Colligative Properties and Osmotic Pressure
If two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the ____ concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the ____ concentrated solution.
less, more
Solutions that contain a solvent and non-volatile solute particles have _______ vapor pressures than the pure solvents under the same conditions
lower
Has a proportional relationship with temperature:
osmotic pressure
_____ is/are needed to stop the movement of solvent through a membrane
osmotic pressure
The presence of the non-volatile solute particles _________ the likelihood that the solvent will evaporate.
reduces
Allows only certain particles to pass through
semipermeable membrane
a _______________________ ___________________ material can be specifically selected to allow passage of some small particles
semipermeable membrane
The elevated boiling points are directly related to both
the number (concentration) of solute particles and the nature of the solvent
Boiling point is defined as
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the liquid
What substances have a vapor pressure?
Any volatile substance, or substance that will evaporate
Osmosis
If two solutions of different solute concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the less concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution, diluting it.
Sally lives in Maine, where there was recently an ice storm. Her sidewalks are now very slippery. The temperature in the next few days is going to rise, but not quite enough to melt the ice on her sidewalks. What could Sally do to the ice on the sidewalk that would allow it to melt? Explain your answer.
Sally should add salt to her sidewalks. The salt will lower the freezing point of the ice, which will cause the ice to melt at lower temperatures.
Most of the properties of a solution are dependent on the properties of the ________ .
Solute
osmotic pressure
The pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent through the membrane
Has an inversely proportional relationship with temperature:
concentration of the solution
The amount of pressure needed to stop the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is _____________ related to the concentration of solute particles in two solutions on either side of the semi-permeable membrane.
directly
The rate of evaporation is dependent upon:
environmental conditions such as air temperature, air pressure, and humidity
Osmotic pressure, due to a semipermeable membrane, will cause molecules to move one direction in an attempt to maintain ___________________ on both sides of the membrane.
equilibrium
Colligative properties
four properties that are not dependent on the identity of the solute, but dependent on the number (concentration) of solute particles that are present in the solution.
a ____________ temperature is required to boil the solution than the pure solvent
higher
When a cell is placed into a salt solution that has a salt concentration lower than the inside of the cell, the solution is said to be
hypotonic
hypertonic
if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is higher than in the cell. Water will move from inside the cell to the solution, causing the cell to shrink
hypotonic
if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is lower than in the cell. Water will move from the solution in to the cell and the cell will expand to the point where it may burst
Adding salt to water _____ the boiling point.
increases
When osmotic pressure is kept constant, the relationship of molarity(M) and temperature(T) is:
inversely proportional
The four colligative properties of solutions:
1. vapor pressure lowering 2. boiling point elevation 3. freezing point depression 4. osmotic pressure
What does a solution consist of?
A solvent and one or more solutes
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the liquid is the _____.
Boiling point
___________________________ have been used to determine the molar mass of a solute
Colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure)
(True/False) If two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the more concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the less concentrated solution.
False. The less concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution
The molar mass of a solute in a solution can be found through the following equation: And the components are:
II = MRT II: Osmotic pressure M: molarity of solution R: ideal gas constant T: temperature (Kelvin)
What happens to the boiling point of water when sugar is added?
The boiling point increases
Is there a relationship between the amount of solute in the solution and the boiling temperature?
The boiling points increased as salt was added. Thus, this would suggest that there is a relationship between the amount of solute in the solution and the boiling point temperature.
When salt is added to ice, what happens to the freezing point?
The freezing point lowers
Ten grams of a solute is dissolved in 500 mL, and the solution has an osmotic pressure of 10 mm Hg. What other information is needed before determining the molar mass of the solute?
The temperature
(True/False) A solution that contains a solvent and non-volatile solute particles has a lower vapor pressure than a pure solvent under the same conditions.
True
(True/False) Osmotic pressure is dependent on temperature and solution concentration.
True
(True/False) The amount of pressure needed to stop the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is directly related to the concentration of solute particles in two solutions on either side of the semi-permeable membrane.
True
What happens when dialysis tube filled with corn syrup is submerged in distilled water?
Water enters the dialysis tubing where the corn syrup is located.
Solute
substances dissolved into the solution
Osmotic pressure is dependent on:
temperature and solution concentration.
What happens to the boiling point of water when sugar is added?
the boiling point increases
Solvent
the dissolving medium (able to dissolve solutes)
When salt is added to ice, what happens to the freezing point?
the freezing point lowers, meaning the ice will melt faster and take longer (requires a lower temperature) to freeze