Cognitive Exam Over Memory Chapter, cog test 3

b

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the: a. chunking effect b. spacing effect c. state-dependence effect d. context effect e. encoding specificity effect

b

Can you solve the 9 dot problem given the following rules: draw a line through all nine dots. Use no more than 3 lines. never lift your pencil on you start drawling lines. a. yes b. no

a

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that: a. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off b. forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up c. forgetting occurs at a steady pace, beginning immediately after learning d. no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning e. forgetting reaches a peak about 3 days after learning

a

Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second b. 5-10 seconds c. about 20 seconds d. up to 1 year e. a lifetime

a. explicit

People w/ amnesia perform more poorly than nonmagnetic participants on tests of ________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. both explicit and implicit d. neither explicit nor implicit e. all types of

a

The prefrontal cortex is involved in the ability to plan and solve problems a. true b. false

a

The problem space hypothesis helps us to understand how problem solving can be blocked by: a. incomplete representation b. means-end analysis c. working backward d. mental set e. incorrect references

c

Thinking about the cheap necklace problem. If you have four chains, each with three links and you need to connect all four chains together into a circle of chain, what will be the minimum cost given the following parameters: opening a link costs 14 cents and closing a link costs 41 cents? a. 220 cents b. 210 cents c. 165 cents

a

Unattended information is stored briefly in... a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. working memory e. secondary memory

b

Visual images typically do not preserve spatial relationships among objects a. true b. false

b

The tumor problem and the story of the general were used in research on: a. working backward b. reasoning by analogy c. means-end analysis d. backtracking e. introspection

a

A ________ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties a. category b. concept c. script d. schema e. stimulus

a

A tendency to adopt a certain framework, strategy, or procedure, which can become an obstacle to successful problem solving, is called: a. mental set b. functional fixedness c. well-defined thinking d. ill-defined thinking e. procrastination

c

A(n) ________ problem has a clear goal, a small set of starting information. and rules about how to attain the goal. a. classic b. laboratory c. well-defined d. introspective e. ill-defined

d

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems: a. working memory, episodic memory, and declarative memory b. semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory c. procedural memory, declarative memory, and semantic memory d. working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory e. semantic memory, episodic memory, and concept memory

b

According to ACT models, ______ memory represents information in if-then production rules. a. working b. procedural c. episodic d. declarative e. semantic

d

According to Perkins, good critical thinking requires: a. a large knowledge base b. raising objections to one's own ideas c. persistence at working with one mental scenario d. a large knowledge base and a willingness to raise objections to one's own ideas e. persistence at working with one mental scenario, and a large knowledge base

b

According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified: a. slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" b. faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" c. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young" d. slower than "Siamese cats have tails" e. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats have tails"

a

According to the dual code hypothesis, memory is better when we can create both a dual code and visual image of the thing that we are trying to remember a. true b. false

a

According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes? a. bird b. ostrich c. robin d. hummingbird e. all of these

a

According to the symbolic distance effect, which of the following questions would be answered most quickly? a. Which is bigger, a mouse or a house? b. Which is bigger, a mouse or a rat? c. Which is bigger, a house or a store? d. Which is bigger, a rat or a cat? e. Which is bigger, a cat or a dog?

c

Adoption of rigid mental set toward an object is called: a. well-defined thinking b. ill-defined thinking c. functional fixedness d. object set e. incomplete representation

d

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of: a. cognitive economy b. schemata c. typicality d. spreading activation e. prototypes

b

Barbara Tversky's research suggests that people's mental maps are: a. astonishingly accurate b. systematically distorted by the use of heuristics c. improved through practice d. highly correlated with their travel experience e. more irregular and oddly angled than real maps

c

Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time the same person's recall: a. is remarkably consistent b. becomes more distorted c. loses a few details but retains most accurately d. loses a few details but retains most accurately e. becomes increasingly uncertain, but loses little in accuracy

a

Both blind and sighted participants take longer to "scan" the visual image of a map when the actual distance between two landmarks is greater. This illustrates the idea of: a. spatial equivalence b. perceptual equivalence c. transformational equivalence d. structural equivalence e. implicit encoding

b

Clockwise mental rotation is easier than counterclockwise mental rotation a. true b. false

e

Critical thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. actively evaluating one's solutions to a problem b. searching for hidden flaws to one's ideas c. examining the implications of an idea d. reflecting on the quality of one's ideas e. criticizing the ideas of other people

b

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a. the visuospatial sketchpad b. the central executive c. the phonological loop d. iconic memory e. echoic memory

b

Earning a degree in psychology can be described as an exercise in problem solving. To finish your degree, you need to complete a number of upper-level courses. To enroll in those courses, you must have successfully completed a course in research methods. But before you can take research methods, you need to have passed statistics. Your progress through this series of subgoals can be accomplished through: a. generate-and-test b. means-end analysis c. reasoning by analogy d. mental set e. introspection

c

Fine's principle of ________ states that mental imagery allows us to retrieve information that was not intentionally stored. a. perceptual equivalence b. transformational equivalence c. implicit encoding d. structural encoding e. spatial encoding

e

Gick and Holyoak's work on reasoning by analogy showed that: a. most subjects spontaneously used the "general" story to solve the tumor problem b. most subjects could use the "general" story to solve the tumor problem, but only if they were explicitly told to use it c. subjects were unable to reason from analogy, even if told to do so d. subjects could reason from analogy after either (1) being explicitly told to do so, or (2) having seen two analogous problems, but otherwise they did not spontaneously reason from analogy

c

Higher working memory capacity means that an individual: a. is more susceptible to interference b. has quicker reaction times in identifying target letters c. is better able to control his/her cognitive focus d. has lower ability to reason from premises e. is more susceptible to misleading information

e

If "sandwich" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a superordinate level. a. BLT b. soup c. sub d. panini e. food

d

If "soda" is a basic-level category, then _______ would be a subordinate level. a. soft drink b. beverage c. drink d. Coca-Cola e. liquid

c

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order: a. people actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order, because they pay more attention to it b. people recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order c. people tend to recall it in the scripted order d. people cannot recall any of the details of the story e. we cannot predict how much will be recalled, or in what order

b

If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that: a. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average c. the size of the memory set would not influence search time d. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time e. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time

a

Imagery is more effective when it is interactive. a. true b. false

a

Images can prime the visual pathway, making it easier to detect a faint stimulus. This is an example of: a. perceptual equivalence b. spatial equivalence c. structural equivalence d. transformational equivalence e. implicit encoding

b

In Paivio's study of paired-associate learning, subjects learned four types of word pairs: I. concrete-concrete (for example, book-table) II. concrete-abstract (for example, book-freedom) III. abstract-concrete (for example, freedom-table) IV. abstract-abstract (for example, freedom-honesty) Which of the following accurately portrays participants' recall of the four types of pairs, from highest recall to lowest? a. I, III, II, IV b. I, II, III, IV c. II, III, I, IV d. IV, III, II, I e. I highest, II and III tied, IV last

b

In research on mental search of "problem space," a "path" is: a. any connection between two nodes b. a sequence of moves beginning at the initial state and ending at the final good state c. the single solution to a problem d. the most efficient solution to a problem e. a dead end that does not reach the goal

c

In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _______ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list. a. 10% b. 25% c. 80% d. 50%

b

In working a logic problem, you often need to make certain provisional assumptions, but sometimes they turn out to be wrong and need to be "unmade." The process of keeping track of assumption so that you can back up to point of choice is called: a. working backward b. backtracking c. introspection d. reasoning by analogy e. means-end analysis

a

Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by: a. sound b. meaning c. visual appearance d. both sound and meaning e. both meaning and appearance

c

Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set: a. at 0 b. at 1 c. at random d. at a negative value e. at 10

a

Looking at a real picture of a dog, and creating a visual image of a dog, activate the same parts of the brain a. true b. false

b

Mental set: a. can only be induced by large amounts of practice b. can lead us to make unwarranted assumptions about a problem c. involves the use of analogy to solve a problem d. aids problem solving because it supplies e. cannot be avoided

c

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a. vision and taste b. vision and smell c. vision and hearing d. smell and hearing e. taste and touch

a

Neurological studies indicate that processing mental images activates: a. areas of the brain involved in visual perception b. areas of the brain involved in auditory perception c. areas of the brain involved in verbal memory d. unique areas of the brain, not involved in ordinary sensory perception e. both areas of the brain involved in verbal memory and unique areas not involved in ordinary sensory perception

c

Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate _______ memory. a. visual b. explicit c. implicit d. olfactory e. cue-dependent

c

Nickerson and Adams showed that when it comes to memory for commonly seen objects like pennies, a. people's visual memory is extremely accurate b. people can recognize a penny, but cannot recall it well enough to draw it c. people are not very good at recognizing a penny even though they see it frequently d. 75% of people can recognize common logos out of context e. almost 100% of people can recognize common logos in a meaningful context

b

Paivio's ________ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms, respectively. a. picture-word b. dual code c. visuo-verbal d. relational- organizational e. symbolic distance

c

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of: a. encoding specificity b. connectionism c. cognitive economy d. typicality e. lexical destiny

a

Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is: a. unlimited b. 7+2 items c. 5000 items d. 50,000 items

a

Psychologists focus on well-defined problems because: a. they are easy to present b. they often take weeks or months to solve c. they can be complicated to score d. they accurately mirror real-world problems e. they do not have a single clear correct answer

d

Research on the incubation effect has shown that: a. most empirical studies support the positive effects of incubation b. incubation effects are found only with very long incubation intervals c. incubation actually has a negative effect on performance d. participants who take physical and mental breaks rarely show increased ability to solve problems e. incubation effects are only shown with the participants are absolutely prevented from covertly thinking about the problem

d

Retrieval involves... a. the activation of the senses b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored c. the storage of information over time d. the calling to mind of previously stored information e. the decay of information in memory

C

Several mnemonic devices, including the method of loci, the pegboard method, and the method of interacting images, have in common their reliance on: a. verbal rehearsal b. creating a story c. visual imagery d. connecting new information to well-known information e. use of rhyme

e

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is: a. serial b. self-terminating c. exhaustive d. parallel e. both serial and exhaustive

a

Studies of eyewitness memory: a. support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process b. reveal surprisingly accurate memories of stressful events c. suggest that confidence is an important attribute of an accurate witness d. show that witnesses are remarkably resistant to misleading information e. help us to understand why eyewitness almost never make mistakes

c

Studies of mental rotation have shown all of the following EXCEPT: a. The amount of time taken to decide if two drawings are the same or a mirror image reversed proportional to the angle of rotation required b. the time taken to decide if two drawings are the same is equal for rotations within the piece plane (two dimensional rotations) and rotations in depth (3D rotations "forward" or "backward") c. Mental rotations are faster when done in a clockwise direction than in a counterclockwise direction d. The rate of mental rotation is the same for simple and complex geometric figures e. In general, mental rotation works like physical rotation

d

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as: a. "rencle" b. "dog" c. "island" d. "butter" e. "xqkrf"

a

Techniques designed to improve memory, often involving the use of visual imagery, are called: a. mnemonics b. eidetics c. iconics d. IQ enhancers e. long-term memory upgrades

c

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. about 75% of a visual display b. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information d. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information e. unlimited

a

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a. directing the flow of information b. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity c. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory d. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization e. storing the meaning of complex verbal material

c

The code in long-term memory is based on: a. sound b. visual imagery c. meaning d. both sound and visual imagery e. both sound and meaning

d

The domino and checkerboard problem is a good example of: a. an ill-defined problem b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. incomplete representation e. both an ill-defined problem and mental set

a

The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that: a. search is a serial process b. search is a parallel process c. search is self-terminating d. search is exhaustive e. search is both self-terminating and serial

b

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. it holds information in a relatively unprocessed form b. it lasts about 20 seconds c. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward d. it can hold more information that can be reported e. it contains only visual information, not auditory

e

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) c. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) d. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) e. the emphasis on static structure vs active processing

d

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _______ effect. a. context b. encoding specificity c. interference d. fan e. flashbulb

d

The primary and recency effects in memory... a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology

c

The results from the studies of Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser indicated that: a. roughly one-third of the subjects had to be dropped from the experiment for inability to construct mental images b. subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were dependent upon the amount of each one had with the task; those subjects who actually lived on the island demonstrated a constant scanning time, regardless of actual distance c. subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned d. subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were unrelated to the distance scanned e. subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island provide conclusive evidence for Paivio's dual code theory

c

The strategy of working backwards is most effective when: a. there are many possible paths to a solution b. the optimal path leads you temporarily away from your goal c. the backward path is unique d. there are clear subgoals before the final goal e. there is no single solution to the problem

a

The string problem often generates _________ when participants do not think to use the screwdriver as a pendulum. a. functional fixedness b. mental set c. incomplete representations d. reasoning by analogy e. means-end analysis

d

The temporal lobes would be most active when you: a. visualize the Mona Lisa b. form a mental map of your campus c. think about a sad event d. imagine listening to your favorite song e. imagine the taste of your favorite food

a

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of the ability to form new memories b. the loss of the ability to recall old events c. the loss of short-term memory d. the loss of sensory memory e. the loss of all memory ability

d

Thinking back to your experience with the tower of Hanoi problem, what is the minimum number of moves required ti move 7 disks from the starting pole to one of the two remaining polls.. maintaining the directions of only moving one at a time and never letting a larger disk rest atop a smaller disk. a. 126 b. 64 c. 63 d. 127

d

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ________ has occurred. a. retrieval b. storage c. forgetting d. encoding e. remembering

c

When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: a. introspection b. analysis c. analogy d. backtracking e. working memory

c

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners, a. they could respond more accurately by pointing than by responding verbally b. only about half of the participants could complete the task at all c. they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing d. most could not complete the task, but those who did preferred to point e. most could not complete the task, but those who did preferred verbal responses

a

When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that __________ has occurred. a. forgetting b. a memory trace c. sensory decay d. encoding failure e. secondary memory

d

When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: a. functional fixedness b. procrastination c. a heuristic d. mental set e. reasoning by analogy

a

When you walk away from a difficult problem and do something else for a while, back and solve the problem successfully, you have experienced the: a. incubation effect b. mental-set effect c. unconscious-processing effect d. problem-space effect e. functional-fixedness effect

d

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory? a. the letters P and R b. the letters C and B c. the words "see" and "bee" d. the words "big" and "large" e. all of these are equally confusable

b

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. the phonological loop b. the icon c. the central executive d. the visuospatial sketchpad e. the episodic buffer

a

Which of the following is NOT one of Finke's principles describing the fundamental nature and properties of visual images? a. Images contain only information that has been intentionally stored b. Mental imagery uses several of the same internal processes as visual perception c. The spatial arrangement of parts of a mental image corresponds to the way parts of the actual physical objects are arranged d. Transformations of visual images obey the same laws of motion as transformations of actual physical objects e. The structure of mental images corresponds to the structure of the actual. perceived objects in the real world

e

Which of the following is an example of an ill-defined problem? a. solving a Rubik's cube b. constructing a proof in geometry c. solving an algebra problem d. solving the Tower of Hanoi problem e. putting together your schedule of classes for next semester

c

Which of the following is the best example of a well-defined problem? b. finding a detour around a traffic problem c. constructing a proof in algebra d. writing a paper for your cognition class e. figuring out how to tell your mother that you eloped

e

Which of the following methods would most help you to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar"? a. repeating the word "elephant" over and over while visualizing a cigar b. repeating the word "cigar" over and over while visualizing an elephant c. repeating both words over and over to yourself d. visualizing an elephant and a cigar, not touching each other e. visualizing an elephant smoking a cigar

b

You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class. After several hours of review, you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items. The next day, on the French exam, you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you, whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of: a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. the tip-of-the-tongue effect d. encoding specificity e. the context effect

c

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the... a. first word b. second word c. 10th word d. 20th word e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast

d

You might have a "script" for: a. what a classroom looks like b. what a "pet" is c. what a "cat" is d. what happens when you go to the barber/ hairstylist e. what rap music sounds like

d

Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ___________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. declarative d. procedural e. episodic

c

_______ involves appropriate novelty in generating solutions a. intelligence b. genius c. creativity d. mental disorder e. bizarre thinking

c

_________ is a very important technique for solving the Tower of Hanoi problem a. means-end analysis b. generate-and-test c. working backward d. reasoning by analogy e. trial and error

e

_________ is defined as "going beyond the information given." a. problem-solving b. reasoning c. decision making d. remembering e. thinking