Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

What is decentration?

Being able to hold onto more than one idea at a time.

How do middle aged children remember things?

By use of rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

_____________ and _____________ improve during this stage.

Categorization, classification

Describe the school-age child's theory of mind.

Children can pass 2nd order false belief tasks. Jason-Lisa example.

Our __________ growth is based on a bunch of smaller skills that grow.

Cognitive

__________ thought processes work best with tangible objects- one task at a time.

Concrete

At this age, kids can pass conservation tasks because they can ________________ and have _____________.

Decentrate, reversibility

As kids better analyze their grammatical and pragmatic abilities _____________.

Improve

What is organization memory?

Remember these words- shirt, pants, shoes, pear, peach, apple.

How can you make the expectancy effect more positive for a fidgeter?

Say to them, I know you can do this, and they do it.

During middle childhood, children learn how to derive new meanings of _______.

Words

"Big bird is bigger than Elmo. Elmo is bigger than Abby. Who's bigger, big bird or Abby? Big Bird is bigger- normal response." is an example of __________________.

Transitive Inference

Seriation allows the child to show ______________.

Transitive Inference

What is the Jason-Lisa example?

A 2nd order false belief task. Lisa watched Jason as he puts a letter he doesn't want her to read under the pillow. Jason leaves the room. While Jason is gone, Lis reads the letter and Jason returns and watches Lisa, but Lisa doesn't see Jason. Then, Lisa puts the letter in Jason's desk. Where does Lisa think Jason will look for the letter? Under the pillow.

What is a kindergarten reading group?

A very academically talented group of 5-6 year olds who have a more advanced reading level than their other classmates.

What is elaboration memory?

Connecting numbers of locker combo with numbers of baseball players

Lack of proper ______________ may contribute to why U.S. students fall behind math.

Elaboration, people just memorize the formulas, not associate them with anything

During middle childhood, kids can now pass _______ false belief tasks.

2nd order

What is reversibility?

they can imagine the water going back in the cup

During middle childhood, a kid's vocab increases about ____________________.

20 words a day

What is rehearsal memory?

1,2,3...1,2,3...1,2,3...1,2,3...

In middle childhood, _______________ becomes more selective, adaptable, and planful.

Attention

What is transitive inference?

Doing seriation plus logic at the same time.

Concrete Operations: Limits Experiment

Hit glass with hammer it'll break. Hit glass with feather, it'll break. - Hard for kid because he knows the feather is soft. He didn't go by the rule. He's experienced hard things hit glass and they break and soft things hit things and they don't break. He can only do theings he experienced. Logic conforms with their knowledge and world experiences. Adolescents can follow the logic and rules.

What is the expectancy effect?

If a teacher has high expectations for students, then the students will achieve more. Vice versa. Basically, kids that were expected to learn more did learn more.

What is the stereotype threat?

If you are part of a group with a negative stereotype and you are aware of that stereotype, then you are more likely to feed into that stereotype. Ex: Football palyers are dumb jocks. Therefore, since I'm worried about this, I will do bad on a test.

Cite basic changes in information processing and describe the development of attention and memory in middle childhood.

In middle childhood, attention becomes more selective, adaptable, and planful. As the kid gets older, they start to use memory devices such as rehearsal, organization, and elaboration. If a kid heard about something before, they are more likely to remember it down the road.

What is the Confidence Stance and why is it important?

It is scientifically proven to work. Pretend to be a superhero with your shoulders back and standing tall.

What is the constructivist approach to classroom learning?

Kids are instructed, told to figure it out on their own.- Piaget approach

Describe changes in school-age children's vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics.

Kids learn new words (20 per day) and they learn to derive the meaning of words. ex: Joy + full = joyful As they better analyze language, their grammatical and pragmatic abilities improve.

Explain a kids linguistic abilities.

Language increases at a rapid pace. 20 words per day. Kids start to realize the relationship between words. Kindness is the act of being kids, therefore meanness is the act of being mean. If they know hope and hopeful then they may know joy and joyful. They will start to figure out what hyperbole means but they can't say it. They can learn a word through basic exposure with reading or talking with adults.

For the Jason-Lisa example, you have to be able to think for __________ but know where Jason will actually ________.

Lisa, look

Think back to what your elementary experience as like?

Lots of posters and toys- things to engage in

A kid's knowledge base and expertise interacts with ______________________.

Memory capacity

Prior knowledge increases memory ability. Pokemon example.

Pokemon. Kids read story with no exp with pokemon. Kids read story with exp with pokemon. Take test. A 5th grader who knows the pokemon story will do better on a pokemon test than a 7th grader with no exp with the pokemon story.

What aspect of language does pragmatics refer to?

Providing context and conversation skills.

What are 2 examples of seriation?

Putting triangles in order, putting away forks and spoons (small and big)

What is the social constructivist approach to classroom learning?

Same kind of idea as constructivist but with peer groups.- Vygotsky approach

Middle aged children can do operations if you keep it simple and concrete, things they can ___________.

See

What is Theory of Mind (ToM)?

Seeing if a child can put themselves in the positions of others, someone who has a different viewpoint and belief in the world.

What is theory of mind?

Seeing if the child can put themselves in the position of others, someone who has a different viewpoint and belief in the world.

Describe the major characteristics of concrete operational thought, both strengths and limitations.

Strengths of concrete operational thought are decentration and reversibility.

Describe self fulfilling prophecies.

Students starting to live up to the expectations of their teachers.

What is the traditionalist approach to classroom learning?

Teacher is the authority of knowledge. More passive approach,

What is Seriation?

The ability to order objects along some dimension.

What is Concrete Operational Stage?

The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were able to incorporate inductive logic. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to predict the outcome of a specific event. This includes mental reversibility.

What is preoperational stage?

The preoperational stage is the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage begins around age two as children start to talks and last until approximately age seven. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols.

Describe the role of different educational philosophies and teacher expectations on academic achievement.

There are 3 main approaches to classroom learning: traditional, constructivist, and social constructivist. Students start to live up to the expectations of their teachers. Expectancy effect and stereotype effect.

What is reversibility? Give an example.

They can imagine the water going back in the cup. Reversible garment, a garment that can be worn two ways. Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in which mental reversibility is part of the concrete operational stage, the understanding that numbers and objects can change and then return to their original state.

What are the 3 main approaches to classroom learning?

Traditionalist, constructivist, social constructivist

What is decentration?

hold onto more than one idea at a time