Cognition and Learning 2

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

The "magic number," according to Miller, is

7 plus or minus 2

episodic buffer

A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Echoic memory

Brief sensory memory of the things that we hear; type of sensory memory

Iconic memory

Brief sensory memory of the things that we see; type of sensory memory

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

Encoding

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

This multiple choice question is an example of a test.

recognition

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as

divided attention

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

__________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

Hippocampus

is responsible for ones ability to encode new long-term memories

Scene schema is

knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has memory.

poor short-term

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of memory.

procedural

procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

central executive

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing

phonological loop

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

Conditioning

the process of learning associations

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

Proactive interference

occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information

Retroactive interference

occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

Low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

Meaning

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

Meaning

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

Organizational context

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

Selective

short-term memory

Stores small amounts of information for a brief duration

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Sensory Memory

The retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation; Holds large amount of information for a short period of time

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Consolidation

Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Encoding

acquiring information and transforming it into memory

Control processes

active processes that can be controlled by the person

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

classical conditioning

Working memory

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experienced

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

relaxed

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

repetition priming

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

simplicity

Chunking

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Retrieval

transferring information from LTM to working memory

priming memory

unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus items may aid subsequent learning

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

we are not conscious we are using it

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.

elaborative rehearsal

•Using meanings and connections to help transfers information to LTM

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

__________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely

punishment

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

semantic

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with memory.

short term

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.