CMN Final Review
Janice Radway
(1991) study Found the readers gained pleasure from identifying with independent herons and escaping reality. People will create more media if existing media no longer satisfies . If media outlet applies to mostly middle-aged white men, then they will create a way for it to speak to POC
Cultivation
A cumulative process by which the media foster beliefs about social reality, including the belief that the world is more dangerous and violent than it actually is
Blaming rites
Firings, demotions, and reprimands are common blaming rites.
Hierarchical language
Many organizations and professions have vocabularies that designate status. The military, for example, relies on language that continually acknowledges rank which reflects the close ties among rank, respect, and authority.
McLuhan
the dominant media in any era shapes individual and collective life
Social Community
A group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture. Gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation often define (term) and may affect how members of the communities act, including how they communicate.
Mass cmn
serves individual interests and desires, influences human knowledge and perspectives, advances dominant ideologies
Collegial stories
valuable information about the players in my new context. (term) told by co-workers forewarn us about what to expect from whom. Whether positive or negative, (term) assert identities for others in an organization. They are part of the informal net-work that teaches new members of an organization what to expect from other members of the organization.
Kinds of stories that are important in organizational contexts
Corporate stories, personal, and collegial
5 stages in developing media literacy
Starts 6 months old, 3 years, 4 years, 7-8 years, and throughout life
Culture
The beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of people.
Personal stories
announce how people see themselves and how they want to be seen by others.
enhancement rites
which praise individuals and teams that embody the organization's goals and self-image.
Personal Construct
A bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people and situations along bipolar dimensions of judgment, such as "honest—dishonest." Ex. are intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kind, and trustworthy-not trustworthy.
Prototype
A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category. (term) are useful to us because they allow us to group people, events, and situations into broad categories.
Positive visualization
A technique used to enhance success in a variety of situations by teaching people to visualize themselves being effective and successful.
expectancy violation theory
A theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors.
Attributions
An explanation of why things happen or why people act as they do; not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives. We (term) our own and others' behaviors to causes.
Three aspects of a violation of expectations influence how we will interpret it.
First, our interpretations are affected by whether the violation is positive (someone gives you a gift that you had not anticipated) or negative (your supervisor criticizes you). Second, our interpretations are influenced by the extent to which the behavior deviates from the expected behavior. If your supervisor has never criticized you before, harshly criticizing you now would be a significant deviation from expectations. Third, our interpretations are affected by the impact of the violation on a relationship.
Structure
In organizations, (term) provides predictability about roles, procedures, and expectations.
Cognitive Schemata
Mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience.
Selection
Our needs, interests, and motives influence what we choose to notice.
Harrison Trice and Janice Beyer (1984) identified six kinds of organizational rites.
Rites of passage, rites of integration, blaming rites, enhancement rites
Person-Centeredness
The ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations.
Mind Reading
The assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something. We act as if we know what's on someone else's mind, and this can get us into trouble.
Cognitive complexity
The number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.
Mass media
a form of communication that addresses large audiences Ex. books, films, television, radio, newspapers, advertising, magazines. Not including direct text msgs since it does not reach a large audience
Stereotype
a predictive generalization about a person or situation.
Constructivism
a theory that states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata, or just schemata.
Rites of integration
affirm and enhance the sense of community in an organization
Literate epoch
alphabet, sight
Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts
are cognitive schemata that organize our thinking about people and situations. We use them to make sense of experience and to predict how we and others will act.
Rites
are dramatic, planned sets of activities that bring together aspects of cultural ideology in a single event.
Research shows that cognitively complex people
are flexible in interpreting complicated phenomena and are able to integrate new information into their thinking about people and situations.
Communication Networks
are formal and informal links between members of organizations. In most organizations, people belong to multiple networks.
Policies
are formal statements of practices that reflect and uphold the overall culture of an organization. Organizational (term) also reflect the larger society within which organizations are embedded.
Ritual
are forms of communication that occur regularly and that members of an organization perceive as familiar and routine parts of organizational life.(term) are repeated communication performances that express a particular value or role definition.
Informal networks
are neither formally defined nor based on fixed organizational roles. Friendships, alliances, carpools, and nearby offices can be (term) through which a great deal of information flows.
Rules
are patterned ways of interact-structure. Organize relationships and interaction among members of an organization.
Roles
are responsibilities and behaviors expected of people because of their specific positions in an organization
Personal rituals
are routine behaviors that individuals use to express their organizational identities.
Social rituals
are standardized performances that affirm relationships between members of organizations.
Rites of passage
are used to mark moving into different levels or parts of organizations.
Mean world syndrome
belief that the world is dangerous and full of mean people
Communication
between members of organizations creates, sustains, and sometimes alters the culture.
Print epoch
book, sight
Gatekeeping
can shape our perspectives of the event or people based on how its framed
Gatekeeping and framing are driven by
conservative capitalist views
Organizational Culture
consists of values, behaviors, practices, and forms of communication that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization's identity.
Corporate stories
convey the values, style, and history of an organization. Organizations have favorite stories that reflect their collective visions of themselves. One important function of corporate stories is to socialize new members into the culture of an organization. When told and retold among members of an organization, stories vitalize organizational values and foster feelings of connection. They cement the bonds between them and their involvement with the organization and bring newer members of the organization into the cultural history.
Absorb media by
cultivating the ability to analyze, understand, and respond thoughtfully to media
The self-serving bias can
distort our perceptions, leading us to take excessive credit for what we do well and to deny responsibility for our failings.
The mass media gatekeepers
editors of newspapers, books, and magazines screen the info, which is then filtered by readers, owners, executives, and producers
Dominance of digital media affects
human thought, way of relating, and sense of community
People who are less cognitively complex tend to
ignore information that doesn't fit their impressions or to throw out old ideas and replace them with new impressions.
Based on the category (established by prototypes)
in which we place something and how it measures up against personal constructs we apply, we predict what it will do. Ex: if you place someone in the category of "liberal people," you might stereotype the person as likely to vote Democratic, to support social services, and to oppose the death penalty.
Immersive advertising
incorporating a product or brand into actual storylines in books, tv, and movies. Ex. the show gossip girl promoting the lifestyle of buying prada
At the same time, organizational culture
influences patterns of communication between members.
judgment
is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts.
Inference
is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact.
Scripts
is a sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situation. They guide many of our daily activities. They organize perceptions into lines of action.
Empathy
is the ability to feel with another person—to feel what he or she feels in a situation.
Perception
is the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.
Dimension of control
is the ascribing of responsibility for actions either to people themselves or to factors beyond their personal control.
Monitoring
is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them
Interpretation
is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.
Communication Networks
link members of an organization together. These networks play key roles in expressing and reinforcing an organization's culture.
The growth in telecommuting
means that employees may interact with proximate co-workers more by CMC than face-to-face com-munication.
Agenda setting
media selection of issues, events, and people to highlight for attention. Ex. news reporting on Michelle Obama's fashion rather than her speech, this makes viewers think women's fashion is more important
Mass media depends
on ads which is why they mainly represent ideologies of privileged groups, to appeal to them
Structures
organize relationships and interaction between members of an organization.
The language and nonverbal behaviors that other people use affect
our perceptions of their intelligence, honesty, attractiveness, and so forth.
Product placement
paid for by advertisers and program sponsors, the practice of featuring products in media so that the products are associated with characters or storylines
horizontal communication
peer to peer; coordinating between departments
Gatekeeper
person or group that controls which information will be shown to the public and how it will be presented
We rely on four schemata to make sense of phenomena
prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
Formal networks
provide the order necessary for organizations to operate.
Mass media depends on
revenues generated by ads
Marshall McLuhan-cmn
scholar "the medium is the message" Studied how mass media evolves over time and changes aspects of human life Believed the dominant media form at the time shapes lives both individualistic and collectivistic
Perception consists of these interrelated processes:
selection, organization, and interpretation.
constitutive rules
specify what various kinds of communication symbolize.
Regulative rules
specify when, where, and with whom communication should occur.
What we gain from media
stories that shape the information coherently that predisposes us to particular conclusions and perspectives on the event of the story
Upward communication
subordinates to superiors; providing feedback, reporting results
downward communication
superiors to subordinates; giving orders, establishing policies
We tend to avoid
taking responsibility for negative actions and failures and instead attribute them to external and unstable events that are beyond personal control.
Tribal epoch
talking, hearing
Electronic epoch
telegraph, hearing
internal-external locus
the attribution of a person's behavior to internal factors ("He's short tempered") or external factors.
specificity
the explanation of actions as the result of global factors or specific factors.
stability
the explanation of actions as the result of stable, enduring factors that won't change over time.
Attributions have four dimensions:
the internal-external locus, stability, specificity, and dimension of control
Global village
the modern-day, worldwide community made possible by electronic communication that instantaneously links people all over the world
Guidelines for engaging mass media
to develop media literacy, to respond actively
We assess people according
to the constructs we use, not according to all the constructs that could be used.
Types of communication that are particularly important in developing and conveying organizational culture
vocabularies, stories, rites and rituals, and structures.
We organize perceptions even as
we select what to perceive, and we interpret in an ongoing manner. Our interpretation of a person or situation directs us to selectively notice certain, and not other, aspects of the person or setting.
Although we need stereotypes in order to predict what will happen,
we should remember that they are selective, subjective, and not necessarily accurate.
