Cognitive Psychology Final
A heuristic is a
"rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
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An advantage of the prototype approach aver the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.
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Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by
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Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
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If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog." you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.
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Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resembles.
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One of the following properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
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Spreading activation
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Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support
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The prototype approach to categorization states that standard representation of a category is based on
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Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
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Which of the following is not associated with the semantic network model?
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Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
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Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken noodle soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
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The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says "art museum." Lets assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___ seconds?
2
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occured after a delay of
24 hours
Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network
False
You have been studying weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for you exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests that you should take your test with a ___________ mind set.
Calm
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing
Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
Dichotic listening
Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills.
False
Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be must difficult to remember?
Freedom
"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a was that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?
Good figure
Which of the following statements is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory?
Humans can identify an object if sufficient info is available to enable us to identify an objects basic features.
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?
I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
IP supports the principle of behaviorism is a stimulus-response relationship
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
a sequence of actions
__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by a sentence.
Pragmatic inference
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decided to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as
Proactive interference
In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on the screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus
SKY
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with
STM
In the texts "animal lurking behind a tree/ two oddly shaped tree stumps" example, which Gestalt law did NOT contribute to the incorrect perception?
Simplicity
Consider the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____________ problem.
Source
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ____________ on memory.
Source misattributions
____________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization or circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Systems
The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember
a list of long words than a list of short words.
Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?
a sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves
a smaller response test
For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?
affirming the antecedent
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function
all of these
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ________ when they were _________ of that word.
ambiguous sentences, unaware
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her
amygdala
The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.
analogies
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer the question if you create an image as though you were standing
at the far side of the front yard, away from the house
Colby and coworkers study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's
attention
Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of
auditory coding of the LTM
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, US participants would answer _________ and Itza participants would answer _________.
bird, sparrow
In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggest that perception necessarily involves ________ processing and imagery starts as a ________ process.
bottom-up; top-down
The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as
brain ablation
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested.
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes
The key structural components of neurons are
cell body, dendrites, axon
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occuring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
cognitive hypothesis
When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping state of this process?>
connecting the fortress to the tumor
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listening to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time
Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activities for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were _______, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ________.
creating images, deactivated
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
cultural experience
Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, she is most likely using
deceptive representation
Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention
If it is raining, then i will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, i didnt take my umbrella. This syllogism is an example of
denying the antecedent
Experts characterize problems based on
general principles that problems share
Dichotic listening occurs when
different messages are presented to the left and right ears
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
distributed
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also painted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his 4 yr old son. Ali;s use of cartons represents
divergent thinking
Graded amnesia occurs because
emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is
encoded
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI
even if they are told to ignore the postevent information
Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called
exogenous attention
When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by in an unbroken string of sound. To a speaker of that language, the words seem separated. The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of
familiarity
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
firing rate of the action potentials
PFC- damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to
follow the order of events in the story
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the
good continuation
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
graduating from college at the age 22
Students, beware! Research shows that __________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of _________ research.
in vivo problem-solving
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____________ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does not result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.
increasing
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
inferred from the participants behavior
The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) _____________ experiment?
information processing
Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the
initial state
Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If i dont eat lunch today, i will be hungry tonight Premise 2: I ate lunch today Premise 3: therefore, i wasnt hungry tonight
invalid
When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal
is continuous
Lilo cant wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in he research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying
language acquisition
The theory of unconscious inference include the
likelihood principle
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
manipulated
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the _________ of words.
meaning
Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ___________ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses
memory-trace replacement
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ____________ experiment.
mental walk
Broadbent's notion that the mind can be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop _________ that can be treated by further experiments.
models
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on tv, and talk about with other people is called
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
The conclusion to be drawn from the man names Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
none of the above
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object
Which of the following was considered positive by behaviorists
observable behavior
The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.
overt
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is
perceptual organization
When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),
performance is better for the concrete task
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her how to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying
perseveration
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at a given time. The experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict the most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
picket fence
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum interuption from the officer
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the ________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class, soon after, both you and a classmate, JP, are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and JP are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than JP does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to
proactive interference
The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves __________ representations.
propositional
This multiple choice question is an example of a __________ test.
recognition
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ____________ memories.
remote
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
repeated recall
Coherence refers to the
representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
Coding refers the the way information is
represented
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
restructuring
__________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
retrieval
The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ___________ problem.
russian marriage
Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves
sample size
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because
saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
saying the message out loud.
Hr. Huff passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first) Today, Maddelyn was the first to recieve her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should
search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first
In a dichotic listening experiment, _________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages.
shadowing
Preservation represents difficulty in
shifting to a new behavior
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days
Your text describees the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
size of the field of view
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we responded more
slowly to low-frequency words that high frequency words
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
source misattributions
Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
sparrow
The primary effect of chunking is to
stretch the capacity of STM
People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on
structural features
The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different
structural features
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to
temporarily disrupt the functioning of a brain area
Omission bias involves
tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.
One function of __________ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.
the central executive
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
the distance that must be traveled through the network
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through personal experience based in episodic memory.
Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to
the meaning of conversation
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
the number of vowels in a word.
Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning
the representative heuristic
A phenome refers to
the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on
the visuospatial sketch pad
At the MIT symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
there are limits to the human ability to process information.
Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being
too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top-down processing
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
The temporal lobe is
where signals are received from the auditory system
Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?
word frequency effect
In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to
your prior knowledge
