cognition test2

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational context

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

Cortisol

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

Dictionary unit

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

Multidimensional

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

Winning the first grade spelling bee

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect.

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay.

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception?

enhancement

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

involve the same brain regions.

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

try to name colors and ignore words

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

Smell perfume

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to a decreased level of erroneous identification of innocent people.

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex.

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.

reaction to physical properties of stimulus

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long term memory

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?

the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

sensory

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattributions

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and manager

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.