Colligative Properties and Osmotic Pressure

If two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the ____ concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the ____ concentrated solution.

less, more

Solutions that contain a solvent and non-volatile solute particles have _______ vapor pressures than the pure solvents under the same conditions

lower

Has a proportional relationship with temperature:

osmotic pressure

_____ is/are needed to stop the movement of solvent through a membrane

osmotic pressure

The presence of the non-volatile solute particles _________ the likelihood that the solvent will evaporate.

reduces

Allows only certain particles to pass through

semipermeable membrane

a _______________________ ___________________ material can be specifically selected to allow passage of some small particles

semipermeable membrane

The elevated boiling points are directly related to both

the number (concentration) of solute particles and the nature of the solvent

Boiling point is defined as

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the liquid

What substances have a vapor pressure?

Any volatile substance, or substance that will evaporate

Osmosis

If two solutions of different solute concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the less concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution, diluting it.

Sally lives in Maine, where there was recently an ice storm. Her sidewalks are now very slippery. The temperature in the next few days is going to rise, but not quite enough to melt the ice on her sidewalks. What could Sally do to the ice on the sidewalk that would allow it to melt? Explain your answer.

Sally should add salt to her sidewalks. The salt will lower the freezing point of the ice, which will cause the ice to melt at lower temperatures.

Most of the properties of a solution are dependent on the properties of the ________ .

Solute

osmotic pressure

The pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent through the membrane

Has an inversely proportional relationship with temperature:

concentration of the solution

The amount of pressure needed to stop the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is _____________ related to the concentration of solute particles in two solutions on either side of the semi-permeable membrane.

directly

The rate of evaporation is dependent upon:

environmental conditions such as air temperature, air pressure, and humidity

Osmotic pressure, due to a semipermeable membrane, will cause molecules to move one direction in an attempt to maintain ___________________ on both sides of the membrane.

equilibrium

Colligative properties

four properties that are not dependent on the identity of the solute, but dependent on the number (concentration) of solute particles that are present in the solution.

a ____________ temperature is required to boil the solution than the pure solvent

higher

When a cell is placed into a salt solution that has a salt concentration lower than the inside of the cell, the solution is said to be

hypotonic

hypertonic

if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is higher than in the cell. Water will move from inside the cell to the solution, causing the cell to shrink

hypotonic

if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is lower than in the cell. Water will move from the solution in to the cell and the cell will expand to the point where it may burst

Adding salt to water _____ the boiling point.

increases

When osmotic pressure is kept constant, the relationship of molarity(M) and temperature(T) is:

inversely proportional

The four colligative properties of solutions:

1. vapor pressure lowering 2. boiling point elevation 3. freezing point depression 4. osmotic pressure

What does a solution consist of?

A solvent and one or more solutes

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the liquid is the _____.

Boiling point

___________________________ have been used to determine the molar mass of a solute

Colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure)

(True/False) If two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, solvent from the more concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the less concentrated solution.

False. The less concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution

The molar mass of a solute in a solution can be found through the following equation: And the components are:

II = MRT II: Osmotic pressure M: molarity of solution R: ideal gas constant T: temperature (Kelvin)

What happens to the boiling point of water when sugar is added?

The boiling point increases

Is there a relationship between the amount of solute in the solution and the boiling temperature?

The boiling points increased as salt was added. Thus, this would suggest that there is a relationship between the amount of solute in the solution and the boiling point temperature.

When salt is added to ice, what happens to the freezing point?

The freezing point lowers

Ten grams of a solute is dissolved in 500 mL, and the solution has an osmotic pressure of 10 mm Hg. What other information is needed before determining the molar mass of the solute?

The temperature

(True/False) A solution that contains a solvent and non-volatile solute particles has a lower vapor pressure than a pure solvent under the same conditions.

True

(True/False) Osmotic pressure is dependent on temperature and solution concentration.

True

(True/False) The amount of pressure needed to stop the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is directly related to the concentration of solute particles in two solutions on either side of the semi-permeable membrane.

True

What happens when dialysis tube filled with corn syrup is submerged in distilled water?

Water enters the dialysis tubing where the corn syrup is located.

Solute

substances dissolved into the solution

Osmotic pressure is dependent on:

temperature and solution concentration.

What happens to the boiling point of water when sugar is added?

the boiling point increases

Solvent

the dissolving medium (able to dissolve solutes)

When salt is added to ice, what happens to the freezing point?

the freezing point lowers, meaning the ice will melt faster and take longer (requires a lower temperature) to freeze