Cognitive Psychology Exam 4 (tutorial quizzes)

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. a. initial states b. a single correct answer c. schemas d. analogies

a single correct answer

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results: a. contradict the word frequency effect. b. support the word frequency effect. c. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. d. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "Because he always jogs a mile" b. "A mile seems" c. "Because he always jogs" d. "He always jogs"

"Because he always jogs a mile"

The permission schema is an example of a(n): a. illusory correlation. b. pragmatic reasoning schema. c. opt-in procedure. d. subjective utility.

pragmatic reasoning schema.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Experts often get off to a slower start than novices. b. Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles. c. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. d. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. All of these make human language unique. b. Governed by rules c. Hierarchical structure d. Communication

Communication

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. c. Lydia is a U.S. Senator and active in the feminist movement. d. Lydia is a U.S. Senator.

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. b. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem. c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another. d. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify.

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus: a. ANT. b. SPY. c. All of these would have similar response times. d. SKY.

SKY

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? a. The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects. b. The group with one year of English instruction. c. The group with 10 years of English instruction. d. Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers.

The group with 10 years of English instruction.

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. Mutilated checkerboard problem b. The radiation problem c. Two-string problem d. Tower of Hanoi problem

Two-string problem

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. anaphoric interference b. analogies c. divergent thinking d. perceptual segregation

analogies

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ________ inference. a. anaphoric b. analogic c. instrument d. narrative

anaphoric

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n): a. confirmation bias. b. conjunction rule. c. availability heuristic. d. permission schema.

availability heuristic.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to: a. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. b. solve insight problems. c. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state.

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people: a. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. d. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome.

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ________ reasoning. a. conjunctive b. deductive c. descriptive d. inductive

deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to: a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. b. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. d. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I didn't study. Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of: a. denying the antecedent. b. affirming the antecedent. c. affirming the consequent. d. denying the consequent.

denying the antecedent.

The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: a. the means-end analysis. b. divergent thinking. c. the role of insight in creativity. d. convergent thinking.

divergent thinking.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. local connections b. the cooperative principle c. instrumental inferences d. environmental context

environmental context

Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context: a. causes the meaning fitting the sentence to be activated first, followed by later activation of the other meaning. b. has no effect on the activation of the word meanings. c. immediately affects the activation of word meanings so that only the meaning fitting the sentence is ever activated. d. exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to: a. all of these b. understand individual words. c. identify events that were described in the story. d. follow the order of events in the story.

follow the order of events in the story.

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ________, she will use a ________ strategy. a. losses; risk-taking b. gains; risk-aversion c. losses; risk-aversion d. gains; risk-taking

gains; risk-aversion

Noam Chomsky proposed that: a. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. b. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. c. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. d. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

The validity of a syllogism depends on: a. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. b. its form. c. the truth of its conclusion. d. the truth of its premises.

its form.

In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. a. well-defined b. ill-defined c. high-pressure d. low-pressure

low-pressure

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: a. the initial state is not clearly defined. b. the solution is immediately obvious. c. the goal state is not clearly defined. d. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state.

the solution is immediately obvious.

The word "bad" has ________ phoneme(s). a. one b. two c. three d. four

three

People tend to overestimate: a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. subjective utility values following a decision. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.