Cognitive Psychology Exam 3

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. A. means-end analysis B. functional fixedness C. analogy D. mental set

C. analogy

Utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to: A. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend B. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball C. buy a first class or coach plane ticket for a spring break D. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course

C. buy a first class or coach plane ticket for a spring break

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is: A. 60% chance Sarah is a math major B. 50% chance Sarah is a math major C. 40% chance Sarah is a math major D. 50% chance Sarah is math or a science major

A. 60% chance Sarah is a math major

Which of the following statements does not apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and movies solve problems? A. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field B. Experts often group problems differently than movies, based on principles C. experts often get off to a slower start than novices D. experts posses more knowledge about their fields than novices

A. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? A. Lydia is a US congresswoman B. Lydia is a US congresswoman and is active in the feminist movement C. Lydia is US senator D. Lydia is US senator and she is active in the feminist movement.

A. Lydia is a US congresswoman

____________ refers to a set of processes for which the goal is to overcome obstacles constructing the path to a solution: A. Problem solving B. creativity C. Decision Making D. Convergent thinking

A. Problem solving

Gestalt Psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving: A. a change in perception B. multiple goal states C. sensory operators D. continuity and form.

A. a change in perception

An experiment measure participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies __________ reasoning. A. deductive B. intuitive C. falsification D. inductive

A. deductive

Metcalfe and weir gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgements every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to: A. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems B. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. C. show that some problems are easier to solve than others D. measure the time-course of the process of restructuring

A. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains: A. descriptive information that is inconsistent with the base rate information B. a belief bias C. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases D. am illusory correlation

A. descriptive information that is inconsistent with the base rate information

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "real world" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages substituted fir the letters and numbers) performance: A. is better for "real world" task B. is better for abstract task C. is the same for both tasks D. of the abstract task improves of the "real world" task

A. is better for "real world" task

Functional fixedness would be lowest for a(n): A. novel object B. familiar C. frequently used object D. object with a specific function

A. novel object

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from: A. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem B. being able to solve other problems at all C. understanding why the procedure works successfully D. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems

A. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

Consider the "General" problem and the "Radiation" Solution problem together, the "General" problem represents the _____ problem: A. source B. target C. exemplar D. prototype

A. source

A syllogism is valid if: A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises B. the two premises and the conclusion are true C. there is evidence to support the two premises D. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion

A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises

Which problem below provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? A. Tower of Hanoi problem B. Two-string problem C. Mutilated checkerboard problem D. The General

B. Two-string problem

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using: A. an atmosphere effect B. an illusory correlation C. the falsification principle D. a mental model

B. an illusory correlation

The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as: A. analogical encoding B. analogical transfer C. insight D. in vivo problem solving

B. analogical transfer

Derrick purchased a new car, a ford mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently". Derrick's judgement is most likely biased by a(n): A. atmosphere effect B. availability heuristic C. stereotype D. permission schema

B. availability heuristic

The findings that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained by the terms of the: A. representativeness heuristic B. availability heuristic C. falsification principle D. belief bias

B. availability heuristic

If we are given the information that in oder to vote in a presidential election you must at least bee 18 years of age and that Will voted in the last presidential election, we can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is example of using ______ reasoning. A. inductive B. deductive C. conjunctive D. descriptive

B. deductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using: A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. a conditional schema D. a mental model

B. inductive reasoning

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the: A. intermediate state B. initial state C. goal state D. source story

B. initial state

The hobbit-orc problem shows how a problem is solved by: A. jumping directly from the initial state to the goal state B. intermediate states that sometimes take you further from the goal C. a small number of steps each closer to the goal D. continually reducing the distance between the current state and goal state

B. intermediate states that sometimes take you further from the goal

The solution to the "candle problem" involved realizing that: A. match box can be used as a container for tacks B. match box can be used as a container for tacks C. candle can be cut in half D. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally

B. match box can be used as a container for tacks

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: A. restructuring, searching, and simulating B. noticing, mapping, and applying C. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing D. Well-defining, infighting, and means-end analysis

B. noticing, mapping, and applying

A(n) _________ string represents a restructured representation in the two-string problem: A. stationary B. swinging C. knotted D. unknotted

B. swinging

Deductive arguments that involve drawing conclusions from two premises are referred to as: A. modus tollens argument B. syllogism C. descriptive argument D. modus ponens argument

B. syllogism

The tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) _________ problem that has been analyzed using the _______ approach: A. Ill-defined/gestalt B. well-defined/means-end analysis C. well defined-gestalt D. ill-defined.means-end analysis

B. well-defined/means-end analysis

In Kaplan and Simons' experiment they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that: A. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem B. People often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem C. The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving D. none of these

C. The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

Analogical problem solving involves _____ problems with ______ solutions: A. similar/different B. different/different C. different/similar D. none of the above

C. different/similar Analogical problem solving involves different problems with similar solutions

Ill defined problems are so maned because is it difficult to specify clear _______ for the problems: A. analogies B. schemas C. goal states D. source

C. goal states

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ____ reasoning. A. deductive B. syllogistic C. inductive D. connective

C. inductive

The validity of a syllogism depends on: A. the truth of its premises B. the truth of its conclusions C. its form D. a and b above

C. its form

The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision makingL A. positive vs. negative outcomes B. opt-in vs. opt-out procedures C. justification D. utility

C. justification

Sugoals must: A. be used only for insight problems B. involve problems were the solver jumps directly from the initial state to the goal state C. move the problem solver closer and closer to the goal D. none of the above

C. move the problem solver closer and closer to the goal

In Metcalfe and Wiebe experiment confidence ratings on "nearness to a solution" ________ over time PRIOR to the solution of an insight problem A. decrease B. increase C. remain constant D. vary unpredictability

C. remain constant

The "circle problem" in which the task is to determine the light of a line that is inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate: A. how analogy can be used to solve problems B. means-end analysis C. representation and restructuring D. the problem space

C. representation and restructuring

Perseveration represents difficulty in: A. automatic processing B. performing a task repeatedly C. shifting to a new behavior D. organizing perceptual information coherently.

C. shifting to a new behavior

illustrative functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if: A. fewer tacks are provided B. pliers are also presented C. the box is empty D. the candle is already lit

C. the box is empty

The key to solving the Wason four-card problem is: A. Mental model B. a categorical syllogism C. the falsification principle

C. the falsification principle

The atmosphere effect shows how respondents are influenced by: A. the content of the conclusion B. the truth of the conclusion C. the initial terms of premises D. cultural differences in judging syllogisms

C. the initial terms of premises (premises SURROUND the claim, conclusion)

Which of the following best represents a mental set? A. using a pair of pliers as a paperweight B. using a tire as a swing seat and as football practice target C. using a juice glass as a container for orange juice D. using a wine bottle as a vase

C. using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Insight: A. usually occurs after repeated unsuccessful solutions B. occurs suddenly C. is a form of discovery D. all of these choice

D. all of these choice

According to the _____, the presence of the words all, some, or no in the premises of a deductive argument can influence the person's evaluation of the validity of the conclusion of the argument: A. representativeness heuristic B. Belief bias C. mental model approach D. Atmosphere effect

D. Atmosphere effect

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. A. lightbulb B. tower of Hanoi C. radiation D. Russian Marriage

D. Russian Marriage

Inductive reasoning involves: A. definite conclusions B. logical certainty C. factual premises D. observational premises

D. observational premises

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer program that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves: A. heuristic B. algorithms C. parity D. search

D. search

Utility is the: A. estimated frequency of an outcome B. estimated probability of an outcome C. objective value of an outcome D. subjective value of an outcome

D. subjective value of an outcome

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT: A. the availability heuristic B. illusory correlations C. selective attention D. the falsification principle

D. the falsification principle

Consider the following argument: - observation: Here in Boulder, the sun has risen every morning. - Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Boulder tomorrow: A. the argument is weak, because there is only one specific case B. the argument is strong, because the premise includes scientific evidence C. the argument is weak, because the observation does not consider other cities D. the observation is strong, because there a re a large number of observations

D. the observation is strong, because there a re a large number of observations

Insight refers to: A. prior learning facilitating problem solving B. prior learning hindering problem solving C. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience D. the sudden realization of a problem's solution

D. the sudden realization of a problem's solution