CMN 1 Final Study Guide

What's another word for a speaker?

rhetor

What is the general purpose statement?

A brief statement representing your communication intention.

What is the specific purpose statement?

A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you hope he audience will take away from the speech. This becomes the central idea of the speech.

What is an impromptu speech?

A presentation done with little or no preparation. More nerve wracking than the other kinds of speeches. Quickly develop a mental outline of what you want to say. High stress speech but typically very short and audience expects less from it.

What is the thesis statement?

A single statement that summarizes the purpose and main points of the speech. In order to craft a thesis statement, you have to add a signpost and a brief indicator of the main points to the specific purpose statement. Thesis should include a signpost, general purpose, specific purpose, and main points.

In regards to speaker credibility, what is the social?

AKA goodwill. To project goodwill, listeners must believe that the speaker respects and cares about them.

What is the fifth and final step in the process of developing a speech?

Delivery, which is the manner with which a speaker physically and vocally presents the speech

What are the three components of successful persuasion?

Ethos, pathos, and logos

What are the three methods of delivering a speech?

Formal, extemporaneous, and impromptu

What is the immediacy factor and how does it contribute to public speaking?

Immediacy factor is how the presence of a live speaker makes the listeners feel closer to the message, thus increasing the messages' impact on the listener.

What is a subject-specific audience?

People who share a common interest or knowledge in a specific subject.

Brief background of Cicero's life.

Roman, began a career in courts, moved into Senate. Rose to highest position in Roman Republic, was a consul, and considered a well spoken champion of the people.

What are the 4 steps in active listening?

Sensing, attending, understanding, and responding

What is message means?

The second area of ethics involves the consideration of crafting the message itself. Basically, deception is bad and unethical.

What is a downside of nonverbal cues?

They can contradict your message and negatively influence your ability to get your message across,

How does a speaker build credibility?

To enhance derived credibility (credibility that is produced by everything the speaker says and does throughout the speech), use ethos, logos, and pathos. Dynamism is a social science term for strong delivery that creates the impression with the audience that the speaker has practiced and thus cares about what he is talking about.

What is the purpose of oral citations?

To give proper credit to the author of the material, to enhance your credibility as a speaker, to provide a way for your audience to check the information themselves

What is contact?

Usually referred to as eye contact, this means you should look at the audience the same way as if you were having a conversation with them. Contact engages the audience and makes it easier for them to give you feedback.

What is a manuscript speech?

Very common today, it is when speakers have an entire speech written out word for word in front of them as they speak. Speech will come off as more organized, although audience feedback is still an issue. Speaker may also be tempted to stare directly at the manuscript.

What are some strategies to increase confidence with public speaking?

View public speaking as an opportunity, visualization, relabeling, deep breathing, and habituation.

What is a memorized speech?

When a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers with no notes in front of them. Rare nowadays thanks to teleprompters. Authors of speeches must have an intimate relationship with their speech if they want to memorize it and deliver it well. Usually only possible with enough advance notice. These are the most time consuming to deliver and also come with other drawbacks. One is that a speaker may not be able to adjust their message to audience feedback. A major downfall is that you may forget the speech

What is the illusion of transparency?

When giving a speech, it's common to feel like the listeners are looking right through you and know how you are feeling inside.

What are the two parts to arrangement?

1) Arrangement of the overall structure of the speech. For an informative speech, the most appropriate overall structure will consist of three parts; 1) intro 2) body 3) conclusion 2) Organization of the argument or in the case of informative speaking, the body.

What are the four virtues of language?

1) Clarity- a lack of ambiguity and the absence of obscurity, 2) Correctness- deviations from the customary use of words or groups of words could either be a grammatical vice or a rhetorical virtue, 3) Vividness- the various aesthetic qualities of language and figure of speech, 4) Appropriateness- it is necessary that the words be aptly fit to the subject matter.

What is the process of the transactional model of communication?

1) First, there is the sender, or the person who desires to deliver a message to a person or group of people. That person uses a symbol system, normally language, to encode the subject matter they wish to send 2) Encoding is the process of attaching symbols to ideas and feelings so that others may understand them. 3) The subject matter that is encoded is the message or actual content sent to an audience, which can be both intentional and unintentional. 4) That message is then sent through a channel, or the mode through which the message is conveyed to another party. The traditional mode for transmitting messages is the voice or the written word; however in today's society, we also send messages through electronic channels like radio, TV, or internet. 5) As the message travels through its channel, it competes with other forces that may disrupt its transmission. These disruptive forces are called noise. Noise can take many forms, such as loud sounds, but it can also include environmental distractions such as scenery and temperature, personal biases and predispositions, anxiety, and confusing word choice by the speaker. 6) The receiver is the person or people who receive the encoded message. Sometimes there are unintended recipients of a message. 7) Decoding is the process of taking a message that has been sent and using one's own experiences and knowledge to give it meaning. 8) (only applies to transactional model of communication and not linear model) Feedback consists of the responses and reactions to the messages transmitted by the sender and is itself a new message sent back to the original sender. Can be verbal, nonverbal, or both. Allows both parties to be sender and receiver.

Aristotle's Four Functions of Rhetoric

1) Upholding truth and justice- in a courtroom, legislative body, in a classroom 2) Teaching to an audience- in a classroom, encouraging civic engagement, pulpit 3) Analyzing both sides of a question- jury, voting decision, making a final decision 4) Defending oneself- personal or public disagreement, on the witness stand

What is the average score on the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety(PRPSA)?

115 is the average, scores between 98 and 131 = moderate levels of speech anxiety, below 98 is low, above 131 is high

What are some advantages of uninterrupted speaking time?

Although having the floor to yourself may seem scary, one advantage comes from the ability to prepare in advance. Another advantage is that we are given the opportunity to present our message in its entirety without being interrupted.

What is the spotlight effect?

Another perception when speaking publicly is that the audience is staring at the speaker intently and scrutinizing their every move. One way to overcome this is to think about how when you're listening to a speech, it is actually pretty hard to devote 100% attention to the speaker.

What are the three stages of anxiety during public speaking?

Anticipation reaction, confrontation reaction, and adaptation reaction.

How do you control distractions?

Any verbal or nonverbal behavior that attracts the audience's attention to that behavior rather than the message forms a distraction. There are three kinds of distractions, noisy, repetitive, and distractions caused by something unusual. Noise- Avoid creating noisy distractions by not wearing loud things on your body. Avoid general noise in the background. Repetitive behaviors- Listeners can typically recover quite quickly from brief distractions but repetitive interruptions are likely to become a problem. Unusual- Unusual stimuli attract our attention and can therefore become a distraction if the speaker is not intending for the listeners to focus on that stimuli. To avoid this, dress normally, stand upright.

Describe artistic proof and how it relates to persuasion.

Aristotle referred to ethos, logos, and pathos as artistic proof, or something created by the speaker for the presentation. The speaker's credibility is dependent on the occasion and the topic, and the emotions of the audience are also directly related to the speech; thus both are crafted for the specific moment by the speaker. Likewise, you develop logic in the speech that is meant to sway an audience.

What is the second step in the process of developing a speech?

Arrangement. This step is the process of devising an effective structure, or arrangement, for the speech.

What does relabeling do for public speaking confidence?

Assign positive words to the feelings and physical reactions associated with the anxiety of giving a speech. Instead of saying nervous or afraid, say you feel pumped or excited to do the speech.

What can a speaker do to facilitate feedback?

Be ready and available to receive feedback. Scan the room with your eyes to determine listener feedback, look for changes in facial expressions, body postures, and hand movements such as note taking.

What is confidence?

Before you speak, you must establish credibility. There is real confidence and fake confidence and you want both. Real confidence does not actually come from thinking you are a good speaker. Instead of thinking of yourself as a good speaker, think of the message you are saying as good. Fake confidence is easy to demonstrate. Don't tell your audience you are nervous or apologize for mistakes. Use strong posture

What did Cicero do?

Cicero did for the speech making process what Aristotle did for persuasion. He broke down speech into five parts.

What is clarity?

Clarity means being as loud, clear, and articulate as necessary for the entire audience to hear and comprehend. Speakers need to be clear verbally and nonverbally. Nonverbal clarity is enhanced by speaking at a moderate pace with appropriate use of pauses. Slow down when presenting important ideas. Tone and facial expressions match what you're saying. Verbal clarity requires careful choice of the words you use to express your ideas. Avoid slang, vagueness.

What is the first of the three stylistic virtues that Aristotle believed played a part in persuasion and explain it.

Clarity, or the ability of a speaker to clearly articulate what they wish to say. Clarity manifests itself with simple, direct sentences.

What is one proven method of overcoming fear of public speaking?

Communication orientation, allows you to realize that above and beyond all else, if you achieve your communicative goals and objectives, you've been successful in your speech.

List the three criteria of public speaking

Communicative intention, uninterrupted speaking time, and multiple listeners.

What are the 4 C's of extemporaneous delivery?

Contact, clarity, control distractions, and confidence

What are the three dimensions that messages carry?

Content- the literal meaning of the message, and what we tend to think of first in most communication situations Affect- indicates how the speaker feels about the message Relational- how the speaker relates to the listener

What is the second of the three stylistic virtues that Aristotle believed played a part in persuasion and explain it.

Correctness, which relates to the accuracy of the information presented and the honest representation of the speaker. Tied to being an ethical speaker.

What is a preparation outline?

Detailed outlines that use full sentences next to symbols in an effort to help you organize the speech. Components of a preparation outline are general purpose statements, specific purpose statements, thesis statements, introductions, conclusion, main points, transitions,

What can a speaker do to facilitate meaning?

Devise strategies to avoid having listeners jump to incorrect conclusions. One way to do this is to avoid trigger words which cause a bad reaction in the listener. If a negative trigger word is used, the listener may stop listening to the speaker and resort back to their own schemata to understand the meaning. "There is never just one audience in the room" Acknowledge and accept differences while at the same time, search for commonalities among audience members. Be confident

What are environmental distractions and how can you control them?

Distractions that occur during a speech that aren't related to the speaker are environmental distractions. You can visit the environment in which you will be giving the speech beforehand. Consider what you will do if there is a distraction before the speech. You can ignore the distraction. You can pause to allow the distraction to pass, or you can acknowledge the distraction.

What can a speaker do to facilitate hearing?

First, they must speak loud enough for their audience to hear. They also must speak slowly enough for speakers to engage in discriminative listening (listening in which the objective is to distinguish sound and visual stimuli)

What is habituation and how does it help with public speaking confidence?

Habituation happens when we do something over and over again. This is a rather fancy way of saying that practice makes perfect.

Explain what Aristotle thought of public speaking.

He viewed rhetoric and speech as a potentially important component of civil society. He felt that through the use of of ethical and proper speech, people could continue to search for truth. Further, societies would become more open and therefore, a sense of justice and fairness would be encouraged.

What are the three irrational fears of public speaking?

Illusion of transparency, spotlight effect, and expectation of perfection.

How does viewing public speaking as an opportunity increase confidence?

Instead of worrying about having to give a speech, try thinking about your speech as a unique way to share information, influence others, express something important to you, or reach more than one person at a time.

What is the first step in the process of developing a speech?

Invention. Invention comes from the Latin inventio, meaning to come upon or find. This canon involves selecting and performing investigative research on a given topic. Before anything else, a speaker must determine his or her general purpose for speaking; whether it is to inform, persuade, or entertain. Having discovered the general purpose, the speaker will need to choose a topic for the speech which requires choosing a specific purpose. Having performed the appropriate research, a speaker can then formulate a central idea for their speech.

Describe inartistic proof and how it relates to persuasion.

It concerns all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience but nevertheless can aid in persuasion. They aren't manufactured by the speaker in the same way as artistic proofs.

What is passive listening?

Listening in a passing way, with very little effort.

What can a speaker do to facilitate focus?

It is primarily the listener's job to focus but the speaker can help. People tend to pay attention to stimuli that are 1) unusual or unexpected, 2) salient or related to one's own concerns 3) learned in the past as being important 4) repeated. Use attention getters, especially at the beginning. Speak in a conversational tone with natural vocal variety that will prevent the message from becoming monotonous. Visually maintain contact with listeners because messages feel more important when they are directed at us

What is demagoguery?

It refers to speech that attempts to win over an audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration

What can a speaker do to facilitate inner responses?

Know what we plan the responses to be and listen to yourself as you speak so you can experience the inner response as well.

How does deep breathing help with public speaking confidence?

Knowing how you can control your own breathing helps you feel more confident in any situation.

What are the two types of formal speeches?

Memorized and manuscript speeches

What is the fourth step in the process of developing a speech?

Memory. This step in preparing a speech involves learning your material well enough to be able to move onto the last step which is oral delivery. According to Cicero, this is being able to use one's memory to recall the facts and specific arrangement of points well enough to deliver the speech without notes. For extemporaneous speaking, the speaker should commit the attention getters, thesis, and conclusion to memory.

Why is keying not always easy?

Messages are complex. Face to face transmission is both verbal with symbols (one of the means through which we exchange meaning and words are symbols which represent objects, thoughts, feelings, and ideas), and nonverbally with signs (another of the means through which we exchange meaning non verbal cues are signs of thoughts, feelings, and attitudes)

What can a speaker do to facilitate decoding?

Obviously, speak in the same language your audience speaks, be familiar with the ways your audience commonly uses language One issue in decoding comes from ambiguity of a message. Some words have two meanings Other issue with ambiguity comes from when the nonverbal parts of the message appears to be incongruent with the verbal parts

What are the 5 functions of nonverbal communication in speech?

One function of nonverbal communication is when the speaker repeats, which is when physical actions restate verbal messages. Nonverbal messages can accent (nonverbal behaviors that augment a verbal message) your desired message. Example is pounding on the podium to make a point. Nonverbal actions are most effective when they complement (when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content) the verbal message. This occurs when the nonverbal message is the same as the verbal message. Example is when a speaker laughs at their own joke. Facial expressions and body movement can also substitute for verbal content on occasion. Nonverbal messages regulate interaction through the use of pauses and hand gestures.

What is the expectation of perfection?

One of the most damaging sources of anxiety comes from the pressure speakers put on themselves to be perfect. This comes from performance orientation, which is when we think of the speaker as having to do all the work to satisfy a large audience.

What is a challenge in understanding a message?

Our minds are filled with various schemata (a preconceived mental framework used to organize new information or represent some aspect of the world). When we rely on these schemata to understand messages, we are actually constructing the meaning of the message from our own fields of experience (an individual's beliefs, values, experiences, and learned meanings both as an individual, or part of a group or society) rather than interpreting the speaker's intentions.

How does a speaker build pathos?

Pathos come from anything that connects the message to the listeners in a way that influences those listener's attitudes and disposition towards the message. Appealing to the listeners' feelings, beliefs, and things that interest them are ways to build pathos of the speech.

What is a general audience?

People who have very little in common in terms of their interest and knowledge on different topics

What does visualization do for public speaking confidence?

Picture yourself successfully presenting your speech by focusing on what will go right (rather than what will go wrong). Picture your audience listening attentively, appreciating your speech, and applauding at the end.

What is the third of the three stylistic virtues that Aristotle believed played a part in persuasion and explain it.

Propriety, or good behavior and faithfulness to what one considers just and moral. Relates to the idea that you should be both ethical and clear in your content, but also in your delivery. Pretty much encompasses clarity and correctness.

What is the transactional model of communication?

Recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages, a cyclical model of the communication process. Basically the same as the linear model of communication, but adds an eighth component.

What are the three different types of redirected sender response?

Rhetorical response- response to a rhetorical question, not actually looking for a redirected sender response, might accidentally be misconstrued by audience as an actual question Polling response- where a speaker asks for a show of hands or a single word response. Clearly frame the question Open ended response- requested when a speaker poses an open ended question for the audience to answer. These are best used to stimulate discussion and should generally be avoided in public speaking.

What can a speaker do to facilitate redirected sender response?

Speaker may ask audience a question, which is risky because some audiences may be apprehensive to answer or even resent the speaker for asking them to talk. The answer to the question may also not be what the speaker expected or hoped for which can shift the dynamic of the speech. When asking audience for a response, do so in a way that makes it easy for audience to answer and make it clear that you're expecting a certain answer.

What are the three standards of ethics for speakers?

Speaker motive, message means, and outcome on receiver

What is an extemporaneous speech?

Speeches delivered with notes but not the entire speech in front of the speaker. One benefit is that the delivery of the speech will be more fluid and natural. Also, eye contact will be improved. The quality of these speeches depends on adequate practice and a strong set of notes. Most of the downfalls associated with this kind of speech can be eliminated through proper practice and good organization.

What is the third step in the process of developing a speech?

Style. Style is the process of designing the specifics of the speech. Style involves considering the language you will use to convey your message. Although each speaker may have their own style when it comes to language use, in general, sentence structure and wording of a speech should possess what are considered the four virtues of language.

What can a speaker do to facilitate keying?

Take advantage of familiar words or phrases that listeners will know are important. Phrases like "in conclusion" are called signposts. They can be used at any time to help listeners keep track of what is important in your speech. Use repetition, such as the intro (tell audience what you will say) , body (say it), conclusion (repeat it). Use gestures Avoid bringing anything distracting to the speaking platform

Ethos

The credibility of the speaker; comprised of good sense, good moral character, and good will

What is terminal credibility?

The credibility with which you end the speech.

What is pathos?

The emotional appeal that comes from connecting with audience's values, interests, and feelings.

What is outcome on receiver?

The final ethical consideration has to do with the potential effect of the message on the receiver. Messages that lead to benefit are ethical, harm are unethical.

What is speaker motive?

The first ethical consideration comes from examining yourself as a speaker, primarily your motive.

In regards to speaker credibility, what is the intellectual?

The intellectual requires that speakers appear to be knowledgeable about the material they are presenting. Referred to as having good sense.

Speaker's credibility comes from three qualities of a person, what are they?

The intellectual the moral, and the social

What is responding?

The last part of the active listening process involves reacting to the message. Some responding is internal; the listener may be surprised, amused, bored, angry, confused, or a host of other reactions. (Pseudo listening- pretending to listen by faking a positive feedback response). Another way of responding is through redirected sender response (sending a message which reflects understanding of the original speaker's message)

What is logos?

The logical or rational appeal of the message itself, including content, structure, and style. Can be translated as thought-plus-expression.

In regards to speaker credibility, what is the moral?

The moral dimension requires that a speaker be honest and trustworthy. Called having good moral character.

What is sensing?

The physical aspect of receiving a message. Primarily involves the ears and eyes of the receiver. For the first stage of active listening to occur, the message must be heard and in the case of face to face communication, seen. As long as the receiver hears or sees the message, sensing is being done.

Describe the third criterion of public speaking, and its positives and negatives.

The third criterion of public speaking is that there are multiple listeners. Multiple listeners is what people fear the most about public speaking. Advantages are that instead of speaking to many people individually and presenting something, you can concentrate all your effort into one presentation for multiple people.

How does a speaker lose credibility?

There are three unethical behaviors that can potentially damage your image and credibility with any audience. The first is lying to the audience. Lying by commission is when a speaker willfully makes untrue statements to an audience. Lying by omission is when a speaker willfully chooses not to acknowledge facts about his or her argument that might damage its effectiveness. Another behavior that harms credibility is manipulation, which is the deliberate misrepresentation of facts and evidence to an audience. The last way to damage credibility is through coercion, or the use of force or threats to make someone do something against their will.

What can a speaker look at to narrow down the purpose of their speech?

They can look at origins, functions, significance, trends, causes, effects, or parts.

What can a speaker do to facilitate seeing?

They can stand up in front of the audience, unobscured by objects, be in the light, allow audiences to see the visual cues of the speaker

What do ethos, logos, and pathos refer to respectively?

They refer to the speaker, the speech, and the audience. So ethos=speaker, logos=speech, and pathos=audience

What is the anticipation reaction?

This is the dread one feels before giving a speech. People experience this right before and possibly anytime they even remember that they have to give a speech.

What is attending?

This is the mental aspect of receiving a message. Attending requires that we focus our attention on the speaker and message. One aspect of attending is keying into correct parts of a message. The term selective hearing is used to describe a failure of keying, which means listeners will only pay attention to the parts they wish to pay attention to.

What is understanding?

This part of active listening involves the internal process of decoding and attributing meaning to the message. The challenge in the understanding stage of active listening is in being able to successfully interpret the speakers intended message

What is the adaptation reaction?

This reaction occurs after the confrontation reaction dies down. The heart rate slows back to normal, anxiety goes away.

What is the confrontation reaction?

This reaction occurs when the speaker faces the audience and experiences a huge surge of adrenaline which could send their heart rate over 110. Speaker may experience physiological reactions such as sweaty palms, butterflies, etc. This reaction is 100% normal and usually only lasts about 60-90 seconds.

What is communicative intention?

Whenever we seek to transmit information, influence, or entertainment to others, our intent is considered to be communicative. Whenever our goal is to inform, persuade, or entertain, we have communicative intention.

Describe uninterrupted speaking time.

Whether formally or informally determined, whenever there is a social expectation that the speaker will have a period of interrupted speaking time, the second criterion of public speaking is met.