Coady- APES Pollution - AP Book

In order for a substance to be harmful, what are the six things that must be considered?

1. Dosage amount over a period of time. 2. Number of times of exposure. 3. Size and /or age of organisms that is exposed. 4. Ability of body to detoxify that substance. 5. Organisms sensitivity (genetic or previous exposure) 6. Synergistic effect

Dead Zone

1. Fertilizers 2. Alge Blume 3. Oxygen removed

Getting people to stop urban sprawl and save the Puget Sound what concerns were raised?

1. Increased traffic 2. Increase land tax to pay for new roads, schools, etc. 3. Changing schools

Normal urban sprawl

1. Infrastructure (roads, beltways, sewer, etc. 2. Cheap farm land re zoned 3. Sell subdivision at large profit

Acid Precipitation is responsible for what effects:

1. Leaching of some minerals from soil (which alters soil chemistry) 2. Creating a buildup of sulfur and nitrogen ions in soil. 3. Increasing the aluminum concentrations in soil to levels that are toxic fro plants. 4. Leaching calcium ions from the needle of conifers. 5. Elevating the aluminum concentration in lakes to levels that are toxic to fish. 6. Lowering the pH of streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes, which may lead to fish kills. 7. Causing human respiratory irritation 8. Damaging all types of rocks, including status, monuments, and buildings.

What are the results of Climate Change?

1. Lessening of glaciers and ice sheets 2. Rise of ocean levels 3. change in precipitation patters 4. increase in frequency and duration of storms 5. increase in the number of hot days (and decrease in cold days)

What two sets of data show climate change?

1. Observation have shown that there has been a slow but steady rise in the earth's average temperature. 2. Documented decrease in the size of glaciers and ice sheets, with a slight rise in the average ocean level, and more severe rains storms and tornados.

Examples of: 1. Stationary Sources 2. Moving Sources 3. Point Source Pollution 4. Non-point Source Pollution

1. Power plant 2. Cars 3. Specific factory 4. Few square miles of cows releasing methane gas

What lead to the creation of the EPA?

1. Series of pollution events that people could SEE and SMELL (Cuyahoga River burning in Cleveland, Santa Barbara Oil Spill 1969 closed all the beaches inSouthern California, Lake Erie declared dead) 2. Lead to Earth Day 1970 (20 million people - 10% of the Us population at the time took to the streets) 3. President Nixon created the EPA (December 2, 1970) 4. Congress passed pollution laws which Nixon veto but was over turned by a bipartisan congress.

What are the top three indoor pollutants in developed nations?

1. Tobacco - secondhand smoke, over 4000 different chemicals, EPA classified as Group A - Carcinogen 2. Radon - a gas that's emitted by uranium as it undergoes radioactive decay and seeps up through rocks and soil and enters the building. 3. Living Organism (tiny insects, fungi, and bacteria) - some bacteria cause diseases - Legionnaire's disease

List reasons why the Chesapeake Bay is particularly sensitive to pollution.

1. Water drains from six states (largest estuary from NY to West Virginia, to almost NC) 2. Only average depth of 21 feet.

What can you do to reduce indoor air pollution?

1. stop smoking 2. limit exposure to pesticides or cleaning fluids 3. make sure that the building is well ventilated.

How many deaths is indoor air pollution world wide responsible for?

1.6 million/year According to the EPA indoor air pollution is one of the five major environmental risks to human health.

Where does the pollutant SO2 come from?

1.Typically released into the air through the combustion of coal. 2. metal smelting 3. paper pulping 4. and burning of fossil fuels

No-Pollution Vehicle Law What?, Where? List of cars?

10% of cars sold in the state would be pollution free. California only - Law later rescinded due to production limitations. Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Bolt, Tesla Model 3

What is the chemical equation that causes Photochemical smog?

2NO + O2 -> 2NO2 NO2 + UV light -> NO + O followed by O + O2 -> O3 (Ozone) Hydrocarbons + O3+ NO2 -> PAN (peroxyacyl nitrates)

Rain has a pH of? Acid rain has a pH of?

5.6 (not 7.0 because of carbonic acid in rainwater) 2.3 Also, remember pH scale is logarithmic meaning that each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value.

What percent of Ultraviolet radiation does the stratosphere ozone block?

95%

PCB

A polychlorinated biphenyl - cancer causing pollution

Produced from the combination of sulfur oxides (such as SO2 and SO3) and water vapor.

Acid rain (H2SO4)

What pollutant significantly causes sink holes in Florida?

Acid rain due to acid dissolving the limestone rock that much of Florida is made of.

Why are particles a pollutant? Examples of particles?

Act as irritants soot (black carbon) and sulfate aerosols

An effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin Example:

Acute effect Example: a snakebite

Canary in the coal mine means what?

An early warning of danger. Chesapeake Bay Coal miners would carry small animals with them to mines to detect deadly but order less and tasteless methane gas

EPA standards for cars? How is this standard generally met?

Any car after 1999 must have 75% fewer pollutants. Catalytic Converter

Why does indoor air pollution have such a great impact on health in developed nations?

Because humans spend a significant amount of time indoors.

Why do genetic mutations in the fish disturb scientists so much?

Because the water the fish in is the same water that people drink.

BNR

Biological Nutritiant Removal Bacteria eat the wastewater before release.

Impervious Surfaces

Block water from being absorbed into the ground and filtered.

In developing nations one of the worst indoor air pollution is? What is another?

Burning fuel (dung, wood, crop waste) CO from gas leaking or poor gas combustion devices.

Why do business favor voluntary compliance?

Business can choose if they want to do it or not. What would you chose if homework was voluntary compliance? How would it affect your grades?

Pollutant caused by incompletely burning of organic material, such as fossil fuels.

Carbon monoxide (CO) - colorless and odorless

This platinum-coated device oxides most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust of a car and converting them to CO2.

Catalytic Converter

Causes and effects of PCB in the Puget Sound How is it significant to killer whale populations?

Cause: Up stream old industrial site (Superfund) build up in the sediment. Effect: killing the killer whales and in the water people drink. Killer whales are the apex predator so bioaccumulate.

CFCs What were they used in?

Chlorofluorocarbons propellants, fire extinguishers, and cans of hairspray

An effect caused by a long-term exposure to low levels of toxin. Example:

Chronic effect Example: lead paint

CAFE What is it?

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Department of Transportation (DOTS) set motor vehicles CAFE intended to reduce both fuel consumption and emissions.

The EPA refers to the six most harmful to human health and welfare Pollutants as? What are the six?

Criteria Pollutants 1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2. Lead (Pb) 3. Ozone (O3) 4. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 5. Particulates

Dead zones double in number and size world wide every?

Decade

When was the EPA formed?

December 2, 1970

What organization makes use of risk assessment and management?

Department of Public Health and Public Services

How are substance tested for toxicity?

Dose-Response Analysis Organisms are exposed to a toxin at different concentrations and the dose that causes death of the organism is recorded.

What is the graphed and resulting curve of the deaths of organisms from dose-response analysis called?

Dose-response Curve

Dry acid particle deposition vs wet deposition

Dry acid particle deposition accuses two to three days after emission into the atmosphere. Wet deposition is usually delayed for four to fourteen days after emission.

What do we call at which 50% of the test organisms show a negative effect from the toxin?

ED 50

A chemicals that, at certain doses, can interfere with hormone systems.

Endocrine disrupters

What is the number one polluter on the US waterway?

Farming (industrial)

What jobs are lost when waterways are polluted?

Fishing/crabbing workers Seafood processing plants workers

How does the pollutant NO2 and the other nitrogen oxides come about?

Formed when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen react as a result of exposure to high temperatures 1. this type of reaction occurs in combustion engine. 2. Other sources of nitrogen oxides are utilities and industrial combustion. 3. Nitrogen dioxide is also commonly found as a secondary pollutant and is component of smog and acid rain.

How do the products that people use today end up polluting the nation's and world's waterways?

Gets washed down the drain or sewer drain.

What was done to "clean up" the Chesapeake Bay

Go after the Waste Water Treatment Plant that was causing alge blums. Phosphorus and nitrogen removed from human waste.

Clean Water Act allows citizens to sue alleged offenders if government agencies do not act. Why is that provision of the law important?

Helps in force the law.

Smart growth

High density living with mixed use development focused around mass transit and building up.

How do CFCs destroy the ozone in the stratosphere? Chemical equation too.

In the upper stratosphere, intense UV radiation breaks the CFC molecules apart and releases chlorine atoms that form chlorine monoxide (ClO) while converting the O3 (ozone) to O2 (oxygen). Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2 Then in the spring the ice crystals of chlorine monoxide (ClO) release chlorine causing more loss. ClO + O -> Cl + O2 Remember chlorine acts as a catalyst: it is not changed by its reaction with ozone and it can help break down another O3 (ozone) molecule immediately.

How is natural ozone made? Chemical equation too.

Interaction of sunlight and atmospheric oxygen O2 + UV (sunlight) -> O + O and than O + O2 -> O3

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Gathered hundreds of scientists from around the world to study climate change problems.

Why is carbon monoxide (CO) a "bad" Pollutant?

It binds irreversibly to hemoglobin in blood, as hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than it does for oxygen.

How does Ozone in the troposphere come about?

It is a secondary pollutant, formed in the atmosphere as a result of the interaction of nitrogen oxides, heat, sunlight, and volatile compounds (VOC). Smog

Clean Water Act required waterways to be fishable and swimable by when?

July 1, 1983

What are the effects of a decrease in ozone level (stratosphere)?

Killing phytoplankton and other primary producers Eye cataracts, skin cancers, and weakening of immune systems.

What is the dosage of toxin it takes to kill 50% of the test animals called? How is it determined?

LD 50 Which is determined from the dose respons curve

A pollutant primary caused by burning leaded gasoline and/or industrial smelting?

Lead - a particulate

chemicals, often used or produced by industry, which remain in the environment long after they were first introduced. Oftentimes, they weren't recognized as harmful when they were being used. Industry practices that were fine years ago that are not fine now.

Legacy Pollution

Why is it highly unlikely that Congress will enact legislation that will provide real incentives for the purchase of hybrid vehicles or other alternatives that would reduce air pollution?

Loving groups representing the oil and vehicles manufactures consistently lobby against those incentives, since it's bad for business. (This is exactly what the AP book said so why does the American people put up with this?)

A high LD 50 indicates that a substance has a high or low toxicity?

Low - because only in a high dose is it toxic.

What is Anthropogenic greenhouse gas? List the top three?

Man made greenhouse gas Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide

What protocol called fro worldwide end of CFC production?

Montreal Protocol - 1987 146 nations Release of CFC has been reduced by 95%

Urban Sprawl impact on water quality?

More impervious surfaces so water just picks up contamination and flows to the water ways. Key is land use

What does NOx and SOx mean?

NOx = Nitrogen compounds such as Nitrogen Oxide, Nitrogen dioxide, etc. mixed together. SOx = Sulfur compounds such as Sulfur Oxide, Sulfur Dioxide, etc. mixed together

What causes photochemical smog? What are the effects on people? Another name for photochemical smog?

NOx compounds, VOVs, and ozone all combine. With intensity of sunlight. ------Formed on hot, sunny days in urban areas from cars. Brown smog

Why is lead a "bad" pollutant?

Particulate incorporated into the food chain and is part of biomagnification. Can cause numerous nervous system disorders, including mental retardation in children.

ppm ppb

Parts per million (atmosphere measured) Parts per billion (atmosphere measured)

What do we call any substance that has an LD 50 of 50mg or less per kg of body weight.

Poison

How have both pollution changes since 1970? How have peoples reaction to Earth Day changed since 1970?

Pollution has become more diverse and complex. It's hard to go after polluter since we all are polluters. People have become less interested. Public engagement is key to success.

Pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere (remember the troposphere?) and are toxic. Example:

Primary Pollutants Example: carbon monoxide (CO)

What is acid rain?

Primary SO2 and Nitrogen oxides (emitted from industrial plants) combine with water to form acids (nitric acid and sulfuric acid) through precipitation.

What is voluntary Compliance?

Proponents of voluntary compliance argue that it is in a company's own interest to behave socially responsibly and that in pursuit of good public image, the company will withdraw from doing actions which could damage its perception by the public. Thus there is no need for state regulations.

Who has President elect Trump appointed as head of the EPA?

Q: Would you cut departments? TRUMP: Environmental Protection, what they do is a disgrace.ÿEvery week they come out with new regulations. Q: Who's going to protect the environment? TRUMP: We'll be fine with the environment. We can leave a little bit, but you can't destroy businesses. During the Republican primary debates, President-elect Trump threatened to gut the Environmental Protection Agency, saying: "We are going to get rid of it in almost every form. We're going to have little tidbits left but we're going to take a tremendous amount out." Myron Ebell Ebell is known for arguing that climate change isn't a serious problem and that the U.S. should not take action to reduce carbon emissions. We can expect that under President Trump EPA will focus on rolling back Obama administration climate-change policies, such as the Clean Power Plan to reduce carbon emissions from power plants.

How did deregulation during the Reagen years affect the power of the EPA? And how has water quality been affected?

Reagen appointed people to head the EPA that were set out opposed to the EPA's mission and they gutted and hand cuffed the EPA. The EPA switched to a voluntary compliance mandate. Water Quality - since it's voluntary runoff is not treated mostly by agriculture (chicken waste)

The degree of likelihood that a person will become ill after exposure to a toxin or pathogen is called?

Risk

Calculating risk is called?

Risk assessment

Using strategies to reduce the amount of risk is called?

Risk management

Hybrid vehicles Examples:

Run on a mixture of gas and electric power Toyota Prius

Pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Example:

Secondary Pollutants Example: Acid rain

When the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in the building, and for which no other cause can be identified is called?

Sick building syndrome (SBS)

How is smart growth being handled in Arlington, VA?

Small city's build around metro stations with parks and other green spaces. Pedestrian friendly.

When is ozone loss the greatest? Where is ozone loss the greatest?

Spring (January and February - Antarctica's Summer) Antarctic Continent

Atmospheric Mixing

Stable pollutants which survive through the rise in the atmosphere.

# 1 menace to waterways is?

Storm water runoff

Ozone is located in two different parts of the atmosphere. Name the two parts, which one is good/bad which is man made and/or natural.

Stratosphere Ozone - Absorbes UV light from the sun. Good and natural Troposphere Ozone - powerful respiratory irritant and precursor to secondary pollutant. Bad man made. Smog

What lead to a significant reduction of acid rain?

The 1990 amendment to the Clean Air Act

Deregulation

The reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry. Relief for business from government regulations (laws)

The dosage at which a negative effect occurs is referred to as?

Threshold dose

The degree to which a toxin is biologically harmful is called?

Toxicity

Any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at sufficient dosage that it damages a living organism is called?

Toxin

VOCs Where are they found?

Volatile Organic Compounds Carpet, furniture, plastics, oils, paints, adhesives, pesticides, and cleaning fluids, even dishwashers with chlorine detergent.

VOC Related as a result of?

Volatile Organic Compounds Dry cleaning, use of industrial solvents, and propane use

What causes industrial smog? What are the effects on people? Another name for industrial smog?

When CO and CO2 are released in the process of confusion, they combine with particulate matter in the atmosphere. Aided by weather conditions (air inversions) which trap the pollutants. Sulfur Dioxide combined with water vapor forming acid rain may be another component in smog. ------Burning of large amounts of low-quality coal to heat homes. pneumonia, tuberculosis, heart failure, and bronchitis Gray smog

WHO

World Health Organization (not Dr. Who)

When the majority of the building's occupants experience "sick" symptoms attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building. Example:

building-related illness Example: Legionnaires' disease - bacteria