CMN 122 FINAL EXAM!!!!!!!!!
phatic communication
"Small talk" or scripted and routine verbal interactions that are intended to establish social bonds rather that actually exchange meaning are called______________.
Myles Patterson
"The Father" of functional approach to nonverbal behavior
According to our textbook, as early as age of 3, males and females exhibit a different _____.
"Walk"
Jones's research showed, tactile power moves include (Ch. 12)
(?) affection and compliance, seduction and rejection, power-matching
Patternson's (1976) Arousal Labeling Theory
*Arousal Labeling Theory:* - see before in the space lecture! - nonverbals can produce arousal - we then need to explain why we're experiencing this arousal - give it a positive or negative label - if we label is positively, we are much more likely to comply - if we label it negatively, we are much more likely to not comply
Ellsworth & Langer's (1976) Demand Theory
*Demand Theory:* - certain nonverbal behaviors produce arousal in others - they're asking you to comply at the same time - the nonverbals act as a "demand" for something - this arousal is then something we don't like; and the easiest/quickest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply and give in to the demand
Turn Requesting Cues
*Indicates that as the listener, we want a chance to speak 1. *Backchannels:* - behaviors we do to acknowledge we're paying attention; sometimes people may see it as a request to speak 2. *Speaker directed gaze:* - we will look at someone directly in the eyes when we want to request the floor 3. *Audible inhalation* 4. *Forward lean:* - lean into the conversation -> to be a part of it 5. *Gesture:* - raising hand 6. *A stutter start:* - getting a couple syllables out, stopping, and letting the other person finish, it indicates that you have something to say
Underlying Emotional Factors in Deception
*Liars also fear emotions and stress! 1. *Fear:* (detection apprehension); I'm afraid I'm going to get caught in my lie 2. *Guilt:* (deception guilt); sometimes they feel guilty for lying 3. *Excitement:* (duping delight); we can be happy that we're getting away with our lie - when lies fail, it's due to inadequate preparation OR the interference of emotions - hard to plan for emotions
The Turn Taking System
*Speaker Behaviors:* 1. Turn yielding cues = we indicate to the person we're done speaking 2. Turn holding cues = you want to speak and are denied *Listener Behaviors:* 1. Backchannel communication 2. Turn requesting cues = to indicate to the other person, I want a chance to speak
What is the dominance ratio?
- % looking while speaking divided by % of looking while listening
Clothing Enhances Effectiveness of Touch
- 3 different conditions (low, medium, high status) - confederate either touched or didn't touch - compliance occurred when they agreed to fill out a survey - technically 6 different conditions - touch and clothing worked together - low status conditions were both low either way - medium status there was a little bit more touch - in high status, with just clothing and no touch, it's higher than medium with touch - when you add touch, you get up to 88% compliance - high status clothing COUPLED with touch = a very high amount of compliance
What are the sex differences in talk time?
- 396 subjects (210 women, 186 men) - Electronically activated recording (EAR) device; device would kick on randomly and record for 30 seconds at a time for 17 hours Findings: - Women spoke (on average) 16,215 words - Men spoke (on average) 15,669 words - Not significantly different
What are some turn taking factoids about regulation?
- 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth - A "smooth turn transition" occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause (phonetic pauses) - These turn transitions occur in less than 250 ms - We use some sort of system to have smooth transitions
Turn Taking Factoids
- 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth - a "smooth turn transition" occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause - these turns transitions occur in less than 250 ms
What is the study on how well the pros can detect lying?
- 64 students who were interviewed twice by uniformed police officers - In both interviews they denied that they had a pair of headphones - 360 police detectives watched the videotaped interviews Results= - Accuracy rates were low - Best condition: 60% accuracy - Their confidence in detecting deception was high - The correlation was r= .04 (virtually 0)
Animal A communicates with Animal B when:
- A's behavior manipulates B's sense organs in such a way that B's behavior has changed
What are deep or intrusive interruptions?
- Aggressive, hostile; Threaten territory by changing topic or floor (disagreeing with the other) - Viewed negatively; SOMETIMES... disagreeing interruptions were viewed positively (shows person is engaged, listening, paying attention) - Change subject interruptions are viewed negatively - Same subject interruptions were not viewed as obnoxious unless they were frequent
What influences male and female style of interactions?
- Attention: Females pay more attention to vocal, facial, and body cues compared to males - Responsiveness: Females are more influenced by nonverbal than nonverbal cues, relative to men (women are going to respond to nonverbals more than a man would) - Awareness: Females seem more aware of the relationship between particular nonverbal cues and various emotional states (women do a better job of connecting nonverbals with an emotion they are experiencing than a man does)
Apparel and Compliance
- Buschman (1984, 1988): confederate directed people passing by on the sidewalk to give a dime to another confederate who was "overparked" at the meter - clothing conditions: 1. no authority = overalls, dirty shoes 2. status authority = 2 pieces business suit 3. role authority = firefighter's uniform with an officer badge - *results:* - 82% complied with the firefighter - 50% complied with business man - 45% complied with the bum
What are turn yielding cues?
- Change in intonation (drop or rise pitch at end of question or end of our thought or sentence) - Sociocentric sequence= specific phrases in our language that are used to indicate that we are done speaking Ex: end speaking turn with "you know?", "or something", "and so on" - Drawl (elongate what we are saying to yield the floor) - Termination of gestures (stop using gestures to show we are going to yield the floor; beats and batons) - Drop in loudness - Completion of a grammatical clause - Don't exist in isolation (these yielding cues)
What is olfactory communication?
- Communication through smell - The earliest forms of communication (chemical) - Rich form of communication; contains a lot of information Ex: age, reproductive status, level of fitness - Powerful- smell, in some instances, is stronger than sight in picking mates - Can travel over great distances - Some receivers are highly sensitive Ex: Female silk moth and bombykol pheromone - Influence receiver's actions
What is the study on apparel and compliance?
- Confederate directed people passing by on the sidewalk to give a dime to another confederate who was "over parked" at the meter - Changed the clothing of the person making the request Clothing Conditions: - No authority (dress like a bum) - Status authority (business suit, conservative) - Role authority (fireman's uniform) Findings: - 82% complied with the firefighter - 50% complied with businessman - 45% complied with the bum
What is the study on gaze and hitchhiking?
- Confederated gazed or did not gaze at passing motorists while hitch-hiking - Confederates: single males, single females, or male-female couples (20's, blue jeans, attractive, and appropriate age to hitch hike) - Locations: on ramp, off ramp, standing on sidewalk of six lane road, or on side of two lane road Findings: - Hitch hikers who gazed received significantly more offers for rides than those who did not gaze - Compliance rates were strongest for female only hitch hikers - Engaging in eye gaze increases compliance in requests
What is the study on touch and compliance?
- Confederates lightly touch (or not touch) people while asking for a dime to make a phone call - 18" in touch condition OR 3' away in no touch condition (standing distance) Findings: - Significantly more people offered a dime in the touch vs. no touch condition - Touch was confounded by distance (space wasn't constant across instances)
What is the study on proxemics and compliance?
- Confederates stepped out of a phone booth and asked a passerby for a nickel in exchange for five pennies - Near: request was made when target was even with phone booth - Far: request was made when target was 4 feet from the phone booth Findings: - Compliance: 75% near, 44% far - Being physically closer, it is much more likely to get compliance
What is the connection between postural congruence and intimacy?
- Congruent postures= intimacy
What is cue competition?
- Cue Competition: paralanguage doesn't match up with the words we are saying Ex: sarcasm, deception
Does touch work with kids?
- Delayed gratification request - "I'm going to hide 5 candies under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the candy. This time, I need to do some paperwork outside. But remember, I'd really like you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the candy. Okay? (Italicized was when the child was lightly touched on the back; if in touch group) Findings: - Children who were touched on average waited 2 minutes longer - Touch can influence compliance rates
What was Henley's claim on power, sex, and nonverbal communication?
- Descriptive claim: signs of low status exhibited nonverbally are also the typical signs exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by males - Reason: the reason is the power base of society- society is structured so that women are in low status and men are in high status positions
What is detection apprehension?
- Detection Apprehension: When we tell a lie, we are afraid that people will detect our lies (nervous)
What were the findings of the study regarding dogs and tactile communication?
- Domestic dogs can decode human facial expressions Study: - 58 dogs - Sausage, garlic, or wood shavings hidden in a box - Human looked in a box with happy (sausage), disgust (garlic), or neutral facial expression (wood shavings)- gave dog opportunity to pick box based on expression Findings: - Dogs used the happy facial expression to locate the hidden food (dogs would decode the facial expression)
What is dominance ratio in groups?
- Dominance ratio can be observed in group interactions - High status people in a group displayed higher group- VDR than low status - Especially true from female group members
What are common errors in lie detection?
- Examining the wrong cues - Over emphasis on nonverbal cues - We should focus on the voice more than the face - The Othello error - Use of heuristics - Neglect of interpersonal differences - Overconfidence in skills
What are the effects of sex vs status on dominance ratio?
- F expert, M non-expert - M expert, F non-expert - F expert, M expert - (%L(looking)S(speaking) / (divided by) %L(looking)L(listening)) Results: - F > M - M > F - M > F - When status cues are altered, so is gaze pattern - The social status cues of maleness disappear when expertise is altered - Expertise supersedes sex
What are the underlying emotional factors in deception?
- Fear (detection apprehension) - Guilt (deception guilt)- when we feel bad when we get away with a lie - Excitement (duping delight)- trying to deceive someone and we get away with it we get excited - Emotions are very important and have a lot of emotions - Most lies fail due to either inadequate preparation or the interference of emotions
What is the study on speech volume?
- Female confederate approached pedestrians - Bogus postcard technique ("would you please mail this for me?" - Vocal intensity: soft, medium, loud Findings: - Compliance highest in the medium condition, low in soft or loud conditions
What are the sex differences in gaze?
- Females gaze more than males (women are doing the more dominant behavior) - Sex differences in gaze increases with age (as women get older, they engage in more eye gaze) - Females are gazed at more than males
What are the sex differences in facial expressions?
- Females smile more than males - Females are smiled at more than males - Females are more facially expressive - Females are better decoders of facial expression - Females perform better on decoding nonverbal signs of emotion, but effect is weak (d=.19) - Females pay greater attention to facial expressions
What is the connection between speech rate and intimacy?
- Fewer and shorter pauses can communicate intimacy - Faster speech rate communicates intimacy - Matching partner's vocal cues to communicate intimacy
What are the studies regarding the dominance ratio?
- Findings: ROTC officers have DR = 1 - ROTC cadets have DR < 1 (less dominant) - Officers spent a lot more/ or equal amount looking while speaking - Cadets spent more time looking while listening - When people's relative status in a conversation changes, their DR changes ---- - College students participants - Confederate introduced as either a high school senior not going to college wanting to get a job at a gas station OR as senior college chemistry honor student that has already been accepted to a prestigious grad school - Discuss 3 "interpersonal dilemmas", come up with solution - Findings: DR close to 1 when subject had high status, <1 when low status
What is cognitive multitasking?
- Floor switches are fast - Equate the speed of turn taking is a reaction to a gun shot at a race - People MUST anticipating and predicting the end of a speaker's turn - Listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speaker's utterances
Issues in Touch - Compliance Research
- Force: most studies use a very light touch - Body region: most studies used touch to the upper arm or shoulder ("friendly touch")
How is dominance decoded through speech rate?
- If they talk really fast, for a long time = decoded as dominant - People who speak slowly and for not very long = not perceived as powerful
How are posture and status connected to dominance?
- In dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward their partner) - Both men and women will lean forward when communicating status - Also more open/relaxed posture
What is the connection between gesture and intimacy?
- In positive, friendly interactions, people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures Ex: object focused= emblems Ex: body focused= adaptors - We also use more illustrators when interacting with friendly others
What are supportive interruptions?
- Interrupt someone to agree with what they are saying - Viewed positively Ex: Healthcare - Patient satisfaction is negatively associated with intrusive interruptions - But positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician
What is the connection between space and intimacy?
- Intimate space 0-18 inches - Coupled with direct body orientation
How does one decode status from posture?
- Judges associate more forward lean (toward conversational partner) with higher status - Open posture (opening of upper and lower extremities) - This is an accurate cue to judging status because status is also encoded through forward lean and more space (informative behavior)
Touch and Compliance
- Kleinke (1977) had confederates lightly touch (or not touch) people while asking for a dime to make a phone call - 18' in touch conditions, 3' in no touch conditions - significantly more people offered a dime in the touch vs. no touch condition - problem with this study = touch was confounded by distance
What is the study on decoding dominance ratio and perceptions of power?
- LS/LL was manipulated 55/45, 40/60, 25/75 in stimuli tapes - Judges rated individuals for dominance - The increased in DF led to increases in judgments of dominance - This didn't differ for M or F confederates - Eye gaze for decoding is informative
Why are humans poor at lie detecting?
- Lack of motivation to catch liars (we'd rather ignore it entirely "ostrich effect") - Absence of Pinocchio's nose (we don't have a consistent response that we are lying) - Countermeasures (use things to make ourselves more credible; more sustained eye contact) - Embedded lies (75% true and 25% false; person tells us like a half-truth) - No adequate feedback - Violation of conversational rules - Good liars
What is the study on speech rate and compliance?
- Listened to a tape recorded message (volunteer for communication experiment) - Volunteer to watch up to 5 half-hour TV shows - 154 vs 352 syllables per minute (in shows) - Measured nonverbal decoding skill of subjects Findings: - Fast speech rate increased compliance rates, but only for some subjects
What are backchannels?
- Listeners participate in conversation via backchannels - Backchannel elicited in "gaze window" - Backchannels are used to avoid taking the floor Ex: uh huh, yep - Backchannels are also elicited A. Sentence completions B. Requests for clarification C. Restatement
What is the study on clothing enhances effectiveness of touch?
- Low (worn and dirty jeans, dirty t-shirt) - Medium (clean jeans, t-shirt) - High (suit and tie) - status clothes - Touch or no touch - Asked to fill out survey on the street - In order to get high compliance rates, touch and have high status clothes
What are the sex differences in touch?
- Low status people are the object of touch more than high status people - Women touch others more than men do - M --> F = F --> M touch - F --> F > M --> M touch
What are the sex differences in posture and movement?
- Males exhibit more large body movements (posture shifting, fidgeting, etc.) than females when conversing - Females use more small body movements, including gestures (gesturing with one hand, etc.), than males - Females sit in a more upright posture and exhibit more forward lean (toward partner) - Men sit in a more open posture and women in a more closed posture
How is dress and status connected to dominance?
- Males of high status wear more formal clothing than males of lower status - No association between female status and clothing formality - All targets evaluated while at work
What are the sex differences in interruptions?
- Men do not interrupt any more than women - Women do not get interrupted any more than men - There were more opposite sex interruptions, both M --> F and F --> M, than same sex - Women smiled, agreed, nodded, and laughed more when being interrupted
What are the sex differences in space?
- Men take up more space than women - FF (female female) dyads use the least space, and MM (male male) dyads use the most space - Is this just because men are, on average, bigger than women? (Hayduk)
What is the connection between shaved heads and dominance?
- Men with shaved heads are judged to be more dominant than men with hair
What is the study on pitch and romantic relationships?
- Method: 12 men and 12 women, all in relationships; two phone calls, one to a same sex friend and one to their romantic partner (5 minutes) - Pose two questions: "how are you doing" and "what are you doing" - Findings: men raised pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend; women lowered pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend - People will have different vocal profiles with speaking with romantic partners vs friends, and tone of voice shows interest in intimacy
What is the study on high heels increasing compliance?
- Methods: F confederates dressed in a dark straight skirt, a white long sleeved shirt, and a dark suit jacket - Flat heels - Medium heels (5 cm) - High heels (9 cm) - "Excuse me, sir/madam. We are currently conducting a survey on gender equality. Would you agree to answer our questionnaire?" Findings: - Males complied most with highest high (higher heel, higher attractiveness)
How does one detect deceptive communication?
- Momentary expressions of facial emotion - Squelched almost immediately - Insight into underlying emotional state
What is the connection between posture and intimacy?
- More forward lean - Direct shoulder/body orientation - Greater posture mimicry
What is the connection between touch and intimacy?
- More touch (especially in middle stages of close relationships)
What is arousal labeling theory?
- Nonverbal behaviors (gaze, touch, etc.) can produce arousal in others - People make attributions to explain their arousal - In making these attributions, we label our arousal - If (+), we'll comply; if (-), we won't comply
How does one decode status from clothing?
- Observers use formality of clothing as a cue to male's status, but not females - This is also accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attire
What is the Othello error?
- Occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved (both truth tellers and liars can come off as being nervous; nerves aren't a good indicator of someone being deceptive)
What is the effect of gaze on compliance?
- On average, the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15% - You don't want the gaze to be creepy and uncomfortable; if it feels natural, compliance rates will increase
Do status cues activate parts of our brain?
- Participants shown 4 sets of images - Brow position, posture, gestures, and gaze - High status, low status, and neutral for each - Photos presented for 2 seconds - fMRI scan of brain - The VLPFC modifies behavior through behavioral inhibition
What is the truth bias?
- People are especially likely to judge familiar vs unfamiliar persons as truthful - "My partner has been honest in the past, therefore s/he is being truthful now"
What are responses to interruptions?
- People attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness - Success depends few turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues - Interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions
What is the connection between interruptions and sex differences?
- People who interrupt are perceived as having higher status - People who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the conversation - Interrupters, especially female, are perceived as less likable - Dilemma (especially for women)- viewed as having status and dominance but at the cost of likeability or vice versa
What are the behaviors associated with the dominance function?
- Persuasion - Feedback and reinforcement - Deception - Impression management
What are the sex differences in attention to the regions of the face?
- Presented subjects with images of people in outdoor settings - Tracked the viewers' eye movements Findings: - Male focus on the mouth region of the target - Females focus on the eye region of the target - Males may have a preference for dynamic features of the face - Men are attracted to the movement of the mouth - Men looking at the mouth may aid them in speech recognition
What behaviors are associated with deception?
- Providing fewer details - Making less sense - Repetitions - Pupil dilations - Increased vocal pitch - Less verbal/vocal involvement - Fewer illustrators - Verbal immediacy
What behaviors are NOT associated with deception?
- Response duration - Eye contact - Speech disturbances (filled/silent pauses) - Smiling - Silent pauses - Head nods - Shrugs - Position shifts - Speech rate - Foot and leg movements - Self-fidgeting
What were the findings of the study regarding marmoset predator alarms?
- Showed marmosets 1 of 4 different models of a predator (owl and falcon & two types of rattle snacks) - Recorded their alarm calls - Played back their alarm calls to other marmosets - Recorded gaze of decoder Findings: - Marmosets looked upward while listening to the play back of bird-elicited calls and downward for snake-elicited calls (different calls for different types of marmosets) - Calls given to birds are acoustically distinct from those given to snakes
Decoding of Nonverbal Behavior and Intimacy
- Shrout & Fiske (1981) coded behaviors in interactions - had people watch videos - speakers rated on socially desirable traits - which behaviors were associated with judgments of social desirability?
What is the study on decoding nonverbal behavior and intimacy?
- Shrout and Fiske (1981) coded behaviors in interactions - Took 44 men and women and watched videos of unacquainted dyads having conversations and rate one person in the conversation on socially desirable traits --> then compared the ratings of the nonverbal behaviors of those in the dyads - Which behaviors were associated with judgments of social desirability? - Findings: - More head nods - More short back channels (nod to show understanding) - Longer smile duration - More frequent filled pauses - Longer gaze duration (Decode these behaviors for desire for connection or intimacy)
What are simultaneous turns vs simultaneous talks?
- Simultaneous turns= both people are trying to speak, no one is yielding the floor, both want the floor to speak (desire for the floor) - Simultaneous talk= both make an utterance but they don't have a desire to hold the floor Ex: uh huh, yep, etc. (agreeing to what you are saying)
What is the connection between smiles and intimacy?
- Smiling is not a reliable indicator of intimacy
What are other compliance with gaining requests with touch?
- Stay to score questionnaires: 19 minutes vs 15 minutes (touch vs. no touch) - Fill out questionnaire - Go to blackboard to solve math problem: 28% vs 9% (touch vs. no touch) - Order menu item suggested by wait staff 59% vs 42% (touch vs. no touch) - Ask a nightclub patron to dance: 65% vs 43% (touch vs. no touch)
What is the study on decoding touch and intimacy?
- Study: 193 subjects; touching behaviors, how did they code when someone would touch them? - Touch to face= most affection, attraction, and love - Touch to the waist and forearm show high romantic attraction... but most indicative of harassment (dominant behavior)
What is the study on pitch and target attractiveness?
- Study: 48 participants; phone calls to attractive or unattractive targets, showed them photos in advance of making the calls - No answer- told to leave a standardized message (how does the pitch vary) - Findings: men and female callers spoke in lower pitch when calling attractive targets
What is the study on relationship closeness and decoding nonverbal behaviors?
- Study: 48 people, reported them talking when really happy, sad, or angry (half the participants are told to conceal emotion, other half didn't have to conceal) --> video watched by friend, stranger, or acquaintance (who had most accuracy decoding) - Findings: - Close friends are better decoders of each-others' nonverbal than strangers are - Acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partners' negative affect when partners concealed their negative emotion - Motivated inaccuracy model- as a close friend, you are motivated to be incorrect sometimes when it comes to negative emotions
What is the study regarding nonverbal signals of love?
- Study: 60 dating couples (together for at least 6 months) - Discussions: times within their lives together - Self-reports of love correlated with: (increase in) 1. Affirmative head nod 2. Duchenne smiles 3. Forward lean (toward partner) 4. Hand gestures
What is the study on gaze and initial attraction?
- Study: heterosexual participants look at photos of men and women - Remote eye-tracking recording system - Findings: All participants initially attracted to the face of opposite sex models for longer periods of time (especially women) Then... - Women shift attention to legs (women argue: social comparison) - Men shift attention to the chest (men argue: evolutionary perspective, might be a signal of reproductive health) - Both men and women then shift attention to the groin
What is the study on romantic display rules?
- Study: male subjects watched three videos (horror film, films about babies, video of sticks being drawn) - Thought they were being observed by an attractive or unattractive female research assistant - "Attractive observer" --> frowned less while watching the horror film - "Attractive observer" --> smiled more while watching infant film - Impression management via facial expressions
How is dominance decoded through facial expression?
- Subjects rated photos - Weak expressions had no impact on dominant ratings - Strong facial affect influenced ratings of dominance - Dominance: 1. Happiness 2. Anger 3. Disgust 4. Sadness 5. Fear
What is the connection between head position and dominance?
- Subjects viewed 3D models of faces - Head tilt varied from looking down (-30 degrees) looking straight (0 degrees) tilted back (30 degrees) - Rated dominance-submissiveness - Head was tilted down = more submissive - Head was titled back = more dominant
Is anyone good at detecting lies?
- There is no compelling evidence that some people are good at detecting lies and others are not good at it - The standard deviation in judges' detection abilities is only 1% - Someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile
Does touch work with gaze?
- Touch + Gaze = Even more compliance (effect) - Compliance rates (participate in survey) were 86-92% (with gaze and touch)
What are the findings on gaze and intimacy?
- When you gaze with someone, it is very intimate - Couples who score high on romantic love scales exhibit a lot of mutual gaze - Need for affiliation is positively correlated with mutual gaze
What are concluding factors of sex differences?
- Where there are sex differences in nonverbal communication behaviors, they are weak in magnitude - Sex rarely explains more than 1% of the observed variation in nonverbal behaviors - BOTTOM LINE: There is more variation WITHIN each of the sexes than there is BETWEEN the sexes
Vrij (1994) results...
- accuracy rates were low - at best, the police performed at 60% accuracy - their confidence in detecting deception was high, but misplaced - the correlation was r =.04 (virtually 0)
Definition of Deception
- an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false
Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Vrij (2000)
- asked if this statement is true or false? - in 40 studies, there was only a 67% accuracy rate for detecting the true statements - 44% accuracy when predicting a lie - one thing they argued -> we experience something called the *truth bias* - based on societal norms, social conventions, we give people the benefit of the doubt (makes us more likely to label something as true)
Leakage Cues
- behaviors that we may do that give away true information (very quick displays of emotion) - shows that there is some true information that they aren't giving us up front
Interspecies Communication
- cleaner fish - set up physical areas of space in the ocean that communicate to the larger predatory fish - stripes help communicate to the larger predatory fish that it's a helpful fish - they get a good meal in return
Cognitive Multitasking
- compare it to the idea of what a track star would do and they hear a gunshot - floor switches are fast - people MUST be anticipating and predicting the end of a speaker's turn - listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speaker's utterance (we don't have to take a moment or pause, we can just immediately start speaking)
Introduction - Compliance Gaining
- compliance gaining = the interpersonal process in which one party (the source) tries to get the other party (the target) to enact some sort of desired behavior - source = encoder (doing the behavior) - target = decoder (observing the behavior and then being persuaded or not)
Dominance Ratio and Status
- confederate was to interact with the students and discuss 3 interpersonal dilemmas and come up with a solution with the students - confederate was introduced in 2 ways - in the HS condition, it made the student feel more in control than the confederate - in the medical school condition, it made the student feel inferior to the confederate - found that when the students felt they had higher status (HS condition), they had a much higher visual dominance ratio than when they felt inferior/low status with the medical school condition - visual dominance ratio can change in regards to the context you're in (situational variable)
Gaze (Snyder, Grether, & Keller, 1974)
- confederates gazed or didn't gaze at passing motorists while hitch hiking - the hitch hikers who gazed received significantly more offers for rides than those who didn't gaze; true across all conditions and types of hikers
Proxemics and Compliance (Ernest & Cooper, 1974)
- confederates stepped out of a phone booth and asked a passer-by for a nickel in exchange for five pennies - near and far condition - more compliant when passer-by was even (NEAR) the photo booth
Gaze and Intimacy
- couples who score high on romantic love scales exhibit a lot of mutual gaze - need for affiliation is positively correlated with mutual gaze
Touch Works on Young Kids Too
- delayed gratification request - "I'm going to hide 5 candies under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat this candy..." - children waisted more seconds when they were touched - 4 year olds waited 400 seconds when touched, compared to 360 not touched - 5 year olds waited ~600 seconds when touched vs. 400 seconds when not touched
anxiety and vocal behavior
- disturbances (unfilled pauses, hesitance) - speech disturbances (sentences incomplete or recontruction, omission, stutter) - response latency (take more time yo respond/speak
Relationship Closeness and Decoding Nonverbal Behaviors
- does your level of closeness with someone make a difference in your ability to accurately decode their nonverbal behaviors? are you better or worse at decoding nonverbal behaviors depending on your level of closeness? - asked about a time you felt an emotion, but hid it in your face (mask/de-intensify) - took these recordings and played them for a close friend, a casual acquaintance, and a stranger - close friends are better decoders of each other's nonverbals than strangers - acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partner's negative affect when partners attempt to conceal their negative emotion (ignorance is bliss kind of thing; I'm going to pretend I didn't notice your negative emotion = motivated inaccuracy model)
Dominance Ratio in Groups
- dominance ratio can be observed in group interactions - high status people in a group displayed higher group VDR than low status - especially true from female group members
Touch Effect Still Holds
- eliminated the confound for space and touch - in both conditions, those who were touched were much more likely to sign the petition - true across all confederates and participants
Postural Congruence and Nonverbal Mimicry = Intimacy
- empathy also might help us experience more intimacy - empathizing with someone, increasing your closeness with someone else
Speech Volume (Remland & Jones, 1994)
- female confederate approached pedestrians - bogus postcard technique ("would you please mail this for me?") - vocal intensity = soft, medium, loud - *compliance highest in medium condition, low in soft and loud conditions*
Gaze (Segrin)
- females gaze more than males - sex differences in gaze increase with age - females are perceived to be gazed at more than males - overestimate the amount of eye gaze they actually perceived - women tend to report higher amounts of environmental monitoring/scanning, which is more of a submissive type of behavior, so this could explain why women engage in more eye gaze, which is a dominant behavior
Facial Expression
- females smile more than males - females are smiled at more than males - females are more facially expressive - females are better decoders of facial expression - females perform better on decoding nonverbal signs of emotion, but effect is weak - females pay greater attention to facial expression (you get more practice and are better at decoding that expression)
Dress and Status
- found that men of high status wear formal clothing to communicate their status - for women, this isn't the case - they don't use clothing to encode/communicate their level of status
Nonverbal Signals of Love
- had 60 dating couples engage in some unstructured discussion - first date, where do you have conflict, plans for tomorrow? etc. - watched nonverbal (coded for them) - self-reports of love correlated with: a. affirmative head nods b. duchenne smiles c. forward lean (toward partner) d. hand gestures
Gaze and Initial Attraction
- heterosexual participants look at photos of men and women - remote eye-tracking recording system - all participants initially attracted to the face of opposite sex models for longer periods of time (especially men when looking at women) - then.... - women shift attention to legs - men shift attention to the chest - after that, everyone switches to groin
Speech Rate & Compliance (Buller & June, 1988)
- how might paralanguage be associated with compliance gain? are we more likely to comply with someone if we hear them speak faster or slower? - tape recorded messages: had a bogus request when asking people to volunteer time to watch some TV episodes: would you be willing to volunteer and watch 5 half hour TV shows? - measured nonverbal decoding skills of subjects - fast speech rate increased compliance rates, but only for some subjects - only those that were decoding nonverbal communication (good decoders -> more likely to comply)
Posture & Status
- in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward the partner) - true for both men and women - people with more status exhibited more open/relaxed posture (consuming more space and doing this to encode their sense of status)
Gesture and Intimacy
- in positive, friendly interactions, people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures (illustrators) - illustrators can be expressive in that friendly environment; don't need to manage your emotions
Space and Intimacy
- intimate space = 0-18 inches - coupled with direct body orientation
Decoding Status from Posture
- judges associate more forward lean (toward conversational partner) with higher status - open posture = more dominant - this is an accurate cue in judging status, because status is also encoded through forward lean and more space - our use of forward lean and posture for status is classified as informative because it has shared encoding and decoding - we do it to show dominance, and others perceive us as being dominant
Ring-Tailed Lemur Scenting
- lemurs use scent to mark territory
Backchannels
- listeners participate in conversation via backchannels - backchannels elicited in "gaze window" -> a. engaging in mutual eye gaze b. not likely to do many backchannels when not in mutual eye gaze c. would be irrelevant to do them because the speaker wouldn't even see it (doing the back channel is irrelevant) - backchannels are used to AVOID taking the floor - backchannels are also elicited: 1. sentence completions 2. requests for clarification 3. restatement
Ways to Assign Meaning to an Animal Signal
- look at the state of the signaling animal (what is the animal doing? encoder) - observe the response of the receiving individuals (decoder) (EX: bees communicating with movement - waggle dance helps other bees determine where food is)
Touch
- low status people are the object of touch more than high status people - women touch others more than men do - M -> F = F -> M touch - F -> F *>* M -> M touch
Nancy Henley (1997) "Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication"
- male dominance was maintained and supported through nonverbal communication (mostly unconsciously) - *descriptive claim =* signs of low status exhibited nonverbally also the typical sign exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by males - *reason =* the reason is the power base of society -> society is structured so that women are in low status, and men are in high status positions - touch is one of the biggest holes in her thesis; since touch is a high status behavior, if you have high means you can touch - means men can touch, and women can't touch; BUT, we know that men overall do LESS touching than women when comparing M -> F, F -> F, and M -> M touching - so, Nancy is wrong here! - *smiling =* seen as a low status behavior; would expect men to not smile and women to smile - findings add that men don't do as much smiling as women - Nancy would be right here
Romantic Display Rules
- male subjects watched 3 videos: baby video / horror film - thought they were being observed by an attractive or unattractive female research assistant - with the unattractive observer, men frowned fully during the horror film and didn't smile much during the infant film - with the attractive observer, men smiled more and used their facial expressions to make themselves look more desirable for the attractive research assistant (impression management via facial expressions)
Posture & Movement
- males exhibit more large body movements than females when conversing - females use small body movements, including gestures, than males - *females sit in a more upright posture and exhibit more forward lean (toward partner)* - this means, in terms of dominance, women are doing the more dominant behavior (leaning forward is to encode and is perceived as dominant in a conversation) - *men sit in a more open posture and women sit in a more closed posture (open is more dominant)*
Dominance Ratio & Perceptions of Power
- manipulated the visual dominance ratio - had confederates participate in conversations where they were trained on how much visual dominance they were supposed to show (aka their ratio) - people watched them and asked them how much dominance they thought the confederate was showing - those confederates doing more looking while speaking were judged to be more dominant - tells us that we're pretty good at detecting dominance based on their eye gaze patterns - also, this tells us that eye gaze, for dominance, has shared encoding AND decoding - people use it to show dominance, and others see it and perceive dominance too
Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Bond & DePaulo (2008)
- mean accuracy of 54.05% for lies - mean accuracy of 55.50% for truth judgments - a little better than 50%, but our accuracy rates for lies are very low
Sex Differences in Interruptions?
- men do not interrupt women more than women interrupt men (they interrupt at equal rates) - women do not get interrupted by men any more than men get interrupted by women - more likely to interrupt someone of the opposite sex than of the same sex - women smiled, agreed, nodded, and laughed more when being interrupted
Space
- men take up more space than women - FF dyads use the least, MM the most space - could this be status/dominance, or be that because men are on average bigger than women?
Decoding Status from Clothing
- men used clothing formality to communicate status, but women would not - observers use formality of clothing as a cue to male's status, but not females - this is also accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attire - men use clothing to encode their status, and we decode their clothing as their status, whereas women don't encode clothing as status and therefore we don't decode them having status through their clothing
Detecting Deceptive Communication
- micro expressions -> momentary expressions of facial emotion - covered up/squelched almost immediately thought - it's beneficial to look at them because they give insight into the underlying emotional states - tells us theres probably something else going on - not specifically lying, but that there's more information
Posture and Intimacy
- more forward lean - direct shoulder/body orientation - greater postural mimicry
Touch and Intimacy
- more touch (especially in the middle stages of close relationships)
Talk Time
- no statistical different in men/women talking time - men and women talk the same amount
Smiles and Intimacy
- not reliable as an indicator of intimacy (might try to be friendly) - display rules - we have times when we may smile, but on the inside we might not be experiencing happiness
The Othello Error
- occurs when a lie catcher FAILS to consider that a truthful person may be appearing to be lying due to stress - truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved; these nerves may be from fearing they won't be believed
Effect of Gaze on Compliance
- on average, the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15%
The Dominance Ratio
- one way we can exert dominance is with eye gaze (dominance ratio) - how is gazing while speaking a sign of dominance? - if someone looks more while speaking, they're more dominant - found that officers were much more visually dominant than the cadets; used their eye gaze for authority in comparison to the cadets (who had less authority - what's interesting is that officers, at one point, were cadets - shows that your visual dominance ratio CAN CHANGE - having more status = have a higher visual dominance ratio
Interspecies Communication: Dog-Human
- owners of dogs and then people that didn't own dogs - recordings of dog barks - all participants could classify barks as fearful, aggressive, or playful correctly - dog barks contain information about their emotional state that's easily decoded by all humans
Do status cues activate parts of our brains?
- participants shown 4 sets of images - images varied in brow position, posture, gestures, and gaze - high status, low status, and neutral for each - then an fMRI scan of brain *Results:* - the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be activated by nonverbal cues of status - this region of the brain is the part of the brain that controls behavioral inhibition - it's the part of the brain that starts to activate when you stop doing what you're doing and pay attention to others/stop doing whatever it is you're currently doing - *modifies behavior through behavioral inhibition* - they have more status than me, I should probably stop doing what I'm doing and pay attention to them
Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Bond & DePaulo (2006)
- people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments - correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as non deceptive - more evidence for truth bias
Responses to Interruptions
- people attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness - success depends few turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues - interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions
Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Conclusion
- people don't do much better than chance at detecting deception (chance = 50%; you could flip a coin and your odds would be just as good!) - people typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability
Other Requests and Gaze....(Segrin, 1993)
- people gazed at were much more likely to hand over a dime to someone at a phone booth - true for people who were gazed at when people want to give them pamphlets - give confederate a nickel for 5 pennies - donate money to charity - stop and answer interview questions
Interruptions & Status Perceptions
- people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status - people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the conversation - interrupters, especially female, are perceived as less likable - *dilemma = do you want to be perceived as someone who has status, or be liked by others?
Pitch and Romantic Relationships
- place a call to a close same-sex friend and a romantic partner - pose 2 questions: 1. how are you? 2. what are you doing? - men raised pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs. a friend - women lowered pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs. a friend - when calling a partner, they tended to match their pitch, but NOT when calling a friend - vocal convergence = matching vocal characteristics (pitch) of your romantic partner
Tactile Communication
- primates are some of the top users - grooming -> communicates affection - great apes also use touch for reassurance
The following are significantly associated with deception (DePaulo et al., 2003)...
- providing fewer details - making less sense - repetitions - pupil dilation - increased vocal pitch - fewer illustrators
Primary Functions of Animal Communication
- regulating social interaction - giving information
The following are NOT associated with deception (DePaulo et al., 2003)...
- response duration - eye contact - speech disturbances - smiling - silent pauses - head nods - shrugs - posture shifts - speech rate - foot/leg movement - self-fidgeting * people work hard to control these things to make sure they aren't doing them
Effects of touch on other
- right setting, it can make people feel (+) about toucher - can help recipient self-disclose and talk about themselves - people comply with requests more when lightly touched - increase in gratitude & liking toward the toucher, and (+) mood in the receiver - makes receiver feel more supported by partner
Domestic Dogs Can Decode Human Facial Expressions
- sausage, garlic, or wood shavings hidden in a box - human looked in a box with happy, disgust, or neutral facial expression - dogs used the happy facial expression to locate the hidden food - dogs can decode our facial expressions with 55% accuracy - they can detect the valence and direction of that facial expression
Predator Alarms in Marmosets
- showed marmosets 1 of 4 different models of a predator - recorder their alarm calls - played back their alarm calls to other marmosets then recorded the gaze of the decoder - when they heard the alarm for marmosets that saw a bird, they looked up - when they heard the alarm for marmosets that saw a snake, they looked down - this is because calls are distinct!
Slow Sign Vehicles: Shaved Heads and Dominance
- slow sign vehicles = show slowly and reliably with age (wrinkles, hair growth, gray hair) - showed men who were bald, bald men with digitally added hair, men with digitally removed hair, and men with just hair - men with shaved heads are judged to be more dominant than men with hair - bald men were rated as more attractive (more dominant, more willing to submit to someone you find attractive) - bald men were perceived as older (ideas of respecting authority/elders; gives them some sense of dominance/authority)
Auditory Communication
- sound signals can vary in pitch, loudness, frequency, and temporal pattern - most vertebrates modulate temporal patterning and frequency - sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded (EX: mole crickets making a burrow to make their noises louder; amplification of cricket call)
Other Compliance-Gaining Requests from Touch
- stay to score questionnaires: 19 vs. 15 min - fill out a questionnaire (more likely to comply and fill it out when touched) - go to blackboard to solve math problem: 28% vs. 9% - order menu item suggested by wait staff: 59% vs. 42% (touch vs. non-touch) - ask nightclub patron to dance: 65% to 43%
How Good Are the Pros?
- students were interviewed twice by uniformed police officers - in both interviews, they denied that they had a paid of headphones - 360 police detectives watched the video taped interviews
Dominance and Facial Expression
- subjects rated photos in terms of how dominant they found that face to be - varied in which ones they showed, and varied in the intensity of the emotional expression - weak expressions had no impact on dominance ratings - strong facial affect influence ratings of dominance - dominant emotions: 1. happiness 2. anger 3. disgust 4. sadness 5. fear
Head Position & Dominance
- subjects viewed 3D models of faces - head tilt down = seen as more submissive - head tilt back = more dominant - said it seemed that participants might be associating a head tilted down with gaze aversion - a raised face could also be viewed as a happy face
Speech Rate/Duration & Power
- the faster someone speaks and the longer they speak, the more power they're perceived to have - longer speech rate - longer speech duration
Is Anyone Good At Detecting Lies?
- there is no compelling evidence that some people are good at detecting lies and others are not good at it - the standard deviation is judges' detection abilities is only 1% - someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile - there is no evidence/research that some are good at detecting lies while some are bad at detecting lies
Interruptions: Definition
- to take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues - attempted = didn't get the floor - successful = took the floor - volume is very important in interruptions - the person who can be the loudest often is the one who gets the floor
Sex Differences in Attention to Regions of the Face
- took different images of people outside - presented subjects with images of people in outdoor settings - tracked the viewers' eye movements - *men focus more on the mouth* - *women tend to focus more on the eyes* - males may have a preference for the dynamic features of the face - attracted to movement - may also aid in speech recognition
Touch Works with Gaze..
- touch + gaze = even more effective - every 9th person in a mall was approached - confederate = casually dressed male and female grad students - compliance rates (participate in a survey) were 86-92% in gaze and touch conditions
Decoding Touch and Intimacy
- touch to face = most affection, attraction, & love - touch to waist and forearm show high romantic attraction - ....but most indicative of harassment - this all reminds us of the context of touch
Age and Space use (encoding)
- unclear up to age, don't quite understand space yet - space increases over age 5-17, growing -> you want/need space - older people tend to like close tight spaces 65+
High Heels Increase Compliance
- used female confederates; wore either flat, medium, or high heels - differences between men and women compliance rates - for men, as heels got higher, compliance rates increased - for women, compliance rates were the same regardless of heel height - for men, as the heel got higher, researchers thought men believed the women to be more attractive and thus more likely to comply - nonverbal behaviors can influence compliance (gaze, touch, clothing) -> saw increases in compliance...but WHY?
Speech Rate and Intimacy (Segrin)
- when communicating with someone you're intimate with, these paralanguage behaviors are what you'd expect 1. fewer/shorter pauses 2. faster speech rate 3. matching partner's vocal cues
Conclusion
- when there are sex differences in nonverbal communication behaviors, they are *weak in magnitude* - sex rarely explains more than 1% of the observed variation in nonverbal behaviors - *the bottom line is that there is more variation WITHIN the sexes than there is BETWEEN the sexes*
Which social characteristics are viewed as indicators of deception?
-"Non ah speech" disterbances -high pitch voice -gaze aversion -less smiling -mobility (movement of arms, legs etc.)
Which theories explain why nonverbal communication increases compliance gaining?
-Expectancy violation theory - Communication accommodation theory - Demand Theory - Sequential-functional model of nonverbal exchange
multiple behaviors work together to communicate a function
-any behaviors can serve multiple functions -combination of behaviors can communicate a function
interactive aspects of touch
-context needs to be consistent - touch can decrease arousal
intimate
0-18 inches, heightened senses (smell them, feel body heat), usually must have a close relationship
Theoretical Approaches to Detecting Deception (Segrin)
1. *Attempted control:* - deceptive communication may come off as too slick, overly planned - your communication may lack spontaneity 2. *Arousal:* - lying gets people aroused (increase in pitch, talking faster, increased heart rate/temperature) 3. *Affect:* - look for emotions (fear/guilt/joy) - BUT they may just be nervous that you won't believe them (guilt/joy may be better indicators!) 4. *Cognitive load:* - it's difficult to lie and easier to tell the truth (a lie is more difficult to remember)
Turn Yielding Cues
1. *Change in intonation*: - increase/decrease in pitch depending on what we're saying - if I'm asking a question and I increase in pitch at the end, it indicated as a turn yielding cue - decreasing in pitch at the end of your declarative statement 2. *Sociocentric sequence*: - specific phrases within a culture that indicate you're giving up the floor - EX: you know? but uh? and so on, or something 3. *Drawl*: - to prolong your vowel sounds (only do it at the end of utterance, not the entire time you're speaking) 4. *Termination of gestures:* - we engage in rhythmic gestures (beats/batons) and we can stop doing that and it can function as a turn yielding cue; you don't need to keep the rhythm going when the speaking turn is almost over 5. *Drop in loudness:* - decreasing your volume at the end of what you're saying to indicate as a turn yielding cue; signifies to the other person you're almost done talking/it's their turn to speak 6. *Completion of a grammatical clause:* - concluding point/complete sentence
More Terminology..
1. *Cue competition:* we sometimes have nonverbal/verbal cues that don't match up; incongruent with each other (EX: saying something sarcastically) 2. *Detection apprehension:* the fear of being caught in your life; when we tell lies, we experience emotions
Different Types of Interruptions
1. *Deep/intrusive:* - aggressive and meant to threaten territory - I have the floor - changing the topic, disagreeing, any type of interruption that feels threatening is going to feel deep/intrusive - often, but not always viewed negatively 2. *Supportive:* - times when we interrupt to express agreement - Even though you're disagreeing with them you're still engaged in what they're saying (disagreeing interruptions = viewed *positively*) - supporting interruptions are viewed *positively* - change subject interruptions were viewed *negatively*
Behaviors Associated with the Dominance Function
1. *Persuasion:* - when you try and persuade someone, you're trying to exert influence over another and be more dominant 2. *Deception:* - to create a belief what you know is false (you're being controlling and exerting authority) 3. *Impression management:* - we want to control the impression others have about us
Effects of Sex vs. Status on Dominance Ratio
1. *female expert, male non-expert = F > M* 2. male expert, female non-expert = M > F 3. female expert, male expert = M > F - when status cues are altered, so are gaze patterns - the social status cues of maleness disappear when expertise is altered - expertise supersedes sex
What are the theoretical approaches to detection deception?
1. Attempted control = some deceptive communication may come across as too perfect or too smooth 2. Arousal = look for when people experience emotions and it increases arousal; pupil dilation, talking faster, increased pitch, etc. 3. Affect = look for those emotions that can be an indicator of deception; leaking cue 4. Cognitive load = police often use; easier to tell the truth than it is to tell a lie
What is deception?
1. Deception: an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false (has to be intended) (100% inaccurate) - Nonverbal communication functions of a meta-communication (communication of communication; indicator of truthfulness)
______ tend to interact more closely with others than ________.
1. Females 2. Males
What are the issues of touch in compliance research?
1. Force: most studies use a very light touch 2. Body Region: most studies used touch to the upper arm or shoulder ("friendly touch")
Turn Holding Cues
1. Gaze without a yielding cue 2. Gesture (EX: hold up one finger = give me a minute to finish; cover lips with your fingers ("sh") 3. Gaze aversion
What are the olfactory communication myths for humans?
1. Humans have smaller "smell brains" than the rest of the animal kingdom o The olfactory bulb has always been there. It's just that it's hard to find, buried in folds of the frontal cortex o 2. We're above scent driven socialization o The body scents important in mate attraction are aromatic by-products of the immune system 3. Each of us has a unique "smell print" that is equally appealing to others o How pleasant and sexy our body odors is, is a totally relative matter. We smell best to those individuals whose genetically based immunity to disease DIFFERS most from our own. 4. The notion that animal senses play a role in personal attraction diminishes our humanity o Scientific understanding of the role of smell in our lives leads only to conclusions that our tastes and emotions are highly sophisticated, the product of many inputs.
What are the ways to assign meaning to animal signals?
1. Look at the state of the signaling animal = What is animal A doing? (descriptive); encoding behavior Ex: sound, movement, smell- what is animal A doing? 2. Observe the response of the receiving individuals = How is animal B decoding animal A's behavior? What does this animal communication mean?; decoding behavior Ex: how does animal B respond to animal A's sound or behavior?
List the first four of Goffman's eight territories of the self
1. Personal space 2. Stall 3. Use space 4. Turn
What are the primary functions of animal communication?
1. Regulate social interaction = Express attitudes towards each other Ex: I like you, I don't like you, I want to mate with you, etc. 2. Giving information = Nonverbally Ex: I found food-I'm going to communicate where I found it, there is a predator-this is the area in which I saw it, etc. Ex: Bee video- movement to tell the other bees where the food is
Decoding & Intimacy
1. Speech Rate: - curvilinear relationship (want to be in the middle) - speaking too slow/too fast = not attractive - moderate speech rate = attractive 2. Speech Duration: - you can speak a little longer and it will still be viewed as attractive, but 1-2 short word responses is not attractive 3. Eye Gaze: - if you refuse to engage in eye contact with someone or make very intense constant eye contact = not attractive - curvilinear relationship - a medium amount of eye contact = attractive
Name & explain the 2 general approaches to the study of kinesics.
1. Structural: learned socially 2. External: easily seen by observing
What can scent function as in animal communication?
1. Territory marker (see dog urinating on a fire hydrant, ringtail lemurs that use smell to mark territory= odifference fencing) 2. Personal perfume (to attract a mate) Ex: Pheromones of the Silk Moth - Bombykol- detected on the male's antennae - Male silk moths are more strongly attracted to the pheromones produced by females rather than the sight of them Ex: Ring Tail Lemur - Females= use genitalia to mark territory - Males= use wrists to mark territory
Simultaneous Turns vs. Simultaneous Talk
1. Turns = if both people are trying to take the floor at the same time 2. Talk = saying "cool" and reacting to their story, but it's not about trying to take the floor, it's just time when both people happen to be speaking
Individuals with higher _________ ability could also portray _______ more readily.
1. Verbal 2. Emotion
Ekman's Neurocultural "Theory"
1. elicitors 2. facial affect program 3. display rules 4. behavioral consequences
Hellion's Taxonomy of Touch
1. fictional/professional 2. social/polite 3. friendship/warmth 4. love/intimacy 5. sexual arousal
Display rules
1. intensify 2. attenuate/deintensify 3. neutralize/inhibition 4. mask 5. simulation
According to the textbook, there are six nonverbal "myths", name two.
1. lack of eye contact indicates lying 2. you can read a person like a book
Shrout & Fiske (1981) results...
1. more head nods 2. more short back channels = to indicate to the person we're communicating with to pay attention 3. longer gaze duration = if you want to increase the social interaction you have 4. more frequent filled pauses 5. longer smile duration
Why Are Humans Poor Lie Detectors?
1. most people lack a motivation to catch liars 2. in humans, we don't have a reliable thing we can look to to show that someone is lying 3. we will do things to avoid being caught (countermeasures; EX: matching nonverbal to create intimacy) 4. we will often hide our lies within truth statements (embedded lies) 5. we don't get adequate feedback on our accuracy rates 6. it's not normal to ask someone in a conversation if someone is lying (it would break conversational norms; so we just assume they're telling the truth) 7. some people are just good liars (natural liars)
a person who initiated touch is seen as having
1. status that gives permission to touch 2. courage & initiative to exercise that status 3. a warm personality
Olfactory Communication
1. the earliest form of communication (chemical) 2. rich in information (health, age, etc.) 3. can travel over great distances 4. some received are highly sensitive (EX: male silk moths are more strongly attracted to the pheromones produced by females than the sight of a female in a box) 5. influence receivers' actions 6. scent can function as: - a territory marker - a personal perfume
How is status/power/dominance related to chronemics (how will dominant people use chronemics)
1. waiting time: one who is in the position to cause another to wait has power over him - to be kept waiting implies that one's own time is less valuable than that of the one who imposes the wait waiting time decreases as status increases, and the powerful are provided with luxurious facilities, such as airport VIP lounges, on the rare occasion when they must wait 2. Talk- time and interaction management - dominant individuals talk more and will hold the floor for a greater proportion of the total time than will a less dominant person - high status- communicate more frequently and speak longer in group discussion -when lower-status individuals do participate, their communication is usually directed toward those of the higher status - High status and dominant personalities- interrupt more often - higher status people influence speech patterns of lower-status individuals - subordinates response latencies are shorter, whereas superiors may take their time in answering - utterance duration is affected by the relative status of an interacting dyad with the lower status person following the lead of the high status person - subordinate who does not follow the customary low-status pattern will tend to be negatively perceived by a superior - high status individual- initiating or terminating a conversation
Common Errors in Lie Detection
1. we often focus on cues we shouldn't be focusing on (EX: looking at the eyes) 2. we focus on nonverbal cues and tend to forget about verbal cues 3. we assume someone is lying when they're nervous, but they're experiencing fear because they're telling the truth and are scared we don't believe them 4. we continue to rely on cues even when we learn they're wrong/not indicators of deception 5. there's a range of behaviors (from person to person) and their behaviors may be them, not just because they're lying 6. people think they're good at detecting lies, however, they're not
personal
1.5-4 feet, at arms reach, close friends
Adler and Towne (1975) suggested that records from 19th and 20th century orphanages point to mortality rates of nearly _________ because of a lack of touch. a) 90% b) 100% c) 80% d) 75%
100%
public
12 feet and beyond, can be difficult to communicate, we lose a lot of cues
social
4-12 feet, not hard to interact w/ people in this zone
Height signifies power and prestige: average is: a) 5 ft 6 for women; 6 ft for men b) 5 ft 5 for women; 6 ft for men c) 5 ft. 4 for women; 5 ft. 9 for men d) 5 ft 8 for both sexes
5' 4" for women, 5' 9" for men
List the last four of Goffman's eight territories of the self
5. Sheath 6. Possession territory 7. Information preserve 8. Conversation preserve
Different Types of Interruptions (continued)
6. same subject interruptions were not viewed as obnoxious unless they were frequent 7. *Healthcare:* - patient satisfaction is negatively associated with intrusive interruptions - but, positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician
Studies have found that up to age _____ sex is not an important factor in distancing norms (territoriality concerns). a) 5 b) 7 c) 12 d) 14
7
What is compliance gaining?
= An interpersonal process in which one party (the source; encoder) will do something to get the other party (target; decoder) to do something Ex: donating money, ride to the airport, etc. 1. Source 2. Target
What is demand theory?
= Certain nonverbal behaviors (gaze, touch, close space) produce arousal in others - Nonverbal behaviors can then function as a "demand" for something - The easiest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply with the demand
"Interactional synchrony" occurs where: a) one matches ones movements to those of another b) one matches one's words to one's behaviours c) a child mimics the actions of one's parents d) one learns the lyrics of all Police songs
A child mimics the actions of one's parents
Explain "Linguistic Collusion".
A complex set of processes where a groups' integrity is reaffirmed & the intruder is labeled as an outsider
explicit-rule culture
A culture that is ruled by strict laws and in which their citizens' actions are constantly policed is considered to be an__________.
"Manscaping" is when: a) a male alters his appearance b) a male scans the "territory" to assess challengers c) a woman shifts her posture to attract a male d) a man positions himself close to an exit
A male alters his appearance
a means of persuasion, like threats of violence, that takes little skill correct
A non-artistic proof is
Define Nonverbal communication.
A person stimulating meaning to another person's mind with nonverbal messages
Related to territoriality, the "conversation preserve" is: a) how much information we are willing to share in a conversation b) the personal space we maintain when having a public conversation c) a public space set apart for conversation d) the visual details we remember of a conversation
A public space set apart for conversation
In Heslin, Nguyen and Nguyen's 1983 study, they showed that women felt that touch from a stranger would be the greatest invasion of privacy, while for men it was touch from: a) a same-sex individual b) a parental figure c) a male peer d) a person in authority
A same-sex individual
icon
A sign that resembles its object is called what?
Describe the Harlow/Monkey experiment.
A study where the monkey chose to be with a cotton/soft robot instead of the metal one because it was a soft touch
An example of a "marker" is: a) a water bottle on your desk in class b) a nervous tick that distinguishes a person c) Donald Trump's hand's up, palms out d) the person who puts a stamp on your hand at the door
A water bottle on your desk in class
Provide one example of Accent & one example of Dialect.
Accent: Southern Appalachian "drawl" Dialect: Black English Vernacular
Provide one "function" of nonverbal communication and one example of this function.
Accenting-making a pause before giving an important message
What myth has NOT been ruled out?
Accommodation Hypothesis -SAYS women are trained to be accommodating when they grow up
observations
According to McKay, Davis, and Fanning (1995) verbal expressions help us communicate our thoughts, feelings, needs, and?
interpersonal
According to communication scholars which form of communication do we spend the most time engaged?
a. regulate conversation b. monitor interaction c. intimidate others
According to the course textbook, eye contact can function as a form of nonverbal communication to _____________ .
They typically view a nonverbal signal in isolation, similar to how dictionaries separately list denotative definitions of words
According to the course textbook, nonverbal guidebooks are not effective because _________ .
emphatic
According to the course textbook, the most challenging form of listening is __________ listening.
self-awareness; become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives
According to the reading, one reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater _____________ which means _____________. Our thought process regarding culture is often "other focused," meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception.
false
According to the reading, our culture is uniquely determined by a person's native language or nationality.
sexist
According to the reading, the use of words like "man-made" or "policeman" is an example of ____________ language.
false
According to the video lecture, all nonverbal behaviors are a form of nonverbal communication.
false
According to the video lecture, sign language is a form of vocalized nonverbal communication.
Our text lists 5 types of gestures & movements. Name one & provide an example.
Adapting: playing with your hair to show you are bored in class
Provide three things that you would include in "Voice Set".
Age, Gender & Present health condition
In which culture would silence most likely be interpreted as rude behavior?
America
In which culture would silence most likely be interpreted as a rude behavior?
American
nonverbal communication is multichannel
Amit is meeting with his employee about a personal situation that his employee is facing. Amit wishes to communicate care and concern for his employee and so he leans forward and nods, encoding a combination of a body orientation and a head movement that conveys attention. Subconsciously, however, Amit also regularly breaks off eye contact and looks anxiously at his office door and at the clock on the wall. According to the course textbook, Amit is making the mistake of failing to understand that ______________ .
Provide an example of the "Perception of Warmth".
An environment that encourages interaction, warm decorations & nice seating as in a restaurant.
scarce resources
Andy and Lynne are planning their family vacation. Andy wants to go to Europe and Lynne wants to go to Disneyland. They only get one week of vacation and they are arguing over how best to spend it. Which aspect of interpersonal conflict are they most likely experiencing?
What is animal communication?
Animal A communicates with Animal B when: - A's behavior manipulates B's sense organs in such a way that B's behavior has changed (animal A does something and then animal B does something in response because of Animal A's behavior) - Not verbal (no language); they can use sounds, movement, smell, etc.
Artifacts are: a) remnants of childhood behaviours b) anything added to the body c) non-verbals passed on by our ancestors d) culturally determined clothing trends
Anything added to the body
According to the text, what is the term used for an "excessive attention to our own appearance"?
Appearance obsession
citizenship
At the most basic level, one's national identity is usually based on
6 months
At what age can babies associate some words with a corresponding behavior?
false
Being unaware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner is known as conscious incompetence.
Females apparently are __________ than males at understanding non-verbal messages. a) better b) just as good as c) worse
Better
If my desk is between myself and the student, the text calls this the "_____" position.
Blocked
ethnic
Boris is an American from Kansas City. He dislikes his name because his friends think it is an odd name. Nevertheless, he is proud of his Russian ___________ identity and enjoys visiting relatives in Moscow. The missing word is
What are CLEMs and what are the two categories associated with CLEMs?
CLEMs: Conjocate Lateral Eye Movements Categories: Left & Right Lookers
Name and provide one example for a category of touch.
Casual personal - exchanging money with someone
1.5 to 4 feet is called ____________ space. a) social-consultative b) casual-personal c) social-personal d) social-intimate
Casual-personal
Whimpering, giggling & snickering are examples of what kind of vocalization?
Characterizer
What is the study of the effects color has on us physically?
Chromadynamics
false
Communicating with the barista at Starbucks, who you do not know, is an example of interpersonal communication.
true
Communication scholars have been aware of the connections between communication and a person's civic engagement or citizenship for thousands of years.
When it comes to others entering your territory, there are violations of territory, invasions and: a) diversions b) pollutions c) contaminations d) negations
Contaminations
"Affect blends" are: a) thinking two conflicting ideas at once b) conveying two emotions at the same time c) trying to change two things at once d) experiencing two emotions at the same time
Conveying two emotions at the same time
false
Cultural viewpoints such as Individualistic and Collectivist are "either/or dichotomy"; they can not be on a continuum or range.
codes
Culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us to organize, understand, and generate meaning are called what?
Cultural Factors
Culturally prescribed norms of visual engagement exert a profound effect on gazing patterns
false (it's represented in all 8)
Culture is represented only in two of the eight components of communication: context and environment. (t/f)
individualistic culture
Cultures in which property is mostly private and where business and organizations have gained control over natural resources are considered to be ________.
women; men
Current social norms still encourage ___________ to be more emotionally expressive than __________.
The endomorph was seen as: a) dominant, cheerful, competitive b) detached, tense, anxious c) dependent, calm, relaxed d) awkward, cool, suspicious
Dependent, calm, relaxed
Define both a "diffused" point pattern & a "displaced" point pattern.
Diffused: means a person arrives between 7:05-8:15 when it started at 7 Displaced: means a person arrives between 6:30-6:55 when it starts at 7
many people are not sure what words to use to describe race, people often fear sounding racist, ascribing a racial category on another person could be disrespectful
Discussing race in the United States is difficult because
Provide one distinctive characteristic of the supervisor-employee relationship.
Dominant-submissive relationship
According to Bachelard, "The home is a container for ____________." a) dreams b) finding safety c) living in d) nurturing the soul
Dreams
false
Each culture is different and unique to some degree. However, the one thing all cultures have in common is the display of emotions.
The three body types discussed in the text are endomorph, mesomorph and: a) midimorph b) paramorph c) ectomorph d) polymorph
Ectomorph
The seven basic emotions displayed by the face were categorized by: a) Calhoun b) Knapp c) Ekman d) Birdwhistell
Ekman
false
Emotions are communicated more through nonverbal communication than through verbal communication
What is the myth: empathy hypothesis?
Empathy Hypothesis -SAYS women are more empathetic and men are not; women are better respondents of empathy = inaccurate; men can always be empathetic, not about women being more sensitive
In all types of communication, there are two major components. We decode and we ____________. a) pre-code b) code c) assimilate d) encode
Encode
What body style is often not hired due to being perceived as lazy. (provide proper body type name)
Endomorph
List & describe the 3 body types. Also name 1 perception based on that body type.
Endomorph: rounded body shape-relaxed Ectomorph: muscular-hot-headed Mesomorph: thin, often tall-awkward
psychological noise
Erika is listening to her professor discuss the details of quantum physics. She finds it difficult to concentrate during the lecture because she did not get sufficient sleep last night and is now feeling irritable and sleepy. According to the video lecture, Erika is having trouble receiving the messages sent by the professor because of __________ noise.
family traditions, language, ways of being in the world
Ethnicity and communication are often related through
What are the studies/findings on interspecies communication?
Ex: Cleaner fish: = These fish will send signals to turn off the prey catching responses of a host (communicate in a way that they are going to help the prey, so they both benefit... the cleaner fish won't get eaten by the prey and gets food and the prey gets clean teeth) Ex: Dog-human: = Dogs (encoder) and humans (decoder) Study: - 12 owners of mudis, 12 owners of other dog breeds, and 12 who did not own a dog - Recordings of dog barks (playful, aggressive, or fearful) Findings: - All participants could correctly classify the dog barks - Dog barks contained information about their emotional state that is easily decoded by all humans
Which communication channel is it easier to successfully tell a lie
Face
Which communication channel is it harder to detect when someone is being deceptive
Face
A person's body is less likely to lie than their words. T/F?
False
A study by Fogot (1991) found that attractive children aged 12 to 30 months were slightly easier to work with. T/F?
False
According to Geiselman, Haight, and Kimata (1984) women do not necessarily appear more attractive when they are with attractive peers. T/F?
False
According to Stacks, Moore, and Hickman, women more openly displayed negative emotions than men did. T/F?
False
Men engage in more looking behavior than women? T or F
False
Pupils expand when one is thinking up a lie. T/F?
False
The text suggests that firm generalizations can be made regarding racial differences and personal space expectations. T/F?
False
We remember smells just as long as we remember something we've seen. T/F?
False
In nonverbal communication, a symbol and a sign are essentially the same thing. T/F?
False — Symbols are speech independent, signs are not
In discussing differences in sex and gender the text suggested that, to build relationships, men find a common enemy and women offer time. T/F?
False — it's the opposite
"The __________ we talk, the more likely we are to influence our listeners".
Faster
Who has to meet a higher attractiveness standard... males or females?
Females
sex differences in space
Females: approach others, especially w/ other females, closer than males will - maintain closer interpersonal distance than males - allow others to approach more closely than males will Males: approach other males & females at the same distance
An example of an "adaptor" is: a) fidgeting b) an action that coincides with a word c) a person that mirrors another's actions d) a mirroring technique
Fidgeting
issues in touch compliance research
Force: mose studies use very light touch Body Region: most studies used touch upper arm or shoulders "friendly touch"
What is gaze aversion and it is intentional?
Gaze aversion is intentionally looking away because you do not want to interact
false
Geer Hofstede describes the masculine-feminine dichotomy in culture as whether men or women hold the power in a given culture (t/f)
What are three theoretical explanations for why males and females develop different nonverbal behaviors?
Genetics, Reinforcement, & Modeling
According to the text, the country which is most rigid about time, has buses that run on schedule, and considers it rude to be late is:
Germany
Name one good thing about ethnocentrism.
Group Pride
goal
Group communication involves achieving a shared ____________.
According to the textbook, how long should a lecturer cover the material?
Half of the allotted time
What is the rule on touch in the workplace?
Hands off
The study of touch is also known as: a) haptics b) synaptics c) olfactics d) tactilics
Haptics
What is tactile communication?
Haptics - Primates are some of the top users (really like touch) - Grooming = Way to show affection; great way to be social - Great apes also use handshakes = Use handshakes because it functions as a way of reassurance (manage arousal or anxiety)
emotional contagion
Harvey is in a really bad mood. However, after he goes to visit his friend Bert, who is a very happy person, Harvey begins to feel happy as well. This is an example of what aspect of expressing emotions?
The fastest paced cities also reported _______.
Heart Disease
a. altering information to influence another person b. exaggerating information to influence another person c. omitting information to influence another person
How is deception defined in the study of human communication?
a. Part of being a good listener involves providing nonverbal feedback to the speaker in the form of head-nods and positive eye contact b. Part of being a good listener involves minimization of distracting movements in the form of self, other, and object adaptors
How is nonverbal communication related to listening?
"Tenure" has to do with: a) a person holding a territory permanently b) how long a person has held the territory c) how strongly a person conveys their intention of holding the territory d) one's right to hold that territory
How long a person has held the territory
According to the textbook, what is Response Latency?
How long it takes for someone to start talking after another person finishes
What was one interesting thing you learned from the individual Presentations done in class?
I learned from one of the guy's presentations that flirting can be a huge part of nonverbal communication
cultural
Identities based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting are called
credibility
If an individual uses informal language during a professional job interview, they might hurt their ________________.
ability to use
If you know how to study well for an exam, but you are not able to actually exercise that knowledge when it comes time for your finals, you lack what part of the definition of communication competence?
Provide one example of the "primary function" of a teacher's nonverbal behavior in the classroom.
Improving how much students like the subject
sender
In Western societies, public communication is more ___________ focused than interpersonal or group communication.
indirect cultures
In ________________, business conversations may begin with discussions of the weather, family, or themes other than business as the partners gain an idea of each other before the topic of business is raised.
instrumental
In individualistic cultures, there is often a cultural expectation that people will exhibit what type of emotions?
positive
In individualistic cultures, there is often a cultural expectation that people will exhibit what type of emotions?
conflict resolution
In professional settings, the ability to engage in conflict management is sometimes called what?
personal
In the study of proxemics, _________ space refers to the zone or space that is reserved for friends and close acquaintances.
What are inclusion touches, sexual touches, affection touches? What do they communicate?
Inclusion touches (e.g. shoulders or knees touching) o Sustained touches that convey or draw attention to the ac of being together; they are tactile statements of togetherness, usually involving lower body parts (legs, knees, hips, side-by-side hugs), and nearly always occur between lovers, spouses, or close friends rather than family members. · Sexual touches (e.g., long strokes of the head up and down the body) o Express physical attraction or sexual intent; involving holding, caressing, or both, these are prolonged, involve multiple body parts, and move from one part of the body to another. · Affection touches (e.g., hand of a shoulder, squeezing an arm) o Always communicates affection, in part because these touches are positive and in part because they do not express any other specific meaning.
What are turn requesting cues?
Indicate you want a turn to speak: - Backchannels= function as feedback when interacting with someone; can sometimes function as a turn requesting cue - Speaker directed gaze - Audible inhalation - Forward lean - Gesture (raising your hand) - A stutter start
Two dimensions of touch
Instrumental and Autotelic
There are 4 interpersonal distance zones. Name all 4.
Intimate zone, Casual-personal zone, Public zone, & Socio-consultive zone
Provide an example of a "frozen affect expressor"?
It always shows one emotion - always looks angry even if they are happy
Define Chronemics.
It refers to the way we perceive, use, study, structure, interpret & react to messages of time
social norm
Janet was invited to her boss's birthday party and she decides to dress formally for it. When she arrives at the party, she sees that everyone is dressed casually, in jeans. She immediately feels very self-conscious about arriving in formal attire. In this example, Janet is reacting to the _________ of the dress code at the birthday party.
past-time orientation
Jared puts considerable time into preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photo albums. He also enjoys reminiscing about the past and reuniting with old friends. According to the textbook, individuals like Jared have a _____________ .
verbal fillers
Joanne is giving a speech at her brother's wedding. She is very anxious and keeps using vocal elements of nonverbal communication such as "uh" and "um" in her speech. In this scenario, sounds like "uh" and "um" are also known as ___________ in the study of human communication.
gender
John and Maria were delighted to learn they were having twins. When the babies were born, one boy and one girl, John and Maria carefully selected pink outfits for the girl and blue for the boy. As time went on, their son wanted to play with his sister's dolls and wear her princess tiara, and their daughter wanted to play with her brother's trucks and football. John and Maria were distressed and tried to influence their children's choices. In this scenario, what cultural scripts are in play?
knowledge
Knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are is indicative of what part of the definition of competence?
isolation
Long periods of ______________ have been shown to severely damage a human.
Adaptors
Manage our emotional arousal
What is the myth: masculinity-femininity hypothesis?
Masculinity- femininity Hypothesis -SAYS women are good decoders because they are more feminine (being considerate, harmonious, etc.) = inaccurate
When we repress our expression to the emotion we feel and replace it with a more socially-appropriate expression, this is called...
Masking
"Self-synchrony" refers to how one: a) regulates one's non-verbal actions b) matches one's gestures to one's words c) matches one's gestures to those of another d) tries to use an array of non-verbal behaviours
Matches one's gestures to one's words
What is the name of the hypothesis that states we tend to choose partners who are in the same attractiveness category as we are?
Matching Hypothesis
false
Members of dominant groups are often less motivated toward intercultural communication than members of nondominant groups.
Do men or women mask their emotions more often?
Men
Who initiates touch more.... males or females? Why?
Men initiate touch more because women may seem promiscuous
An example of an "emblem" is: a) middle finger b) a stammer/stutter c) a pause d) pacing
Middle finger
The "surrogate mother" experiment, by Harlow (1958) was done with: a) mice b) monkeys c) rats d) people
Monkeys
Is our culture monochronic or polychronic? Why?
Monochronic because we can only do one thing at a time
Name two perceptions people have about attractive people?
More educated & more sexually active
Working in small groups increases _____ among students.
Motivation
smiles and intimacy
NOT a very reliable form of intimacy
prejudice
Negative feelings toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he or she belongs to a group is called
Students who dress "weird" are perceived ____.
Negatively
Provide an example of nonverbal behavior and why it is different from nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal behavior is when the action is not received-like playing with your hair when you are alone Nonverbal communication is the action is received-like playing with your hair in public could be seen as flirting
Demand theory
Nonverbal behaviors produces arousal and, in sufficient degree, can function as demands easiest way to get rid of arousal is to comply with the demand ex. teacher staring at you w gets you to talk
What is the term used for the study of eye behavior?
Oculesics
"Immediacy" refers to: a) how quickly a person responds with a non-verbal gesture b) one being open, approachable c) one being in the moment and authentic d) one's pace in matching non-verbals to another's
One being in the moment and authentic
What is the myth: oppression hypothesis?
Oppression Hypothesis -SAYS some groups are required to become better at nonverbal skills because they have been oppressed = inaccurate
What is one distinction between verbal and nonverbal messages?
Outcome distinction-we use literal words to make emotions
According to the textbook, what are "owls" & what are "sparrows"?
Owls are active in the evening Sparrows are active in the morning
encoding
Pam is feeling hungry and the image that comes to her mind is a slice of pizza. She turns to her friend, Abdhi and says to her: "Would you like to have pizza?" In this scenario, Pam is engaged in the communication process referred to as _________ in the course textbook.
What is auditory communication?
Paralanguage - Sound signals can vary in pitch, loudness, frequency (how much), and temporal pattern (how long the sound lasts) - Most vertebrates modulate temporal pattering and frequency - Sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded Ex: Cricket
Sequential-functional model
People bring various predisposing factors such as gender, culture, personality, and their learning history to interpersonal interactions. These predisposing factors make some people especially likely to respond to the nonverbal involvement of others.
Expectancy Violation theory
People have expectations about what are appropriate levels of behavior (e.g., gaze, touch, etc.) in interpersonal situations
Communication accommidation theory
People may change their communications behaviors when interacting with others as a function of their attitudes towards each other
as babies
People usually first learn about gender and culturally appropriate gender behaviors
false
People who speak the same language experience culture in the same way, no matter their various intersecting cultural identities and personal experiences.
ascribed
Personal, social or cultural identities that are placed on us by others and function as labels are called
Finish this phrase: "One of the key architectural concepts mentioned in the class on proxemics is shelter and __________ ." a) usefulness b) perspective c) solidity d) commodity
Perspective
density
Physical, lots of people in the room
What are the 3 types of attractiveness?
Physical, social, & task
Positive vs. Negative Emotions
Positive Emotions: increased eye gaze Negative Emotions: gaze aversion
Touch, even a slight touch, among the elderly was noted to reduce: a) postural sway b) asthma c) dementia d) nervous ticks
Postural sway
surprise
Primary emotions include the following: joy, distress, anger, fear, disgust, and?
There are six categories of territory. Name and provide an example of two.
Primary territory: dorm room Public territory: movie theater seats
According to Anderson's 2005 comparison of different religious groups, those who refrain from touch are more likely to be ___________ than Jewish. a) Protestant b) Muslim c) Catholic d) Rastafarian
Protestant
What is the study of how we use and communicate space?
Proxemics
crowding
Psychological, cultural difference, your crowded might not be someone else's crowded
difficult, if not impossible, to describe
Race is
adaptors
Raj is in the classroom waiting to take the final exam for his COM100 class. He is feeling anxious and subconsciously clicks his pen and shakes his legs. Gestures such as clicking pens and shaking legs are also known as _____ in the study of nonverbal communication.
According to the textbook, what is "status"?
Rank or position in a group
In the recent chapter on proxemics, the two studies cited were related to what animals? a) deer and b) rats and birds c) rats and d) rats and deer
Rats and deer
According to dialectics theory: a) relationships are kept together by opposing tensions b) relationships are challenged by opposing tensions c) we seek to resolve opposing tensions in relationships d) opposing tensions can tear relationships apart
Relationships are kept together by opposing tensions
true
Relationships, like cars, require routine maintenance.
ceremonies, families, texts
Religious identities can be communicated through
the need of citizens in early Greek democracy to debate public matters
Rhetoric developed because of
mirroring
Richard is a car salesman. As a sales-technique, he regularly matches his nonverbal cues to reflect his customers' nonverbal behaviors to get them to like him better, and hopefully, to trust him more. For example, if his customer is folding their arms across their chest, Richard does the same thing. If his customer rocks on the balls of their feet during the conversation, Richard rocks on the balls of his feet as well. This sales-technique that Richard uses is also known as ___________ in the study of nonverbal communication.
discriminative
Ruth is walking her dog at night. While walking her dog, she focuses her listening on a dark part of the back alley to determine if the noise she just heard presents her with any danger. In this scenario, Ruth's behavior is best described as a type of __________ listening.
What is the acronym used to remember the "primary facial expressions"?
SADFISH
the balance of other influences on an audience member's belief, like family an audience member's own interpretation of the text how audience's perceived the credibility of the source
Scholars challenged the direct effects model (or hypodermic needle theory) by looking at
What is ethnocentrism?
Seeing your own culture as the center of the universe
intuition
Sexual identity is communicated through all of the following except
false
Sexual preference is the term preferred to sexual orientation. (t/f)
What two things about the furniture in an office communicates the owner's personality?
Size & Placement
3. What incorrect cues do police officers tend to focus on when attempting to detect deception?
Social anxieties, public self-consciousness, physical characteristics like clothing, less smile, increase of hand and arm movements, also police are too confident
true
Social variables such as status and power affect competence.
In class, the ideal shape for the living room was suggested as: a) square b) circle c) rectangle d) octagon
Square
People who initiate touch are more likely to be attributed higher _______.
Status
What two things does a square table communicate?
Status & Power
There are 3 properties of eye behavior. Name 1.
Stimulates arousal
Facial expression is ___________ with the level of touch. a) often confused b) synchronistic c) often off kilter d) anachronistic
Synchronistic
true
Taking deep breaths to reduce speech anxiety works because it releases endorphins, which naturally fight the adrenaline that causes anxiety.
What is marasmus?
The "wasting away" disease: Failure to thrive
According to the textbook: "Companies are willing to pay for employees who look __ ____."
The Part
Name one bad thing about ethnocentrism.
The attitude of superiority towards other cultures
Define Kinesics.
The communicative study of gestures & movements
propoganda
The concern that mass media provided a powerful means for politicians to influence a vulnerable audience was a concern about
Emotions are communicated more through nonverbal communication than through verbal communication
The course textbook discusses some key differentiations between nonverbal communication and verbal communication. Which of the following is true, according to the course textbook?
true
The course textbook stresses that although we may be able to find many dictionary-like guides that decode nonverbal signals, we should be careful to avoid thinking of these texts as A-to-Z guides that capture all the complexity of nonverbal communication.
pathos
The emotional appeal a speaker makes is called
Why does our text say the face is so important in human communication?
The face is almost always visible in interaction
media imperialism
The idea that the media from one country can dominate the culture of another country is referred to as
books
The most durable of print media are
direct and thoughtful encounters with other cultures
The most effective way to develop knowledge about other cultures is by _____________________.
with the development of rhetoric in ancient Greece
The origins of the study of communication formally began
performance of identity
The process or means by which we show the world who we think we are is the
connotation
The term that refers to the meanings associated with a symbol is
Chronemics is defined as: a) the use of pace and pauses in verbals b) the use of time in the use of non-verbals c) smell d) the study of physiological reactions to space
The use of time in the use of non-verbals
relationship cultures
These are the climates established through interpersonal communication that are unique to the relational partners but based on larger cultural and social norms.
The United States Germany Switzerland
These countries are often noted as countries that value a monochromatic time orientation, which means that interruptions are to be avoided, and everything has its own specific time. (Select all that apply.)
What are "turn-maintaining cues"? Provide an example.
They are cues to show that the communicator wants to continue to talk. Example: giving you the hand like a stop sign to be silent
What happened to subjects placed in a dimly lit room?
They were quiet: all talking was complete after 30 mins of the hour.
What are turn holding cues?
Things we can do to maintain the floor: - Gaze without a yielding cue - Gaze aversion is a way to hold the floor - Gestures
cumulative annoyance
This is the building of frustration or anger that occurs over time.
conscious incompetence
This is where you know what you should be doing, and you realize that you're not doing it as well as you could
What are interruptions?
To take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues - Attempted vs successful interruptions - Attempted: one that doesn't work (doesn't get the floor) - Successful: successful in taking the floor - The person who speaks the loudest often is most successful in interruptions
their demographics their psychological disposition towards the topic their attitudes and beliefs
To understand your audience you should consider
According to the text, the first sense we learn is: a) touch b) hearing c) sight d) smell
Touch
According to Birdwhistell's six principles, kinesic communication varies between black Americans and white Americans. T/F?
True
According to some historians, the kiss on the lips was first practiced by Roman men who wanted to test if their wives had been drinking wine in their absence. T/F?
True
According to the text, African Americans were less likely to affirm touching between parents and children, than were other racial groups. T/F?
True
According to the text, men sway their bodies when they walk just as much as women do. T/F?
True
Across 37 cultures, women rated attractiveness needs lower than the men did. T/F?
True
Children at 2-3 months look at an attractive face longer than at an unattractive one. T/F?
True
Denotative meaning has to do with the dictionary definition of a word. T/F?
True
Even the attainment of reading ability can be affected by having been touched or not. T/F?
True
In therapeutic touch, the practitioner does not actually place his/her hands on the patient. T/F?
True
Less physically attractive defendants have been found to receive lighter sentences. T/F?
True
One cultural group was noted to kiss both the lips and the chin at the same time. T/F?
True
The value we place on attractiveness is related to whether or not we are seeking a long-term relationship. T/F?
True
Women sought stability, ambition, humour more than attractiveness. T/F?
True
In the "matching hypothesis" we: a) match another's movement to our own b) try to date people who are similar to ourselves c) hang out with people similar to ourselves d) date people who look like our parents
Try to date people who are similar to ourselves
regulating the flow of conversation
Turn yielding cues - highten speech while asking a ? - drop in pitch while giving a statement Trun requesting cues - inhale audilby Trurn maintaining cue - raise voice in volume - um (filled pause) Deny the floor - stay silent
What can teachers do to create "verbal immediacy" in the classroom?
Use "we & us" instead of "you & I"
Name one characteristic of culture.
Values
Our textbook lists 7 factors that determine our response to encroachment. Name 2.
Violation & Invasion
What is the study of vocal behaviors/paralanguage?
Vocalics
Which communication channel is it easier to detect when someone is being deceptive
Voice
Which communication channel is it harder to successfully tell a lie
Voice
What is the study regarding humans being poor lie detectors?
Vrij 2000 - Reviewed 40 studies (studies of statements that are true or a lie) - 67% accuracy rate for detecting truths - 44% accuracy rate for detecting lies - Worse than chance - High accuracy for truth, low accuracy for lies = "truth bias", we are more likely to assume people are truthful than that they are telling us a lie Bond & DePaul 2006 - Results from 206 reports and 24,483 judges - People achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments - Correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as non-deceptive 2008 - Reviewed 142 studies, 19,801 judges of deception - Mean accuracy of 54.05% for lies - Mean of 55.50% accuracy for truth statements Conclusion - People do not do much better than chance at detecting deception - People typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability
information
Watching a newscast on television would most likely be relying on which function of mass media?
technology
What most distinguishes mass communication messages from other forms of communication?
Explain what an "affect blend" is.
When half of the face shows one emotion, & the other shows a different emotion. Example: smiling to show happiness but eyes show sadness
depth; breadth
When it comes to self-disclosure, __________ refers to how personal or sensitive the information is, and __________ refers to the range of topics discussed.
"Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements" means: a) whether we look left or right when thinking shows which side is our dominant brain side b) being nervous. It suggests that we have intentions that we are not stating in words. c) we have difficultly matching our eye movements to our body messages d) we have difficulty with eye contact
Whether we look left or right when thinking shows which side is our dominant brain side
FDR
Which US President was known for his radio broadcasts, called Fireside Chats?
communication is strategic
Which aspect of communication is indicated when we state that we intentionally create messages to achieve certain goals that help us function in society and our relationships?
accommodating
Which conflict management style is most likely to occur when there are time restraints and less likely to occur when someone does not want to appear weak?
the merger of many media companies into a handful of large, powerful corporations
Which has been an effect of media deregulation?
separation of communication from transportation
Which is NOT a cultural effect of the printing press?
fear of losing the relationship
Which of the following is an interpersonal reason for not self-disclosing?
Who is missing from this view of the world? Who benefits if we see the world this way? What is considered normal in this text?
Which question is asked by a critical or cultural studies approach to media?
Who are usually seen as more touch oriented.... women or men?
Women
irish, anglo, latinx
Words that have been used in modern history to describe race include all of the following
neologisms
Words that have just been recently established into linguistic existence are called ____________.
contranyms
Words that have multiple meanings are called _______________.
feminine
Words used to describe sexual identity include all of the following except
civic engagement
Working to make a difference in our communities by improving the quality of life of community members and raising awareness about social, cultural, or political issues is known as what?
dialects
_____________ are versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation.
North Americans view time as:
a commodity
Ad hominem
a form of argument that attacks a person's character rather than their argument
Generally, a teacher who is immediate can expect
a large increase in affective learning
attempted control
a lie that is too planned, no spontaneity
channel
a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding.
index
a sign that has a physical connection with its object
Intrinsic (universal)
actual thing you're trying to communicate represents/is the thing you're doing
Illustrators
add a visual description
Men are portrayed correctly or incorrectly in the media as more _____ than women.
adventerous
Men are portrayed correctly or incorrectly in the media as more than women.
adventurous
supportive interruptions
agree, excited, backchannel interruptions
A "hands on hips" position:
all of the above
According to Jones's research, tactile power moves include:
all of the above
According to the direct-effects or social-meaning model of nonverbal persuasion, increased eye contact would be more effective for _____ person.
all of the above
According to the textbook, nonverbal communication is:
all of the above
Affect displays
all of the above
Babies who do not receive adequate amounts of touch:
all of the above
Body synchrony:
all of the above
Deception cues result from:
all of the above
Deception is any message that:
all of the above
Fast food restaurants speed up customers with
all of the above
Flight responses
all of the above
Invasions of personal space result in which of the following reactions?
all of the above
Lower-status, lower-power chronemic cues include:
all of the above
Vocalic behavior
all of the above
response latency
amount of time between speaking turns
Deception
an act intended to foster in another a belief that deceiver considers false, needs to be deliberate intent, you have to know the info you are telling them is incorrect
The right-brain hemisphere is:
analogic and nonlinguistic
Nonverbal communication is...
analogic, typically governed by the right brain hemisphere, nonlinguistic
"Secondary" gender differences are
anatomical differences not directly related to reproduction
Deception cues result from
anxiety, negative affect, duping delight
environmental noise
any physical noise present in a communication encounter
Affect displays:
are behaviors that reveal our emotions to others, can operate separately from cognition, are usually nonverbal
High communication apprehensive:
are relatively insensitive to eye contact
High communication apprehensives:
are relatively insensitive to eye contact
Temporal Characteristics
aspects of speech that are function of time (response latency, speed, pause, response time) we change
theoretical approaches to detecting deception
attempted control, arousal, affect, cognitive load
Cognitive-valence theory holds that very high arousal results in:
aversion and compensation
Turn requesting cues
backchannels, speaker directed gaze, audible inhalation, forward lean, gesture, a stutter start
waggle
bee's waggle in the direction of food
Awareness
being aware of your behaviors
middle age
biggest difference in pitch
"Secondary" gender differences are:
biological differences not directly related to reproduction
pain reduction (gate theory)
body is covered in nerves one way to reduce pain is engaging in touch
According to expectancy-violations theory, a very attractive person is more persuasive at _____ distances.
both a and b
facial affect program
brain function that triggers facial muscles
semi fixed feature space
can be moved relatively easily (ex. regular chair)
Intent
can do nonverbal communication intentionally or unintentionally
Seasonal affective disorder
can result in depression and suicide
Species constant experiences
certain environments call for certain nonverbal behaviors
ellsworth and langer's Demand Theory
certain nonverbal behaviors (ex gaze, touch, close space) produce arousal in others nonverbal behaviors can then function as a demand for something the easiest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply w/ the demand
turn yielding cues
change in intonation (drop (declarative) or raise pitch), sociocentric sequences, drawl, termination of gestures, drop in loudness, completion of a grammatical clause
recognize
channels can communicate multiple functions
Vocalizations
characteristics that are modified by all speakers (ex loudness and pitch) we can change
Vocalic behavior (Ch. 3)
clarifies verbal messages, transmits emotional information to receivers, helps to regulate conversation (?)
Arousal Labelling theory
close distance creates arousal in the decoder. if this arousal is labeled positively the decoder will approach (reciprocate). if this arousal is labeled negatively the decider will avoid (compensate)
closeness and decoding nonverbal behaviors
close friends are better decoders of each others nonverbal than strangers are acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partners negative affect when partners attempt to conceal their (-) emotions
According to expectancy-violations theory, a very attractive person is more persuasive at what distances. (Ch. 10)
closer interpersonal distances
An example of more immediate behavior is:
closer proximity
Example of more immediate behavior
closer proximity
remland
closest: irish, scottish, dutch, greek, italian, french furthest: english
Emotion Display
communicate our emotions
compliance-gaining communication
communication aimed at getting people to do something or act in a particular way
friendship/warmth
communication liking and friendship
encoding functions
communicative and indicative
Invasions of personal space result in which 4 reactions?
compensatory reductions in intimacy, retreats, aversion of eye contact, body buffers
interpersonal touch is important in
compliance
Nonverbal communication is:
continuous and multichanneled
For humans, the biggest factor in predicting stress reactions to overpopulated environments is:
crowding perception
Six cognitive schemata in the cognitive valence model? (Ch. 9)
cultural schemata, self-schemata, interpersonal schemata, relational schemata and relational trajectories, situational schemata, and state schemata
display rules
cultural, personal, situational factors that modify the conditions that elicit emotion or its expression - not universal
sociocentric sequence
culturally specific phrase that say your speaking turn is over
Which of the following is one of the six cognitive schemata in the cognitive valence model?
culture
animals can
decode different sounds correctly
target
decoder
types of interruptions
deep and intrusive, supportive
Character Traits
direct gaze is more likely to be returned by the person with aggressive and assertive character traits extroverts: MORE eye gaze Introverts: LESS eye gaze, MORE gaze aversion
how we respond
disagreeing interruptions: + supportive interruptions: + change subject interruptions: - same subject interruptions: not viewed as obnoxious unless they are frequent
dogs
dogs can direction and valence of facial expressions
filled pause
duration > 250 ms but has sound in it (ex um)
Silent pause
duration > 250ms. longer than 1/4sec that doesn't have any sound. we can identify this pause
Phonetic pause
duration of < 250ms (1/4sec). can't hear it, it is too fast
Olfactory (smell) communication
earliest form of communication. Smell can tell age, reproductive status, fitness.
sex differences and paralanguage
easiest individual difference to identify from the voice, fundamental frequency = pitch (larynx vocal cords)
According to the textbook, which of the following hypothetical groups has the highest level of selfreported opposite-sex touch avoidance?
elderly female Protestants
Which hypothetical groups has the highest level of self-reported opposite-sex touch avoidance
elderly female protestants
backchannel
elicited in "gaze window", used to avoid taking the floor - sentence completion - requests for clarification - restement
Communicative
enacted with a clear conscious intention to convey a message - done intentionally
source
encoder
elicitors
environmental factors that produce the emotional state -culturally specific
male and female touch is
equal, m initiate more touches but F recipocate it
touch + gaze =
even more effective
interspecies communication
ex: cleaner fish send signals to big fish that they are going to clean them
regulating social interaction
ex: i like you, i don't like you, i want to eat you - regulate with space
impression management via facial expressions
ex: males will frown less when watching a scary movie while being observed by someone attractive to make it seem like they are tough and can take care of themselves
context for space is important
example: classroom: student facing teacher (sociopetal) classroom: student not facing student (sociofugal)
neutralize/inhibition
experience emotion on inside, but showing no emotion on the outside
high expressive
externalizer - show lots of emotions - experience LESS physiological arousal
encoding factors: personality and paralanguage
extraversion, introversion, dominance, type "A" behavior
Synchrony of Speech
eye contact during speech reveals typical patterns for listening and speaking looking while listening > looking while speaking
Verbal messages are more useful than nonverbal communication for affective and emotional information.
f (false?)
Which nonverbal channel is the best for detecting emotion?
face
where to men look first?
face, lips, and then crotch
where do women look first?
face, then legs, and then the crotch
Affect is most powerfully displayed
facially
Affect is most powerfully displayed:
facially
According to Andersen, Protestants generally have a more positive view of touch than non-Protestants.
false
According to Andersen, culture is mainly an explicit, carefully-planned nonverbal phenomenon.
false
According to the textbook, male managers who use a more autocratic or directive leadership style are typically rated more negatively than their female counterparts who use an autocratic style.
false
According to the textbook, the most intense level of arousal produces the most intense level of intimacy.
false
Andersen maintains that men's hair length does not effect persuasion.
false
Andersen maintains that our society embraces those who act inconsistently with their sex roles.
false
As room temperatures fall into the 60s, students show significant decreases in reading speed and comprehension.
false
Because intimacy is so ubiquitous, men and women are nearly identical in their experience of intimate communication.
false
Communication anxiety leads to increased awareness of social and environmental cues.
false
Emotional recognition is a learned, symbolic, linguistic, deliberative process that is one of the most basic functions of nonverbal communication.
false
Greater immediacy is a characteristic of well-developed, stable relationships.
false
High-context cultures are more likely to communicate information explicitly while low-context cultures are more likely to communicate implicitly.
false
Interacting with people of higher status creates relaxation for the less powerful interactant.
false
More expressive and socially tactful people are less successful deceivers than their nonexpressive counterparts.
false
Nonverbal communication is typically governed by the left-brain hemisphere.
false
Opposite-sex touch is most likely to occur at an advanced stage of a relationship, such as marriage.
false
Persuasion is only used to unite the common interests of all people.
false
Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures.
false
Research demonstrates that, unlike many other intimate behaviors, affection is primarily communicated verbally.
false
Research has shown that voicemail is significantly more polite than e-mail.
false
Research shows a large set of nonverbal behaviors that are consistently associated with deception.
false
Same-sex touch is more threatening, anxiety-producing, and repugnant for females than it is for males.
false
Shifty-eyed people tend to be more deceptive than people making direct eye contact.
false
T/F : As room temperatures fall into the 60s, students show significant decreases in reading speed and comprehension.
false
T/F : Because intimacy is so ubiquitous, men and women are nearly identical in their experience of intimate communication
false
T/F : Communication anxiety leads to increased awareness of social and environmental cues
false
T/F : Culture is mainly an explicit, carefully-planned nonverbal phenomenon.
false
T/F : Emotional recognition is a learned, symbolic, linguistic, deliberative process that is one of the most basic functions of nonverbal communication
false
T/F : Hand emblems, sign language, lip reading, facial emblems, and musical notation are all examples of nonverbal communication.
false
T/F : High-context cultures are more likely to communicate information explicitly while low-context cultures are more likely to communicate implicitly
false
T/F : In a classroom setting, less dominant individuals are more likely to occupy center seats
false
T/F : Interacting with people of higher status creates relaxation for the less powerful interactant
false
T/F : Male managers who use a more autocratic or directive leadership style are typically rated more negatively than their female counterparts who use an autocratic style
false
T/F : Men's hair length does not effect persuasion
false
T/F : More expressive and socially tactful people are less successful deceivers than their non expressive counterparts
false
T/F : Nonverbal communication is typically governed by the left-brain hemisphere
false
T/F : Our society embraces those who act inconsistently with their sex roles
false
T/F : Persuasion is only used to unite to common interests of all people
false
T/F : Protestants generally have a more positive view of touch than non-Protestants
false
T/F : Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures
false
T/F : Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures.
false
T/F : Research demonstrates that, unlike many other intimate behaviors, affection is primarily communicated verbally
false
T/F : Research shows a large set of nonverbal behaviors that are consistently associated with deception
false
T/F : Same-sex touch is more threatening, anxiety-producing, and repugnant for females than it is for males
false
T/F : Shifty-eyed people tend to be more deceptive than people making direct eye-contact
false
T/F : The most intense level of arousal produces the most intense level of intimacy
false
T/F : The principal function of touch is a dominant behavior used (particularly by males) to manipulate and control
false
T/F : The research presented in the text suggests that women are more touch avoidant with the same-sex than their male counterparts.
false
T/F : There is little physiological effect of affection
false
T/F : Verbal messages are more useful than nonverbal communication for affective and emotional information
false
T/F : Whether a culture is individualistic or collectivist has a limited effect on nonverbal behavior of that culture.
false
T/F : While gestures are uniquely expressive, recent research indicates that words are superior to gestures for communication and problem solving.
false
T/F : While pointing is perceived as dominant gesture, it really signals insecurity by the person pointing
false
The principal function of touch is a dominant behavior used (particularly by males) to manipulate and control.
false
The research presented in the text suggests that women are more touch avoidant with the same-sex than their male counterparts.
false
There is little physiological effect of affection.
false
Whether a culture is individualistic or collectivist has a limited effect on the nonverbal behavior of that culture.
false
While gestures are uniquely expressive, recent research indicates that words are superior to gestures for communicating and problem solving.
false
While men and women are certainly born different, research suggests that vast majority of differences between the nonverbal behavior of men and women are learned.
false
While pointing is perceived as a dominant gesture, it really signals insecurity by the person pointing.
false
In a classroom setting, less dominant individuals are more likely to occupy center seats.
fasle
underlying emotional factors in deception
fear (detection apprehension) guilt (deception guilt) (feel bad for lying) excitement (duping delight)(excited from lying)
detection apprehension
fear of being caught while telling your lie
ring tailed lemur scenting
female: rub private part on thing they want to mark males: have wrist spurs to mark their territory with their scent
Opposite-sex touch avoidance is higher for males or females?
females
Opposite-sex touch avoidance is higher for:
females than for males
Andro is a... (Ch. 3)
feminine cultures
Speech rate and intimacy when with a romantic partner
fewer and shorter pauses, faster speech rate, matching partners social cues
Attention orienting hypothesis
filled pauses may direct attention to the speech stream and this aids in recall
3 categories of space
fixed feature space, semi fixed feature space, informal or personal space
cognitive multitasking
floor switches are fast, people must be anticipating and predicting the end of a speakers turn, listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speakers utterance
turn holding cues (maintain the floor)
gaze without yield cues, gesture, gaze aversion
illustrators
gestures that perform a specific function and describe stuff for us
emblems
gestures that we use to replace words
messages conveyed by touch
greeting, hostility, reassurance, instruction, liking, power
dominance and facial expressions
happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, and fear
organize
helps us synthesis research better
hesitation
hesitations cluster at the beginning of clauses , trying to form your thoughts in the beginning
The direct-effects or social-meaning model believes that of nonverbal persuasion increased eye contact would be more effective for
high-status, low-status, attractive person
emotion and the voice
hindenburg disaster, blimp burnt up -this proves that you can hear the emotion in the voice
temporal pattern
how long the sound they are making lasts
love/intimacy
hugging/kissing, this touch happens more in private, perceive commitment
avowed
identities that we claim for ourselves
gesture and intimacy
in + friendly interactions people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures - illustrators
posture and status
in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean. Also more open/relaxed posture
Visual Channel
includes facial expressions and body movement (used when interpreting messages)
Vocal Channel
includes voice tone, pitch, and volume
high heels
increase compliance
genteel touch can
increase compliance rates
Which cultural dimension explains the ways in which people live, display their values, think, and communicate, and especially how much they rely on nonverbal communication?
individualistic v. collectivistic
Interactive
influence or modify another persons behavior
leakage cues
information that gives away the true information
communicative
intentionally
sexual arousal
intercourse
low expressive
internalizer - keep emotions inside - experience MORE physiological arousal
response to interruption
interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions (dindia)
space and intimacy
intimate space 0-18 inches coupled w/ direct body orientation - communicating a desire of intimacy
Four regions of proxemics (E.T. Hall)
intimate, personal, social, and public
What are the fundamental characteristics of emotions? (Ch. 6)
involve subjective experiences/feelings, produce (-) or (+) feelings, involve physiological arousal, interrupt our thoughts, are expressed behaviorally, are adaptive
Redundancy:
is unnecessary for accurate communication
Deception is any message that:
is untrue, intentionally conveys a message the individual knows to be false, conceals, omits, or exaggerates information
Slow Sign Vehicles: shaved head
judges to be more dominant than men with hair
Autotelic
just like to touch things not as goal driven - need for touch is positively associated w/ impulse buying
Macro environments are
large places that affect human behavior and interaction
Macroenvironments are
large places that affect human behavior and interaction
positivity correlated with perception of
leadership, control, power, status (ALL indicators of dominance)
Learning and Socialization
learn nonverbal behaviors through socialization (culturally specific)
Provide one example of "Contamination".
licking a whole cookie so no one else will eat it
extraversion
like to be close
affect
looking for emotions, emotions come out in micro expressions
dominance
loud, fast speech rate, fluent (less errors)
most attractive voices were
loudness range, lack of monotone, resonance (smooth & strong), lack of nasality, good articulation
difference in expressivity
low expressive and high expressive
amplification of mole cricket call
makes burrow to expand its sound
Feedback
makes us both senders and receivers
Willingness to Relate
making eye contact with someone who is looking at you - shows a willingness to begin an encounter
dress and status
males of high status wear formal clothing than males of lower status want to communicate power/dominance
odiference fencing
marking territory
vocal convergence
match our interaction partner on our paralinguistic behaviors like pitch
sex differences in interruption
men do not interrupt women any more than women interrupt men
do we alter our voice when speaking to a romantic partner?
men: raised pitch women: lowered pitch
On sex difference between men and women is that women can
menstruate
embedded lies
mixing lies in with the truth
deep and intrusive interruptions
more aggressive and threaten territory
speaks faster and longer is seen to have
more dominance/power
posture and intimacy
more forward lean, direct shoulder/body orientation, greater postural mimicry
what behaviors were associated w/judgments of social desirability?
more head nods, short back channels (nodding along), longer smile duration, more frequent filled pauses, longer gaze duration
silk moths
more influenced by smell than by sight
visual dominance ratio
more looking while listening, dominance ratio is not consistent - bases on context
What happens to babies who do not receive adequate amounts of touch?
more susceptible to illness, more quiet/shy, can die if all physical needs are met, are less well adjusted emotionally
touch and intimacy
more touch (especially in the middle stages of close relationships)
motivated inaccuracy model
motivated to decode incorrectly
paul ekman calls good liars
natural liars
Eibl-Ebelsfeldt's research on blind v. sighted children revealed what?
no significant difference in the facial expressions of the two groups (?)
Eibl-Ebelsfeldt's research on blind versus sighted children revealed:
no significant differences in the facial expressions of the two groups
According to research:
none of the above
One sex difference between men and women is that men can:
none of the above
Iconic (metaphoric)
nonverbal act preserves some aspect of what I am trying to communicate
behavioral consequences
nonverbal and verbal signs of emotion -not universal
Emblems
nonverbal behavior that functions like a word (ex: peace sign)(culturally specific)
Patterson's Arousal Labeling Theory
nonverbal behaviors (ex. gaze, touch) can produce arousal in others people make attributions to explain their arousal in making these attributions were label our arousal if (+) we'll comply, if (-) we won't comply
Regulators
nonverbal behaviors that work as managing flow of a conversation
Nonlinguistic, wholistic, and multichannel all describe:
nonverbal communication
Nonlinguistic, wholistic, and multichanneled all describe:
nonverbal communication
According to the textbook, in early infancy, _____ cues are most believable. In adulthood, _____ cues are most believable.
nonverbal/nonverbal
In early infancy, cues are most believable. In adulthood, cues are the most believable.
nonverbal/nonverbal
neglect of interpersonal differences
not everyone has the same ways of communicating
absence of pinocchio's nose
nothing that indicated that people are lying
Flight response
occur in humans experiencing fear, are a withdrawal response in most situations, can be an effective way to avoid anxiety
Othello Error
occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved
Successful Communication
occurs when a person INTENTIONALLY SENDS a message
smooth turn transitions
occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause - these transitions occur in less than 250 ms
effects of gaze on compliance
on average the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15%
Compliance gaining
one party (source) tries to get the other party (target) to do a desired behavior
intensify
outwardly showing emotion more than inwardly feeling
One sign of status is _____ high-tech office machinery.
owning
One sign of status is high-tech office machinery
owning
Healthcare
patient satisfaction is (-) associated with intrusive interruptions but (+) associated w/ supportive interruptions from physicians
truth bias
people are especially likely to judge familiar vs. unfamiliar persons as truthful
Social Position
people in leadership positions gravitate toward locations where they are the visual focus of attention
interruptions and status perception
people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status , people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the convo, interrupters especially are perceived as less likable dilemma = more status but liked less
informal or personal space
personal space
behaviors associated with dominance function
persuasion, deception, impression management
Andro is a
pheromone that is attractive to women and homosexual men
Pauses
phonetic pause, silent pause, filled pause, response latency
Provide an example of a "Marker" and how it would be used.
placing a book bag on a seat to symbolize the seat is taken
An example of an illustrator is: (Ch. 2)
pointing to an object, chopping/punching gestures, showing size/distance, bodily actions, "You're dead" while slitting own throat
For humans, the biggest factor in predicting stress reactions to overpopulated environments is:
population density
Impregnation and gestation are
primary sex differences
Impregnation and gestation are _________
primary sex differences
Cognition
process something difficult
Body synchrony
produces "good vibes" between interactants, is an immediacy behavior, involves being "in tune" with others
associated with deception
providing fewer details, making less sense, repetitions, pupil dilation, increase vocal pitch, fewer illustrators
arousal
pupil dilation
the ostrich affect
putting your head in the sand "not noticing the lie"
Micro-expressions
quick, but reveal how you're truly feeling
connotation
refers to definitions that are emotion or experience based
denotation
refers to definitions that are emotion or experience based language is expressive and it helps us communicate observations, thoughts, feelings, or needs
slang
refers to new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people's creative play with language
semantic noise
refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand a symbol.
communication competence
refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts
language acquisition
refers to the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use the words to communicate within a given language group
grammar
refers to the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases
primary functions of animal communication
regulating social interaction and giving information
Functions of Paralanguage
regulating the flow of conversation emotional states cognition speaker characteristics
Functions of Space
regulation of conversion, attitude toward another person, sign of status - people with higher status will use/consume more space
Primary
regulation of info input
use of heuristics
relying on cues even when you know they are wrong
NOT associated with deception
response duration, eye contact, speech disturbances, smiling, silent pauses, head nod, shrugs, posture shifts, speech rate, foot and leg movement, and self-fidgeting
High pitched males
seen as less truthful, less empathetic, and more nervous. More likely to have social anxiety disorder
why use a functional approach
sensitizes us, recognize, organize
Speaker Characteristics
sex personality traits age attractiveness
gaze and dominance are informative they have
shared encoding and decoding
Informative
shared encoding and decoding - intent matches with interpretation
mask
showing a different emotion on the outside than the one on the inside
attenuate/deintensify
showing less emotion than how you are truly feeling
A "hands on hips" position (Ch. 12)
shows dominance/power
introversion
slower, more silent filled pauses, long response latency, more repetition, more disfluency
regulators
some gestures that we use to try to control the conversation
symbol
something that stands in for or represents something else
Innate Neurological Mechanisms
something we were born to do
auditory communication
sound signals vary in pitch, loudness, frequency, and temporal pattern. most vertebrates modulate temporal patterning and frequency. sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded
Based on the textbook, immediacy behaviors are significantly more characteristic of ____________ than ______________.
southerners/northerners
Immediacy behaviors are significantly more characteristic of than ?
southerners/northerners
sociofugal space
space arranged so that it produces solitude and inhibits interaction between people (ex. classroom- student and student)
sociopetal space
space is organized so that it is conductive to communication between people (ex. family room)
intimacy equilibrium theory
space, gaze, smiling, intimacy of topic. people are subject to 2 simultaneous motivations in interpersonal interactions 1. being intimate (approach) 2. stay separate (avoid). The balance between these 2 motivations is a point of equilibrium. if one persons behavior upsets this equilibrium the others will compensate
According to the text, men have a biologically based, innate advantage over women in:
spatial ability
Men have a biologically based, innate advantage over women in
spatial ability
decoding and intimacy
speech rate: speaking at a moderate rate = attractive speech duration: longer (moderate) duration = attractive gaze: moderate amount of gaze = attractive
Lower-status, lower-power chronemic cues include:
spending time serving another person
Dominance
stare down, trying to communicate power
type "A" behavior
super fast speech rate
The most fleeting (quickest) facial expression is:
surprise
What is the most fleeting (quickest) facial expression? (Ch. 6)
surprise or anger (?)
successful interruption
takes the floor away, volume helps it be successful
cognitive load
technique used by police, hard to keep lies consistent when asked lots of questions, police officers asking same question to see if info changes
giving information
telling someone if there is a predator
extraversion
temporal qualities, short response latency, very few silent pauses, fluent speech, fast speech rate, loud
sent can function as
territory marker and a personal perfume
Dindia concluded
that interruption leads to interruption
Intercultural communication competence (ICC)
the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts
According to research done of deception
the cues are inconsistent across studies, people are not generally accurate deception detectors, people don't alway want to detect deception
Arbitrary
the meaning you get is on conversation alone (culturally specific)
symbols
the primary vehicle we have for being understood in verbal communication
decoding
the process of turning communication into thoughts
encoding
the process of turning thoughts into communication.
syntax
the rules that govern word order
semiotics
the science of signs
haptics
the study of communication by touch
proxemics
the study of how space and distance influence communication
chronemics
the study of how time affects communication
semantics
the study of meaning
kinesics
the study of movement and this includes body language, gesturing, facial expressions, as well as postures
pragmatics
the study that emphasizes how language is used in certain situations to accomplish specific goals
Which of the following is not a fundamental characteristic of emotions?
they entail objective experiences or feelings
According to communication accommodation theory, people are more persuasive if:
they pause and speak at their partner's rate
Communication accommodation theory believes that people are more persuasive if
they pause and speak at their partners rate
countermeasures
things you do to avoid being caught
head position and dominance
tilted down = more submissive tilted back = more dominant
attempted interruption
tires to take the floor but gets shut down
sensitizes us
to discover all behavior that communicate a particular function
simulation
to show emotion when you are feeling no emotion
interruptions
to take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues
The strongest support for the direct-effects model of immediacy on persuasion comes from research on what?
touch and gaze
The strongest support for the direct-effects model of immediacy on persuasion comes from research on:
touch and gaze
social/polite
touch done for greeting someone (ex. handshake)
Harry Harlow
touch gives us comfort/reassurance, money video, contact comfort
tactile communication
touch in the animal kingdom. grooming-communicates affection ex: great apes use touch for reassurance
fictional/professional
touch related to the persons job (ex. dentist), people treat you like an object, least likely to communicate anything
Instrumental
touch to see if it is high quality (goal driven) - need for touch is (-) associated w/ making purchases over the internet or by phone
Culture and Touch
touch verys culture to culture, contact vs. non-contact cultures arabic speaking count. > US costa rica > US italian & greek > brit, dutch, french different meanings in the diff. cultures (same sex touch)
According to the textbook, Healthy interpersonal relationships experience contradictory or dialectic tugs-of-war of opposites.
true
According to the textbook, research on interpersonal attraction suggests that 93% of the meaning or impact is communicated nonverbally.
true
Affection has been shown to increase life expectancy.
true
Analogic codes have a direct, nonarbitrary, intrinsic relationship to the thing they represent.
true
Andersen maintains that all emotions can be expressed nonverbally.
true
Andersen maintains that power cues exist in every interaction and every nonverbal cue.
true
Andersen maintains that, for humans, moderate arousal feels best.
true
Andersen maintains: As a general rule, high-status individuals have all of the immediacy options.
true
Apes and humans share ritualistic bowing gestures to signal submission and friendliness.
true
Baby-faced adults were judged as more truthful than mature-looking adults, regardless of whether or not they were lying.
true
Current research suggests that women are generally better detectors of deceptive nonverbal behavior than men are.
true
Deception is associated with an increase in speech errors and greater delays or response latency in answering questions.
true
Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities that are vital to effective functioning in interpersonal relationships as well as one's career.
true
Emotions are expressions that are produced communicatively for the benefit of others.
true
Fluorescent lighting has been shown to produce fatigue, inattention, hyperactivity, and decreased classroom performance.
true
Formal dress increases perceptions of dominance and control.
true
Immediacy behaviors such as gaze and touch raise heart rates.
true
Increases in immediacy significantly enhance a persuader's chance of gaining compliance.
true
Individuals with dilated pupils are more attractive to their romantic partners than those whose pupils are not dilated.
true
Intimacy is a broad term referring to warm, involving behaviors, interactions, experiences, and relations.
true
More immediate cultures tend to be located in warmer latitudes.
true
Nonverbal immediacy behaviors are best understood as a gestalt, not on a behavior-by-behavior basis.
true
Parental attitudes about touch are a key determinant of their offspring's attitudes toward touch.
true
People with negative attitudes toward interpersonal touch have lower self-esteem.
true
Research demonstrates that both men and women are quite accurate in identifying sex differences in nonverbal behavior.
true
Research has shown that the crowding of rats produces miscarriage, violence, homosexuality, and eating disorders, In addition, the crowding of persons can result in social pathology
true
Research indicates that a woman's physical attractiveness is more important to men than a man's physical attractiveness is to women.
true
T/F : Affection has been shown to increase life expectancy
true
T/F : All emotions can be expressed nonverbally
true
T/F : Apes and humans share ritualistic bowing gestures to signal submission and friendliness
true
T/F : As a general rule, high-status individuals have all of the immediacy options
true
T/F : Baby-faced adults were judged as more truthful than mature-looking adults, regardless of whether or not they were lying
true
T/F : Communication that is inappropriate is often communication of context
true
T/F : Current research suggests that women are generally better detectors of deceptive nonverbal behavior than men are
true
T/F : Deception is associated with an increase in speech errors and greater delays corresponds latency in answering questions
true
T/F : Defines immediacy as messages that signal feelings of warmth, closeness, and involvement with other people
true
T/F : Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities that are vital to effective functioning in interpersonal relationships as well as one's career.
true
T/F : Emotions are expressions that are produced communicatively for the benefit of others
true
T/F : Fluorescent lighting has been shown to produce fatigue, inattention, hyperactivity, and decreased classroom performance.
true
T/F : For humans, moderate arousal feels best
true
T/F : Formal dress increases perceptions of dominance and control
true
T/F : Gestalt processing means that we make sense of an interdependent whole rather than isolated parts.
true
T/F : Healthy interpersonal relationships experience contradictory or dialecitc tugs-of-war of opposites.
true
T/F : Immediacy behaviors such as gaze and touch raise heart rates
true
T/F : Increases in immediacy significantly enhance a persuader's chance of gaining compliance
true
T/F : Individuals with dilated pupils are more attractive to their romantic partners than those whose pupils are not dilated.
true
T/F : Intimacy is a broad term referring to warm, involving behaviors, interactions experiences, and relations
true
T/F : Nonverbal immediacy behaviors are best understood as a gestalt, not on a behavior-by-behavior basis
true
T/F : Parental attitudes about touch are a key determinant of their offspring's attitudes toward touch
true
T/F : People with negative attitudes toward interpersonal touch have lower self-esteem
true
T/F : Power cues exist in every interaction and every nonverbal cue
true
T/F : Research demonstrates that both men and women are quite accurate in identifying sex differences in nonverbal behavior
true
T/F : Research has shown that the crowding of rats produces miscarriage, violence, homosexuality, and eating disorders. In addition, the crowding of persons can result in social pathology and criminal behavior.
true
T/F : Research indicates that a woman's physical attractiveness is more important to men than a man's physical attractiveness is to women
true
T/F : Researchers have identified a set of six primary facial expressions that are innate, universal, and carry the basic meaning throughout the world.
true
T/F : Students attending college in Sunbelt are more touch-oriented than students attending college in the Frost Belt
true
T/F : The exchange of nonverbal immediacy is perhaps the most central function of nonverbal behavior
true
T/F : The perception of warmth for trial judges is a particularly important nonverbal behavior
true
T/F : There is no foolproof means of detecting deception through nonverbal behavior
true
T/F : Touch and gaze independently increase compliance, and the combination increases compliance to an even higher degree than either one alone
true
T/F : When there is a disparity of status, the higher-status person has more touch privileges than the lower-status person
true
T/F : While men and women are certainly born different, research suggests that vast majority of differences between the nonverbal behavior of men and women are learned
true
The exchange of nonverbal immediacy is perhaps the most central function of nonverbal behavior.
true
The perception of warmth for trial judges is a particularly important nonverbal behavior.
true
The textbook explains that nonverbal and verbal communication complement one another, in most cases, and are driven by cultural rules and laws of nature.
true
The two primary ways to deceive are to conceal and to falsify.
true
There is considerable cross-cultural similarity in what constitutes an attractive face.
true
Touch and gaze independently increase compliance, and the combination increases compliance to an even higher degree than either one alone.
true
When there is a disparity of status, the higher-status person has more touch privileges than the lower-status person.
true
While gender may be largely a function of biological sex, it is nevertheless regulated by the rules of each culture.
true
when we use persuasion we are
trying to dominate
tie signs
types of touch that tells other people that you are tied to the person (ex. hand holding)
Fast food restaurants speed up customers with...
uncomfortable chairs, fast music, bright lights
indicative
unintentional/spontaneous
Idiosyncratic
unique to the individual
fixed feature space
unlovable structure (ex. bathtub)
reaction to touch
variation in reactions to touch is best explained by the degree of congruence between the intimacy of touch & the intimacy of the relationship
Qualities
vary from speaker to speaker, everyone's voice is unique, we don't change
North Americans are __________ conscious of time.
very
North Americans are conscious of time
very
According to cognitive-valence theory:
very high increases in arousal lead to aversion and compensation
Cognitive-valence theory believes
very high increases in arousal lead to aversion and compensation
Analogic communication is...
virtually all nonverbal communication
The textbook states that analogic communication is
virtually all nonverbal communication
Sarcasm is usually communicated through
vocalics
need for affiliation
want closeness
social anxiety
want more distance between you and them
Stressing words
we can change the meaning of a phrase by stressing the word differently
Attraction
we find people more attractive if they gaze at us
meaning of touch is affected by
what part of the body is touched, what part of the other persons body touches the self, how long the touch lasts, how much pressure is used, whether anyone else is present, if others are present, who are they?, the situation/the context, the relationship between the people involved
Unattended Behavior
when a behavior goes unnoticed by the receiver
Misinterpretation
when a person attaches the WRONG meaning to an unintended behavior
Accidental Communication
when a person attaches the right meaning to another person's unintentional behavior
Attempted Communication
when a person intends to send a message, but NO one receives it
Misscommunication
when a person intends to send a particular message, but the receiver interprets the message incorrectly
simultaneous turns
when both people claim the floor at the same time
simultaneous talk
when both people have an utterance but not to take the floor
cue competition
when our verbal and nonverbal don't match up ex sarcasm
hesitation phenomenon
when talking about something abstract we will hesitate more
Do status cues activate parts of our brains?
when we see people of higher status than us the part of our brain that stops us from doing things (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) starts to fire
Communication apprehension is characterized by
withdrawal, reduced awareness, and tension
Communication apprehension is characterized by:
withdrawal, reduced awareness, and tension
Women vs. Men
women tend to look at their conversational partners somewhat more than men
decoding status from clothing
won't make assumptions of status looking at female clothes. Will make assumption about status looking at mens clothes women aren't trying to communicate anything with their clothes
no adequate feedback
won't remember all of the nonverbal
unconscious incompetence
you are not even aware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner
unconscious competence
you just communicate successfully without straining to be competent.
conscious competence
you know you are communicating well in the moment, which will add to your bank of experiences to draw from in future interactions.
Which greetings are associated with which geographical regions?
• India- namast • Thailand- Wai • Romans- hand on forearm clasp • Middle east- Salaam • Eskimos- bang hand on head or shoulder • Polynesian- rub back • Tibetan tribesman- stick out tongues • Islamic- men can't touch women they don't know • West Af- snap after handshake • French- shake ALL the time • South American- handshake and clasp on back • American politics- handshake w free hand cover grip • Russian- bear hug • Latin Am- abrazo (embrace) • Japanese- bow
How is perfumed related to perceptions (e.g., women who wear lots of perfume are perceived as...)?
• More perfume the interviewer wore, more negative their evaluation • + perception highest in no perfume • Decreased until lowest in high perfume • Highest rate low perfume for physical attraction
How is credibility related to social characteristics?
• Public self-consciousness: ability to become aware of another's perspectives and to act from that perspective • People with strong sense of public self-consciousness will seem more credible regardless of honesty • People with high expressivity (ability to engage) makes them seem more credible because of spontaneity • Socially anxious people and introverts are viewed as less credible
What cues can women use to indicate they are interested in dating a partner (i.e. behaviors that indicate high amount of interest)?
• lots of eye contact • constant smiling • forward leaning • sideways leaning • shoulder orientation towards • arms on her side, akimbo or crossed • direction of leg crossed • type of leg cross- side by side • distance- '18, 4ft, 7ft • touching while not laughing • catching eye while laughing at someone elses nonsexual or sexual humor • attentiveness- stops what shes doing, doesn't look around, doesn't look at other men • avoid public grooming • uses animated speech