CogBooks

Characteristics of Life

(1) complex organized structures (2) homeostasis (3) Growth and Development (4) Energy and material acquisition (5) Ability to respond to stimuli (6) Reproduction (7) Evolution

Human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes. However, it may be better to think of these as

23 pairs

Scientific Principle

3 Principles underly what is a science

cell type cell # nutrient acquisition

3 characteristics used to define the kingdoms

diploid cell (2n=46)

A body (somatic) cell with its full set of pairs of homologous chromosomes is called a

genome

A cell's complete complement of DNA is called its

twice

A diploid cell has ______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.

applied science

A form of science that solves real-world problems is _______.

Step 6

A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

pusuing

A predator that has a long tail for maneuverability is adapted for what stage of predation

codependence or coevolution

A series of reciprocal adaptations in predator and prey populations describes _______.

a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic

A trait is defined as

ecological niche

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _______.

gene mutation

All cancers initiate with

pairs (1 from father, 1 from mother)

All chromosomes come in

unicellular or multicellular

All living organisms are either

homeostasis

All living organisms whether unicellular or multicellular must maintain

genome

All of the DNA of an organism is the ______.

Kingdom Monera

All prokaryotes are classified in the

inherited genes

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of _______

Deductive reasoning example (1)

Animals are as diverse as humans, insects, and wolves all exhibit social behavior. Therefore, social behavior must have an evolutionary advantage

3 Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

double in size within 15-20 mins

Because of the speed of bacterial cell division, populations of bacteria can grow very rapidly. For example, a colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, can

DNA replication

Besides growth, what must happen before a cell divides?

Apoptosis

Body cells have the potential to deconstruct damaged cells

carbon reservoirs

Carbon is stored for long periods in what are known as carbon

Deductive reasoning example (2)

Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA, separate into daughter cells during cell division. Therefore, DNA is the genetic material.

Step 2 for (meiosis)

DNA must then be allocated into the daughter cells

Step 1

DNA replicates itself and pairs of duplicate chromosomes appear in the nucleus (daughter cells)

are genetically identical to the parent cells

Daughter cells produced by mitosis _______.

the shape of earlobes is a characteristic with traits of unattached or attached eye color is a characteristic with traits like blue, brown, green and so on blood type is a characteristic with the traits A, B, AB or O

Examples of Traits

the atmosphere bodies of liquid water (mostly oceans) ocean sediment soil rocks (including fossil fuels) the Earth's interior

Examples of carbon reservoirs include

Plants and alage

Fossilized fuel carbon comes from

the genes are separated and mixed into different combinations (by the process of meiosis) different parents combine their genetic material during fertilization (to create unique genomes)

Genes are continually reshuffled from one generation to the next when:

Eukaryotic

Has a nucleus

-having the same length -having genes for the same particular characteristic in exactly the same location as the other chromosome in the pair

Homologous chromosomes can be described as

fuel

Humans use fossilized carbon as

Deductive Reasoning example

If all vertebrates have backbones, and snakes are vertebrates, then snakes have backbones." This statement is an example of _______.

One species will take over most or all of the zone of overlap by using the resources more efficiently.

If an overlap develops between the ranges of two species that occupy the same niche in the zone of overlap, what will probably happen in the zone of overlap?

fertilization

In eukaryotes, which event leads to a diploid cell?

loop or circle

In prokaryotes, the genome is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a

inductive reasoning example (2)

Insects generally survive mild winters better than harsh ones. Therefore, insect pests will become more problematic if global temperatures increase.

cell

Life emerges at the level of the

that are toxic to animals and discourage consumption

Many plant species produce secondary plant compounds

sex chromosome

Meiosis occurs in the sex cells of the

four haploid daughter cells

Meiosis produces

hybridizations which involve mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits.

Mendel performed ___________________ which invoved

Step 3

Microtubules become attached to each chromosome in a pair

eukaryotic cells

Mitosis and meiosis, which are both forms of division of the nucleus in

two identical nuclei, usually partitioned into two new cells

Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in

Prokayotic

No nucleus

process called cytokinesis.

Once these six stages of nuclear division are completed, the second portion, the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two new cells, can begin in

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen obtained from the atmosphere or dissolved in water (most efficient type of respiration)

plasmids (not essential for normal growth)

Some prokaryotes also have smaller loops of DNA called

cell cycle

The continuity of life from one cell to another has its foundation in the reproduction of cells by way of the

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two new cells is called?

Step 4

The duplicate pairs of chromosomes are all aligned in the center of the cell

Step 5

The duplicates are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell

character divergence

The evolution of adaptations that enable similar species to coexist in a community is called _______.

prokaryotes

The genome of what organisms is composed of a single, double stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop?

homologous chromosomes.

The matched pairs of chromosomes your cells possess are called

Step 2

The membrane around the nucleus breaks down

much more slowly than it does in organisms

The movement of carbon through land occurs

meiosis II

The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ______.

nucleoid

The region in the cell containing this genetic material is called a

camoflauge

The resemblance of the walking stick insect to a twig is an example of _______.

nucleoid within the cell

The single, circular DNA chromosome of bacteria is not enclosed in a nucleus but instead occupies a specific location, the

Microevolution

The theory also connects this gradual change of a population over time, called

synapsis

The tight pairing of the homologous chromosomes is called

Hypothesis Based Science (Scientific Method)

The type of science that begins with a specific explanation that is then tested is called _______.

provable and testable

To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be _______

individual

Traits are the different forms of a characteristic that may found in an

rapid carbon long term cycle

Two interconnected ways that the carbon cycle can be split into two interconnected sub-sections

cancer

Uncontrolled mitosis is called

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

divergent evolution

When two species evolve in different directions from a common point, it is called.

sex chromosomes

Which two pairs of chromosomes are different from the other 22 pairs?

The Northern Hemisphere is covered by a significant amount of vegetation. During the summer the vegetation takes up more carbon dioxide, and during the winter, when it decays, it releases more carbon dioxide.

Why do levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fall during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere?

Mitosis is unnecessary because there is no nucleus or multiple chromosomes.

Why isn't mitosis necessary in the reproduction process for prokaryotic (bacteria) cells?

mimicry

a harmless species imitates the warning coloration of a harmful species

calcium carbonate

a major component of the shells of marine organisms.

Chromosomes

are inside the nucleus and are made up of DNA that carries information (genes) to control what that cell does or does not do

Mitosis

begins with a six-step process of nuclear division.

tissues

cells are organized into

Evolution

change (of genetic composition) in a populations over time

chains of DNA that group together to form

chromosomes carry

genes

chromosomes carry chains of DNA that group together to form

limestone

comprises the largest carbon reservoir on Earth

carbon cycle

connects all living organisms on Earth.

Eukaryotes

contain membrane bound organelles

Haploid cells (1n)

contain only one member of a homologous chromosome pair from each parent

Step 3 (meiosis)

cytoplasmic contents must be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life

modern synthesis

describes how evolutionary pressures, such as natural selection, can affect a population's genetic makeup, and, in turn, how this can result in the gradual evolution of populations and species.

unique genome

different parents combine their genetic material during fertilization to create

mechanical defenses

discourage predation and herbivory by discouraging physical contact.

mitosis

eukaryotic cells reproduce in a process called

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

evolve first, lack nucleus in cellular structure unicellular, lack organelles

Themes of Biology

form and function unity within diversity biological order regulation and homeostasis evolution and adaptation

deductive reasoning

from a general premise specific results are predicted

inductive reasoning

from a number of observations, a general conclusions is drawn

sexual reproduction is the

fusion of one haploid cell, from each of the two parents, to form a single, unique diploid cell (2n) (each parent produces a haploid cell)

Step 1 for (meiosis)

genomic DNA must be replicated

tumors

growing clumps of cancer cells are called

meiosis

haploid cells (n) are created via a type of cell division called

Adaptation

helps organisms survive the nature of their environment

single, circularDNA chromosome

in bacterial cells, the genome consists of a

carbon dioxide

is the basic building block that autotrophs use to build multi-carbon, high-energy compounds, such as glucose.

Carbon

is the fourth most abundant element in living organisms. is present in all organic molecules plays a key role in the structure of macromolecules that are vital to live organisms

organisms =

living systems

adaptation defenses

may be mechanical, chemical, physical, or behavioral.

four nuclei, usually partitioned into four new cells.

meiosis is two nuclear divisions that result in

complexes called chromosomes

n eukaryotes, the genome comprises several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules bound with proteins to form

autotrophs

need carbon

heterotrophs

need oxygen

binary fission

prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart (no sexual element involved)

Photosynthesis

removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

Predation and predator avoidance are strong

selective agents

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

adaptations

that are driven by reciprocal evolutionary responses in those populations.

Adaptation

the changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism so that it is more likely to survive and reproduce.

Genes

the functional units of chromosomes, determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins.

Fertilization

the fusion of two haploid cells to create a diploid cell

precisely aligned with each other

the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are

Macroevolution

the processes that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters, called

crossing over or recombination

when an exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister homologous chromatids occurs this is called

Recombination

when pairs of chromosomes exchange DNA this process is called

Prokaryotic

which domain of life can be described as reproducing asexually