CMN Final Review

Janice Radway

(1991) study Found the readers gained pleasure from identifying with independent herons and escaping reality. People will create more media if existing media no longer satisfies . If media outlet applies to mostly middle-aged white men, then they will create a way for it to speak to POC

Cultivation

A cumulative process by which the media foster beliefs about social reality, including the belief that the world is more dangerous and violent than it actually is

Blaming rites

Firings, demotions, and reprimands are common blaming rites.

Hierarchical language

Many organizations and professions have vocabularies that designate status. The military, for example, relies on language that continually acknowledges rank which reflects the close ties among rank, respect, and authority.

McLuhan

the dominant media in any era shapes individual and collective life

Social Community

A group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture. Gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation often define (term) and may affect how members of the communities act, including how they communicate.

Mass cmn

serves individual interests and desires, influences human knowledge and perspectives, advances dominant ideologies

Collegial stories

valuable information about the players in my new context. (term) told by co-workers forewarn us about what to expect from whom. Whether positive or negative, (term) assert identities for others in an organization. They are part of the informal net-work that teaches new members of an organization what to expect from other members of the organization.

Kinds of stories that are important in organizational contexts

Corporate stories, personal, and collegial

5 stages in developing media literacy

Starts 6 months old, 3 years, 4 years, 7-8 years, and throughout life

Culture

The beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of people.

Personal stories

announce how people see themselves and how they want to be seen by others.

enhancement rites

which praise individuals and teams that embody the organization's goals and self-image.

Personal Construct

A bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people and situations along bipolar dimensions of judgment, such as "honest—dishonest." Ex. are intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kind, and trustworthy-not trustworthy.

Prototype

A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category. (term) are useful to us because they allow us to group people, events, and situations into broad categories.

Positive visualization

A technique used to enhance success in a variety of situations by teaching people to visualize themselves being effective and successful.

expectancy violation theory

A theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors.

Attributions

An explanation of why things happen or why people act as they do; not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives. We (term) our own and others' behaviors to causes.

Three aspects of a violation of expectations influence how we will interpret it.

First, our interpretations are affected by whether the violation is positive (someone gives you a gift that you had not anticipated) or negative (your supervisor criticizes you). Second, our interpretations are influenced by the extent to which the behavior deviates from the expected behavior. If your supervisor has never criticized you before, harshly criticizing you now would be a significant deviation from expectations. Third, our interpretations are affected by the impact of the violation on a relationship.

Structure

In organizations, (term) provides predictability about roles, procedures, and expectations.

Cognitive Schemata

Mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience.

Selection

Our needs, interests, and motives influence what we choose to notice.

Harrison Trice and Janice Beyer (1984) identified six kinds of organizational rites.

Rites of passage, rites of integration, blaming rites, enhancement rites

Person-Centeredness

The ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations.

Mind Reading

The assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something. We act as if we know what's on someone else's mind, and this can get us into trouble.

Cognitive complexity

The number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.

Mass media

a form of communication that addresses large audiences Ex. books, films, television, radio, newspapers, advertising, magazines. Not including direct text msgs since it does not reach a large audience

Stereotype

a predictive generalization about a person or situation.

Constructivism

a theory that states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata, or just schemata.

Rites of integration

affirm and enhance the sense of community in an organization

Literate epoch

alphabet, sight

Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts

are cognitive schemata that organize our thinking about people and situations. We use them to make sense of experience and to predict how we and others will act.

Rites

are dramatic, planned sets of activities that bring together aspects of cultural ideology in a single event.

Research shows that cognitively complex people

are flexible in interpreting complicated phenomena and are able to integrate new information into their thinking about people and situations.

Communication Networks

are formal and informal links between members of organizations. In most organizations, people belong to multiple networks.

Policies

are formal statements of practices that reflect and uphold the overall culture of an organization. Organizational (term) also reflect the larger society within which organizations are embedded.

Ritual

are forms of communication that occur regularly and that members of an organization perceive as familiar and routine parts of organizational life.(term) are repeated communication performances that express a particular value or role definition.

Informal networks

are neither formally defined nor based on fixed organizational roles. Friendships, alliances, carpools, and nearby offices can be (term) through which a great deal of information flows.

Rules

are patterned ways of interact-structure. Organize relationships and interaction among members of an organization.

Roles

are responsibilities and behaviors expected of people because of their specific positions in an organization

Personal rituals

are routine behaviors that individuals use to express their organizational identities.

Social rituals

are standardized performances that affirm relationships between members of organizations.

Rites of passage

are used to mark moving into different levels or parts of organizations.

Mean world syndrome

belief that the world is dangerous and full of mean people

Communication

between members of organizations creates, sustains, and sometimes alters the culture.

Print epoch

book, sight

Gatekeeping

can shape our perspectives of the event or people based on how its framed

Gatekeeping and framing are driven by

conservative capitalist views

Organizational Culture

consists of values, behaviors, practices, and forms of communication that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization's identity.

Corporate stories

convey the values, style, and history of an organization. Organizations have favorite stories that reflect their collective visions of themselves. One important function of corporate stories is to socialize new members into the culture of an organization. When told and retold among members of an organization, stories vitalize organizational values and foster feelings of connection. They cement the bonds between them and their involvement with the organization and bring newer members of the organization into the cultural history.

Absorb media by

cultivating the ability to analyze, understand, and respond thoughtfully to media

The self-serving bias can

distort our perceptions, leading us to take excessive credit for what we do well and to deny responsibility for our failings.

The mass media gatekeepers

editors of newspapers, books, and magazines screen the info, which is then filtered by readers, owners, executives, and producers

Dominance of digital media affects

human thought, way of relating, and sense of community

People who are less cognitively complex tend to

ignore information that doesn't fit their impressions or to throw out old ideas and replace them with new impressions.

Based on the category (established by prototypes)

in which we place something and how it measures up against personal constructs we apply, we predict what it will do. Ex: if you place someone in the category of "liberal people," you might stereotype the person as likely to vote Democratic, to support social services, and to oppose the death penalty.

Immersive advertising

incorporating a product or brand into actual storylines in books, tv, and movies. Ex. the show gossip girl promoting the lifestyle of buying prada

At the same time, organizational culture

influences patterns of communication between members.

judgment

is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts.

Inference

is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact.

Scripts

is a sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situation. They guide many of our daily activities. They organize perceptions into lines of action.

Empathy

is the ability to feel with another person—to feel what he or she feels in a situation.

Perception

is the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.

Dimension of control

is the ascribing of responsibility for actions either to people themselves or to factors beyond their personal control.

Monitoring

is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them

Interpretation

is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.

Communication Networks

link members of an organization together. These networks play key roles in expressing and reinforcing an organization's culture.

The growth in telecommuting

means that employees may interact with proximate co-workers more by CMC than face-to-face com-munication.

Agenda setting

media selection of issues, events, and people to highlight for attention. Ex. news reporting on Michelle Obama's fashion rather than her speech, this makes viewers think women's fashion is more important

Mass media depends

on ads which is why they mainly represent ideologies of privileged groups, to appeal to them

Structures

organize relationships and interaction between members of an organization.

The language and nonverbal behaviors that other people use affect

our perceptions of their intelligence, honesty, attractiveness, and so forth.

Product placement

paid for by advertisers and program sponsors, the practice of featuring products in media so that the products are associated with characters or storylines

horizontal communication

peer to peer; coordinating between departments

Gatekeeper

person or group that controls which information will be shown to the public and how it will be presented

We rely on four schemata to make sense of phenomena

prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.

Formal networks

provide the order necessary for organizations to operate.

Mass media depends on

revenues generated by ads

Marshall McLuhan-cmn

scholar "the medium is the message" Studied how mass media evolves over time and changes aspects of human life Believed the dominant media form at the time shapes lives both individualistic and collectivistic

Perception consists of these interrelated processes:

selection, organization, and interpretation.

constitutive rules

specify what various kinds of communication symbolize.

Regulative rules

specify when, where, and with whom communication should occur.

What we gain from media

stories that shape the information coherently that predisposes us to particular conclusions and perspectives on the event of the story

Upward communication

subordinates to superiors; providing feedback, reporting results

downward communication

superiors to subordinates; giving orders, establishing policies

We tend to avoid

taking responsibility for negative actions and failures and instead attribute them to external and unstable events that are beyond personal control.

Tribal epoch

talking, hearing

Electronic epoch

telegraph, hearing

internal-external locus

the attribution of a person's behavior to internal factors ("He's short tempered") or external factors.

specificity

the explanation of actions as the result of global factors or specific factors.

stability

the explanation of actions as the result of stable, enduring factors that won't change over time.

Attributions have four dimensions:

the internal-external locus, stability, specificity, and dimension of control

Global village

the modern-day, worldwide community made possible by electronic communication that instantaneously links people all over the world

Guidelines for engaging mass media

to develop media literacy, to respond actively

We assess people according

to the constructs we use, not according to all the constructs that could be used.

Types of communication that are particularly important in developing and conveying organizational culture

vocabularies, stories, rites and rituals, and structures.

We organize perceptions even as

we select what to perceive, and we interpret in an ongoing manner. Our interpretation of a person or situation directs us to selectively notice certain, and not other, aspects of the person or setting.

Although we need stereotypes in order to predict what will happen,

we should remember that they are selective, subjective, and not necessarily accurate.