Cognition and Learning 2
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.
recent and remote episodic
The "magic number," according to Miller, is
7 plus or minus 2
episodic buffer
A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)
visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Echoic memory
Brief sensory memory of the things that we hear; type of sensory memory
Iconic memory
Brief sensory memory of the things that we see; type of sensory memory
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
Encoding
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
Experiencing neuromodulation
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
consolidation
This multiple choice question is an example of a test.
recognition
The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as
divided attention
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
good continuation
The Stroop effect demonstrates
how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
__________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
implicit
Hippocampus
is responsible for ones ability to encode new long-term memories
Scene schema is
knowledge of what a given scene typically contains
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has memory.
poor short-term
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.
positive reinforcers
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to
proactive interference
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of memory.
procedural
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things
central executive
the part of working memory that directs attention and processing
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
Conditioning
the process of learning associations
John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of
observable behavior
Proactive interference
occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information
Retroactive interference
occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
Low-load
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
Meaning
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for
Meaning
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.
Organizational context
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.
Selective
short-term memory
Stores small amounts of information for a brief duration
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Sensory Memory
The retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation; Holds large amount of information for a short period of time
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
Consolidation
Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Encoding
acquiring information and transforming it into memory
Control processes
active processes that can be controlled by the person
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
classical conditioning
Working memory
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
episodic memory
memory for one's personal past experienced
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.
relaxed
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
repetition priming
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
simplicity
Chunking
small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
task cueing
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
Retrieval
transferring information from LTM to working memory
priming memory
unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus items may aid subsequent learning
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
we are not conscious we are using it
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information.
elaborative rehearsal
•Using meanings and connections to help transfers information to LTM
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
memory
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
__________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely
punishment
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.
retrieval cues
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
semantic
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with memory.
short term
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.