Cognitive PSYCH exam 3

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

Analysis

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

Incubation

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 ms

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communitcation

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

The definitional approach to categorization

Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

Dynamic

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

Russian marriage

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Insight refers to

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

analogies

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?

analytical

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference.

anaphoric

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

casual

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

crowding

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

exemplar

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language.

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree;oak

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

Similarity

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

Temporal lobe

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

Tonic

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environment context

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking.

flexibility; experience

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

group brainstroming

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

has one correct answer

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization and restructuring

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that Group of answer choices

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.