COG: Memory

Patient EP

can't amake new long term memories. Cant take short term mem take it to long term memory.

Problems for the Modal Model

• STM is more than 1 thing - Independent verbal and spatial temporary memory - "The" articulatory suppression • Interference with verbal material not visual • More than a passive store - Previous account puts an emphasis on a passive, temporary register - Consider what happens when you are doing mental arithmetic: What is 6 x 18 solution: Incorporate STM into a larger, more complex system. Working men model Paitient Patient with very poor short term memory, normal long term memory • If information passes through short term store to reach long term memory how would that be possib

STM vs LTM

Capacity limits: STM has very little capacity. Temporal decay: STM decays after a few seconds.

Short term then long term?

Classic view • Memory moves from short term memory to long term memory - Consolidation Instead, best evidence • Both happen simultaneously Hebb (1961) • Remember strings of nine digits - Considered a standard short term memory task • Features each of the digits 1-9 once Find Learning • Repeating series of digits recalled more accurately over time than random digit orders • Still see this if people do not notice the repetition Hebb: repeated encounters produces some type of direct storage in long-term memo KF intact long term. impaired stm

Implications of working memory for teaching

Cognitive Load Theory - Chandler & Sweller (1990) • Working memory research shows you have limited cognitive resources • Different situations impose different levels of demand on those resour

memory consolidation

Consolidation: fragile new memories become stabilized Amnesia: • Failure of consolidation - Implicates a role of the hippocampus in consolidation Sleep & consolidation Gais et al. (2007) • Learn 24 pairs of English-German vocabulary • One group sleeps right away • One group stayed awake for 10 hours • Tested 24-36 hours later (so both group had slept) Don't stay up - All nighter is harming your memory

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? Group of answer choices a. "It's right on the tip of my tongue." b. "I can remember like it was yesterday." c. "Let's walk down memory lane." d. "I can see it in my mind's eye."

d.

Two source of load

• Intrinsic cognitive load - Inherent in the material to-be-learned • Extraneous cognitive load - Results from the presentation or activities during learning Reducing cognitive load Worked examples (rather than problem solving) - Integration of text and pictures

STM Digit Span

how many numbers can you remember. 7 + or - two. Not good measure of STM. Items what does that even mean? We chunk items. OSPAN (operation span): operation associated with word. How many words can you recall.

H.M> Henry nmolaison

isn't real case, epilepsy confined to certain part of brain, but was hypothalamus, removes, memory deficit like EP. Milner: mirror tracing, did manage to learn something. Can for some form of long term memo.

Baddeley's Working Memory Model

phonological loop: phonological store: limited capacity hold info for few second. articulartory rehearsal process: rehearsal toe prevent info from decaying. central executive: major work of working memory occurs. Focuses on specific parts of a task deciding how to divide attention between tasks. visuospatial sketch pad: holds visual and spatial information.

Sensory memory:

segner: ember on a wheel, circle. About 1/10th second info remains .Visual: iconic, auditory: echoic. Sperling: partial report procedure. Grid of letters flash, recognize 4-5 letters. Present with cue can recognize more letters. Can dip into sensory memory. We don't know what sensor memory does, but still important to study.

Modal Model of memory

Ev for rehearsal: Brown (1958) and at the same time Peterson & Peterson (1959) • 3 digit number to remember • Now count backwards in 3 from that number Result: by 18 seconds digits forgotten. counting interferes with rehearsal. can also interfere using articulatory suppression (the the the) Practical app: Calling Information - Calling information & "Thank you" - Suffix effect: Schilling & Weaver (1983) • "Have a nice day" leads to forgetting phone number least few items.

Neuroscience: Parallel Memory Systems

Kitamura et al. (2017) • Conditioning of electric shocks in mice • Use optic fibers to stimulate neurons • Provides evidence of parallel development of short term and long term memory - Long term circuits are active at the same time as the short term ones - Just stay "quiet" initially

working memory

Limited in capacity • Requires active processing • Comprises distinct components • Used to store things temporarily • Used to manipulate information • Relates to long-term memory, perhaps just an active subcomponent

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. decay; interference b. decay; lack of rehearsal c. interference; decay d. priming; interference

a. Decay: loss of info from memory due to passage of time

Perhaps 7±2 not so magical after all...

More recent = 4±1 - Cowan (2001) • Seen for Running memory span • Don't know when the test will occur • Also looks to be the case for memory for items other than words and digits (like idioms and short sentences)

Tulving memory:

No profound generalizations about all of memory • Evolution leads to quirks • Other functions are separated (vision: blindsight) • Replace idea of memory with more adequate alternatives • Variety of workings of learning and memory seem unlikely to come from single set of structures Types of memory: Procedural • Actions: motor and cognitive actions = no consciousness associated ("anoetic") Semantic • Facts: concepts, meanings, understandings = conscious Episodic • Autobiographical: times, places, emotions, and the contextual stuff of them = self knowing

Working Memory Model

One notion is that there may be different codes at work Confusion in memory • P V G C B D versus R K Y L F Z • More confusion in the former because they sound alike - So "sound" matters Better short-term memory Implication: • Remember more of letters & numbers intermixed, than of either separately - Less confusion between the sounds

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a.prefrontal cortex. b.cingulate gyrus. c.nucleus accumbens. d.diencephalon.

a. Found neurons that responded only when the square was flashed in a particular location adn these neurons continued responding during the delay. Remembered the location of the square.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. activity state followed by a synaptic state b. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state c. a buffering process followed by an activity process d. a buffering process followed by an executive process Previous

a. Activity-silent working memory: short term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as a mechanism for holding information in working memory.

Cowan's model of working memory

Working memory was defined by Nelson Cowan (1999, 2010) as a cognitive process that retains old and novel information in an accessible state that is suitable for manipulating and carrying out tasks with mental components.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the central executive. c. the visuospatial sketch pad. d. echoic memory.

a.

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. activity b. velocity c. location d. stimluli

a. STM: is concerned with storing info for brief period of time, working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. perseveration b. decay c. sensory memory d. agnosia

a. repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. long-term memory to sensory memory. b. short-term memory to long-term memory. c. sensory memory to short-term memory. d. sensory memory to long-term memory.

b.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory has a central executive function. b. working memory is engaged in processing information. c. short-term memory consists of a number of components. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.

b.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. b. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. c. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal. Next

b. Sensory mem: holds info for secods or faction of sec STM: holds five to seven items for 15-20 seconds LTM: large amount of info for years or decades.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. episodic memory. b. long-term memory. c. short-term memory. d. sensory memory.

c.

Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. LTM b. Sensory Memory c. STM d. LT semantic memory

c. the number of digits a person can remember.

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. amydala b. hippocampus c. occipital lobe d. prefrontal cortex

d.