Cog chapter 5
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
Delay
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.
Control
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye."
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15-20 seconds
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
A smaller response set
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
Activity
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficultly can be understood as
Articulatory suppression
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
Central executive
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
Complexity
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
Perseveration
One function of _______ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
The central executive
Th episode buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
Time
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
articulatory suppression
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
decay; interference
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short term memory
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
Persistence of vision
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.
Phonological
Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the
Prefrontal cortex
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
Rehearsal in short-term memory
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________memory.
Semantic
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
Sensory
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________memory.
Short-term
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
Short-term memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
Short-term memory
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
Workers and manager
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
Working memory
