Cog. Psych Quiz 3

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

mental rotation

..., Rotating an image of an object in the mind. Shepard and Metzler's experiment provided evidence that people use this method when asked to determine whether two depictions are of the same object viewed from different angles or are two different objects.

sensory memory

...A brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second. It is the first stage in the modal model of memory. See also Iconic memory; Persistence of vision.

episodic buffer

...A component added to Baddeley's original working memory model that serves as a "backup" store that communicates with both LTM and the components of working memory. It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad.

working memory

...A limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

3-4 months

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?

30 degrees

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus

SKY.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect:

a failure of memory consolidation.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a fly.

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference.

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...

anterograde amnesia.

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as:

anterograde amnesia.

connectionism

approach to creating computer models for representing concepts and their properties based on characteristics of the brain

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was...

auditory from a female speaker

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was:

auditory from a female speaker.

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...

auditory code in long-term memory.

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of...

auditory coding in LTM.

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of:

auditory coding in LTM.

Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. Results of these experiments show that participants...

both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; top-down

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...

by the person whose memory will be tested.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

calm

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

car.

high prototypicality

category member closely resembles the category prototype (it is like a "typical" member of the category)

low prototypicality

category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference.

causal

hierarchical model

consists of levels arranged so that more specific concepts are at the bottom and more general concepts are at higher levels

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...

creates more connections.

Mental time travel

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past. See also Self-knowing.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Retrieval cues

Cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Nondeclarative memory

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person's behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.

Implicit memory

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person's behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience. Also called nondeclarative memory.

Shallow processing

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Deep processing; Depth of processing.

categories

groups created by categorization ex) placing vehicles into categories based on type

The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _____ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence.

heuristic

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical structure.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.

higher; both lower and higher

superordinate (global) level

highest level in Rosch's categorization scheme

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

self-image hypothesis

idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being formed; one explanation for reminiscence bump

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them; proposed as explanation for flashbulb memories

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

make more errors in their recollections.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants:

make more errors in their recollections.

familiarization/novelty preference procedure

makes use of the fact that when given a choice between a familiar and novel object, infants will look longer at the novel object

back propagation

process by which error signals are sent back to the hidden and representation units to provide information about how the connection weights should be changed so that the correct property units will be activated

source monitoring

process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge or beliefs. ex) remembering that you heard about something from a particular person

categorization

process by which things are placed into groups

deep processing

processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Usually associated with elaborative rehearsal.

shallow processing

processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning, associated with maintenance rehearsal.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acqui-sition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is...

manipulated.

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they..

may differ from one task to another.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)...

meaningful units.

prototype approach to categorization

membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category

flashbulb memory

memory for circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly emotional events will be particularly vivid and accurate

autobiographical memory

memory for dated events in a person's life; considered to be a type of episodic memory, also defined as including personal semantic memories

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that...

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.

memory-trace replacement

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). The-se researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images.

concept

mental representation used for memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved

mental scanning.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

mental walk

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the:

neurotransmitters.

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node.

sentence verification technique

participants presented with statements and asked to answer "yes" if the statement is true and "No" if it isn't

lexical decision task

participants read stimuli, some of which are words and some that are not words, and have to indicate as quickly as possible if each entry is a word or a nonword

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Perky's imagery study from the early 1900s had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

people were unconsciously influenced by the projected images when forming their mental im-ages.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some or-anges" in your mind AND...

pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND:

pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

poor short-term

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...

prefrontal cortex.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____.

creating images; deactivated

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

prototypicality

degree to which a particular member of a category matches the prototype for that category

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...

delay.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dreams.

cognitive hypothesis

explanation for the reminiscence bump which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change followed by stability

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

generation effect.

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

repetition priming.

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Coding refers to the way information is...

represented.

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues

.Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of...

retroactive interference.

Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as...

retrograde amnesia.

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading acti-vation.

semantic network

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...

semantic.

The predominant type of coding in LTM is...

semantic.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are...

short and across several days.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are:

short and across several days.

Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...

short-term memory.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

the meaning of a conversation.

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because:

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perse-verance.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos...

they took themselves.

family resemblance

things in a particular category resemble one another ex) chairs come in different sizes and shapes but every chair resembles other chairs in some way

"Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.

three

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

connectionist network

type of network in which a specific category is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network; contrasts with semantic networks in which specific categories are represented at individual nodes

script

type of schema; sequence of actions that describe an activity. ex) "going to class" script

cryptomnesia

unconscious plagiarisms of the work of others; associated with source monitoring errors

input units

units in a connectionist network that are activated by stimulation from the environment

hidden units

units in a connectionist network that are located between input and output units

output units

units in a connectionist network that contain the final output of the network

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus ac-count for the typicality effect by

using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.

Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.

visual

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in an-swering the question.

visual imagery

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Imagery neurons respond to

visual images as well as objects in a specific category.

cognitive economy

way of storing shared properties just once at a higher level node

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...

we are not conscious we are using it.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that:

we are not conscious we are using it.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

weights

constructive nature of memory

what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus other factors like expectations, life experience, other knowledge

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

retroactive interference

when more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened in the past

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that...

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

Declarative memory

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.

Explicit memory is to _______ as implicit memory is to _______ .

declarative; nondeclarative

subordinate (specific) level

lowest level of Rosch's categorization scheme

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Familiarization/novelty preference procedure

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the fol-lowing phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)...

"smashed."

prototype

"typical" member of a category

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

...

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence.

...

An apple is a fruit. YES NO

...

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him."

...

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording:

...

Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.

...

Trial 1: An owl is a bird.

...

Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.

...

Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.

...

Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.

...

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird cate-gory, given the following three trials?

...

ex) furniture

...

ex) kitchen table

...

ex) table or chair

...

short-term memory

...A memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal (such as repeating a telephone number) that can maintain information in long-term memory. Short-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.

release from practive interferecne

...A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference. See Wickens' experiment described in Chapter 5.

delayed-response task

...A task in which information is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested. This task has been used to study short-term memory by testing monkeys' ability to hold information about the location of a food reward during a delay.

recall test

...A test in which participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible. See also Cued recall; Free recall.

visual imagery

...A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus.

pholological similarity effect

...An effect that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused. For example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be confused.

echoic memory

...Brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished.

iconic memory

...Brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished. This corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory.

visual icon

...Brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished. This corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory.

visual coding

...Coding in the mind in the form of a visual image. An example of visual coding would be remembering something by conjuring up an image of it in your mind. Also see Semantic coding.

semantic coding

...Coding in the mind in the form of meaning. An example of semantic coding would be remembering the meaning of something you have read, as opposed to what the letters or words looked like (visual coding) or sounded like (auditory coding).

chunking

...Combining small units into larger ones, such as when individual words are combined into a meaningful sentence. Chunking can be used to increase the capacity of memory.

phonological store

...Component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds.

physiological approach to coding

...Determining how a stimulus or experience is represented by the firing of neurons.

mental approach to coding

...Determining how a stimulus or experience is represented in the mind.

perseveration

...Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person's ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking. Perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged.

control processes

...In Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory, active processes that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another. Rehearsal is an example of a control process.

whole report method

...Procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all of the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation. See also Partial report method; Sensory memory.

partial report method

...Procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. A cue tone immediately after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report. See also Delayed partial report method; Sensory memory; Whole report method.

delayed partial report method

...Procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. A cue tone that was delayed for a fraction of a second after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report. See also Partial report method; Whole report method.

decay

...Process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time.

structural features (modal model)

...Stages in the modal model of memory. These stages are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

persistence of vision

...The continued perception of light for a fraction of a second after the original light stimulus has been extinguished. Perceiving a trail of light from a moving sparkler is caused by the persistence of vision. See also Iconic memory.

coding

...The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms. See also Neural code, which refers to how stimuli are represented in the firing of neurons.

reading span

...The maximum number of sentences that a person can read while simultaneously holding the last word of each sentence in memory. Reading span has been used to measure both the storage and processing functions of working memory.

modal model of memory

...The model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory. It is called the modal model because of the great influence it has had on memory research.

word length effect

...The notion that it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words.

digit span

...The number of digits a person can remember. Digit span is used as a measure of the capacity of short-term memory.

phonological loop

...The part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information. See also Central executive; Visuospatial sketch pad; Working memory.

visuospatioal sketch pad

...The part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information. See also Central executive; Phonological loop; Working memory.

endcoding

...The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

retrieval

...The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.

rehearsal

...The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory.

memory

...The processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills, after the original information is no longer present.

proactive interference

...When information learned previously interferes with learning new information. See also Retroactive interference.

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display.

10

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is...

15-20 seconds.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.

2

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

24 hours.

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

3

Synaptic consolidation

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes. See also Consolidation; Systems consolidation.

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 msec

The "magic number," according to Miller, is...

7 plus or minus 2.

The "magic number," according to Miller, is:

7 plus or minus 2.

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

80% : 40% : 30% correct

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his col-leagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates...

A build-up and release of proactive interference

Priming

A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus.

Korsakoff's syndrome

A condition caused by prolonged vitamin B1 deficiency that leads to destruction of areas on the frontal and temporal lobes that causes severe impairments in memory.

Systems consolidation

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. See also Consolidation; Synaptic consolidation.

systems consolidation

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes places on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

You've now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?

A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall

paired-associate learning

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word

Paired-associate learning

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.

Long-term memory (LTM)

A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.

Reconsolidation

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is reactivated. This process is similar to the consolidation that occurs after initial learning, although it apparently occurs more rapidly.

reactivation

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity result sin the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A pig is an animal.

cued recall

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.

Cued recall

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli. See also Free recall.

free recall

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented

Free recall

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented. See also Cued recall.

Classical conditioning

A procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response.

synaptic consolidation

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes

Reactivation

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

______ is an average representation of a category.

A prototype

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Anterograde amnesia

Amnesia for events that occur after an injury—that is, the inability to form new memories. Compare to retrograde amnesia—the inability to remember information from the past.

Medial temporal lobe (MTL)

An area in the temporal lobe that consists of the hippocampus and a number of surrounding structures. Damage to the MTL causes problems in forming new long-term memories.

medial temporal lobe (MTL)

An area in the temporal lobe that consists of the hippocampus and a number of surrounding structures. Damage to this area causes problems in forming new long-term memories

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

An inability to form new long-term memories

2.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the: a. constructive nature of memory.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...

C.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Testing effect

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

1.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants: a. make more errors in their recollections.

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype ap-proach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.

False

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result.

False

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

False

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills.

False

Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code.

False

The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.

False

Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because:

Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

I was talking to that girl just before class.

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Recognition memory

Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period and then, later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants' task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

8.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was: a. auditory from a female speaker.

Primacy effect

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list. See also Recency effect.

Recency effect

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list. See also Primacy effect.

Serial position curve

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list. See also Primacy effect; Recency effect.

5.

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of a. constructive memory processes.

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true:

articulatory suppression

Interference with operation of the phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word such as "the" while carrying out a task that requires the phonological loop.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of reactivation.

Explicit memory

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past. Also called declarative memory or conscious memory.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with...

LTM.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with:

LTM.

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion. See also Anterograde amnesia.

Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology?

Lexical priming

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because...

MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because:

MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Self-reference effect

Memory of a word is improved by relating the word to the self

Self-reference effect

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.

remote memories

Memory for events that occurred long ago

Remote memory

Memory for events that occurred long ago.

Procedural memory

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so.

Semantic memory

Memory for knowledge about the world that is not tied to any specific personal experience. Semantic and episodic memory together make up declarative memory.

Generation effect

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

generation effect

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material themselves, rather than passively receiving it

Episodic memory

Memory for specific events that have happened to the person having the memory. These events are usually remembered as a personal experience that occurred at a particular time and place. Episodic and semantic memory together make up declarative memory.

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems fa-miliar so he decides that it must be right.

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Levels of processing (LOP)

Part of levels-of-processing theory that states that there are different depths of processing that can be achieved as information is being encoded

Levels of processing (LOP)

Part of levels-of-processing theory that states that there are different depths of processing that can be achieved as information is being encoded. See also Depth of processing; Levels-of-processing theory.

Propaganda effect

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Conceptual priming

Priming that occurs when the enhancement caused by a priming stimulus is based on the meaning of the stimulus. For example, presentation of the word furniture causing a faster response to later presentation of the word chair.

Deep processing

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal. See also Depth of processing; Shallow processing.

Standard model of consolidation

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

standard model of consolidation

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

articulatory rehearsal process

Rehearsal process involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying.

Maintenance rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information

Maintenance rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information. Compare to Elaborative rehearsal.

Elaborative rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

Elaborative rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge. Compare to Maintenance rehearsal.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

auditory coding

Representation of the sound of a stimulus in the mind.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

Retroactive interference

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with...

STM

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

Sparrow

9.

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that: a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

spacing effect

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

Spacing effect

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Suppose you were conducting a brain imaging experiment to investigate the overlap between brain areas activated by perceiving an object and those activated by imagining it. Which of the following best describes your investigation's baseline condition?

The baseline condition is needed for determining imagery activation and for determining per-ception activation.

6.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder: a. none of these

3.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ________ on memory. a. source misattributions

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

level-of-processing theory

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow.

Levels-of-processing theory

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Depth of processing

The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Levels of processing.

depth of processing

The idea that the processing that occurs is as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow.

multiple trace hypothesis

The idea, associated with memory consolidation, that the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories

Multiple trace hypothesis

The idea, associated with memory consolidation, that the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

7.

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because: a. MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of...

a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.

central executive

The part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad.

state-dependent learning

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity

State-dependent learning

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity.

encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information

Encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

Retrieval

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory

Retrieval

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.

Rehearsal

The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory

Rehearsal

The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory.

consolidation

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption

Consolidation

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption. See also Standard model of consolidation.

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...

a failure of memory consolidation.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

chunk

Used in connection with the idea of chunking in memory. A chunk is a collection of elements that are strongly associated with each other, but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks. ...

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Valley girl

Graded amnesia

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

graded amnesia

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

Repetition priming

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person's response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

Transfer-appropriate processing

When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.

transfer-appropriate processing

When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.

10.

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? a. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

4.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen a. schema.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation.

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a letter string is a word.

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember...

a list of long words than a list of short words

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember:

a list of long words than a list of short words.

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

Mental-scanning experiments found

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

a sequence of actions.

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves...

a smaller response set.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

typicality effect

ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly

spreading activation

activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node ex) moving from "robin" to "bird" activates other nodes such as "canary"

exemplars

actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...

adolescence and early adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

after the event.

Your text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...

all of these (how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories, that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories, the specific situation under which a person recalls the past.)

The misinformation effect can be explained by...

all of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring.)

The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...

amygdala.

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her...

amygdala.

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably...

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...

articulatory suppression.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.

auditorially; auditorially

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a catego-ry, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

bird; sparrow

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that...

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that:

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that...

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

cognitive hypothesis

The given-new contract is a method for creating

coherence in people's conversations.

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is:

complex

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most ef-fective if the generated sentence is...

complex.

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is:

complex.

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

concept

Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

concepts represented by activity in individual nodes.

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates...

conceptual priming.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of...

constructive memory processes.

In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of:

constructive memory processes.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

constructive nature of memory.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the:

constructive nature of memory.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

control

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptomnesia.

retrieval cues

cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

cultural expectations.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

decay; interference

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT...

deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.

We are conscious of _____ memories.

declarative

connection weights

determines how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit

exemplar approach to categorization

determining whether an object is similar to a standard object

error signals

difference between output signal generated by a particular stimulus and the output that actually represents that stimulus

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mech-anisms.

different

graceful degradation

disruption of performance that occurs gradually as parts of the system are damaged

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...

echoic memory.

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of...

elaborative rehearsal.

Graded amnesia occurs because...

emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...

encoded.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is:

encoded.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity.

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as...

encoding specificity.

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

encoding.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

enhanced firing in the neurons.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)

epiphenomenon.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.

episodic

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.

episodic

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ________ memory.

episodic

Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how...

episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory.

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory.

episodic; semantic

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI...

even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

cultural life script hypothesis

events in a person's life story become easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script for that person's culture; another explanation for reminiscence bump

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context

exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who...

exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who:

exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that...

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT...

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance.

reminiscence bump

finding that people over 40 have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood as compared to other periods of their lives

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

first five and the last five words

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____.

fixation; pretty

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of be-haviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

implicit and procedural

post-identification feedback effect

increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification. effect can occur after identifying someone in a lineup and someone else (police offer) saying "good job", for example

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...

increases the primacy effect.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.

increasing

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory...

involves making inferences.

pragmatic inference

inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that wasn't explicitly stated or implied by the statement

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that...

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonder-land'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

inner audition

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz un-derstands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it...

interferes with semantic coding.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has expe-rienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on mechanisms related to language.

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not im-mune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that...

it involves mental time travel.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable dif-ference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as...

labeling familiar objects.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.

less

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon.

cultural life script

life events that commonly occur in a particular culture

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in...

long-term memory acquisition.

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.

method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci.

repeated reproduction

method of measuring memory in which person reproduces a stimulus on repeated occasions so memory is tested at longer intervals after original presentation of material to be remembered

basic level

middle level of Rosch's categorization scheme; psychologically special because it's the level above which much information is lost and below which little is gained

source monitoring error

misidentifying the source of a memory (similar to source misattribution)

misinformation effect

misleading info presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

misleading postevent information (MPI)

misleading information that causes the misinformation effect

memory trace replacement hypothesis

misleading postevent info impairs or replaces memories that were formed during the original experiencing of an event

parallel distributed processing models

models that propose that concepts are represented by an activity that is distributed across a network

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...

neurotransmitters.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His beha-vior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

units

neuron-like processing units in a connectionist network

category-specific knowledge impairment

neuropsychological research on how categories are represented in the brain that focuses on patients who have trouble recognizing objects in one category

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the:

neurotransmitters

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder...

none of the above (is largely a blessing because no event would be erased, is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording remembering some events and forgetting others, which provides no useful service to humans, helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.)

source misattribution

occurs when the source of memory is misidentified (similar to source monitoring error)

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ________ in memory.

organization

hierarchical organization

organization in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories, leading to the creation of a number of levels

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab. Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

paragraph of text.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying:

perseveration

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying...

perseveration.

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying:

perseveration.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

persistence of vision.

schema

person's knowledge about what is involved in an experience

In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of...

photographic memory.

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the...

physiological approach to coding.

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the:

physiological approach to coding.

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thurs-day, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as...

proactive interference.

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to...

proactive interference.

cognitive interview

procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption, using techniques to help recreate the situation present at the crime scene like having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene looked from a different perspective

Information remains in sensory memory for...

seconds or a fraction of a second.

semantic network approach

proposes that concepts are arranged in networks

OVER (MOON, MIAMI) is a _____ representation.

propositional

The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.

propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task.

reading span

The primacy effect is attributed to...

recall of information stored in LTM.

repeated recall

recall that is tested immediately after and then retested at various times after an event

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

recent and remote episodic

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on:

reconsolidation

Treatment of PTSD has benefited from recent research on:

reconsolidation.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing...

release from proactive interference.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...

remembering where a best friend had moved.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.

remote

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of...

remote, episodic memories.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is...

repeated recall.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

repeating it over and over.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by:

repeating it over and over.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because...

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND...

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND:

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen:

schema.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

script; semantic

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus.

sound

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...

source misattribution.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

source misattributions

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ________ on memory.

source misattributions

amygdala

subcortical brain structure involved in processing emotional parts of experience, including memory for emotional events

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT

spatial layouts.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

The primary effect of chunking is to...

stretch the capacity of STM.

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. Af-ter a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.

tacit-knowledge

The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on

tacit-knowledge.

reverse testing effect

taking a recall test right after witnessing an event increases a participant's sensitivity to subsequently presented misinformation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to

temporarily disrupt the functioning of a brain area.

weapons focus

tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, causes poorer memory for other things that are happening

Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the...

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

eyewitness testimony

testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the back propagated error signal is zero.

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.

the central executive

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...

the encoding specificity principle.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

the hippocampus

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

the number of vowels in a word.

The word-length effect reveals that...

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying...

the phonological loop.

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that:

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on...

the self-reference effect.

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

the stimulus category remained the same.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because:

the stimulus category remained the same.

Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of...

the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...

the visuospatial sketch pad.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at re-trieval. This is called...

transfer-appropriate processing.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect

trial 1; word frequency

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...

working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that:

working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.