Cognitive Psychology test two
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing.
According to the model of working memory, what mental task should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
According to Baddeley visual memory is
visuospatial memory
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
workers and manager
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information.
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a failure of memory consolidation
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
aware; unaware
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.
relaxed
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
remote
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
What is not an example of implicit memory?
Semantic
What is false about short-term memory?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.
Systems
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation.
What is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply.
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
Rehearsal in short-term memory
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference.
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as
articulatory suppression
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.
autobiographical
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory is tested.
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
central executive
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) ___________process in short-term memory.
control
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
decay; interference
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
distraction
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
elaborative is more effective because of maintenance
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.
emotional
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
encoded
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
encoding
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.
fragility
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.
future
Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?
highlighting
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
implicit and procedural
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.
long-term
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.
organizational context
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it.
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
perseveration
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.
phonological
According to Baddeley verbal memory is
phonological memory
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
Reading a sentence in a book involves what kind of memory?
procedural
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.
propaganda
What effect is closely related with implicit memory?
propaganda
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in long term memory
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.
retrieval cues
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
scale
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic
What does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
sensory
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
sensory, short-term, long-term
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
simply because we have been exposed to them before.
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.
skill
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
smaller response set
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
specificity
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
survival
The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.
task
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
testing
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
the visuospatial sketch pad
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
