CMN 122 FINAL EXAM!!!!!!!!!

phatic communication

"Small talk" or scripted and routine verbal interactions that are intended to establish social bonds rather that actually exchange meaning are called______________.

Myles Patterson

"The Father" of functional approach to nonverbal behavior

According to our textbook, as early as age of 3, males and females exhibit a different _____.

"Walk"

Jones's research showed, tactile power moves include (Ch. 12)

(?) affection and compliance, seduction and rejection, power-matching

Patternson's (1976) Arousal Labeling Theory

*Arousal Labeling Theory:* - see before in the space lecture! - nonverbals can produce arousal - we then need to explain why we're experiencing this arousal - give it a positive or negative label - if we label is positively, we are much more likely to comply - if we label it negatively, we are much more likely to not comply

Ellsworth & Langer's (1976) Demand Theory

*Demand Theory:* - certain nonverbal behaviors produce arousal in others - they're asking you to comply at the same time - the nonverbals act as a "demand" for something - this arousal is then something we don't like; and the easiest/quickest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply and give in to the demand

Turn Requesting Cues

*Indicates that as the listener, we want a chance to speak 1. *Backchannels:* - behaviors we do to acknowledge we're paying attention; sometimes people may see it as a request to speak 2. *Speaker directed gaze:* - we will look at someone directly in the eyes when we want to request the floor 3. *Audible inhalation* 4. *Forward lean:* - lean into the conversation -> to be a part of it 5. *Gesture:* - raising hand 6. *A stutter start:* - getting a couple syllables out, stopping, and letting the other person finish, it indicates that you have something to say

Underlying Emotional Factors in Deception

*Liars also fear emotions and stress! 1. *Fear:* (detection apprehension); I'm afraid I'm going to get caught in my lie 2. *Guilt:* (deception guilt); sometimes they feel guilty for lying 3. *Excitement:* (duping delight); we can be happy that we're getting away with our lie - when lies fail, it's due to inadequate preparation OR the interference of emotions - hard to plan for emotions

The Turn Taking System

*Speaker Behaviors:* 1. Turn yielding cues = we indicate to the person we're done speaking 2. Turn holding cues = you want to speak and are denied *Listener Behaviors:* 1. Backchannel communication 2. Turn requesting cues = to indicate to the other person, I want a chance to speak

What is the dominance ratio?

- % looking while speaking divided by % of looking while listening

Clothing Enhances Effectiveness of Touch

- 3 different conditions (low, medium, high status) - confederate either touched or didn't touch - compliance occurred when they agreed to fill out a survey - technically 6 different conditions - touch and clothing worked together - low status conditions were both low either way - medium status there was a little bit more touch - in high status, with just clothing and no touch, it's higher than medium with touch - when you add touch, you get up to 88% compliance - high status clothing COUPLED with touch = a very high amount of compliance

What are the sex differences in talk time?

- 396 subjects (210 women, 186 men) - Electronically activated recording (EAR) device; device would kick on randomly and record for 30 seconds at a time for 17 hours Findings: - Women spoke (on average) 16,215 words - Men spoke (on average) 15,669 words - Not significantly different

What are some turn taking factoids about regulation?

- 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth - A "smooth turn transition" occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause (phonetic pauses) - These turn transitions occur in less than 250 ms - We use some sort of system to have smooth transitions

Turn Taking Factoids

- 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth - a "smooth turn transition" occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause - these turns transitions occur in less than 250 ms

What is the study on how well the pros can detect lying?

- 64 students who were interviewed twice by uniformed police officers - In both interviews they denied that they had a pair of headphones - 360 police detectives watched the videotaped interviews Results= - Accuracy rates were low - Best condition: 60% accuracy - Their confidence in detecting deception was high - The correlation was r= .04 (virtually 0)

Animal A communicates with Animal B when:

- A's behavior manipulates B's sense organs in such a way that B's behavior has changed

What are deep or intrusive interruptions?

- Aggressive, hostile; Threaten territory by changing topic or floor (disagreeing with the other) - Viewed negatively; SOMETIMES... disagreeing interruptions were viewed positively (shows person is engaged, listening, paying attention) - Change subject interruptions are viewed negatively - Same subject interruptions were not viewed as obnoxious unless they were frequent

What influences male and female style of interactions?

- Attention: Females pay more attention to vocal, facial, and body cues compared to males - Responsiveness: Females are more influenced by nonverbal than nonverbal cues, relative to men (women are going to respond to nonverbals more than a man would) - Awareness: Females seem more aware of the relationship between particular nonverbal cues and various emotional states (women do a better job of connecting nonverbals with an emotion they are experiencing than a man does)

Apparel and Compliance

- Buschman (1984, 1988): confederate directed people passing by on the sidewalk to give a dime to another confederate who was "overparked" at the meter - clothing conditions: 1. no authority = overalls, dirty shoes 2. status authority = 2 pieces business suit 3. role authority = firefighter's uniform with an officer badge - *results:* - 82% complied with the firefighter - 50% complied with business man - 45% complied with the bum

What are turn yielding cues?

- Change in intonation (drop or rise pitch at end of question or end of our thought or sentence) - Sociocentric sequence= specific phrases in our language that are used to indicate that we are done speaking Ex: end speaking turn with "you know?", "or something", "and so on" - Drawl (elongate what we are saying to yield the floor) - Termination of gestures (stop using gestures to show we are going to yield the floor; beats and batons) - Drop in loudness - Completion of a grammatical clause - Don't exist in isolation (these yielding cues)

What is olfactory communication?

- Communication through smell - The earliest forms of communication (chemical) - Rich form of communication; contains a lot of information Ex: age, reproductive status, level of fitness - Powerful- smell, in some instances, is stronger than sight in picking mates - Can travel over great distances - Some receivers are highly sensitive Ex: Female silk moth and bombykol pheromone - Influence receiver's actions

What is the study on apparel and compliance?

- Confederate directed people passing by on the sidewalk to give a dime to another confederate who was "over parked" at the meter - Changed the clothing of the person making the request Clothing Conditions: - No authority (dress like a bum) - Status authority (business suit, conservative) - Role authority (fireman's uniform) Findings: - 82% complied with the firefighter - 50% complied with businessman - 45% complied with the bum

What is the study on gaze and hitchhiking?

- Confederated gazed or did not gaze at passing motorists while hitch-hiking - Confederates: single males, single females, or male-female couples (20's, blue jeans, attractive, and appropriate age to hitch hike) - Locations: on ramp, off ramp, standing on sidewalk of six lane road, or on side of two lane road Findings: - Hitch hikers who gazed received significantly more offers for rides than those who did not gaze - Compliance rates were strongest for female only hitch hikers - Engaging in eye gaze increases compliance in requests

What is the study on touch and compliance?

- Confederates lightly touch (or not touch) people while asking for a dime to make a phone call - 18" in touch condition OR 3' away in no touch condition (standing distance) Findings: - Significantly more people offered a dime in the touch vs. no touch condition - Touch was confounded by distance (space wasn't constant across instances)

What is the study on proxemics and compliance?

- Confederates stepped out of a phone booth and asked a passerby for a nickel in exchange for five pennies - Near: request was made when target was even with phone booth - Far: request was made when target was 4 feet from the phone booth Findings: - Compliance: 75% near, 44% far - Being physically closer, it is much more likely to get compliance

What is the connection between postural congruence and intimacy?

- Congruent postures= intimacy

What is cue competition?

- Cue Competition: paralanguage doesn't match up with the words we are saying Ex: sarcasm, deception

Does touch work with kids?

- Delayed gratification request - "I'm going to hide 5 candies under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the candy. This time, I need to do some paperwork outside. But remember, I'd really like you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the candy. Okay? (Italicized was when the child was lightly touched on the back; if in touch group) Findings: - Children who were touched on average waited 2 minutes longer - Touch can influence compliance rates

What was Henley's claim on power, sex, and nonverbal communication?

- Descriptive claim: signs of low status exhibited nonverbally are also the typical signs exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by males - Reason: the reason is the power base of society- society is structured so that women are in low status and men are in high status positions

What is detection apprehension?

- Detection Apprehension: When we tell a lie, we are afraid that people will detect our lies (nervous)

What were the findings of the study regarding dogs and tactile communication?

- Domestic dogs can decode human facial expressions Study: - 58 dogs - Sausage, garlic, or wood shavings hidden in a box - Human looked in a box with happy (sausage), disgust (garlic), or neutral facial expression (wood shavings)- gave dog opportunity to pick box based on expression Findings: - Dogs used the happy facial expression to locate the hidden food (dogs would decode the facial expression)

What is dominance ratio in groups?

- Dominance ratio can be observed in group interactions - High status people in a group displayed higher group- VDR than low status - Especially true from female group members

What are common errors in lie detection?

- Examining the wrong cues - Over emphasis on nonverbal cues - We should focus on the voice more than the face - The Othello error - Use of heuristics - Neglect of interpersonal differences - Overconfidence in skills

What are the effects of sex vs status on dominance ratio?

- F expert, M non-expert - M expert, F non-expert - F expert, M expert - (%L(looking)S(speaking) / (divided by) %L(looking)L(listening)) Results: - F > M - M > F - M > F - When status cues are altered, so is gaze pattern - The social status cues of maleness disappear when expertise is altered - Expertise supersedes sex

What are the underlying emotional factors in deception?

- Fear (detection apprehension) - Guilt (deception guilt)- when we feel bad when we get away with a lie - Excitement (duping delight)- trying to deceive someone and we get away with it we get excited - Emotions are very important and have a lot of emotions - Most lies fail due to either inadequate preparation or the interference of emotions

What is the study on speech volume?

- Female confederate approached pedestrians - Bogus postcard technique ("would you please mail this for me?" - Vocal intensity: soft, medium, loud Findings: - Compliance highest in the medium condition, low in soft or loud conditions

What are the sex differences in gaze?

- Females gaze more than males (women are doing the more dominant behavior) - Sex differences in gaze increases with age (as women get older, they engage in more eye gaze) - Females are gazed at more than males

What are the sex differences in facial expressions?

- Females smile more than males - Females are smiled at more than males - Females are more facially expressive - Females are better decoders of facial expression - Females perform better on decoding nonverbal signs of emotion, but effect is weak (d=.19) - Females pay greater attention to facial expressions

What is the connection between speech rate and intimacy?

- Fewer and shorter pauses can communicate intimacy - Faster speech rate communicates intimacy - Matching partner's vocal cues to communicate intimacy

What are the studies regarding the dominance ratio?

- Findings: ROTC officers have DR = 1 - ROTC cadets have DR < 1 (less dominant) - Officers spent a lot more/ or equal amount looking while speaking - Cadets spent more time looking while listening - When people's relative status in a conversation changes, their DR changes ---- - College students participants - Confederate introduced as either a high school senior not going to college wanting to get a job at a gas station OR as senior college chemistry honor student that has already been accepted to a prestigious grad school - Discuss 3 "interpersonal dilemmas", come up with solution - Findings: DR close to 1 when subject had high status, <1 when low status

What is cognitive multitasking?

- Floor switches are fast - Equate the speed of turn taking is a reaction to a gun shot at a race - People MUST anticipating and predicting the end of a speaker's turn - Listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speaker's utterances

Issues in Touch - Compliance Research

- Force: most studies use a very light touch - Body region: most studies used touch to the upper arm or shoulder ("friendly touch")

How is dominance decoded through speech rate?

- If they talk really fast, for a long time = decoded as dominant - People who speak slowly and for not very long = not perceived as powerful

How are posture and status connected to dominance?

- In dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward their partner) - Both men and women will lean forward when communicating status - Also more open/relaxed posture

What is the connection between gesture and intimacy?

- In positive, friendly interactions, people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures Ex: object focused= emblems Ex: body focused= adaptors - We also use more illustrators when interacting with friendly others

What are supportive interruptions?

- Interrupt someone to agree with what they are saying - Viewed positively Ex: Healthcare - Patient satisfaction is negatively associated with intrusive interruptions - But positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician

What is the connection between space and intimacy?

- Intimate space 0-18 inches - Coupled with direct body orientation

How does one decode status from posture?

- Judges associate more forward lean (toward conversational partner) with higher status - Open posture (opening of upper and lower extremities) - This is an accurate cue to judging status because status is also encoded through forward lean and more space (informative behavior)

Touch and Compliance

- Kleinke (1977) had confederates lightly touch (or not touch) people while asking for a dime to make a phone call - 18' in touch conditions, 3' in no touch conditions - significantly more people offered a dime in the touch vs. no touch condition - problem with this study = touch was confounded by distance

What is the study on decoding dominance ratio and perceptions of power?

- LS/LL was manipulated 55/45, 40/60, 25/75 in stimuli tapes - Judges rated individuals for dominance - The increased in DF led to increases in judgments of dominance - This didn't differ for M or F confederates - Eye gaze for decoding is informative

Why are humans poor at lie detecting?

- Lack of motivation to catch liars (we'd rather ignore it entirely "ostrich effect") - Absence of Pinocchio's nose (we don't have a consistent response that we are lying) - Countermeasures (use things to make ourselves more credible; more sustained eye contact) - Embedded lies (75% true and 25% false; person tells us like a half-truth) - No adequate feedback - Violation of conversational rules - Good liars

What is the study on speech rate and compliance?

- Listened to a tape recorded message (volunteer for communication experiment) - Volunteer to watch up to 5 half-hour TV shows - 154 vs 352 syllables per minute (in shows) - Measured nonverbal decoding skill of subjects Findings: - Fast speech rate increased compliance rates, but only for some subjects

What are backchannels?

- Listeners participate in conversation via backchannels - Backchannel elicited in "gaze window" - Backchannels are used to avoid taking the floor Ex: uh huh, yep - Backchannels are also elicited A. Sentence completions B. Requests for clarification C. Restatement

What is the study on clothing enhances effectiveness of touch?

- Low (worn and dirty jeans, dirty t-shirt) - Medium (clean jeans, t-shirt) - High (suit and tie) - status clothes - Touch or no touch - Asked to fill out survey on the street - In order to get high compliance rates, touch and have high status clothes

What are the sex differences in touch?

- Low status people are the object of touch more than high status people - Women touch others more than men do - M --> F = F --> M touch - F --> F > M --> M touch

What are the sex differences in posture and movement?

- Males exhibit more large body movements (posture shifting, fidgeting, etc.) than females when conversing - Females use more small body movements, including gestures (gesturing with one hand, etc.), than males - Females sit in a more upright posture and exhibit more forward lean (toward partner) - Men sit in a more open posture and women in a more closed posture

How is dress and status connected to dominance?

- Males of high status wear more formal clothing than males of lower status - No association between female status and clothing formality - All targets evaluated while at work

What are the sex differences in interruptions?

- Men do not interrupt any more than women - Women do not get interrupted any more than men - There were more opposite sex interruptions, both M --> F and F --> M, than same sex - Women smiled, agreed, nodded, and laughed more when being interrupted

What are the sex differences in space?

- Men take up more space than women - FF (female female) dyads use the least space, and MM (male male) dyads use the most space - Is this just because men are, on average, bigger than women? (Hayduk)

What is the connection between shaved heads and dominance?

- Men with shaved heads are judged to be more dominant than men with hair

What is the study on pitch and romantic relationships?

- Method: 12 men and 12 women, all in relationships; two phone calls, one to a same sex friend and one to their romantic partner (5 minutes) - Pose two questions: "how are you doing" and "what are you doing" - Findings: men raised pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend; women lowered pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend - People will have different vocal profiles with speaking with romantic partners vs friends, and tone of voice shows interest in intimacy

What is the study on high heels increasing compliance?

- Methods: F confederates dressed in a dark straight skirt, a white long sleeved shirt, and a dark suit jacket - Flat heels - Medium heels (5 cm) - High heels (9 cm) - "Excuse me, sir/madam. We are currently conducting a survey on gender equality. Would you agree to answer our questionnaire?" Findings: - Males complied most with highest high (higher heel, higher attractiveness)

How does one detect deceptive communication?

- Momentary expressions of facial emotion - Squelched almost immediately - Insight into underlying emotional state

What is the connection between posture and intimacy?

- More forward lean - Direct shoulder/body orientation - Greater posture mimicry

What is the connection between touch and intimacy?

- More touch (especially in middle stages of close relationships)

What is arousal labeling theory?

- Nonverbal behaviors (gaze, touch, etc.) can produce arousal in others - People make attributions to explain their arousal - In making these attributions, we label our arousal - If (+), we'll comply; if (-), we won't comply

How does one decode status from clothing?

- Observers use formality of clothing as a cue to male's status, but not females - This is also accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attire

What is the Othello error?

- Occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved (both truth tellers and liars can come off as being nervous; nerves aren't a good indicator of someone being deceptive)

What is the effect of gaze on compliance?

- On average, the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15% - You don't want the gaze to be creepy and uncomfortable; if it feels natural, compliance rates will increase

Do status cues activate parts of our brain?

- Participants shown 4 sets of images - Brow position, posture, gestures, and gaze - High status, low status, and neutral for each - Photos presented for 2 seconds - fMRI scan of brain - The VLPFC modifies behavior through behavioral inhibition

What is the truth bias?

- People are especially likely to judge familiar vs unfamiliar persons as truthful - "My partner has been honest in the past, therefore s/he is being truthful now"

What are responses to interruptions?

- People attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness - Success depends few turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues - Interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions

What is the connection between interruptions and sex differences?

- People who interrupt are perceived as having higher status - People who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the conversation - Interrupters, especially female, are perceived as less likable - Dilemma (especially for women)- viewed as having status and dominance but at the cost of likeability or vice versa

What are the behaviors associated with the dominance function?

- Persuasion - Feedback and reinforcement - Deception - Impression management

What are the sex differences in attention to the regions of the face?

- Presented subjects with images of people in outdoor settings - Tracked the viewers' eye movements Findings: - Male focus on the mouth region of the target - Females focus on the eye region of the target - Males may have a preference for dynamic features of the face - Men are attracted to the movement of the mouth - Men looking at the mouth may aid them in speech recognition

What behaviors are associated with deception?

- Providing fewer details - Making less sense - Repetitions - Pupil dilations - Increased vocal pitch - Less verbal/vocal involvement - Fewer illustrators - Verbal immediacy

What behaviors are NOT associated with deception?

- Response duration - Eye contact - Speech disturbances (filled/silent pauses) - Smiling - Silent pauses - Head nods - Shrugs - Position shifts - Speech rate - Foot and leg movements - Self-fidgeting

What were the findings of the study regarding marmoset predator alarms?

- Showed marmosets 1 of 4 different models of a predator (owl and falcon & two types of rattle snacks) - Recorded their alarm calls - Played back their alarm calls to other marmosets - Recorded gaze of decoder Findings: - Marmosets looked upward while listening to the play back of bird-elicited calls and downward for snake-elicited calls (different calls for different types of marmosets) - Calls given to birds are acoustically distinct from those given to snakes

Decoding of Nonverbal Behavior and Intimacy

- Shrout & Fiske (1981) coded behaviors in interactions - had people watch videos - speakers rated on socially desirable traits - which behaviors were associated with judgments of social desirability?

What is the study on decoding nonverbal behavior and intimacy?

- Shrout and Fiske (1981) coded behaviors in interactions - Took 44 men and women and watched videos of unacquainted dyads having conversations and rate one person in the conversation on socially desirable traits --> then compared the ratings of the nonverbal behaviors of those in the dyads - Which behaviors were associated with judgments of social desirability? - Findings: - More head nods - More short back channels (nod to show understanding) - Longer smile duration - More frequent filled pauses - Longer gaze duration (Decode these behaviors for desire for connection or intimacy)

What are simultaneous turns vs simultaneous talks?

- Simultaneous turns= both people are trying to speak, no one is yielding the floor, both want the floor to speak (desire for the floor) - Simultaneous talk= both make an utterance but they don't have a desire to hold the floor Ex: uh huh, yep, etc. (agreeing to what you are saying)

What is the connection between smiles and intimacy?

- Smiling is not a reliable indicator of intimacy

What are other compliance with gaining requests with touch?

- Stay to score questionnaires: 19 minutes vs 15 minutes (touch vs. no touch) - Fill out questionnaire - Go to blackboard to solve math problem: 28% vs 9% (touch vs. no touch) - Order menu item suggested by wait staff 59% vs 42% (touch vs. no touch) - Ask a nightclub patron to dance: 65% vs 43% (touch vs. no touch)

What is the study on decoding touch and intimacy?

- Study: 193 subjects; touching behaviors, how did they code when someone would touch them? - Touch to face= most affection, attraction, and love - Touch to the waist and forearm show high romantic attraction... but most indicative of harassment (dominant behavior)

What is the study on pitch and target attractiveness?

- Study: 48 participants; phone calls to attractive or unattractive targets, showed them photos in advance of making the calls - No answer- told to leave a standardized message (how does the pitch vary) - Findings: men and female callers spoke in lower pitch when calling attractive targets

What is the study on relationship closeness and decoding nonverbal behaviors?

- Study: 48 people, reported them talking when really happy, sad, or angry (half the participants are told to conceal emotion, other half didn't have to conceal) --> video watched by friend, stranger, or acquaintance (who had most accuracy decoding) - Findings: - Close friends are better decoders of each-others' nonverbal than strangers are - Acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partners' negative affect when partners concealed their negative emotion - Motivated inaccuracy model- as a close friend, you are motivated to be incorrect sometimes when it comes to negative emotions

What is the study regarding nonverbal signals of love?

- Study: 60 dating couples (together for at least 6 months) - Discussions: times within their lives together - Self-reports of love correlated with: (increase in) 1. Affirmative head nod 2. Duchenne smiles 3. Forward lean (toward partner) 4. Hand gestures

What is the study on gaze and initial attraction?

- Study: heterosexual participants look at photos of men and women - Remote eye-tracking recording system - Findings: All participants initially attracted to the face of opposite sex models for longer periods of time (especially women) Then... - Women shift attention to legs (women argue: social comparison) - Men shift attention to the chest (men argue: evolutionary perspective, might be a signal of reproductive health) - Both men and women then shift attention to the groin

What is the study on romantic display rules?

- Study: male subjects watched three videos (horror film, films about babies, video of sticks being drawn) - Thought they were being observed by an attractive or unattractive female research assistant - "Attractive observer" --> frowned less while watching the horror film - "Attractive observer" --> smiled more while watching infant film - Impression management via facial expressions

How is dominance decoded through facial expression?

- Subjects rated photos - Weak expressions had no impact on dominant ratings - Strong facial affect influenced ratings of dominance - Dominance: 1. Happiness 2. Anger 3. Disgust 4. Sadness 5. Fear

What is the connection between head position and dominance?

- Subjects viewed 3D models of faces - Head tilt varied from looking down (-30 degrees) looking straight (0 degrees) tilted back (30 degrees) - Rated dominance-submissiveness - Head was tilted down = more submissive - Head was titled back = more dominant

Is anyone good at detecting lies?

- There is no compelling evidence that some people are good at detecting lies and others are not good at it - The standard deviation in judges' detection abilities is only 1% - Someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile

Does touch work with gaze?

- Touch + Gaze = Even more compliance (effect) - Compliance rates (participate in survey) were 86-92% (with gaze and touch)

What are the findings on gaze and intimacy?

- When you gaze with someone, it is very intimate - Couples who score high on romantic love scales exhibit a lot of mutual gaze - Need for affiliation is positively correlated with mutual gaze

What are concluding factors of sex differences?

- Where there are sex differences in nonverbal communication behaviors, they are weak in magnitude - Sex rarely explains more than 1% of the observed variation in nonverbal behaviors - BOTTOM LINE: There is more variation WITHIN each of the sexes than there is BETWEEN the sexes

Vrij (1994) results...

- accuracy rates were low - at best, the police performed at 60% accuracy - their confidence in detecting deception was high, but misplaced - the correlation was r =.04 (virtually 0)

Definition of Deception

- an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false

Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Vrij (2000)

- asked if this statement is true or false? - in 40 studies, there was only a 67% accuracy rate for detecting the true statements - 44% accuracy when predicting a lie - one thing they argued -> we experience something called the *truth bias* - based on societal norms, social conventions, we give people the benefit of the doubt (makes us more likely to label something as true)

Leakage Cues

- behaviors that we may do that give away true information (very quick displays of emotion) - shows that there is some true information that they aren't giving us up front

Interspecies Communication

- cleaner fish - set up physical areas of space in the ocean that communicate to the larger predatory fish - stripes help communicate to the larger predatory fish that it's a helpful fish - they get a good meal in return

Cognitive Multitasking

- compare it to the idea of what a track star would do and they hear a gunshot - floor switches are fast - people MUST be anticipating and predicting the end of a speaker's turn - listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speaker's utterance (we don't have to take a moment or pause, we can just immediately start speaking)

Introduction - Compliance Gaining

- compliance gaining = the interpersonal process in which one party (the source) tries to get the other party (the target) to enact some sort of desired behavior - source = encoder (doing the behavior) - target = decoder (observing the behavior and then being persuaded or not)

Dominance Ratio and Status

- confederate was to interact with the students and discuss 3 interpersonal dilemmas and come up with a solution with the students - confederate was introduced in 2 ways - in the HS condition, it made the student feel more in control than the confederate - in the medical school condition, it made the student feel inferior to the confederate - found that when the students felt they had higher status (HS condition), they had a much higher visual dominance ratio than when they felt inferior/low status with the medical school condition - visual dominance ratio can change in regards to the context you're in (situational variable)

Gaze (Snyder, Grether, & Keller, 1974)

- confederates gazed or didn't gaze at passing motorists while hitch hiking - the hitch hikers who gazed received significantly more offers for rides than those who didn't gaze; true across all conditions and types of hikers

Proxemics and Compliance (Ernest & Cooper, 1974)

- confederates stepped out of a phone booth and asked a passer-by for a nickel in exchange for five pennies - near and far condition - more compliant when passer-by was even (NEAR) the photo booth

Gaze and Intimacy

- couples who score high on romantic love scales exhibit a lot of mutual gaze - need for affiliation is positively correlated with mutual gaze

Touch Works on Young Kids Too

- delayed gratification request - "I'm going to hide 5 candies under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat this candy..." - children waisted more seconds when they were touched - 4 year olds waited 400 seconds when touched, compared to 360 not touched - 5 year olds waited ~600 seconds when touched vs. 400 seconds when not touched

anxiety and vocal behavior

- disturbances (unfilled pauses, hesitance) - speech disturbances (sentences incomplete or recontruction, omission, stutter) - response latency (take more time yo respond/speak

Relationship Closeness and Decoding Nonverbal Behaviors

- does your level of closeness with someone make a difference in your ability to accurately decode their nonverbal behaviors? are you better or worse at decoding nonverbal behaviors depending on your level of closeness? - asked about a time you felt an emotion, but hid it in your face (mask/de-intensify) - took these recordings and played them for a close friend, a casual acquaintance, and a stranger - close friends are better decoders of each other's nonverbals than strangers - acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partner's negative affect when partners attempt to conceal their negative emotion (ignorance is bliss kind of thing; I'm going to pretend I didn't notice your negative emotion = motivated inaccuracy model)

Dominance Ratio in Groups

- dominance ratio can be observed in group interactions - high status people in a group displayed higher group VDR than low status - especially true from female group members

Touch Effect Still Holds

- eliminated the confound for space and touch - in both conditions, those who were touched were much more likely to sign the petition - true across all confederates and participants

Postural Congruence and Nonverbal Mimicry = Intimacy

- empathy also might help us experience more intimacy - empathizing with someone, increasing your closeness with someone else

Speech Volume (Remland & Jones, 1994)

- female confederate approached pedestrians - bogus postcard technique ("would you please mail this for me?") - vocal intensity = soft, medium, loud - *compliance highest in medium condition, low in soft and loud conditions*

Gaze (Segrin)

- females gaze more than males - sex differences in gaze increase with age - females are perceived to be gazed at more than males - overestimate the amount of eye gaze they actually perceived - women tend to report higher amounts of environmental monitoring/scanning, which is more of a submissive type of behavior, so this could explain why women engage in more eye gaze, which is a dominant behavior

Facial Expression

- females smile more than males - females are smiled at more than males - females are more facially expressive - females are better decoders of facial expression - females perform better on decoding nonverbal signs of emotion, but effect is weak - females pay greater attention to facial expression (you get more practice and are better at decoding that expression)

Dress and Status

- found that men of high status wear formal clothing to communicate their status - for women, this isn't the case - they don't use clothing to encode/communicate their level of status

Nonverbal Signals of Love

- had 60 dating couples engage in some unstructured discussion - first date, where do you have conflict, plans for tomorrow? etc. - watched nonverbal (coded for them) - self-reports of love correlated with: a. affirmative head nods b. duchenne smiles c. forward lean (toward partner) d. hand gestures

Gaze and Initial Attraction

- heterosexual participants look at photos of men and women - remote eye-tracking recording system - all participants initially attracted to the face of opposite sex models for longer periods of time (especially men when looking at women) - then.... - women shift attention to legs - men shift attention to the chest - after that, everyone switches to groin

Speech Rate & Compliance (Buller & June, 1988)

- how might paralanguage be associated with compliance gain? are we more likely to comply with someone if we hear them speak faster or slower? - tape recorded messages: had a bogus request when asking people to volunteer time to watch some TV episodes: would you be willing to volunteer and watch 5 half hour TV shows? - measured nonverbal decoding skills of subjects - fast speech rate increased compliance rates, but only for some subjects - only those that were decoding nonverbal communication (good decoders -> more likely to comply)

Posture & Status

- in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward the partner) - true for both men and women - people with more status exhibited more open/relaxed posture (consuming more space and doing this to encode their sense of status)

Gesture and Intimacy

- in positive, friendly interactions, people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures (illustrators) - illustrators can be expressive in that friendly environment; don't need to manage your emotions

Space and Intimacy

- intimate space = 0-18 inches - coupled with direct body orientation

Decoding Status from Posture

- judges associate more forward lean (toward conversational partner) with higher status - open posture = more dominant - this is an accurate cue in judging status, because status is also encoded through forward lean and more space - our use of forward lean and posture for status is classified as informative because it has shared encoding and decoding - we do it to show dominance, and others perceive us as being dominant

Ring-Tailed Lemur Scenting

- lemurs use scent to mark territory

Backchannels

- listeners participate in conversation via backchannels - backchannels elicited in "gaze window" -> a. engaging in mutual eye gaze b. not likely to do many backchannels when not in mutual eye gaze c. would be irrelevant to do them because the speaker wouldn't even see it (doing the back channel is irrelevant) - backchannels are used to AVOID taking the floor - backchannels are also elicited: 1. sentence completions 2. requests for clarification 3. restatement

Ways to Assign Meaning to an Animal Signal

- look at the state of the signaling animal (what is the animal doing? encoder) - observe the response of the receiving individuals (decoder) (EX: bees communicating with movement - waggle dance helps other bees determine where food is)

Touch

- low status people are the object of touch more than high status people - women touch others more than men do - M -> F = F -> M touch - F -> F *>* M -> M touch

Nancy Henley (1997) "Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication"

- male dominance was maintained and supported through nonverbal communication (mostly unconsciously) - *descriptive claim =* signs of low status exhibited nonverbally also the typical sign exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by males - *reason =* the reason is the power base of society -> society is structured so that women are in low status, and men are in high status positions - touch is one of the biggest holes in her thesis; since touch is a high status behavior, if you have high means you can touch - means men can touch, and women can't touch; BUT, we know that men overall do LESS touching than women when comparing M -> F, F -> F, and M -> M touching - so, Nancy is wrong here! - *smiling =* seen as a low status behavior; would expect men to not smile and women to smile - findings add that men don't do as much smiling as women - Nancy would be right here

Romantic Display Rules

- male subjects watched 3 videos: baby video / horror film - thought they were being observed by an attractive or unattractive female research assistant - with the unattractive observer, men frowned fully during the horror film and didn't smile much during the infant film - with the attractive observer, men smiled more and used their facial expressions to make themselves look more desirable for the attractive research assistant (impression management via facial expressions)

Posture & Movement

- males exhibit more large body movements than females when conversing - females use small body movements, including gestures, than males - *females sit in a more upright posture and exhibit more forward lean (toward partner)* - this means, in terms of dominance, women are doing the more dominant behavior (leaning forward is to encode and is perceived as dominant in a conversation) - *men sit in a more open posture and women sit in a more closed posture (open is more dominant)*

Dominance Ratio & Perceptions of Power

- manipulated the visual dominance ratio - had confederates participate in conversations where they were trained on how much visual dominance they were supposed to show (aka their ratio) - people watched them and asked them how much dominance they thought the confederate was showing - those confederates doing more looking while speaking were judged to be more dominant - tells us that we're pretty good at detecting dominance based on their eye gaze patterns - also, this tells us that eye gaze, for dominance, has shared encoding AND decoding - people use it to show dominance, and others see it and perceive dominance too

Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Bond & DePaulo (2008)

- mean accuracy of 54.05% for lies - mean accuracy of 55.50% for truth judgments - a little better than 50%, but our accuracy rates for lies are very low

Sex Differences in Interruptions?

- men do not interrupt women more than women interrupt men (they interrupt at equal rates) - women do not get interrupted by men any more than men get interrupted by women - more likely to interrupt someone of the opposite sex than of the same sex - women smiled, agreed, nodded, and laughed more when being interrupted

Space

- men take up more space than women - FF dyads use the least, MM the most space - could this be status/dominance, or be that because men are on average bigger than women?

Decoding Status from Clothing

- men used clothing formality to communicate status, but women would not - observers use formality of clothing as a cue to male's status, but not females - this is also accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attire - men use clothing to encode their status, and we decode their clothing as their status, whereas women don't encode clothing as status and therefore we don't decode them having status through their clothing

Detecting Deceptive Communication

- micro expressions -> momentary expressions of facial emotion - covered up/squelched almost immediately thought - it's beneficial to look at them because they give insight into the underlying emotional states - tells us theres probably something else going on - not specifically lying, but that there's more information

Posture and Intimacy

- more forward lean - direct shoulder/body orientation - greater postural mimicry

Touch and Intimacy

- more touch (especially in the middle stages of close relationships)

Talk Time

- no statistical different in men/women talking time - men and women talk the same amount

Smiles and Intimacy

- not reliable as an indicator of intimacy (might try to be friendly) - display rules - we have times when we may smile, but on the inside we might not be experiencing happiness

The Othello Error

- occurs when a lie catcher FAILS to consider that a truthful person may be appearing to be lying due to stress - truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved; these nerves may be from fearing they won't be believed

Effect of Gaze on Compliance

- on average, the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15%

The Dominance Ratio

- one way we can exert dominance is with eye gaze (dominance ratio) - how is gazing while speaking a sign of dominance? - if someone looks more while speaking, they're more dominant - found that officers were much more visually dominant than the cadets; used their eye gaze for authority in comparison to the cadets (who had less authority - what's interesting is that officers, at one point, were cadets - shows that your visual dominance ratio CAN CHANGE - having more status = have a higher visual dominance ratio

Interspecies Communication: Dog-Human

- owners of dogs and then people that didn't own dogs - recordings of dog barks - all participants could classify barks as fearful, aggressive, or playful correctly - dog barks contain information about their emotional state that's easily decoded by all humans

Do status cues activate parts of our brains?

- participants shown 4 sets of images - images varied in brow position, posture, gestures, and gaze - high status, low status, and neutral for each - then an fMRI scan of brain *Results:* - the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be activated by nonverbal cues of status - this region of the brain is the part of the brain that controls behavioral inhibition - it's the part of the brain that starts to activate when you stop doing what you're doing and pay attention to others/stop doing whatever it is you're currently doing - *modifies behavior through behavioral inhibition* - they have more status than me, I should probably stop doing what I'm doing and pay attention to them

Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Bond & DePaulo (2006)

- people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments - correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as non deceptive - more evidence for truth bias

Responses to Interruptions

- people attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness - success depends few turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues - interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions

Humans Are Poor Lie Detectors: Conclusion

- people don't do much better than chance at detecting deception (chance = 50%; you could flip a coin and your odds would be just as good!) - people typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability

Other Requests and Gaze....(Segrin, 1993)

- people gazed at were much more likely to hand over a dime to someone at a phone booth - true for people who were gazed at when people want to give them pamphlets - give confederate a nickel for 5 pennies - donate money to charity - stop and answer interview questions

Interruptions & Status Perceptions

- people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status - people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the conversation - interrupters, especially female, are perceived as less likable - *dilemma = do you want to be perceived as someone who has status, or be liked by others?

Pitch and Romantic Relationships

- place a call to a close same-sex friend and a romantic partner - pose 2 questions: 1. how are you? 2. what are you doing? - men raised pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs. a friend - women lowered pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs. a friend - when calling a partner, they tended to match their pitch, but NOT when calling a friend - vocal convergence = matching vocal characteristics (pitch) of your romantic partner

Tactile Communication

- primates are some of the top users - grooming -> communicates affection - great apes also use touch for reassurance

The following are significantly associated with deception (DePaulo et al., 2003)...

- providing fewer details - making less sense - repetitions - pupil dilation - increased vocal pitch - fewer illustrators

Primary Functions of Animal Communication

- regulating social interaction - giving information

The following are NOT associated with deception (DePaulo et al., 2003)...

- response duration - eye contact - speech disturbances - smiling - silent pauses - head nods - shrugs - posture shifts - speech rate - foot/leg movement - self-fidgeting * people work hard to control these things to make sure they aren't doing them

Effects of touch on other

- right setting, it can make people feel (+) about toucher - can help recipient self-disclose and talk about themselves - people comply with requests more when lightly touched - increase in gratitude & liking toward the toucher, and (+) mood in the receiver - makes receiver feel more supported by partner

Domestic Dogs Can Decode Human Facial Expressions

- sausage, garlic, or wood shavings hidden in a box - human looked in a box with happy, disgust, or neutral facial expression - dogs used the happy facial expression to locate the hidden food - dogs can decode our facial expressions with 55% accuracy - they can detect the valence and direction of that facial expression

Predator Alarms in Marmosets

- showed marmosets 1 of 4 different models of a predator - recorder their alarm calls - played back their alarm calls to other marmosets then recorded the gaze of the decoder - when they heard the alarm for marmosets that saw a bird, they looked up - when they heard the alarm for marmosets that saw a snake, they looked down - this is because calls are distinct!

Slow Sign Vehicles: Shaved Heads and Dominance

- slow sign vehicles = show slowly and reliably with age (wrinkles, hair growth, gray hair) - showed men who were bald, bald men with digitally added hair, men with digitally removed hair, and men with just hair - men with shaved heads are judged to be more dominant than men with hair - bald men were rated as more attractive (more dominant, more willing to submit to someone you find attractive) - bald men were perceived as older (ideas of respecting authority/elders; gives them some sense of dominance/authority)

Auditory Communication

- sound signals can vary in pitch, loudness, frequency, and temporal pattern - most vertebrates modulate temporal patterning and frequency - sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded (EX: mole crickets making a burrow to make their noises louder; amplification of cricket call)

Other Compliance-Gaining Requests from Touch

- stay to score questionnaires: 19 vs. 15 min - fill out a questionnaire (more likely to comply and fill it out when touched) - go to blackboard to solve math problem: 28% vs. 9% - order menu item suggested by wait staff: 59% vs. 42% (touch vs. non-touch) - ask nightclub patron to dance: 65% to 43%

How Good Are the Pros?

- students were interviewed twice by uniformed police officers - in both interviews, they denied that they had a paid of headphones - 360 police detectives watched the video taped interviews

Dominance and Facial Expression

- subjects rated photos in terms of how dominant they found that face to be - varied in which ones they showed, and varied in the intensity of the emotional expression - weak expressions had no impact on dominance ratings - strong facial affect influence ratings of dominance - dominant emotions: 1. happiness 2. anger 3. disgust 4. sadness 5. fear

Head Position & Dominance

- subjects viewed 3D models of faces - head tilt down = seen as more submissive - head tilt back = more dominant - said it seemed that participants might be associating a head tilted down with gaze aversion - a raised face could also be viewed as a happy face

Speech Rate/Duration & Power

- the faster someone speaks and the longer they speak, the more power they're perceived to have - longer speech rate - longer speech duration

Is Anyone Good At Detecting Lies?

- there is no compelling evidence that some people are good at detecting lies and others are not good at it - the standard deviation is judges' detection abilities is only 1% - someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile - there is no evidence/research that some are good at detecting lies while some are bad at detecting lies

Interruptions: Definition

- to take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues - attempted = didn't get the floor - successful = took the floor - volume is very important in interruptions - the person who can be the loudest often is the one who gets the floor

Sex Differences in Attention to Regions of the Face

- took different images of people outside - presented subjects with images of people in outdoor settings - tracked the viewers' eye movements - *men focus more on the mouth* - *women tend to focus more on the eyes* - males may have a preference for the dynamic features of the face - attracted to movement - may also aid in speech recognition

Touch Works with Gaze..

- touch + gaze = even more effective - every 9th person in a mall was approached - confederate = casually dressed male and female grad students - compliance rates (participate in a survey) were 86-92% in gaze and touch conditions

Decoding Touch and Intimacy

- touch to face = most affection, attraction, & love - touch to waist and forearm show high romantic attraction - ....but most indicative of harassment - this all reminds us of the context of touch

Age and Space use (encoding)

- unclear up to age, don't quite understand space yet - space increases over age 5-17, growing -> you want/need space - older people tend to like close tight spaces 65+

High Heels Increase Compliance

- used female confederates; wore either flat, medium, or high heels - differences between men and women compliance rates - for men, as heels got higher, compliance rates increased - for women, compliance rates were the same regardless of heel height - for men, as the heel got higher, researchers thought men believed the women to be more attractive and thus more likely to comply - nonverbal behaviors can influence compliance (gaze, touch, clothing) -> saw increases in compliance...but WHY?

Speech Rate and Intimacy (Segrin)

- when communicating with someone you're intimate with, these paralanguage behaviors are what you'd expect 1. fewer/shorter pauses 2. faster speech rate 3. matching partner's vocal cues

Conclusion

- when there are sex differences in nonverbal communication behaviors, they are *weak in magnitude* - sex rarely explains more than 1% of the observed variation in nonverbal behaviors - *the bottom line is that there is more variation WITHIN the sexes than there is BETWEEN the sexes*

Which social characteristics are viewed as indicators of deception?

-"Non ah speech" disterbances -high pitch voice -gaze aversion -less smiling -mobility (movement of arms, legs etc.)

Which theories explain why nonverbal communication increases compliance gaining?

-Expectancy violation theory - Communication accommodation theory - Demand Theory - Sequential-functional model of nonverbal exchange

multiple behaviors work together to communicate a function

-any behaviors can serve multiple functions -combination of behaviors can communicate a function

interactive aspects of touch

-context needs to be consistent - touch can decrease arousal

intimate

0-18 inches, heightened senses (smell them, feel body heat), usually must have a close relationship

Theoretical Approaches to Detecting Deception (Segrin)

1. *Attempted control:* - deceptive communication may come off as too slick, overly planned - your communication may lack spontaneity 2. *Arousal:* - lying gets people aroused (increase in pitch, talking faster, increased heart rate/temperature) 3. *Affect:* - look for emotions (fear/guilt/joy) - BUT they may just be nervous that you won't believe them (guilt/joy may be better indicators!) 4. *Cognitive load:* - it's difficult to lie and easier to tell the truth (a lie is more difficult to remember)

Turn Yielding Cues

1. *Change in intonation*: - increase/decrease in pitch depending on what we're saying - if I'm asking a question and I increase in pitch at the end, it indicated as a turn yielding cue - decreasing in pitch at the end of your declarative statement 2. *Sociocentric sequence*: - specific phrases within a culture that indicate you're giving up the floor - EX: you know? but uh? and so on, or something 3. *Drawl*: - to prolong your vowel sounds (only do it at the end of utterance, not the entire time you're speaking) 4. *Termination of gestures:* - we engage in rhythmic gestures (beats/batons) and we can stop doing that and it can function as a turn yielding cue; you don't need to keep the rhythm going when the speaking turn is almost over 5. *Drop in loudness:* - decreasing your volume at the end of what you're saying to indicate as a turn yielding cue; signifies to the other person you're almost done talking/it's their turn to speak 6. *Completion of a grammatical clause:* - concluding point/complete sentence

More Terminology..

1. *Cue competition:* we sometimes have nonverbal/verbal cues that don't match up; incongruent with each other (EX: saying something sarcastically) 2. *Detection apprehension:* the fear of being caught in your life; when we tell lies, we experience emotions

Different Types of Interruptions

1. *Deep/intrusive:* - aggressive and meant to threaten territory - I have the floor - changing the topic, disagreeing, any type of interruption that feels threatening is going to feel deep/intrusive - often, but not always viewed negatively 2. *Supportive:* - times when we interrupt to express agreement - Even though you're disagreeing with them you're still engaged in what they're saying (disagreeing interruptions = viewed *positively*) - supporting interruptions are viewed *positively* - change subject interruptions were viewed *negatively*

Behaviors Associated with the Dominance Function

1. *Persuasion:* - when you try and persuade someone, you're trying to exert influence over another and be more dominant 2. *Deception:* - to create a belief what you know is false (you're being controlling and exerting authority) 3. *Impression management:* - we want to control the impression others have about us

Effects of Sex vs. Status on Dominance Ratio

1. *female expert, male non-expert = F > M* 2. male expert, female non-expert = M > F 3. female expert, male expert = M > F - when status cues are altered, so are gaze patterns - the social status cues of maleness disappear when expertise is altered - expertise supersedes sex

What are the theoretical approaches to detection deception?

1. Attempted control = some deceptive communication may come across as too perfect or too smooth 2. Arousal = look for when people experience emotions and it increases arousal; pupil dilation, talking faster, increased pitch, etc. 3. Affect = look for those emotions that can be an indicator of deception; leaking cue 4. Cognitive load = police often use; easier to tell the truth than it is to tell a lie

What is deception?

1. Deception: an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false (has to be intended) (100% inaccurate) - Nonverbal communication functions of a meta-communication (communication of communication; indicator of truthfulness)

______ tend to interact more closely with others than ________.

1. Females 2. Males

What are the issues of touch in compliance research?

1. Force: most studies use a very light touch 2. Body Region: most studies used touch to the upper arm or shoulder ("friendly touch")

Turn Holding Cues

1. Gaze without a yielding cue 2. Gesture (EX: hold up one finger = give me a minute to finish; cover lips with your fingers ("sh") 3. Gaze aversion

What are the olfactory communication myths for humans?

1. Humans have smaller "smell brains" than the rest of the animal kingdom o The olfactory bulb has always been there. It's just that it's hard to find, buried in folds of the frontal cortex o 2. We're above scent driven socialization o The body scents important in mate attraction are aromatic by-products of the immune system 3. Each of us has a unique "smell print" that is equally appealing to others o How pleasant and sexy our body odors is, is a totally relative matter. We smell best to those individuals whose genetically based immunity to disease DIFFERS most from our own. 4. The notion that animal senses play a role in personal attraction diminishes our humanity o Scientific understanding of the role of smell in our lives leads only to conclusions that our tastes and emotions are highly sophisticated, the product of many inputs.

What are the ways to assign meaning to animal signals?

1. Look at the state of the signaling animal = What is animal A doing? (descriptive); encoding behavior Ex: sound, movement, smell- what is animal A doing? 2. Observe the response of the receiving individuals = How is animal B decoding animal A's behavior? What does this animal communication mean?; decoding behavior Ex: how does animal B respond to animal A's sound or behavior?

List the first four of Goffman's eight territories of the self

1. Personal space 2. Stall 3. Use space 4. Turn

What are the primary functions of animal communication?

1. Regulate social interaction = Express attitudes towards each other Ex: I like you, I don't like you, I want to mate with you, etc. 2. Giving information = Nonverbally Ex: I found food-I'm going to communicate where I found it, there is a predator-this is the area in which I saw it, etc. Ex: Bee video- movement to tell the other bees where the food is

Decoding & Intimacy

1. Speech Rate: - curvilinear relationship (want to be in the middle) - speaking too slow/too fast = not attractive - moderate speech rate = attractive 2. Speech Duration: - you can speak a little longer and it will still be viewed as attractive, but 1-2 short word responses is not attractive 3. Eye Gaze: - if you refuse to engage in eye contact with someone or make very intense constant eye contact = not attractive - curvilinear relationship - a medium amount of eye contact = attractive

Name & explain the 2 general approaches to the study of kinesics.

1. Structural: learned socially 2. External: easily seen by observing

What can scent function as in animal communication?

1. Territory marker (see dog urinating on a fire hydrant, ringtail lemurs that use smell to mark territory= odifference fencing) 2. Personal perfume (to attract a mate) Ex: Pheromones of the Silk Moth - Bombykol- detected on the male's antennae - Male silk moths are more strongly attracted to the pheromones produced by females rather than the sight of them Ex: Ring Tail Lemur - Females= use genitalia to mark territory - Males= use wrists to mark territory

Simultaneous Turns vs. Simultaneous Talk

1. Turns = if both people are trying to take the floor at the same time 2. Talk = saying "cool" and reacting to their story, but it's not about trying to take the floor, it's just time when both people happen to be speaking

Individuals with higher _________ ability could also portray _______ more readily.

1. Verbal 2. Emotion

Ekman's Neurocultural "Theory"

1. elicitors 2. facial affect program 3. display rules 4. behavioral consequences

Hellion's Taxonomy of Touch

1. fictional/professional 2. social/polite 3. friendship/warmth 4. love/intimacy 5. sexual arousal

Display rules

1. intensify 2. attenuate/deintensify 3. neutralize/inhibition 4. mask 5. simulation

According to the textbook, there are six nonverbal "myths", name two.

1. lack of eye contact indicates lying 2. you can read a person like a book

Shrout & Fiske (1981) results...

1. more head nods 2. more short back channels = to indicate to the person we're communicating with to pay attention 3. longer gaze duration = if you want to increase the social interaction you have 4. more frequent filled pauses 5. longer smile duration

Why Are Humans Poor Lie Detectors?

1. most people lack a motivation to catch liars 2. in humans, we don't have a reliable thing we can look to to show that someone is lying 3. we will do things to avoid being caught (countermeasures; EX: matching nonverbal to create intimacy) 4. we will often hide our lies within truth statements (embedded lies) 5. we don't get adequate feedback on our accuracy rates 6. it's not normal to ask someone in a conversation if someone is lying (it would break conversational norms; so we just assume they're telling the truth) 7. some people are just good liars (natural liars)

a person who initiated touch is seen as having

1. status that gives permission to touch 2. courage & initiative to exercise that status 3. a warm personality

Olfactory Communication

1. the earliest form of communication (chemical) 2. rich in information (health, age, etc.) 3. can travel over great distances 4. some received are highly sensitive (EX: male silk moths are more strongly attracted to the pheromones produced by females than the sight of a female in a box) 5. influence receivers' actions 6. scent can function as: - a territory marker - a personal perfume

How is status/power/dominance related to chronemics (how will dominant people use chronemics)

1. waiting time: one who is in the position to cause another to wait has power over him - to be kept waiting implies that one's own time is less valuable than that of the one who imposes the wait waiting time decreases as status increases, and the powerful are provided with luxurious facilities, such as airport VIP lounges, on the rare occasion when they must wait 2. Talk- time and interaction management - dominant individuals talk more and will hold the floor for a greater proportion of the total time than will a less dominant person - high status- communicate more frequently and speak longer in group discussion -when lower-status individuals do participate, their communication is usually directed toward those of the higher status - High status and dominant personalities- interrupt more often - higher status people influence speech patterns of lower-status individuals - subordinates response latencies are shorter, whereas superiors may take their time in answering - utterance duration is affected by the relative status of an interacting dyad with the lower status person following the lead of the high status person - subordinate who does not follow the customary low-status pattern will tend to be negatively perceived by a superior - high status individual- initiating or terminating a conversation

Common Errors in Lie Detection

1. we often focus on cues we shouldn't be focusing on (EX: looking at the eyes) 2. we focus on nonverbal cues and tend to forget about verbal cues 3. we assume someone is lying when they're nervous, but they're experiencing fear because they're telling the truth and are scared we don't believe them 4. we continue to rely on cues even when we learn they're wrong/not indicators of deception 5. there's a range of behaviors (from person to person) and their behaviors may be them, not just because they're lying 6. people think they're good at detecting lies, however, they're not

personal

1.5-4 feet, at arms reach, close friends

Adler and Towne (1975) suggested that records from 19th and 20th century orphanages point to mortality rates of nearly _________ because of a lack of touch. a) 90% b) 100% c) 80% d) 75%

100%

public

12 feet and beyond, can be difficult to communicate, we lose a lot of cues

social

4-12 feet, not hard to interact w/ people in this zone

Height signifies power and prestige: average is: a) 5 ft 6 for women; 6 ft for men b) 5 ft 5 for women; 6 ft for men c) 5 ft. 4 for women; 5 ft. 9 for men d) 5 ft 8 for both sexes

5' 4" for women, 5' 9" for men

List the last four of Goffman's eight territories of the self

5. Sheath 6. Possession territory 7. Information preserve 8. Conversation preserve

Different Types of Interruptions (continued)

6. same subject interruptions were not viewed as obnoxious unless they were frequent 7. *Healthcare:* - patient satisfaction is negatively associated with intrusive interruptions - but, positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician

Studies have found that up to age _____ sex is not an important factor in distancing norms (territoriality concerns). a) 5 b) 7 c) 12 d) 14

7

What is compliance gaining?

= An interpersonal process in which one party (the source; encoder) will do something to get the other party (target; decoder) to do something Ex: donating money, ride to the airport, etc. 1. Source 2. Target

What is demand theory?

= Certain nonverbal behaviors (gaze, touch, close space) produce arousal in others - Nonverbal behaviors can then function as a "demand" for something - The easiest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply with the demand

"Interactional synchrony" occurs where: a) one matches ones movements to those of another b) one matches one's words to one's behaviours c) a child mimics the actions of one's parents d) one learns the lyrics of all Police songs

A child mimics the actions of one's parents

Explain "Linguistic Collusion".

A complex set of processes where a groups' integrity is reaffirmed & the intruder is labeled as an outsider

explicit-rule culture

A culture that is ruled by strict laws and in which their citizens' actions are constantly policed is considered to be an__________.

"Manscaping" is when: a) a male alters his appearance b) a male scans the "territory" to assess challengers c) a woman shifts her posture to attract a male d) a man positions himself close to an exit

A male alters his appearance

a means of persuasion, like threats of violence, that takes little skill correct

A non-artistic proof is

Define Nonverbal communication.

A person stimulating meaning to another person's mind with nonverbal messages

Related to territoriality, the "conversation preserve" is: a) how much information we are willing to share in a conversation b) the personal space we maintain when having a public conversation c) a public space set apart for conversation d) the visual details we remember of a conversation

A public space set apart for conversation

In Heslin, Nguyen and Nguyen's 1983 study, they showed that women felt that touch from a stranger would be the greatest invasion of privacy, while for men it was touch from: a) a same-sex individual b) a parental figure c) a male peer d) a person in authority

A same-sex individual

icon

A sign that resembles its object is called what?

Describe the Harlow/Monkey experiment.

A study where the monkey chose to be with a cotton/soft robot instead of the metal one because it was a soft touch

An example of a "marker" is: a) a water bottle on your desk in class b) a nervous tick that distinguishes a person c) Donald Trump's hand's up, palms out d) the person who puts a stamp on your hand at the door

A water bottle on your desk in class

Provide one example of Accent & one example of Dialect.

Accent: Southern Appalachian "drawl" Dialect: Black English Vernacular

Provide one "function" of nonverbal communication and one example of this function.

Accenting-making a pause before giving an important message

What myth has NOT been ruled out?

Accommodation Hypothesis -SAYS women are trained to be accommodating when they grow up

observations

According to McKay, Davis, and Fanning (1995) verbal expressions help us communicate our thoughts, feelings, needs, and?

interpersonal

According to communication scholars which form of communication do we spend the most time engaged?

a. regulate conversation b. monitor interaction c. intimidate others

According to the course textbook, eye contact can function as a form of nonverbal communication to _____________ .

They typically view a nonverbal signal in isolation, similar to how dictionaries separately list denotative definitions of words

According to the course textbook, nonverbal guidebooks are not effective because _________ .

emphatic

According to the course textbook, the most challenging form of listening is __________ listening.

self-awareness; become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives

According to the reading, one reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater _____________ which means _____________. Our thought process regarding culture is often "other focused," meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception.

false

According to the reading, our culture is uniquely determined by a person's native language or nationality.

sexist

According to the reading, the use of words like "man-made" or "policeman" is an example of ____________ language.

false

According to the video lecture, all nonverbal behaviors are a form of nonverbal communication.

false

According to the video lecture, sign language is a form of vocalized nonverbal communication.

Our text lists 5 types of gestures & movements. Name one & provide an example.

Adapting: playing with your hair to show you are bored in class

Provide three things that you would include in "Voice Set".

Age, Gender & Present health condition

In which culture would silence most likely be interpreted as rude behavior?

America

In which culture would silence most likely be interpreted as a rude behavior?

American

nonverbal communication is multichannel

Amit is meeting with his employee about a personal situation that his employee is facing. Amit wishes to communicate care and concern for his employee and so he leans forward and nods, encoding a combination of a body orientation and a head movement that conveys attention. Subconsciously, however, Amit also regularly breaks off eye contact and looks anxiously at his office door and at the clock on the wall. According to the course textbook, Amit is making the mistake of failing to understand that ______________ .

Provide an example of the "Perception of Warmth".

An environment that encourages interaction, warm decorations & nice seating as in a restaurant.

scarce resources

Andy and Lynne are planning their family vacation. Andy wants to go to Europe and Lynne wants to go to Disneyland. They only get one week of vacation and they are arguing over how best to spend it. Which aspect of interpersonal conflict are they most likely experiencing?

What is animal communication?

Animal A communicates with Animal B when: - A's behavior manipulates B's sense organs in such a way that B's behavior has changed (animal A does something and then animal B does something in response because of Animal A's behavior) - Not verbal (no language); they can use sounds, movement, smell, etc.

Artifacts are: a) remnants of childhood behaviours b) anything added to the body c) non-verbals passed on by our ancestors d) culturally determined clothing trends

Anything added to the body

According to the text, what is the term used for an "excessive attention to our own appearance"?

Appearance obsession

citizenship

At the most basic level, one's national identity is usually based on

6 months

At what age can babies associate some words with a corresponding behavior?

false

Being unaware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner is known as conscious incompetence.

Females apparently are __________ than males at understanding non-verbal messages. a) better b) just as good as c) worse

Better

If my desk is between myself and the student, the text calls this the "_____" position.

Blocked

ethnic

Boris is an American from Kansas City. He dislikes his name because his friends think it is an odd name. Nevertheless, he is proud of his Russian ___________ identity and enjoys visiting relatives in Moscow. The missing word is

What are CLEMs and what are the two categories associated with CLEMs?

CLEMs: Conjocate Lateral Eye Movements Categories: Left & Right Lookers

Name and provide one example for a category of touch.

Casual personal - exchanging money with someone

1.5 to 4 feet is called ____________ space. a) social-consultative b) casual-personal c) social-personal d) social-intimate

Casual-personal

Whimpering, giggling & snickering are examples of what kind of vocalization?

Characterizer

What is the study of the effects color has on us physically?

Chromadynamics

false

Communicating with the barista at Starbucks, who you do not know, is an example of interpersonal communication.

true

Communication scholars have been aware of the connections between communication and a person's civic engagement or citizenship for thousands of years.

When it comes to others entering your territory, there are violations of territory, invasions and: a) diversions b) pollutions c) contaminations d) negations

Contaminations

"Affect blends" are: a) thinking two conflicting ideas at once b) conveying two emotions at the same time c) trying to change two things at once d) experiencing two emotions at the same time

Conveying two emotions at the same time

false

Cultural viewpoints such as Individualistic and Collectivist are "either/or dichotomy"; they can not be on a continuum or range.

codes

Culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us to organize, understand, and generate meaning are called what?

Cultural Factors

Culturally prescribed norms of visual engagement exert a profound effect on gazing patterns

false (it's represented in all 8)

Culture is represented only in two of the eight components of communication: context and environment. (t/f)

individualistic culture

Cultures in which property is mostly private and where business and organizations have gained control over natural resources are considered to be ________.

women; men

Current social norms still encourage ___________ to be more emotionally expressive than __________.

The endomorph was seen as: a) dominant, cheerful, competitive b) detached, tense, anxious c) dependent, calm, relaxed d) awkward, cool, suspicious

Dependent, calm, relaxed

Define both a "diffused" point pattern & a "displaced" point pattern.

Diffused: means a person arrives between 7:05-8:15 when it started at 7 Displaced: means a person arrives between 6:30-6:55 when it starts at 7

many people are not sure what words to use to describe race, people often fear sounding racist, ascribing a racial category on another person could be disrespectful

Discussing race in the United States is difficult because

Provide one distinctive characteristic of the supervisor-employee relationship.

Dominant-submissive relationship

According to Bachelard, "The home is a container for ____________." a) dreams b) finding safety c) living in d) nurturing the soul

Dreams

false

Each culture is different and unique to some degree. However, the one thing all cultures have in common is the display of emotions.

The three body types discussed in the text are endomorph, mesomorph and: a) midimorph b) paramorph c) ectomorph d) polymorph

Ectomorph

The seven basic emotions displayed by the face were categorized by: a) Calhoun b) Knapp c) Ekman d) Birdwhistell

Ekman

false

Emotions are communicated more through nonverbal communication than through verbal communication

What is the myth: empathy hypothesis?

Empathy Hypothesis -SAYS women are more empathetic and men are not; women are better respondents of empathy = inaccurate; men can always be empathetic, not about women being more sensitive

In all types of communication, there are two major components. We decode and we ____________. a) pre-code b) code c) assimilate d) encode

Encode

What body style is often not hired due to being perceived as lazy. (provide proper body type name)

Endomorph

List & describe the 3 body types. Also name 1 perception based on that body type.

Endomorph: rounded body shape-relaxed Ectomorph: muscular-hot-headed Mesomorph: thin, often tall-awkward

psychological noise

Erika is listening to her professor discuss the details of quantum physics. She finds it difficult to concentrate during the lecture because she did not get sufficient sleep last night and is now feeling irritable and sleepy. According to the video lecture, Erika is having trouble receiving the messages sent by the professor because of __________ noise.

family traditions, language, ways of being in the world

Ethnicity and communication are often related through

What are the studies/findings on interspecies communication?

Ex: Cleaner fish: = These fish will send signals to turn off the prey catching responses of a host (communicate in a way that they are going to help the prey, so they both benefit... the cleaner fish won't get eaten by the prey and gets food and the prey gets clean teeth) Ex: Dog-human: = Dogs (encoder) and humans (decoder) Study: - 12 owners of mudis, 12 owners of other dog breeds, and 12 who did not own a dog - Recordings of dog barks (playful, aggressive, or fearful) Findings: - All participants could correctly classify the dog barks - Dog barks contained information about their emotional state that is easily decoded by all humans

Which communication channel is it easier to successfully tell a lie

Face

Which communication channel is it harder to detect when someone is being deceptive

Face

A person's body is less likely to lie than their words. T/F?

False

A study by Fogot (1991) found that attractive children aged 12 to 30 months were slightly easier to work with. T/F?

False

According to Geiselman, Haight, and Kimata (1984) women do not necessarily appear more attractive when they are with attractive peers. T/F?

False

According to Stacks, Moore, and Hickman, women more openly displayed negative emotions than men did. T/F?

False

Men engage in more looking behavior than women? T or F

False

Pupils expand when one is thinking up a lie. T/F?

False

The text suggests that firm generalizations can be made regarding racial differences and personal space expectations. T/F?

False

We remember smells just as long as we remember something we've seen. T/F?

False

In nonverbal communication, a symbol and a sign are essentially the same thing. T/F?

False — Symbols are speech independent, signs are not

In discussing differences in sex and gender the text suggested that, to build relationships, men find a common enemy and women offer time. T/F?

False — it's the opposite

"The __________ we talk, the more likely we are to influence our listeners".

Faster

Who has to meet a higher attractiveness standard... males or females?

Females

sex differences in space

Females: approach others, especially w/ other females, closer than males will - maintain closer interpersonal distance than males - allow others to approach more closely than males will Males: approach other males & females at the same distance

An example of an "adaptor" is: a) fidgeting b) an action that coincides with a word c) a person that mirrors another's actions d) a mirroring technique

Fidgeting

issues in touch compliance research

Force: mose studies use very light touch Body Region: most studies used touch upper arm or shoulders "friendly touch"

What is gaze aversion and it is intentional?

Gaze aversion is intentionally looking away because you do not want to interact

false

Geer Hofstede describes the masculine-feminine dichotomy in culture as whether men or women hold the power in a given culture (t/f)

What are three theoretical explanations for why males and females develop different nonverbal behaviors?

Genetics, Reinforcement, & Modeling

According to the text, the country which is most rigid about time, has buses that run on schedule, and considers it rude to be late is:

Germany

Name one good thing about ethnocentrism.

Group Pride

goal

Group communication involves achieving a shared ____________.

According to the textbook, how long should a lecturer cover the material?

Half of the allotted time

What is the rule on touch in the workplace?

Hands off

The study of touch is also known as: a) haptics b) synaptics c) olfactics d) tactilics

Haptics

What is tactile communication?

Haptics - Primates are some of the top users (really like touch) - Grooming = Way to show affection; great way to be social - Great apes also use handshakes = Use handshakes because it functions as a way of reassurance (manage arousal or anxiety)

emotional contagion

Harvey is in a really bad mood. However, after he goes to visit his friend Bert, who is a very happy person, Harvey begins to feel happy as well. This is an example of what aspect of expressing emotions?

The fastest paced cities also reported _______.

Heart Disease

a. altering information to influence another person b. exaggerating information to influence another person c. omitting information to influence another person

How is deception defined in the study of human communication?

a. Part of being a good listener involves providing nonverbal feedback to the speaker in the form of head-nods and positive eye contact b. Part of being a good listener involves minimization of distracting movements in the form of self, other, and object adaptors

How is nonverbal communication related to listening?

"Tenure" has to do with: a) a person holding a territory permanently b) how long a person has held the territory c) how strongly a person conveys their intention of holding the territory d) one's right to hold that territory

How long a person has held the territory

According to the textbook, what is Response Latency?

How long it takes for someone to start talking after another person finishes

What was one interesting thing you learned from the individual Presentations done in class?

I learned from one of the guy's presentations that flirting can be a huge part of nonverbal communication

cultural

Identities based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting are called

credibility

If an individual uses informal language during a professional job interview, they might hurt their ________________.

ability to use

If you know how to study well for an exam, but you are not able to actually exercise that knowledge when it comes time for your finals, you lack what part of the definition of communication competence?

Provide one example of the "primary function" of a teacher's nonverbal behavior in the classroom.

Improving how much students like the subject

sender

In Western societies, public communication is more ___________ focused than interpersonal or group communication.

indirect cultures

In ________________, business conversations may begin with discussions of the weather, family, or themes other than business as the partners gain an idea of each other before the topic of business is raised.

instrumental

In individualistic cultures, there is often a cultural expectation that people will exhibit what type of emotions?

positive

In individualistic cultures, there is often a cultural expectation that people will exhibit what type of emotions?

conflict resolution

In professional settings, the ability to engage in conflict management is sometimes called what?

personal

In the study of proxemics, _________ space refers to the zone or space that is reserved for friends and close acquaintances.

What are inclusion touches, sexual touches, affection touches? What do they communicate?

Inclusion touches (e.g. shoulders or knees touching) o Sustained touches that convey or draw attention to the ac of being together; they are tactile statements of togetherness, usually involving lower body parts (legs, knees, hips, side-by-side hugs), and nearly always occur between lovers, spouses, or close friends rather than family members. · Sexual touches (e.g., long strokes of the head up and down the body) o Express physical attraction or sexual intent; involving holding, caressing, or both, these are prolonged, involve multiple body parts, and move from one part of the body to another. · Affection touches (e.g., hand of a shoulder, squeezing an arm) o Always communicates affection, in part because these touches are positive and in part because they do not express any other specific meaning.

What are turn requesting cues?

Indicate you want a turn to speak: - Backchannels= function as feedback when interacting with someone; can sometimes function as a turn requesting cue - Speaker directed gaze - Audible inhalation - Forward lean - Gesture (raising your hand) - A stutter start

Two dimensions of touch

Instrumental and Autotelic

There are 4 interpersonal distance zones. Name all 4.

Intimate zone, Casual-personal zone, Public zone, & Socio-consultive zone

Provide an example of a "frozen affect expressor"?

It always shows one emotion - always looks angry even if they are happy

Define Chronemics.

It refers to the way we perceive, use, study, structure, interpret & react to messages of time

social norm

Janet was invited to her boss's birthday party and she decides to dress formally for it. When she arrives at the party, she sees that everyone is dressed casually, in jeans. She immediately feels very self-conscious about arriving in formal attire. In this example, Janet is reacting to the _________ of the dress code at the birthday party.

past-time orientation

Jared puts considerable time into preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photo albums. He also enjoys reminiscing about the past and reuniting with old friends. According to the textbook, individuals like Jared have a _____________ .

verbal fillers

Joanne is giving a speech at her brother's wedding. She is very anxious and keeps using vocal elements of nonverbal communication such as "uh" and "um" in her speech. In this scenario, sounds like "uh" and "um" are also known as ___________ in the study of human communication.

gender

John and Maria were delighted to learn they were having twins. When the babies were born, one boy and one girl, John and Maria carefully selected pink outfits for the girl and blue for the boy. As time went on, their son wanted to play with his sister's dolls and wear her princess tiara, and their daughter wanted to play with her brother's trucks and football. John and Maria were distressed and tried to influence their children's choices. In this scenario, what cultural scripts are in play?

knowledge

Knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are is indicative of what part of the definition of competence?

isolation

Long periods of ______________ have been shown to severely damage a human.

Adaptors

Manage our emotional arousal

What is the myth: masculinity-femininity hypothesis?

Masculinity- femininity Hypothesis -SAYS women are good decoders because they are more feminine (being considerate, harmonious, etc.) = inaccurate

When we repress our expression to the emotion we feel and replace it with a more socially-appropriate expression, this is called...

Masking

"Self-synchrony" refers to how one: a) regulates one's non-verbal actions b) matches one's gestures to one's words c) matches one's gestures to those of another d) tries to use an array of non-verbal behaviours

Matches one's gestures to one's words

What is the name of the hypothesis that states we tend to choose partners who are in the same attractiveness category as we are?

Matching Hypothesis

false

Members of dominant groups are often less motivated toward intercultural communication than members of nondominant groups.

Do men or women mask their emotions more often?

Men

Who initiates touch more.... males or females? Why?

Men initiate touch more because women may seem promiscuous

An example of an "emblem" is: a) middle finger b) a stammer/stutter c) a pause d) pacing

Middle finger

The "surrogate mother" experiment, by Harlow (1958) was done with: a) mice b) monkeys c) rats d) people

Monkeys

Is our culture monochronic or polychronic? Why?

Monochronic because we can only do one thing at a time

Name two perceptions people have about attractive people?

More educated & more sexually active

Working in small groups increases _____ among students.

Motivation

smiles and intimacy

NOT a very reliable form of intimacy

prejudice

Negative feelings toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he or she belongs to a group is called

Students who dress "weird" are perceived ____.

Negatively

Provide an example of nonverbal behavior and why it is different from nonverbal communication.

Nonverbal behavior is when the action is not received-like playing with your hair when you are alone Nonverbal communication is the action is received-like playing with your hair in public could be seen as flirting

Demand theory

Nonverbal behaviors produces arousal and, in sufficient degree, can function as demands easiest way to get rid of arousal is to comply with the demand ex. teacher staring at you w gets you to talk

What is the term used for the study of eye behavior?

Oculesics

"Immediacy" refers to: a) how quickly a person responds with a non-verbal gesture b) one being open, approachable c) one being in the moment and authentic d) one's pace in matching non-verbals to another's

One being in the moment and authentic

What is the myth: oppression hypothesis?

Oppression Hypothesis -SAYS some groups are required to become better at nonverbal skills because they have been oppressed = inaccurate

What is one distinction between verbal and nonverbal messages?

Outcome distinction-we use literal words to make emotions

According to the textbook, what are "owls" & what are "sparrows"?

Owls are active in the evening Sparrows are active in the morning

encoding

Pam is feeling hungry and the image that comes to her mind is a slice of pizza. She turns to her friend, Abdhi and says to her: "Would you like to have pizza?" In this scenario, Pam is engaged in the communication process referred to as _________ in the course textbook.

What is auditory communication?

Paralanguage - Sound signals can vary in pitch, loudness, frequency (how much), and temporal pattern (how long the sound lasts) - Most vertebrates modulate temporal pattering and frequency - Sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded Ex: Cricket

Sequential-functional model

People bring various predisposing factors such as gender, culture, personality, and their learning history to interpersonal interactions. These predisposing factors make some people especially likely to respond to the nonverbal involvement of others.

Expectancy Violation theory

People have expectations about what are appropriate levels of behavior (e.g., gaze, touch, etc.) in interpersonal situations

Communication accommidation theory

People may change their communications behaviors when interacting with others as a function of their attitudes towards each other

as babies

People usually first learn about gender and culturally appropriate gender behaviors

false

People who speak the same language experience culture in the same way, no matter their various intersecting cultural identities and personal experiences.

ascribed

Personal, social or cultural identities that are placed on us by others and function as labels are called

Finish this phrase: "One of the key architectural concepts mentioned in the class on proxemics is shelter and __________ ." a) usefulness b) perspective c) solidity d) commodity

Perspective

density

Physical, lots of people in the room

What are the 3 types of attractiveness?

Physical, social, & task

Positive vs. Negative Emotions

Positive Emotions: increased eye gaze Negative Emotions: gaze aversion

Touch, even a slight touch, among the elderly was noted to reduce: a) postural sway b) asthma c) dementia d) nervous ticks

Postural sway

surprise

Primary emotions include the following: joy, distress, anger, fear, disgust, and?

There are six categories of territory. Name and provide an example of two.

Primary territory: dorm room Public territory: movie theater seats

According to Anderson's 2005 comparison of different religious groups, those who refrain from touch are more likely to be ___________ than Jewish. a) Protestant b) Muslim c) Catholic d) Rastafarian

Protestant

What is the study of how we use and communicate space?

Proxemics

crowding

Psychological, cultural difference, your crowded might not be someone else's crowded

difficult, if not impossible, to describe

Race is

adaptors

Raj is in the classroom waiting to take the final exam for his COM100 class. He is feeling anxious and subconsciously clicks his pen and shakes his legs. Gestures such as clicking pens and shaking legs are also known as _____ in the study of nonverbal communication.

According to the textbook, what is "status"?

Rank or position in a group

In the recent chapter on proxemics, the two studies cited were related to what animals? a) deer and b) rats and birds c) rats and d) rats and deer

Rats and deer

According to dialectics theory: a) relationships are kept together by opposing tensions b) relationships are challenged by opposing tensions c) we seek to resolve opposing tensions in relationships d) opposing tensions can tear relationships apart

Relationships are kept together by opposing tensions

true

Relationships, like cars, require routine maintenance.

ceremonies, families, texts

Religious identities can be communicated through

the need of citizens in early Greek democracy to debate public matters

Rhetoric developed because of

mirroring

Richard is a car salesman. As a sales-technique, he regularly matches his nonverbal cues to reflect his customers' nonverbal behaviors to get them to like him better, and hopefully, to trust him more. For example, if his customer is folding their arms across their chest, Richard does the same thing. If his customer rocks on the balls of their feet during the conversation, Richard rocks on the balls of his feet as well. This sales-technique that Richard uses is also known as ___________ in the study of nonverbal communication.

discriminative

Ruth is walking her dog at night. While walking her dog, she focuses her listening on a dark part of the back alley to determine if the noise she just heard presents her with any danger. In this scenario, Ruth's behavior is best described as a type of __________ listening.

What is the acronym used to remember the "primary facial expressions"?

SADFISH

the balance of other influences on an audience member's belief, like family an audience member's own interpretation of the text how audience's perceived the credibility of the source

Scholars challenged the direct effects model (or hypodermic needle theory) by looking at

What is ethnocentrism?

Seeing your own culture as the center of the universe

intuition

Sexual identity is communicated through all of the following except

false

Sexual preference is the term preferred to sexual orientation. (t/f)

What two things about the furniture in an office communicates the owner's personality?

Size & Placement

3. What incorrect cues do police officers tend to focus on when attempting to detect deception?

Social anxieties, public self-consciousness, physical characteristics like clothing, less smile, increase of hand and arm movements, also police are too confident

true

Social variables such as status and power affect competence.

In class, the ideal shape for the living room was suggested as: a) square b) circle c) rectangle d) octagon

Square

People who initiate touch are more likely to be attributed higher _______.

Status

What two things does a square table communicate?

Status & Power

There are 3 properties of eye behavior. Name 1.

Stimulates arousal

Facial expression is ___________ with the level of touch. a) often confused b) synchronistic c) often off kilter d) anachronistic

Synchronistic

true

Taking deep breaths to reduce speech anxiety works because it releases endorphins, which naturally fight the adrenaline that causes anxiety.

What is marasmus?

The "wasting away" disease: Failure to thrive

According to the textbook: "Companies are willing to pay for employees who look __ ____."

The Part

Name one bad thing about ethnocentrism.

The attitude of superiority towards other cultures

Define Kinesics.

The communicative study of gestures & movements

propoganda

The concern that mass media provided a powerful means for politicians to influence a vulnerable audience was a concern about

Emotions are communicated more through nonverbal communication than through verbal communication

The course textbook discusses some key differentiations between nonverbal communication and verbal communication. Which of the following is true, according to the course textbook?

true

The course textbook stresses that although we may be able to find many dictionary-like guides that decode nonverbal signals, we should be careful to avoid thinking of these texts as A-to-Z guides that capture all the complexity of nonverbal communication.

pathos

The emotional appeal a speaker makes is called

Why does our text say the face is so important in human communication?

The face is almost always visible in interaction

media imperialism

The idea that the media from one country can dominate the culture of another country is referred to as

books

The most durable of print media are

direct and thoughtful encounters with other cultures

The most effective way to develop knowledge about other cultures is by _____________________.

with the development of rhetoric in ancient Greece

The origins of the study of communication formally began

performance of identity

The process or means by which we show the world who we think we are is the

connotation

The term that refers to the meanings associated with a symbol is

Chronemics is defined as: a) the use of pace and pauses in verbals b) the use of time in the use of non-verbals c) smell d) the study of physiological reactions to space

The use of time in the use of non-verbals

relationship cultures

These are the climates established through interpersonal communication that are unique to the relational partners but based on larger cultural and social norms.

The United States Germany Switzerland

These countries are often noted as countries that value a monochromatic time orientation, which means that interruptions are to be avoided, and everything has its own specific time. (Select all that apply.)

What are "turn-maintaining cues"? Provide an example.

They are cues to show that the communicator wants to continue to talk. Example: giving you the hand like a stop sign to be silent

What happened to subjects placed in a dimly lit room?

They were quiet: all talking was complete after 30 mins of the hour.

What are turn holding cues?

Things we can do to maintain the floor: - Gaze without a yielding cue - Gaze aversion is a way to hold the floor - Gestures

cumulative annoyance

This is the building of frustration or anger that occurs over time.

conscious incompetence

This is where you know what you should be doing, and you realize that you're not doing it as well as you could

What are interruptions?

To take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues - Attempted vs successful interruptions - Attempted: one that doesn't work (doesn't get the floor) - Successful: successful in taking the floor - The person who speaks the loudest often is most successful in interruptions

their demographics their psychological disposition towards the topic their attitudes and beliefs

To understand your audience you should consider

According to the text, the first sense we learn is: a) touch b) hearing c) sight d) smell

Touch

According to Birdwhistell's six principles, kinesic communication varies between black Americans and white Americans. T/F?

True

According to some historians, the kiss on the lips was first practiced by Roman men who wanted to test if their wives had been drinking wine in their absence. T/F?

True

According to the text, African Americans were less likely to affirm touching between parents and children, than were other racial groups. T/F?

True

According to the text, men sway their bodies when they walk just as much as women do. T/F?

True

Across 37 cultures, women rated attractiveness needs lower than the men did. T/F?

True

Children at 2-3 months look at an attractive face longer than at an unattractive one. T/F?

True

Denotative meaning has to do with the dictionary definition of a word. T/F?

True

Even the attainment of reading ability can be affected by having been touched or not. T/F?

True

In therapeutic touch, the practitioner does not actually place his/her hands on the patient. T/F?

True

Less physically attractive defendants have been found to receive lighter sentences. T/F?

True

One cultural group was noted to kiss both the lips and the chin at the same time. T/F?

True

The value we place on attractiveness is related to whether or not we are seeking a long-term relationship. T/F?

True

Women sought stability, ambition, humour more than attractiveness. T/F?

True

In the "matching hypothesis" we: a) match another's movement to our own b) try to date people who are similar to ourselves c) hang out with people similar to ourselves d) date people who look like our parents

Try to date people who are similar to ourselves

regulating the flow of conversation

Turn yielding cues - highten speech while asking a ? - drop in pitch while giving a statement Trun requesting cues - inhale audilby Trurn maintaining cue - raise voice in volume - um (filled pause) Deny the floor - stay silent

What can teachers do to create "verbal immediacy" in the classroom?

Use "we & us" instead of "you & I"

Name one characteristic of culture.

Values

Our textbook lists 7 factors that determine our response to encroachment. Name 2.

Violation & Invasion

What is the study of vocal behaviors/paralanguage?

Vocalics

Which communication channel is it easier to detect when someone is being deceptive

Voice

Which communication channel is it harder to successfully tell a lie

Voice

What is the study regarding humans being poor lie detectors?

Vrij 2000 - Reviewed 40 studies (studies of statements that are true or a lie) - 67% accuracy rate for detecting truths - 44% accuracy rate for detecting lies - Worse than chance - High accuracy for truth, low accuracy for lies = "truth bias", we are more likely to assume people are truthful than that they are telling us a lie Bond & DePaul 2006 - Results from 206 reports and 24,483 judges - People achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments - Correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as non-deceptive 2008 - Reviewed 142 studies, 19,801 judges of deception - Mean accuracy of 54.05% for lies - Mean of 55.50% accuracy for truth statements Conclusion - People do not do much better than chance at detecting deception - People typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability

information

Watching a newscast on television would most likely be relying on which function of mass media?

technology

What most distinguishes mass communication messages from other forms of communication?

Explain what an "affect blend" is.

When half of the face shows one emotion, & the other shows a different emotion. Example: smiling to show happiness but eyes show sadness

depth; breadth

When it comes to self-disclosure, __________ refers to how personal or sensitive the information is, and __________ refers to the range of topics discussed.

"Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements" means: a) whether we look left or right when thinking shows which side is our dominant brain side b) being nervous. It suggests that we have intentions that we are not stating in words. c) we have difficultly matching our eye movements to our body messages d) we have difficulty with eye contact

Whether we look left or right when thinking shows which side is our dominant brain side

FDR

Which US President was known for his radio broadcasts, called Fireside Chats?

communication is strategic

Which aspect of communication is indicated when we state that we intentionally create messages to achieve certain goals that help us function in society and our relationships?

accommodating

Which conflict management style is most likely to occur when there are time restraints and less likely to occur when someone does not want to appear weak?

the merger of many media companies into a handful of large, powerful corporations

Which has been an effect of media deregulation?

separation of communication from transportation

Which is NOT a cultural effect of the printing press?

fear of losing the relationship

Which of the following is an interpersonal reason for not self-disclosing?

Who is missing from this view of the world? Who benefits if we see the world this way? What is considered normal in this text?

Which question is asked by a critical or cultural studies approach to media?

Who are usually seen as more touch oriented.... women or men?

Women

irish, anglo, latinx

Words that have been used in modern history to describe race include all of the following

neologisms

Words that have just been recently established into linguistic existence are called ____________.

contranyms

Words that have multiple meanings are called _______________.

feminine

Words used to describe sexual identity include all of the following except

civic engagement

Working to make a difference in our communities by improving the quality of life of community members and raising awareness about social, cultural, or political issues is known as what?

dialects

_____________ are versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation.

North Americans view time as:

a commodity

Ad hominem

a form of argument that attacks a person's character rather than their argument

Generally, a teacher who is immediate can expect

a large increase in affective learning

attempted control

a lie that is too planned, no spontaneity

channel

a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding.

index

a sign that has a physical connection with its object

Intrinsic (universal)

actual thing you're trying to communicate represents/is the thing you're doing

Illustrators

add a visual description

Men are portrayed correctly or incorrectly in the media as more _____ than women.

adventerous

Men are portrayed correctly or incorrectly in the media as more than women.

adventurous

supportive interruptions

agree, excited, backchannel interruptions

A "hands on hips" position:

all of the above

According to Jones's research, tactile power moves include:

all of the above

According to the direct-effects or social-meaning model of nonverbal persuasion, increased eye contact would be more effective for _____ person.

all of the above

According to the textbook, nonverbal communication is:

all of the above

Affect displays

all of the above

Babies who do not receive adequate amounts of touch:

all of the above

Body synchrony:

all of the above

Deception cues result from:

all of the above

Deception is any message that:

all of the above

Fast food restaurants speed up customers with

all of the above

Flight responses

all of the above

Invasions of personal space result in which of the following reactions?

all of the above

Lower-status, lower-power chronemic cues include:

all of the above

Vocalic behavior

all of the above

response latency

amount of time between speaking turns

Deception

an act intended to foster in another a belief that deceiver considers false, needs to be deliberate intent, you have to know the info you are telling them is incorrect

The right-brain hemisphere is:

analogic and nonlinguistic

Nonverbal communication is...

analogic, typically governed by the right brain hemisphere, nonlinguistic

"Secondary" gender differences are

anatomical differences not directly related to reproduction

Deception cues result from

anxiety, negative affect, duping delight

environmental noise

any physical noise present in a communication encounter

Affect displays:

are behaviors that reveal our emotions to others, can operate separately from cognition, are usually nonverbal

High communication apprehensive:

are relatively insensitive to eye contact

High communication apprehensives:

are relatively insensitive to eye contact

Temporal Characteristics

aspects of speech that are function of time (response latency, speed, pause, response time) we change

theoretical approaches to detecting deception

attempted control, arousal, affect, cognitive load

Cognitive-valence theory holds that very high arousal results in:

aversion and compensation

Turn requesting cues

backchannels, speaker directed gaze, audible inhalation, forward lean, gesture, a stutter start

waggle

bee's waggle in the direction of food

Awareness

being aware of your behaviors

middle age

biggest difference in pitch

"Secondary" gender differences are:

biological differences not directly related to reproduction

pain reduction (gate theory)

body is covered in nerves one way to reduce pain is engaging in touch

According to expectancy-violations theory, a very attractive person is more persuasive at _____ distances.

both a and b

facial affect program

brain function that triggers facial muscles

semi fixed feature space

can be moved relatively easily (ex. regular chair)

Intent

can do nonverbal communication intentionally or unintentionally

Seasonal affective disorder

can result in depression and suicide

Species constant experiences

certain environments call for certain nonverbal behaviors

ellsworth and langer's Demand Theory

certain nonverbal behaviors (ex gaze, touch, close space) produce arousal in others nonverbal behaviors can then function as a demand for something the easiest way to get rid of the arousal is to comply w/ the demand

turn yielding cues

change in intonation (drop (declarative) or raise pitch), sociocentric sequences, drawl, termination of gestures, drop in loudness, completion of a grammatical clause

recognize

channels can communicate multiple functions

Vocalizations

characteristics that are modified by all speakers (ex loudness and pitch) we can change

Vocalic behavior (Ch. 3)

clarifies verbal messages, transmits emotional information to receivers, helps to regulate conversation (?)

Arousal Labelling theory

close distance creates arousal in the decoder. if this arousal is labeled positively the decoder will approach (reciprocate). if this arousal is labeled negatively the decider will avoid (compensate)

closeness and decoding nonverbal behaviors

close friends are better decoders of each others nonverbal than strangers are acquaintances are better than close friends at decoding partners negative affect when partners attempt to conceal their (-) emotions

According to expectancy-violations theory, a very attractive person is more persuasive at what distances. (Ch. 10)

closer interpersonal distances

An example of more immediate behavior is:

closer proximity

Example of more immediate behavior

closer proximity

remland

closest: irish, scottish, dutch, greek, italian, french furthest: english

Emotion Display

communicate our emotions

compliance-gaining communication

communication aimed at getting people to do something or act in a particular way

friendship/warmth

communication liking and friendship

encoding functions

communicative and indicative

Invasions of personal space result in which 4 reactions?

compensatory reductions in intimacy, retreats, aversion of eye contact, body buffers

interpersonal touch is important in

compliance

Nonverbal communication is:

continuous and multichanneled

For humans, the biggest factor in predicting stress reactions to overpopulated environments is:

crowding perception

Six cognitive schemata in the cognitive valence model? (Ch. 9)

cultural schemata, self-schemata, interpersonal schemata, relational schemata and relational trajectories, situational schemata, and state schemata

display rules

cultural, personal, situational factors that modify the conditions that elicit emotion or its expression - not universal

sociocentric sequence

culturally specific phrase that say your speaking turn is over

Which of the following is one of the six cognitive schemata in the cognitive valence model?

culture

animals can

decode different sounds correctly

target

decoder

types of interruptions

deep and intrusive, supportive

Character Traits

direct gaze is more likely to be returned by the person with aggressive and assertive character traits extroverts: MORE eye gaze Introverts: LESS eye gaze, MORE gaze aversion

how we respond

disagreeing interruptions: + supportive interruptions: + change subject interruptions: - same subject interruptions: not viewed as obnoxious unless they are frequent

dogs

dogs can direction and valence of facial expressions

filled pause

duration > 250 ms but has sound in it (ex um)

Silent pause

duration > 250ms. longer than 1/4sec that doesn't have any sound. we can identify this pause

Phonetic pause

duration of < 250ms (1/4sec). can't hear it, it is too fast

Olfactory (smell) communication

earliest form of communication. Smell can tell age, reproductive status, fitness.

sex differences and paralanguage

easiest individual difference to identify from the voice, fundamental frequency = pitch (larynx vocal cords)

According to the textbook, which of the following hypothetical groups has the highest level of selfreported opposite-sex touch avoidance?

elderly female Protestants

Which hypothetical groups has the highest level of self-reported opposite-sex touch avoidance

elderly female protestants

backchannel

elicited in "gaze window", used to avoid taking the floor - sentence completion - requests for clarification - restement

Communicative

enacted with a clear conscious intention to convey a message - done intentionally

source

encoder

elicitors

environmental factors that produce the emotional state -culturally specific

male and female touch is

equal, m initiate more touches but F recipocate it

touch + gaze =

even more effective

interspecies communication

ex: cleaner fish send signals to big fish that they are going to clean them

regulating social interaction

ex: i like you, i don't like you, i want to eat you - regulate with space

impression management via facial expressions

ex: males will frown less when watching a scary movie while being observed by someone attractive to make it seem like they are tough and can take care of themselves

context for space is important

example: classroom: student facing teacher (sociopetal) classroom: student not facing student (sociofugal)

neutralize/inhibition

experience emotion on inside, but showing no emotion on the outside

high expressive

externalizer - show lots of emotions - experience LESS physiological arousal

encoding factors: personality and paralanguage

extraversion, introversion, dominance, type "A" behavior

Synchrony of Speech

eye contact during speech reveals typical patterns for listening and speaking looking while listening > looking while speaking

Verbal messages are more useful than nonverbal communication for affective and emotional information.

f (false?)

Which nonverbal channel is the best for detecting emotion?

face

where to men look first?

face, lips, and then crotch

where do women look first?

face, then legs, and then the crotch

Affect is most powerfully displayed

facially

Affect is most powerfully displayed:

facially

According to Andersen, Protestants generally have a more positive view of touch than non-Protestants.

false

According to Andersen, culture is mainly an explicit, carefully-planned nonverbal phenomenon.

false

According to the textbook, male managers who use a more autocratic or directive leadership style are typically rated more negatively than their female counterparts who use an autocratic style.

false

According to the textbook, the most intense level of arousal produces the most intense level of intimacy.

false

Andersen maintains that men's hair length does not effect persuasion.

false

Andersen maintains that our society embraces those who act inconsistently with their sex roles.

false

As room temperatures fall into the 60s, students show significant decreases in reading speed and comprehension.

false

Because intimacy is so ubiquitous, men and women are nearly identical in their experience of intimate communication.

false

Communication anxiety leads to increased awareness of social and environmental cues.

false

Emotional recognition is a learned, symbolic, linguistic, deliberative process that is one of the most basic functions of nonverbal communication.

false

Greater immediacy is a characteristic of well-developed, stable relationships.

false

High-context cultures are more likely to communicate information explicitly while low-context cultures are more likely to communicate implicitly.

false

Interacting with people of higher status creates relaxation for the less powerful interactant.

false

More expressive and socially tactful people are less successful deceivers than their nonexpressive counterparts.

false

Nonverbal communication is typically governed by the left-brain hemisphere.

false

Opposite-sex touch is most likely to occur at an advanced stage of a relationship, such as marriage.

false

Persuasion is only used to unite the common interests of all people.

false

Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures.

false

Research demonstrates that, unlike many other intimate behaviors, affection is primarily communicated verbally.

false

Research has shown that voicemail is significantly more polite than e-mail.

false

Research shows a large set of nonverbal behaviors that are consistently associated with deception.

false

Same-sex touch is more threatening, anxiety-producing, and repugnant for females than it is for males.

false

Shifty-eyed people tend to be more deceptive than people making direct eye contact.

false

T/F : As room temperatures fall into the 60s, students show significant decreases in reading speed and comprehension.

false

T/F : Because intimacy is so ubiquitous, men and women are nearly identical in their experience of intimate communication

false

T/F : Communication anxiety leads to increased awareness of social and environmental cues

false

T/F : Culture is mainly an explicit, carefully-planned nonverbal phenomenon.

false

T/F : Emotional recognition is a learned, symbolic, linguistic, deliberative process that is one of the most basic functions of nonverbal communication

false

T/F : Hand emblems, sign language, lip reading, facial emblems, and musical notation are all examples of nonverbal communication.

false

T/F : High-context cultures are more likely to communicate information explicitly while low-context cultures are more likely to communicate implicitly

false

T/F : In a classroom setting, less dominant individuals are more likely to occupy center seats

false

T/F : Interacting with people of higher status creates relaxation for the less powerful interactant

false

T/F : Male managers who use a more autocratic or directive leadership style are typically rated more negatively than their female counterparts who use an autocratic style

false

T/F : Men's hair length does not effect persuasion

false

T/F : More expressive and socially tactful people are less successful deceivers than their non expressive counterparts

false

T/F : Nonverbal communication is typically governed by the left-brain hemisphere

false

T/F : Our society embraces those who act inconsistently with their sex roles

false

T/F : Persuasion is only used to unite to common interests of all people

false

T/F : Protestants generally have a more positive view of touch than non-Protestants

false

T/F : Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures

false

T/F : Research demonstrates that emotional expression is difficult to decipher across cultures.

false

T/F : Research demonstrates that, unlike many other intimate behaviors, affection is primarily communicated verbally

false

T/F : Research shows a large set of nonverbal behaviors that are consistently associated with deception

false

T/F : Same-sex touch is more threatening, anxiety-producing, and repugnant for females than it is for males

false

T/F : Shifty-eyed people tend to be more deceptive than people making direct eye-contact

false

T/F : The most intense level of arousal produces the most intense level of intimacy

false

T/F : The principal function of touch is a dominant behavior used (particularly by males) to manipulate and control

false

T/F : The research presented in the text suggests that women are more touch avoidant with the same-sex than their male counterparts.

false

T/F : There is little physiological effect of affection

false

T/F : Verbal messages are more useful than nonverbal communication for affective and emotional information

false

T/F : Whether a culture is individualistic or collectivist has a limited effect on nonverbal behavior of that culture.

false

T/F : While gestures are uniquely expressive, recent research indicates that words are superior to gestures for communication and problem solving.

false

T/F : While pointing is perceived as dominant gesture, it really signals insecurity by the person pointing

false

The principal function of touch is a dominant behavior used (particularly by males) to manipulate and control.

false

The research presented in the text suggests that women are more touch avoidant with the same-sex than their male counterparts.

false

There is little physiological effect of affection.

false

Whether a culture is individualistic or collectivist has a limited effect on the nonverbal behavior of that culture.

false

While gestures are uniquely expressive, recent research indicates that words are superior to gestures for communicating and problem solving.

false

While men and women are certainly born different, research suggests that vast majority of differences between the nonverbal behavior of men and women are learned.

false

While pointing is perceived as a dominant gesture, it really signals insecurity by the person pointing.

false

In a classroom setting, less dominant individuals are more likely to occupy center seats.

fasle

underlying emotional factors in deception

fear (detection apprehension) guilt (deception guilt) (feel bad for lying) excitement (duping delight)(excited from lying)

detection apprehension

fear of being caught while telling your lie

ring tailed lemur scenting

female: rub private part on thing they want to mark males: have wrist spurs to mark their territory with their scent

Opposite-sex touch avoidance is higher for males or females?

females

Opposite-sex touch avoidance is higher for:

females than for males

Andro is a... (Ch. 3)

feminine cultures

Speech rate and intimacy when with a romantic partner

fewer and shorter pauses, faster speech rate, matching partners social cues

Attention orienting hypothesis

filled pauses may direct attention to the speech stream and this aids in recall

3 categories of space

fixed feature space, semi fixed feature space, informal or personal space

cognitive multitasking

floor switches are fast, people must be anticipating and predicting the end of a speakers turn, listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speakers utterance

turn holding cues (maintain the floor)

gaze without yield cues, gesture, gaze aversion

illustrators

gestures that perform a specific function and describe stuff for us

emblems

gestures that we use to replace words

messages conveyed by touch

greeting, hostility, reassurance, instruction, liking, power

dominance and facial expressions

happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, and fear

organize

helps us synthesis research better

hesitation

hesitations cluster at the beginning of clauses , trying to form your thoughts in the beginning

The direct-effects or social-meaning model believes that of nonverbal persuasion increased eye contact would be more effective for

high-status, low-status, attractive person

emotion and the voice

hindenburg disaster, blimp burnt up -this proves that you can hear the emotion in the voice

temporal pattern

how long the sound they are making lasts

love/intimacy

hugging/kissing, this touch happens more in private, perceive commitment

avowed

identities that we claim for ourselves

gesture and intimacy

in + friendly interactions people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures - illustrators

posture and status

in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean. Also more open/relaxed posture

Visual Channel

includes facial expressions and body movement (used when interpreting messages)

Vocal Channel

includes voice tone, pitch, and volume

high heels

increase compliance

genteel touch can

increase compliance rates

Which cultural dimension explains the ways in which people live, display their values, think, and communicate, and especially how much they rely on nonverbal communication?

individualistic v. collectivistic

Interactive

influence or modify another persons behavior

leakage cues

information that gives away the true information

communicative

intentionally

sexual arousal

intercourse

low expressive

internalizer - keep emotions inside - experience MORE physiological arousal

response to interruption

interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions (dindia)

space and intimacy

intimate space 0-18 inches coupled w/ direct body orientation - communicating a desire of intimacy

Four regions of proxemics (E.T. Hall)

intimate, personal, social, and public

What are the fundamental characteristics of emotions? (Ch. 6)

involve subjective experiences/feelings, produce (-) or (+) feelings, involve physiological arousal, interrupt our thoughts, are expressed behaviorally, are adaptive

Redundancy:

is unnecessary for accurate communication

Deception is any message that:

is untrue, intentionally conveys a message the individual knows to be false, conceals, omits, or exaggerates information

Slow Sign Vehicles: shaved head

judges to be more dominant than men with hair

Autotelic

just like to touch things not as goal driven - need for touch is positively associated w/ impulse buying

Macro environments are

large places that affect human behavior and interaction

Macroenvironments are

large places that affect human behavior and interaction

positivity correlated with perception of

leadership, control, power, status (ALL indicators of dominance)

Learning and Socialization

learn nonverbal behaviors through socialization (culturally specific)

Provide one example of "Contamination".

licking a whole cookie so no one else will eat it

extraversion

like to be close

affect

looking for emotions, emotions come out in micro expressions

dominance

loud, fast speech rate, fluent (less errors)

most attractive voices were

loudness range, lack of monotone, resonance (smooth & strong), lack of nasality, good articulation

difference in expressivity

low expressive and high expressive

amplification of mole cricket call

makes burrow to expand its sound

Feedback

makes us both senders and receivers

Willingness to Relate

making eye contact with someone who is looking at you - shows a willingness to begin an encounter

dress and status

males of high status wear formal clothing than males of lower status want to communicate power/dominance

odiference fencing

marking territory

vocal convergence

match our interaction partner on our paralinguistic behaviors like pitch

sex differences in interruption

men do not interrupt women any more than women interrupt men

do we alter our voice when speaking to a romantic partner?

men: raised pitch women: lowered pitch

On sex difference between men and women is that women can

menstruate

embedded lies

mixing lies in with the truth

deep and intrusive interruptions

more aggressive and threaten territory

speaks faster and longer is seen to have

more dominance/power

posture and intimacy

more forward lean, direct shoulder/body orientation, greater postural mimicry

what behaviors were associated w/judgments of social desirability?

more head nods, short back channels (nodding along), longer smile duration, more frequent filled pauses, longer gaze duration

silk moths

more influenced by smell than by sight

visual dominance ratio

more looking while listening, dominance ratio is not consistent - bases on context

What happens to babies who do not receive adequate amounts of touch?

more susceptible to illness, more quiet/shy, can die if all physical needs are met, are less well adjusted emotionally

touch and intimacy

more touch (especially in the middle stages of close relationships)

motivated inaccuracy model

motivated to decode incorrectly

paul ekman calls good liars

natural liars

Eibl-Ebelsfeldt's research on blind v. sighted children revealed what?

no significant difference in the facial expressions of the two groups (?)

Eibl-Ebelsfeldt's research on blind versus sighted children revealed:

no significant differences in the facial expressions of the two groups

According to research:

none of the above

One sex difference between men and women is that men can:

none of the above

Iconic (metaphoric)

nonverbal act preserves some aspect of what I am trying to communicate

behavioral consequences

nonverbal and verbal signs of emotion -not universal

Emblems

nonverbal behavior that functions like a word (ex: peace sign)(culturally specific)

Patterson's Arousal Labeling Theory

nonverbal behaviors (ex. gaze, touch) can produce arousal in others people make attributions to explain their arousal in making these attributions were label our arousal if (+) we'll comply, if (-) we won't comply

Regulators

nonverbal behaviors that work as managing flow of a conversation

Nonlinguistic, wholistic, and multichannel all describe:

nonverbal communication

Nonlinguistic, wholistic, and multichanneled all describe:

nonverbal communication

According to the textbook, in early infancy, _____ cues are most believable. In adulthood, _____ cues are most believable.

nonverbal/nonverbal

In early infancy, cues are most believable. In adulthood, cues are the most believable.

nonverbal/nonverbal

neglect of interpersonal differences

not everyone has the same ways of communicating

absence of pinocchio's nose

nothing that indicated that people are lying

Flight response

occur in humans experiencing fear, are a withdrawal response in most situations, can be an effective way to avoid anxiety

Othello Error

occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved

Successful Communication

occurs when a person INTENTIONALLY SENDS a message

smooth turn transitions

occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause - these transitions occur in less than 250 ms

effects of gaze on compliance

on average the use of gaze increases compliance by about 15%

Compliance gaining

one party (source) tries to get the other party (target) to do a desired behavior

intensify

outwardly showing emotion more than inwardly feeling

One sign of status is _____ high-tech office machinery.

owning

One sign of status is high-tech office machinery

owning

Healthcare

patient satisfaction is (-) associated with intrusive interruptions but (+) associated w/ supportive interruptions from physicians

truth bias

people are especially likely to judge familiar vs. unfamiliar persons as truthful

Social Position

people in leadership positions gravitate toward locations where they are the visual focus of attention

interruptions and status perception

people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status , people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in the convo, interrupters especially are perceived as less likable dilemma = more status but liked less

informal or personal space

personal space

behaviors associated with dominance function

persuasion, deception, impression management

Andro is a

pheromone that is attractive to women and homosexual men

Pauses

phonetic pause, silent pause, filled pause, response latency

Provide an example of a "Marker" and how it would be used.

placing a book bag on a seat to symbolize the seat is taken

An example of an illustrator is: (Ch. 2)

pointing to an object, chopping/punching gestures, showing size/distance, bodily actions, "You're dead" while slitting own throat

For humans, the biggest factor in predicting stress reactions to overpopulated environments is:

population density

Impregnation and gestation are

primary sex differences

Impregnation and gestation are _________

primary sex differences

Cognition

process something difficult

Body synchrony

produces "good vibes" between interactants, is an immediacy behavior, involves being "in tune" with others

associated with deception

providing fewer details, making less sense, repetitions, pupil dilation, increase vocal pitch, fewer illustrators

arousal

pupil dilation

the ostrich affect

putting your head in the sand "not noticing the lie"

Micro-expressions

quick, but reveal how you're truly feeling

connotation

refers to definitions that are emotion or experience based

denotation

refers to definitions that are emotion or experience based language is expressive and it helps us communicate observations, thoughts, feelings, or needs

slang

refers to new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people's creative play with language

semantic noise

refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand a symbol.

communication competence

refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

language acquisition

refers to the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use the words to communicate within a given language group

grammar

refers to the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases

primary functions of animal communication

regulating social interaction and giving information

Functions of Paralanguage

regulating the flow of conversation emotional states cognition speaker characteristics

Functions of Space

regulation of conversion, attitude toward another person, sign of status - people with higher status will use/consume more space

Primary

regulation of info input

use of heuristics

relying on cues even when you know they are wrong

NOT associated with deception

response duration, eye contact, speech disturbances, smiling, silent pauses, head nod, shrugs, posture shifts, speech rate, foot and leg movement, and self-fidgeting

High pitched males

seen as less truthful, less empathetic, and more nervous. More likely to have social anxiety disorder

why use a functional approach

sensitizes us, recognize, organize

Speaker Characteristics

sex personality traits age attractiveness

gaze and dominance are informative they have

shared encoding and decoding

Informative

shared encoding and decoding - intent matches with interpretation

mask

showing a different emotion on the outside than the one on the inside

attenuate/deintensify

showing less emotion than how you are truly feeling

A "hands on hips" position (Ch. 12)

shows dominance/power

introversion

slower, more silent filled pauses, long response latency, more repetition, more disfluency

regulators

some gestures that we use to try to control the conversation

symbol

something that stands in for or represents something else

Innate Neurological Mechanisms

something we were born to do

auditory communication

sound signals vary in pitch, loudness, frequency, and temporal pattern. most vertebrates modulate temporal patterning and frequency. sound producing qualities can be artificially expanded

Based on the textbook, immediacy behaviors are significantly more characteristic of ____________ than ______________.

southerners/northerners

Immediacy behaviors are significantly more characteristic of than ?

southerners/northerners

sociofugal space

space arranged so that it produces solitude and inhibits interaction between people (ex. classroom- student and student)

sociopetal space

space is organized so that it is conductive to communication between people (ex. family room)

intimacy equilibrium theory

space, gaze, smiling, intimacy of topic. people are subject to 2 simultaneous motivations in interpersonal interactions 1. being intimate (approach) 2. stay separate (avoid). The balance between these 2 motivations is a point of equilibrium. if one persons behavior upsets this equilibrium the others will compensate

According to the text, men have a biologically based, innate advantage over women in:

spatial ability

Men have a biologically based, innate advantage over women in

spatial ability

decoding and intimacy

speech rate: speaking at a moderate rate = attractive speech duration: longer (moderate) duration = attractive gaze: moderate amount of gaze = attractive

Lower-status, lower-power chronemic cues include:

spending time serving another person

Dominance

stare down, trying to communicate power

type "A" behavior

super fast speech rate

The most fleeting (quickest) facial expression is:

surprise

What is the most fleeting (quickest) facial expression? (Ch. 6)

surprise or anger (?)

successful interruption

takes the floor away, volume helps it be successful

cognitive load

technique used by police, hard to keep lies consistent when asked lots of questions, police officers asking same question to see if info changes

giving information

telling someone if there is a predator

extraversion

temporal qualities, short response latency, very few silent pauses, fluent speech, fast speech rate, loud

sent can function as

territory marker and a personal perfume

Dindia concluded

that interruption leads to interruption

Intercultural communication competence​ (ICC)

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts

According to research done of deception

the cues are inconsistent across studies, people are not generally accurate deception detectors, people don't alway want to detect deception

Arbitrary

the meaning you get is on conversation alone (culturally specific)

symbols

the primary vehicle we have for being understood in verbal communication

decoding

the process of turning communication into thoughts

encoding

the process of turning thoughts into communication.

syntax

the rules that govern word order

semiotics

the science of signs

haptics

the study of communication by touch

proxemics

the study of how space and distance influence communication

chronemics

the study of how time affects communication

semantics

the study of meaning

kinesics

the study of movement and this includes body language, gesturing, facial expressions, as well as postures

pragmatics

the study that emphasizes how language is used in certain situations to accomplish specific goals

Which of the following is not a fundamental characteristic of emotions?

they entail objective experiences or feelings

According to communication accommodation theory, people are more persuasive if:

they pause and speak at their partner's rate

Communication accommodation theory believes that people are more persuasive if

they pause and speak at their partners rate

countermeasures

things you do to avoid being caught

head position and dominance

tilted down = more submissive tilted back = more dominant

attempted interruption

tires to take the floor but gets shut down

sensitizes us

to discover all behavior that communicate a particular function

simulation

to show emotion when you are feeling no emotion

interruptions

to take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues

The strongest support for the direct-effects model of immediacy on persuasion comes from research on what?

touch and gaze

The strongest support for the direct-effects model of immediacy on persuasion comes from research on:

touch and gaze

social/polite

touch done for greeting someone (ex. handshake)

Harry Harlow

touch gives us comfort/reassurance, money video, contact comfort

tactile communication

touch in the animal kingdom. grooming-communicates affection ex: great apes use touch for reassurance

fictional/professional

touch related to the persons job (ex. dentist), people treat you like an object, least likely to communicate anything

Instrumental

touch to see if it is high quality (goal driven) - need for touch is (-) associated w/ making purchases over the internet or by phone

Culture and Touch

touch verys culture to culture, contact vs. non-contact cultures arabic speaking count. > US costa rica > US italian & greek > brit, dutch, french different meanings in the diff. cultures (same sex touch)

According to the textbook, Healthy interpersonal relationships experience contradictory or dialectic tugs-of-war of opposites.

true

According to the textbook, research on interpersonal attraction suggests that 93% of the meaning or impact is communicated nonverbally.

true

Affection has been shown to increase life expectancy.

true

Analogic codes have a direct, nonarbitrary, intrinsic relationship to the thing they represent.

true

Andersen maintains that all emotions can be expressed nonverbally.

true

Andersen maintains that power cues exist in every interaction and every nonverbal cue.

true

Andersen maintains that, for humans, moderate arousal feels best.

true

Andersen maintains: As a general rule, high-status individuals have all of the immediacy options.

true

Apes and humans share ritualistic bowing gestures to signal submission and friendliness.

true

Baby-faced adults were judged as more truthful than mature-looking adults, regardless of whether or not they were lying.

true

Current research suggests that women are generally better detectors of deceptive nonverbal behavior than men are.

true

Deception is associated with an increase in speech errors and greater delays or response latency in answering questions.

true

Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities that are vital to effective functioning in interpersonal relationships as well as one's career.

true

Emotions are expressions that are produced communicatively for the benefit of others.

true

Fluorescent lighting has been shown to produce fatigue, inattention, hyperactivity, and decreased classroom performance.

true

Formal dress increases perceptions of dominance and control.

true

Immediacy behaviors such as gaze and touch raise heart rates.

true

Increases in immediacy significantly enhance a persuader's chance of gaining compliance.

true

Individuals with dilated pupils are more attractive to their romantic partners than those whose pupils are not dilated.

true

Intimacy is a broad term referring to warm, involving behaviors, interactions, experiences, and relations.

true

More immediate cultures tend to be located in warmer latitudes.

true

Nonverbal immediacy behaviors are best understood as a gestalt, not on a behavior-by-behavior basis.

true

Parental attitudes about touch are a key determinant of their offspring's attitudes toward touch.

true

People with negative attitudes toward interpersonal touch have lower self-esteem.

true

Research demonstrates that both men and women are quite accurate in identifying sex differences in nonverbal behavior.

true

Research has shown that the crowding of rats produces miscarriage, violence, homosexuality, and eating disorders, In addition, the crowding of persons can result in social pathology

true

Research indicates that a woman's physical attractiveness is more important to men than a man's physical attractiveness is to women.

true

T/F : Affection has been shown to increase life expectancy

true

T/F : All emotions can be expressed nonverbally

true

T/F : Apes and humans share ritualistic bowing gestures to signal submission and friendliness

true

T/F : As a general rule, high-status individuals have all of the immediacy options

true

T/F : Baby-faced adults were judged as more truthful than mature-looking adults, regardless of whether or not they were lying

true

T/F : Communication that is inappropriate is often communication of context

true

T/F : Current research suggests that women are generally better detectors of deceptive nonverbal behavior than men are

true

T/F : Deception is associated with an increase in speech errors and greater delays corresponds latency in answering questions

true

T/F : Defines immediacy as messages that signal feelings of warmth, closeness, and involvement with other people

true

T/F : Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities that are vital to effective functioning in interpersonal relationships as well as one's career.

true

T/F : Emotions are expressions that are produced communicatively for the benefit of others

true

T/F : Fluorescent lighting has been shown to produce fatigue, inattention, hyperactivity, and decreased classroom performance.

true

T/F : For humans, moderate arousal feels best

true

T/F : Formal dress increases perceptions of dominance and control

true

T/F : Gestalt processing means that we make sense of an interdependent whole rather than isolated parts.

true

T/F : Healthy interpersonal relationships experience contradictory or dialecitc tugs-of-war of opposites.

true

T/F : Immediacy behaviors such as gaze and touch raise heart rates

true

T/F : Increases in immediacy significantly enhance a persuader's chance of gaining compliance

true

T/F : Individuals with dilated pupils are more attractive to their romantic partners than those whose pupils are not dilated.

true

T/F : Intimacy is a broad term referring to warm, involving behaviors, interactions experiences, and relations

true

T/F : Nonverbal immediacy behaviors are best understood as a gestalt, not on a behavior-by-behavior basis

true

T/F : Parental attitudes about touch are a key determinant of their offspring's attitudes toward touch

true

T/F : People with negative attitudes toward interpersonal touch have lower self-esteem

true

T/F : Power cues exist in every interaction and every nonverbal cue

true

T/F : Research demonstrates that both men and women are quite accurate in identifying sex differences in nonverbal behavior

true

T/F : Research has shown that the crowding of rats produces miscarriage, violence, homosexuality, and eating disorders. In addition, the crowding of persons can result in social pathology and criminal behavior.

true

T/F : Research indicates that a woman's physical attractiveness is more important to men than a man's physical attractiveness is to women

true

T/F : Researchers have identified a set of six primary facial expressions that are innate, universal, and carry the basic meaning throughout the world.

true

T/F : Students attending college in Sunbelt are more touch-oriented than students attending college in the Frost Belt

true

T/F : The exchange of nonverbal immediacy is perhaps the most central function of nonverbal behavior

true

T/F : The perception of warmth for trial judges is a particularly important nonverbal behavior

true

T/F : There is no foolproof means of detecting deception through nonverbal behavior

true

T/F : Touch and gaze independently increase compliance, and the combination increases compliance to an even higher degree than either one alone

true

T/F : When there is a disparity of status, the higher-status person has more touch privileges than the lower-status person

true

T/F : While men and women are certainly born different, research suggests that vast majority of differences between the nonverbal behavior of men and women are learned

true

The exchange of nonverbal immediacy is perhaps the most central function of nonverbal behavior.

true

The perception of warmth for trial judges is a particularly important nonverbal behavior.

true

The textbook explains that nonverbal and verbal communication complement one another, in most cases, and are driven by cultural rules and laws of nature.

true

The two primary ways to deceive are to conceal and to falsify.

true

There is considerable cross-cultural similarity in what constitutes an attractive face.

true

Touch and gaze independently increase compliance, and the combination increases compliance to an even higher degree than either one alone.

true

When there is a disparity of status, the higher-status person has more touch privileges than the lower-status person.

true

While gender may be largely a function of biological sex, it is nevertheless regulated by the rules of each culture.

true

when we use persuasion we are

trying to dominate

tie signs

types of touch that tells other people that you are tied to the person (ex. hand holding)

Fast food restaurants speed up customers with...

uncomfortable chairs, fast music, bright lights

indicative

unintentional/spontaneous

Idiosyncratic

unique to the individual

fixed feature space

unlovable structure (ex. bathtub)

reaction to touch

variation in reactions to touch is best explained by the degree of congruence between the intimacy of touch & the intimacy of the relationship

Qualities

vary from speaker to speaker, everyone's voice is unique, we don't change

North Americans are __________ conscious of time.

very

North Americans are conscious of time

very

According to cognitive-valence theory:

very high increases in arousal lead to aversion and compensation

Cognitive-valence theory believes

very high increases in arousal lead to aversion and compensation

Analogic communication is...

virtually all nonverbal communication

The textbook states that analogic communication is

virtually all nonverbal communication

Sarcasm is usually communicated through

vocalics

need for affiliation

want closeness

social anxiety

want more distance between you and them

Stressing words

we can change the meaning of a phrase by stressing the word differently

Attraction

we find people more attractive if they gaze at us

meaning of touch is affected by

what part of the body is touched, what part of the other persons body touches the self, how long the touch lasts, how much pressure is used, whether anyone else is present, if others are present, who are they?, the situation/the context, the relationship between the people involved

Unattended Behavior

when a behavior goes unnoticed by the receiver

Misinterpretation

when a person attaches the WRONG meaning to an unintended behavior

Accidental Communication

when a person attaches the right meaning to another person's unintentional behavior

Attempted Communication

when a person intends to send a message, but NO one receives it

Misscommunication

when a person intends to send a particular message, but the receiver interprets the message incorrectly

simultaneous turns

when both people claim the floor at the same time

simultaneous talk

when both people have an utterance but not to take the floor

cue competition

when our verbal and nonverbal don't match up ex sarcasm

hesitation phenomenon

when talking about something abstract we will hesitate more

Do status cues activate parts of our brains?

when we see people of higher status than us the part of our brain that stops us from doing things (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) starts to fire

Communication apprehension is characterized by

withdrawal, reduced awareness, and tension

Communication apprehension is characterized by:

withdrawal, reduced awareness, and tension

Women vs. Men

women tend to look at their conversational partners somewhat more than men

decoding status from clothing

won't make assumptions of status looking at female clothes. Will make assumption about status looking at mens clothes women aren't trying to communicate anything with their clothes

no adequate feedback

won't remember all of the nonverbal

unconscious incompetence

you are not even aware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner

unconscious competence

you just communicate successfully without straining to be competent.

conscious competence

you know you are communicating well in the moment, which will add to your bank of experiences to draw from in future interactions.

Which greetings are associated with which geographical regions?

• India- namast • Thailand- Wai • Romans- hand on forearm clasp • Middle east- Salaam • Eskimos- bang hand on head or shoulder • Polynesian- rub back • Tibetan tribesman- stick out tongues • Islamic- men can't touch women they don't know • West Af- snap after handshake • French- shake ALL the time • South American- handshake and clasp on back • American politics- handshake w free hand cover grip • Russian- bear hug • Latin Am- abrazo (embrace) • Japanese- bow

How is perfumed related to perceptions (e.g., women who wear lots of perfume are perceived as...)?

• More perfume the interviewer wore, more negative their evaluation • + perception highest in no perfume • Decreased until lowest in high perfume • Highest rate low perfume for physical attraction

How is credibility related to social characteristics?

• Public self-consciousness: ability to become aware of another's perspectives and to act from that perspective • People with strong sense of public self-consciousness will seem more credible regardless of honesty • People with high expressivity (ability to engage) makes them seem more credible because of spontaneity • Socially anxious people and introverts are viewed as less credible

What cues can women use to indicate they are interested in dating a partner (i.e. behaviors that indicate high amount of interest)?

• lots of eye contact • constant smiling • forward leaning • sideways leaning • shoulder orientation towards • arms on her side, akimbo or crossed • direction of leg crossed • type of leg cross- side by side • distance- '18, 4ft, 7ft • touching while not laughing • catching eye while laughing at someone elses nonsexual or sexual humor • attentiveness- stops what shes doing, doesn't look around, doesn't look at other men • avoid public grooming • uses animated speech