health professional who provides patient services, using diagnostic ultrasound under the supervision of a doctor of medicine or osteopathy responsible for the use and interpretation of ultrasound procedures

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Pharmacy Technician

Assists the pharmacist in certain activities such as medication profile reviews for drug incompatibilities, typing of prescription labels, prescription packaging, handling of purchase records, and inventory control.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Level 1

Breathing, food, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

The College of Philadelphia Department of Science (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine)

Established in 1765 as the first medical college in the UX

Patient Bill of Rights

Established in 1973 by the American Hospital Association (AHA), a list of rights that are designed to protect both the patient and HCP, intention of this bill is to support open communication and respect for the patient's role in decision-making about treatment choices.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

First person to describe in detail the cardiovascular system and properties of the blood

Claudius Galen

Greek physician, dissected monkey and pig cadavers to examine anatomy/physiology and made many discoveries, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era, discovered that arteries carried blood and the heart pumped blood through the system and the brain controlled the body through nerves

Front Office Medical Assistant

In a healthcare facility, the front office typically refers to the administrative tasks related to patient care and include admissions, reception, billing, insurance, medical record management, health information management, and scheduling. This position is often referred to as a medical administrative assistant.

Evil Spirits/Angry Gods

Many people felt that disease and disorder had supernatural origins from evil sprits/angry gods and sorcerers/shamans were responsible for the healing. This would usually result in ineffective and cruel procedures so that they could rid the demon. They would also use dancing, talismans, magic and incantations

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Level 5

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

NCCA

National Commission for Certifying Agents

Pharmacist

One who is licensed to prepare, compound, and dispense drugs upon written order (prescription) from a licensed practitioner such as a physician, dentist, or advanced practice nurse. A pharmacist is a health care professional who cooperates with, consults with, and sometimes advises the licensed practitioner concerning drugs.

Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)

Physician in England, known as the "English Hippocrates", worked in discovering causes of disease in the beginning of the science epidemiology, was considered to be on of the first practitioners of clinical medicine that involved extensive patient observation/documentation in patient records

Physician Assistant

Provides patient care under direct supervision of a physician or other qualifying health professional. They conduct physical exams, diagnose and treat illnesses, order and interpret tests, counsel patients, assist in surgery, and may write prescriptions. The supervising physician determines the autonomy of the PA. Each state has its own training requirements and scope of practice, but most states require a bachelor's degree plus training of at least two years in an accredited educational program for physician's assistants leading to a master's degree. All states require the PA to be licensed

Health Information Manager

Responsible for managing and securing patient records. They spend a lot of time working with computers and software to comply with federal mandates for electronic storage of patient information.

Medical Office Manager

Responsible for overall operations of the medical office. This person must ensure that the medical office is running smoothly and proficiently.

Symbolic Communication

Symbolic language refers to an alternative way of communicating a message. Sign language is a common symbolic language for those who have hearing impairment or who cannot speak. American Sign Language (ASL) is a complex language with specific rules for grammar and using signs and hand movements for words. Deaf individuals are referred to as hearing impaired. Those who cannot speak are referred to as vocally impaired. Braille is the written form of language for people who are blind using symbolic tactile images.

Certified Medical Assistant (CMA)

The American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) offers the Certified Medical Assistant (CMA) credential. To obtain the CMA certification, qualified candidates must pass a rigorous examination that requires a thorough and current understanding of both the administrative and clinical knowledge and skills related to a medical assistant. This credential must be renewed every 60 months by participating in continuing education study programs, networking, and keeping current in the field or by passing a recertification examination.

Registered Medical Assistant (RMA)

The American Medical Technologists (AMT) organization offers the credential of Registered Medical Assistant (RMA). To obtain the RMA certification, qualified candidates must pass an examination that requires in-depth understanding of the knowledge and skills in both the clinical and administrative areas related to the medical assistant job. Recertification is required every three years and can be completed by obtaining points via continuing education, documented employment in the field, formal education, professional education, authoring written works, instructional presentations, and other similar types of activities.

National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA)

The accrediting agency for AMT

Back Office Medical Assistant

The back office in a healthcare facility often refers to the clinical aspects of patient care. Clinical skills include assisting the physician in patient procedures, taking vital signs and medical histories, performing EKGs, phlebotomy, emergency procedures, office laboratory procedures, assisting with minor surgery, and related tasks.

Displacement

The transfer of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target

Nurse

There are several levels of nurses. A licensed practical nurse (LPN) or licensed vocational nurse (LVN) completes a state-approved educational program typically taking at least one year of training and passing a state licensing exam. Registered nurses (RN) may have a diploma, an associate's degree (called an ADN), or a bachelor's degree (called a BSN) from an accredited nursing program and pass a national licensing exam. Nurses perform many tasks of patient care as directed by a physician or other qualified health provider

Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)

Trained and certified to appraise and initiate the administration of emergency care for victims of trauma or acute illness before or during transportation of the victims to a health care facility via ambulance or aircraft.

Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

Trained in basic patient care and practices under the supervision of a registered nurse. Duties include giving baths, checking vital signs, making beds, positioning patients and assisting patients in other basic care needs.

Physician

Trains for many years in an in-depth course of study that requires a bachelor's degree typically in a science related area, completion of four or more years of medical school, a licensure examination, and one or more years of residency in a hospital environment. Physicians can specialize in body systems, such as cardiology, or different types of medical areas or populations, such as pediatrics or geriatrics. Physicians are responsible for all of the medical care in the facility, and many other healthcare professionals work under either direct or indirect supervision of the physician in charge. In a court of law, the physician is the respondeat superior meaning that if you or any other health professional under the supervision of that physician makes an error, the physician is ultimately responsible

Blood Bank Technologists

Uniquely trained to perform routine and specialized tests in blood bank immunohematology and perform transfusion services.

Snake venom

Used as an antivenin to a snake bite (early medicine)

Written Communication

clear, well organized, and concise. Use proper grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and paragraph structure When writing a communication to a patient, avoid using technical terms, medical terms, abbreviations, or symbols. However, these may be used when writing to communicate with physicians and other providers. Remember that the goal of every communication is to ensure a mutual understanding of the message, and in the workplace it is important to state only the facts and not your opinion.