Cognitive Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

mind wandering.

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Illusory conjunctions are

Combinations of features from different stimuli

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

Dictionary unit

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

Which of the following statements is correct?

Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?

Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.

Preattentive

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

Schema

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

Selective

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?

Treisman's attenuator

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening.

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.

fixation

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.

overt

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the

phone.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics.

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing.

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

try to name colors and ignore words.

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT

whether the perceptual load is low or high.

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.

reaction to physical properties of stimulus

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find the longest response times when

the color and the name differed.