COM 1000 Final Exam Study Guide

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The Diffusion of Innovations

Explains the reasons why individuals adopt new technologies, and the rate at which they do so.

A mode of presentation that combines careful preparation with spontaneous speaking. The speaker generally uses brief notes rather than a full manuscript or outline.

Extemporaneous Delivery pg.26

A pattern of organization in which the entire body of the speech is the telling of a story

Extended narrative pattern pg.202

Critical thinking

Is to be able to listen and analyze information you heater so that you can judge its accuracy and relevance

What are 4 strategies that enhance audience understanding?

Give information that: 1. The audience can use immediately 2. Actively involves the listeners 3. Is likely to connect to the listeners 4. Is relevant to the audiences needs and their busy lives.

Tips for Communicating Within a Professional Atmosphere

Give more attention to face-to-face communication Effective listening is critical Speak clearly Maintain a positive attitude Give and receive feedback If you get upset, calm down before responding Build your credibility

Doctor-Patient Interactions

Goal is shared decision-making; doctors don't make decisions for patients anymore.

Reliabilty

Having consistent results

Improve health literacy

Health Communication Goal

Components of Listening

Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding

Mainstreaming

Makes us all think the same way.

Disclosure in Relationships

Making intentional disclosures about yourself that others are unlikely to know, private, sensitive or confidential information. Deeper and closer relationships

Employment Interview (Topics that Should be Avoided)

Marital status Family situation and future plans Medical history Sexual orientation Religious affiliations Age

Social Roles

Marital, school, work, gender

Topical organization

If your central idea has natural divisions, you can organize your speech by using _______

What are the type of audiences in public speaking?

Immediate and remote

Language that reduces the psychological distance that separates speakers and the audience members and stresses that speech is transaction

Immediate language pg.231

Resonance

Impacts us more when we can relate to or is similar to our everyday lives.

Language that helps people believe that they not only have a stake in matters of societal importance but also have power in this regard

Inclusive language pg.230

Entertainment Education

Incorporated messages about health into media that is already popular. (Ex. Friends: Sex education)

post hoc fallacy

Incorrectly naming the cause of one event as the event that immediately preceded it.

prestige testimony

Information coming from a person who is highly regarded but not necessarily an expert on a topic.

Primary sources are best defined as:

Information that comes from the original author.

Paralanguage

"It's not what you say, it's how you say it" Emphasis on words can change a sentence

Paralanguage

"It's not what you say, it's how you say it" Emphasis on words can change a sentence

Methods of Non-Verbal: Paralanguage

"It's not what you say, its how you say it"; different emphasize on different words EX: I didn't steal her purse Emphasis on the different words in that sentence changes the meaning

Agenda Setting Theory

"The media may not tell us what to think, but they sure do tell us what to think about;" media decides what the public will consider to be important.

Public speaking

Is the process of presenting a message to an audience

Change vs. Predictability

- Contrasting need for things to be consistent, reliable or the need to be different, unique or surprising

Expressiveness vs Privacy

- Contrasting need to be open to sharing or maintaining privacy

A website contains dated entries in reverse chronological order. They can range from serious commentary by experts to "ranting and raving" by people with no particular qualifications.

Blog (short for web log) pg.142

Terms, such as and, or, and not, used to narrow or broade a computerized search of two or more related terms.

Boolean operators pg.145

Downward

Boss to Employee

What do messages include?

Both verbal and nonverbal signals. It has a purpose.

Social Penetration Theory

Breadth -Cover a wide range of topics Depth -Deeper topics Frequency -Going from saying hi, to becoming best friends

Sports Communication

Media coverage on sports; $150 million each year.

Social Presence Theory

Media exists on a continuum from low to high levels of social presence (the degree of awareness an individual has of the other person in the interaction)

What is a rising channel in today's society?

Mediated channels.

Bias

Perceiving something based on the context

The process by which we give meaning to our experiences

Perception pg.12

Substitute

Physical actions that take place of verbal messages

A pattern of organization that analyzes a problem in terms of (1) harm, (2) significance, and (3) cause, and proposes a solution that is (1) described , (2) feasible, and (3) advantageous

Problem- solution pattern pg.197

Logical

Rational, consistent, sensible judgement on data

Group Think

So much agreement within a group that no one stops to think

What is auditory channel?

Send spoken messages, your words and your sentences.

Accommodation

Sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people.

Role

Set of behavior that applies to a certain subclass of people

How many communication contexts are there?

Seven

oculesics

use of eye contact to communicate

Nonverbal comm

use of objects, action, sound, time and space to convey meaning

Chronmenics

use of time

Invention

The development or discovery of new insights or new approaches to old problems.

Synecdoche

Using one part of something to represent the whole thing

Patch Writing

Using someone else's phrases in a speech without acknowledging the source

Mixed Metaphor

metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other

Archetypal Metaphors

metaphors that use common human experiences to describe another object

Verbal vs. Nonverbal

The opposite spectrum is emotion

What is a General Purpose Statement?

The overarching goal of the speech. To either inform, persuade, or entertain

Disposition

The process of developing an orderly speech; the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations

Reasoning by Example

The process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases

Human Communication

The process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning

Disposition

The process of organizing and arranging ideas and illustrations in an orderly speech.

latitude of acceptance

The range of positions on a given issue that are acceptable to the audience.

latitude of rejection

The range of positions on a given issue that are unacceptable to an audience.

Orientation

The way you position your body and speak

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The words we use in our thoughts become the way that we speak about things and changes the way we see the world

What is the Sapir-Whorf theory?

The world is perceived differently by members of different communities and this perception is transmitted and sustained by language.

Post Interview Follow Up

To show appreciation and professionalism

Decode

To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images

Haptics

Touch Communication (Physical Contact)

What kind of process is communication, specifically public speaking?

Transactional

powerful language

no disclaimers confidence seen as more attractive

Avoidance

no need to engage in conflict that is nuisance, can be strategic, but not for every conflict

illusions of invulnerability

no way we can mess this up ex. NASA no-one ever died (prior to challenger explosion)

causal pattern

a speech organization pattern that explains cause-and-effect relationships in which each main point is either an event that leads to a situation or a link in a chain of events between a catalyst and a final outcome.

Internal Summary

a statement that summarizes what you have already covered and precedes transitions

illustration

a story or anecdote that almost guarantees the attention of the audience

Autocratic leadership

a style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do

Categorical Syllogism

a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group

Conditional Syllogism

a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

Uniform Resources Locator: the address for websites such as www.mmhe.com

URL pg.135

sexism and language

US language is sexist towards females males are represented by less words than females more positive words for males

Quantitative social scientists

Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab

Emotional Education

Understanding what to do and feel over time Developmental Interactionist Theory (Buck, 1984) See notebook for diagram

Job Search Checklist (Blogging)

Use a pseudonym. This way you can write whatever you would like Control access If using your real name, don't post hateful comments, don't post what you did last Friday night and don't post your belief systems

affect displays

nonverbal displays of the body or face that carry an emotional meaning or display affective states.

adaptors

anxiety in interactions adapt to this anxiety channel nervousness nonverbal ticks to cope with everything in mind

confirmation

any behavior that causes another person to value him or herself more.

micro expressions

any expressions on your face but only for a split second

Verbal message

any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words.

What is the desired response of a commemorative speech?

appreciation and emulation of the praiseworthy

Evaluations for Internet Resources

authorship, sponsorship, recency

hearing (listening vs. hearing)

not necessarily focusing physiological process

nonvocal

not sounds movement, gestures

paralanguage

not what you say-how you say it different emphasis can mean different things

organize

based on our own expectations put things in an order to allow us to tell a story

self-concept

based on self attributes looking glass self self-expansion social comparison

spontaneous communication

based upon biologically-shared signal system nonvoluntary involves signs, not symbols nonpropositional mainly right-brained evolutionary

Perceived

belief by one individual or more people that conditions for conflict exist, awareness, the "oh shit" moment

code switching

changing codes

euphemisms

changing language to make it easier to understand/handle

private acceptance

changing our own minds

The means through which the message is sent

channel pg.57

example of connotative vs. denotative

cocky vs. confident similar dictionary definition different connotative meaning

dominance in relationship

complementary structures- one dominant other submissive symmetrical: both dominant or both submissive parallel: dominance//submissiveness depends on situation

Nonverbal

complements, regulations, substitutes for, contradicts, illustrates verbal

lies of fabrication

completely untrue, started as a personal gain

nonverbal ______ verbal

compliments regulates substitutes for contradicts illustrates

c in care

concentrate

aerobic listening

concentration acknowledge respect emphasize

Inferences

conclusions of judgment derived from evidence or assumptions.

3rd barrier to listening

conflicting objectives

intelligence

connect personalities of behaviors

A limitation on choices in a rhetorical situation

constraint pg.121

Artistic Proof

constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerns ethos, pathos, and logos.

three types of research

content analysis survey research experimental research

1st accuracy of perception

context

accuracy of perceptions

context interpersonal sensitivity perceiver of self-confidence intelligence flexible expectations awareness of limitations

intra-role conflict

contradictory expectations from one role. example: your friend wants to drop out of school and move in with older boyfriend. As a friend you're supposed to be supportive and listen but also as a friend you're supposed to tell them when they're making a dumb decision

Basic human needs which must be satisfied before higher-order needs can be met. They include the need for food, air, water, physical safety belongingness and love and self esteem and social esteem

deficiency needs pg.118

monochonic

one thing at a time ex. class

List 2 delivery signposts.

pacing, pause

Latent

pre awareness, potential for conflict exists

Decoding

process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message.

human communication

process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning

Health Comunication

proper way to interact with patients or people with subjects about health

Bsic vital data regarding any population

demographics pg.99

health communication

doctor needs to understand what problem is and what to expect. Politely say lose weight. Doctor patient interaction. Public service announcements-smoking, casual sex, texting and driving

lies of omission

don't talk about the truth

inferences

drawing conclusions from information we have in front of us

William Lloyd Garrison

editor of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.

time oriented

efficiency, fastest and best way. Getting answer instantly

The degree to which a receiver scrutinizes a message

elaboration pg.60

body language

emblems illustrators regulators adaptors affect displays

time-oriented

emergency, critical, urgent

Paralanguage

emphasis on certain words, how we say things

What are gestures used for?

emphasize important words and phrases

scientific method is...

empirical objective logical public

Oculesics

eye contact- where we look shows attraction women tend to use eye contact more

kinesics

facial expression, body movement and gesture

Kinesics

facial expressions and gestures - cultural differences body movements and gesture- emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays

Kinesics

facial expressions, body language, body movement

Nonverbal

facial expressions, posture, tone of voice, etc

conversational structure: floor two

free for all lack of clear turn taking conversational overlap repetition agreement structures women are more likely to speak this

group dynamics: maintenance

getting everyone on the same page, harmonize, compromise when there is conflict, encouraging others, gatekeeping when we off task, expediting to keep things moving, and following (followers good for groups)

outgroup

group you're not a part of think of less favorable traits of the other group

norms

guidelines that limit and direct behavior

6 basic emotions

happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

6 emotional affects

happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust. Building blocks for emotion

experimental limitations

hard to generalize results from lab environment, artificial setting, limited subject population, requires strong procedure to prevent issues

Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over extended period of time.

long-term goals pg.96

2nd example of self concept

self expansion model

What does emotional intelligence include?

self-awareness

communication

sharing experience

Those ends that we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term

short-term goals pg.96

Declamation

the delivery of an already famous speech

communication climate

the emotional tone of an episode or relationship.

organizational communication

the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships

Derived Credibility

the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation

referent

the object for which the symbol stands (the actual podium)

Share

the percentage of TVs that are turned on and tuned into a particular station

context

the physical setting

human communication

the process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning

Interviewing

transaction that emphasizes question and answer

How do you word your specific purpose statement?

"At the end of my speech, my audience will be able to..."

abstract/vague language

"I'll be home early"-how early is early? have not done a good job of clarifying a time

equivocal language

"do you want to get a drink?" can be a date vs. I just want water

Communication

"the sharing of experiences"

conflicting objectives

"this is going to be important, but won't be on exam" do i pay attention or no?

types of groups (4)

(1) primary groups (2) social groups (3) learning and education groups (4) problem-solving groups

*NEW SECTION* 9/14 Perception

*NEW SECTION* 9/14 Perception

Attachment theory

- Children seeking proximity of an attachment figure when frightened or upset -Calling for mom when scared

Avoidant

-20% of children -Negative views of others

Secure Children (Attachment Theory)

-70% of children -Generally have positive views of other people

Symbolic Communication

-Communication about higher things - Voluntary - Can be false -Intentional

Cynic

-Destroys morale with bad outlook

Uncertainty Reduction theory

-Gaining information about other people to create predictions about others behaviors

Clown

-Jokes and plays around past morale boosting (Kyle)

Spontaneous Communication

-Non voluntary -Involves signs not symbols

Devils advocate

-Prevents groupthink - prevents individual thought

Norms

-Standard or pattern of social behavior that is accepted or expected within groups -Makes interpersonal communication predictable, creates routine for communication, given rules for behavior -Guides that limit and direct behavior -Normative agreements - choosing to do one thing over another based on who in conversation has authority

Scientific Method

1. Ask a question or state the problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Think through and refine the hypothesis 4. Design and conduct the experiment 5. Analyze and interpret the data

Identify 3 goals of speaking to Inform

1. To enhance understanding 2. To maintain interest 3. To be Memorable

Personal Space

18''-4'

Films in color

1935 technicolor is introduced. Wizard of Oz was not the first colored film. but was very bright

Television

1939: World's Fair (no one cared); flourished after WWII; redefined entertainment and the way we got our news.

Haye's Code: Government views for censorship; movies now rated.

1968

Star Wars is released.

1977

History of Web Browsers

1991: The WWW, later becoming Nexus 1993: Mosaic 1994: Netscape Navigator & Opera 1995: Internet Explorer 2003: Safari 2008: Google Chrome

Toy Story (first CGI film)

1995

DVDs invented.

1997

repression

1st form of self deception

confirmation bias

1st impression of who they are. Consistently take information to justify 1st impression

1. Ability 2. Motivation

2 Factors Influencing Adopters

1. Explain communication behavior. 2. Predict future behaviors.

2 Things Good Theories Do

Facebook

2004

YouTube

2005

Netflix

2007

Social Space

4'-12'

social distance

4-12 feet

1. Innovators 2. Early adopters 3. Early majority 4. Late majority 5. Laggards

5 Adopter Categories

1. Knowledge 2. Persuasion 3. Decision 4. Implementation 5. Confirmation

5 Stages of the Adoption Process

1. Update your privacy settings 2. Be careful what you share 3. Do not over-hashtag 4. Know your social media platform 5. Watch your grammar

5 Staples to Personal Branding

Ideal number for collaboration

5-7

1. Bookmarking sites and social news sites 2. Blogs and mircoblogs 3. Social networking sites 4. Shopping sites 5. Multimedia sharing 6. Virtual worlds

6 Types of Social Media

1. Learning 2. Habit 3. Companionship 4. Arousal 5. Relaxation 6. Escape 7. Passing Time

7 Reasons Children Watch TV

Differentiate between a General Speech Purpose and a Specific Speech Purpose

A General Purpose is the overarching goal of your speech (to inform, to persuade) whereas a Specific Purpose is a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you have finished your speech. (Identifies the audience response you desire)

extended example

A detailed narrative that serves as a sample or an instance that supports or illustrates a general claim.

What is expressiveness?

A dimension of nonverbal communication that influences our first impressions, has been linked with animation, dynamism, expansiveness, and intensity of both nonverbal and verbal behaviors.

Stereotyping

A generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture

Vital function Approach

A leadership approach that calls upon group leaders to perform takes others in the group either cannot or are not qualified to perform

core belief

A long and closely held viewpoint that is particularly immune to persuasion.

Standard Deviation

A measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in the distribution are

Specific Purpose Statement

A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

Central idea

A one sentence summary of the speech content and identifies the essence of your message

Shared Meaning

A phrase a group of friends or a community uses; inside joke

expert testimony

A type of support consisting of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic.

lay testimony

A type of support consisting of statements made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing.

Code

A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image

How can you avoid plagiarism?

A. Understand what constitutes as plagiarism B. Do your own work C. Acknowledge your sources D. Cite sources correctly

A summary of an article or a report

Abstract pg.146

central route

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of two ways audience members may evaluate a speaker's message. This route denotes a high level of elaboration- a mental process that involves actively processing a speaker's arguments.

Recency

According to this principle, the point discussed last is the one which audiences will remember best

If you are talking on a cell phone, what would be the channel?

Air waves via phone towers.

The process of communication is ethically neutral

Amoral pg.53

Credibility

An audience's perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic.

What is the Central Idea in a speech?

An identification of the essence of your message. It is a one sentence summary of your speech.

factual examples

An illustration based on something that actually happened or that really exists.

An extended metaphor or similie

Analogy pg.239

Which of the following BEST describes the appropriate steps for developing content of an effective speech?

Analyze the audience and occasion, then plan and organize your message.

The use of opposites light-dark

Antithesis pg.240

Interview Types (Information)

Appraisal Persuasive Exit Counseling Disciplinary Employment Stress

Rhetorical strategies

Are the methods and techniques that speakers employ to achieve their speaking goals

Ethnicity Differences

Attitudes about talk, Attitudes toward conflict, Self-disclosure and candor, Nonverbal behavior

Explain why it is important to be audience centered during each step of the speech process

Because the audience influences the topic you choose and every later step of the speechmaking process.

Explain why it is important to consider the audience when giving a speech.

Because you may need to adjust your speech according to their demographics, psychographics, attitudes, needs, beliefs, values,habits, etc.

Barriers to Listening: Psychological

Being bored; emotions

A request by the speaker, usually at the end of a speech, for the audience to take specific actions to fulfill the speech's purpose

Call to action pg.189

messages

Can be verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional

Impressions of Self: Self-Esteem

Can change within a day; feedback; how confident are we in ourselves

Cable

Carries clean channel; MTV and Fox expanded.

A pattern of organization that moves from cause to effect or from effect to cause

Casual pattern pg.197

A pattern of organization based on natural divisions in the subject matter

Categorical pattern pg.200

Code switching

Changing the way you speak because of the audience you are addressing or is present

The physical medium through which communication occurs

Channel pg.12

What would you think in a subjective view of ethics?

Claim that the morality of an act depends on the culture's values and beliefs as well as on the particular circumstances. The end might justify the means.

What would you think in an objective view of ethics?

Claim that the morality of an act is absolute and exists apart from the values or beliefs of any individual or culture. Holds that there are standards that apply to all people in all situations at all times.

Political Leader

Clear in wants Persuasive, Networking, Power-Based

Emergence (Norming) Phase

Come to decision, divide up work, plan, organize

Mass Personal Communication

Communication once was meant for close friends, but it often blows up and goes viral; everything is coming together.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication that occurs between at least two interdependent parties

What is Interviewing?

Communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers

Hostile Work Environment

Conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile affecting a persons ability to perform their job

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 1

Conduct a personal self assessment

Emergence

Conflict comes out

Symbolic

Creative, Vision based, Theatrical Steve Jobs

Empirical

Data based on observation or experience

The process by which a code is translated back into ideas

Decoding pg.12

Leadership Styles

Democratic, Laissez-Faire, Autocratic

purposes of content analysis

Describes frequency of a behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts

Job Search Checklist (Online Job Search )

Don't send your resume or personal information to anyone you think might be sketchy. Craigslist is notorious for having "job offers" which are not legit Always check on the company you are applying for online. If they do not have legitimate information/reviews or a website, be very diligent in investigating what you are getting into Don't EVER release your personal information online such as driver's license number, social security number, credit card number, date of birth or anything else that is purely personal

Job Search Checklist (Email)

Double check spelling & grammar Have two different email accounts. One professional and one personal. [email protected] is not professional. Add a professional signature line with your name and contact information Make sure you check the email account regularly

Language Issues: Inferences

Drawing conclusions from information we have in front of us

Social Styles

Driver, Expressive, Amiable, Analytical

What is s self-fulfilling prophecy?

Due to psychological sets, people help confirm their own expectations so that a favorable self-concept may lead to success, and an unfavorable self-concept lead to failure.

Job Search Checklist

E-Mail Google Blogging Online Job Search

Emotional Education

EX: throwing a temper tantrum before you knew what anger was You learn this from your role models and from media

PROFESSIONAL BENEFITS OF STUDYING PUBLIC SPEAKING

Effective speaking skills enhance your chances of first securing employment and then advancing in your career.

Physical Delivery

Elements of speaking that deal with the body

Survey Research

Examines what people do Relies on self reports Examines relationships between variables ex. Relationship questionnaries, Attitude surveys, media habits research Survey Research Issues Need representative sample Questions must be high quality No control over variables Cannot make casual conclusions Self reports

Survey Research Purpose

Examines what people do, relies on self-reports, examines relationships between variables EX: Relationship questionnaires, surveys about attitude

Affect Displays

Eye contact

What is the visual channel?

Eye contact (or lack of), body movement, hand and facial gestures, and clothing.

Methods of Non-Verbal: Oculesics

Eye contact or eye gaze; Can indicate attraction if there is a lot of eye contact

Awareness

FIRST stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audiences attention on the issue and show why the issue is important.

Sometimes that is verifiable as true

Fact pg.142

What is technical interference?

Factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended information or stimuli.

Describe several different types of supporting material that could be used to support speech ideas.

Facts, examples, definitions, statistics, analogies, quotations, stories, and visual material that illustrate, amplify, and clarify the speech.

Pseudospontaneous Comm

Fake emotions you display in an appropriate situation

Spoofing/Catfishing

Faking your identity.

True or false: During public speaking, you are only speaking to one audience.

False

Primary Group

Family

FCC

Federal Communications Commission: regulates all means of interstate telephone, telegraph, and radio communication; was the FRC

Natural Responses

Fight or Flight Mouth opens wider to let in more oxygen

Bodily Adaptation and maintenance of Homeostasis

Fight or Flight Need for food/water/oxygen

Bodily Adaptation and maintenance of Homeostasis

Fight or Flight Need for food/water/oxygen

Impressions of Others

First Impressions (Primary Effect) Physical Attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma

Impressions of Others

First Impressions (Primary Effect) Physical Attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma

Impressions of Others

First Impressions (The primacy effect) Physical attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma

Giving Criticism

Focus on the issue not the person, consider the relational climate, consider the delivery

Interviewing

Focused on question-answer pattern

Comic Books

Frederic Wertham; this is ruining our young people; horrible and violent.

example of reliability

Friend always misses the dart board 2 inches to the left and 2 inches from bottom

Balance Theory

Fritz Heider's consistency theory that is concerned with balance and imbalance in the ways in which three elements are related

The primary function of a speech. The three commonly agreed upon general purposes are to inform, persuade, and to entertain

General purpose pg.14

Feelings of anxiety associated with communication in nearly all situations

Generalized anxiety pg.39

Combinations od inherited tendencies that may exert influencies on our behavioral preferences

Genetic contributors pg.39

Explain the reasons for and processes involved in nervousness about public speaking

Genetic traits and other reasons can cause anxiety.

Nonvocal

Gestures Movements Eye Contact

Nonvocal/nonverbal

Gestures Movements Eye Contact

Nonvocal

Gestures Movements Eye Contact

Emblems

Gestures that replace a word

Experiment Issues

Goal: Drawing casual conclusions Requires random assignment to conditions Hard to generate results Artificial setting Limited subject population

Experiment Issues

Goal: Drawing casual conclusions Requires random assignment to conditions Hard to generate results Artificial setting Limited subject population

Norms

Guidelines that limit and direct our behavior

Experiment Limitations

Hard to generalize results from lab environment, artificial setting

Conflict (Storming) Phase

Haven't decided what is going to happen, brain storming, conflict of what to do next

Regulators

Help to pace conversation

Regulators (Kinesics)

Help to pace conversation EX: Sticking your hand up to pace/interrupt a conversation

Regional Differences

High or Low context

Early Adopters

Highest degree of opinion leadership; more discreet in adoption than innovators.

reluctant testimony

Highly credible form of supporting material in which sources of evidence speak against their apparent self-interest.

Accuracy of Perception: Perceiver Self-Confidence

How confident you are in your perception

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Strong Determinism

How we view the world and our actual thoughts are both controlled by language directly EX: We only know something exists if we have a word for it

According to the Inoculation Theory, your message will be more persuasive with most audiences if you:

Identify the specific counter-arguments and directly refute them (two-sided refutation).

1. Spoofing 2. Phishing 3. Avatars 4. Cyberbullying

Identity and the Internet (4)

Decreases

If a listener hears a word or phrase a speaker uses and dislikes that word, his or hers listening comprehension _________

You are the product being sold.

If you can't find the product being sold,

Self Disclosure is usually what?

Intentional

Mass Personal Communication

Interpersonal + Mass Communication=

What does culture have to do with communication?

It has been passed down from one generation to the next through communication rather than through the genes.

What is the temporal context?

It includes factors such as the time of day, and more importantly, where your speech fits into the sequence of events. I.e., is your speech following another presentation that has taken an opposing position?

What did Freud argue about unintentional stimuli, both verbal and nonverbal?

It is all unconsciously motivated.

Language Issues: Dichotomies

Lacks range and does not give many options; assuming; thinking in terms of two -contrast

The degree to which words and phrases deviate from neutral

Language intensity pg.240

The rule- governed word system we use to verbally communicate

Language pg.222

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Language shapes the way we see the world Strong Determinism- Language determines our thoughts Weak Determinism- Language does not determine our thoughts that influence it

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Language shapes the way we see the world Strong Determinism- Language determines our thoughts Weak Determinism- Language does not determine our thoughts that influence it

Laggards

Last to adopt an innovation; tend to stick to "traditions," lowest social status.

5 Phases of Conflict

Latent, Perceived, Felt, Manifest, Aftermath

A person feels unable to predict whether a behavior will result in a reward or punishment, therefore he or she avoids the behavior all together if possible.

Learned Helplessness pg.40

Attitude

Learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude or object

Film with sound

Lee DeForrest created the first method for recording sound on the edge of a film strip; 1926- Warner Bro's Don Juan contains music. 1927 - Warner Bro's The Jazz Singer contains spoken dialogue

Independent Marital Style

Less conventional Use time and space independently More conflict-open and assertive

Forces of attraction

Liking Reciprocity Similarity Proximity Attractiveness

The idea that what people perceive is influenced by the language in which they think and speak

Linguistic relativity hypothesis pg.225

Physical/ Psychological Barriers

Loud Noises Pain Hearing Issues Psychological Preoccupation Boredom Emotions Conflicting Objectives Poor Listening Habits

Phishing

Luring users into giving up account information.

What is the one form of communication that is mediated?

Mass communication

Which is the most expensive form of communication?

Mass communication

Printing Press

Mass communication is formed; Johannes Gutenberg invented; mass production of the Bible.

Experiment Purpose

Measures effect/outcome of relationship, draw casual conclusions

1. Unaddressed documents 2. Written, addressed documents 3. 2 Way Radio 4. Telephone 5. Video Conferencing 6. Face-to-face

Media Richness Theory (Lean to Rich)

Framing

Media choosing how to cover the stories and how to think about it; tells us what to think about or can make certain sides or people look bad. (Deflategate: Patriots)

Humanistic Approach- Intrepretivists

Might try to seek understanding of something from different aspects

Objective

Minimized personal bias

Emotional Communication

Minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission

sexism and language

More terms to define women More positive to describe men than women

Illusion of invulnerability

NASA has never lost anyone in space Became cocky

The Big Three

NBC and CBS ran the airways and began crossing over from radio to TV. ABC spins off from NBC in 1943 because the government thought NBC was becoming too much of a monopoly. They controlled 99% of the airways for most of TV history

What's the difference between public speaking and conversation when it comes to messages?

Organization, adjusting the language, research, preparation for delivery.

What is one variation of cognitive restructuring?

Performance visualization, a technique designed specifically to reduce the outward signs of apprehension and also to reduce the negative thinking the often creates anxiety

Reciever

Person/audience that a message is being transmitted to

Interference (noise)

Prevents messages from being received, or prevents intended meaning from being understood Technical Interface Semantic Interface

Interference (noise)

Prevents messages from being received, or prevents intended meaning from being understood Technical Interface Semantic Interface

A forecast of the main points in a speech

Preview pg.20

Question Types

Primary questions Follow-up questions Open-ended questions Closed questions Neutral questions versus leading questions

Group Pro's

Promote social facilitation More opinions and ideas Promote critical thinking

A short, commonly used saying that expresses a well-known truth, often with a religious or moral aspect

Proverb pg.180

Social Scientific Approaches

Qualitative Quantitative

Summary

Recap of what has been said, provides additional exposure to us because ideas and can help ensure that the audience member will grasp and remember them

Repetition

Repeating words or phrases

Content Analysis Issues

Requires a representative sample Needs clear, specific definitions of behaviors Limited to studying what is already occurring

Innovators

Risk takers, high social status, financial liquidity, social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction w/ innovators

Characteristics of Cultures

Rituals, religious beliefs, ways of behaving, and unity

Developmental Interactionist Theory (Buck, 1984)

See notebook for diagram

Illustrators

Shows a word

Illustrators

Shows and accompany a word

Public Health Campaigns

Some ads are surprising or graphic; behavior change starts with an attitude change.

What is a shared meaning?

Some correspondence between the message as perceived by sender and the receiver.

Technical Interference

Some kind of physical ability is impaired EX: Someone loses their voice, poor cell phone service

Aristotles Linear Module of Communication

Straight lined model of: Source -> Message -> Receiver True for messages through books, newspapers, etc.

Employment Interview (Common Questions Asked)

Strengths Weaknesses Tell me about yourself Why do you want this job?

Health Communication

Structuring communication so interaction between doctors and patients are more appropriate

Declamation

Students in the nineteenth century practiced ________

An idea that supports a subpoint

Supporting point pg.210

Websites freely accesible to all users over the internet

Surface web pg.136

Horizontal Communication

Task Coordination Problem Solving

Synchronous

Telephone, Video Conferencing, and Face-to-face

1. Extreme personalization 2. Feedback in real time 3. Sex and violence persist 4. The End of Mass Communication?

The Future of Mass Communication (4)

1. Big data dating 2. Genetic matchmaking? 3. Virtual companions? 4. Digital deception and revenge.

The Future of Relationships (4)

Complexity

The arrangement of ideas from simple to the more complex

Andragogy

The art and science of teaching adults

Pedagogy

The art and science of teaching children

Receiver(s)

The audience can be called the:

Receiver

The audience; those who were intended to receive the message

Ethos

The credibility of the speaker

Communication Climates

The emotional tone of a relationship between people who are interacting over time

Source

The person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intend to speak and crafting that idea to an audience

full disclosure

The practice of formally acknowledging one's own vested interest in a topic before presenting one's arguments, to reveal any potential conflicts of interest.

Personal Branding

The practice of people marketing themselves and their careers as brands.

logos

The sound reasoning that supports a speaker's claims and makes the argument more persuasive to an audience.

Message

The speech itself - both what is said and how it is sid

What is the Halo effect?

The tendency to extend a favorable or unfavorable impression of one trait to other traits.

What are unintentional verbal messages?

The things we say without meaning to.

Rhetoric

The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

Close-ended questions

These type of questions offer alternatives from which to choose

Primacy

This principle suggests that you discuss your most important or convincing points first in your speech

Internal noise

This type of noise may stem from either psychological or physiological causes

Digital Native

Those who were born into web 1.0 or 2.0

Digital Immigrant

Those who were not born in web 1.0 or web 2.0 and must learn it

Short-term time orientation

Time is an important resource

Attend

To ______ to a sound is to focus on it

Renton has been asked to present his colleague, Rebecca, with the "Journalist of the Year" award. What is important for him to remember to say in this speech?

To briefly refer to the occasion and mention the significance of the award.

Elements of Effective Communication

Understanding Pleasure Attitude Influence Improved Relationships Action

Elements of Effective Communication

Understanding Pleasure Attitude Influence Improved Relationships Action

Cyberbullying

Using the Internet to cause harm to others.

Testimony

Using the word of other people as evidence

Language Issues: Abstract/Vague Language

Using words such as "late/early" without specific terms such as a time

Females in Sports

Usually framed in a sexual way. (Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition)

Step 1. Select

We select information that is intense, repetitious, changing

Monochronic culture

We tend to focus on one thing at a time; tend to think interruptions are a bad thing; time commitments are serious

Power and Language

Words have power and it influences how people perceive what they say Words might mean something to other people than what they mean to you The way we talk change the way we are perceived

Dichotomes

Yes or No

What is the looking glass self?

You evaluate yourself primarily on the basis of how you think others perceive and evaluate you.

Relational-oriented listener

You're a ________ listener if you are comfortable listening to people express feelings and emotions

ARPAnet

a branch of military that developed top secret systems and weapons during the Cold War; protected the flow of info between military installations. It inspired email, telnet, and file transfer protocol

General Purpose Statement

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech; there are three types

Reactive PR

a campaign launched as a result of poor business practices or damaging individual behavior

Necessary Cause

a cause that must be present for an effect to happen

literal analogy

a comparison between two similar things

The Studio System

a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of major studios in Hollywood

Bookend Story

a narrative in which the speaker tells the first part of the story as an attention getter in the introduction of speech and then finishes story in the closer end of the conclusion.

Model

a three dimensional representation of an actual object

What is the semantic differential?

a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts.

Coordination

all information on the same level has the same significance

heisenberg's uncertainty principle

all measurement contains error. things need to be rigorous and patterns

Inartistic Proofs

all the evidence,data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion

Input

all the stimuli, both past or present, that give us our information about the world

expert testimony

an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject

lay testimony

an opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has firsthand experience

Psychological(Barrier)

bored, emotions

self expansion model

connections/relationships with others

3rd language issue

dichotomies/ inbetween

Denotive meaning

dictionary definition of the word

4th language issue

equivocal language

Physical(Barrier)

fatigue, hearing loss, pain

action oriented

gather accurate information

Vocal

groans + sighs

hurier model

hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding

culture

is a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

analogy

is like a comparison

race

is the person's biological heritage.

strong determinism

language determines our faults

weak determinism

language has an impact on our thoughts and how we view the world, but it does not control it

Ambiguous

language that does not have precise, concrete meanings

impression formation (3)

make a sense of who someone is (self included) impression of self impression of others stereotyping

conversational structure: floor one

monologues single speaking terms declarative statements men are more likely to speak this

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, the two main determinants of a listener's willingness to engage in elaborating on the message are __________and _________.

motivation and ability pg. 61

List 2 visual signposts.

movement, gesture

performing

now we are used to each other and now it is time to strive to achieve our goals

Product Placement

organically occurring advertisements that work seamlessly into programming

methods of nonverbal

paralanguage objectics proxemics orientation haptics kinesics oculesics chronemics

Physical/ Psychological Barriers

physical/ physiolocgial conflicting objectives poor listening habits

1st barrier to listening

physical/physiological

Poor listening habits(Barrier)

playing on the phone, interrupts

maintaining romantic relationships

positivity openness assurances networks tasks

Original sources of information.

primary sources pg.139

2nd active listening

reflection

Alliteration

repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words

example of lies of fabrication

rumors

organizational communication*

schools, churches, hospitals groups that can help someone with a specific problem

impressions of self

self-concept self-esteem self-fulfilling prophecy

2nd kind of bias

self-serving bias

cooperative conflict style

should be conflict and find solutions (different opinions)

affect displays

show of emotion

Parallelism

similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech

transaction

simultaneously sending and receiving messages to and from at least 2 people

physical/physiological

some loud hissing noise outside the classroom can make it difficult to listen to another person speak

deception (of others, of self)

telling truth all the time can hurt you in the long run repression cope

Credibility

the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others

Pronunciation

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken

External noise

the air conditioner, a crying baby, or coughing is an example of what?

Message

the content/idea that the source tries to convey to the audience

Environment

the context in which the communication process takes places

Lectern

the stand behind which people speak and on which they places their notes

catastrophe theory

the sudden death of a relationship

Web 3.0

the technology and internet that has yet to be developed

Linear Model of Communication

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

illusion of superiority

this is the best and we are the best group

Our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong

values pg.116

Paralanguage

where we put emphasis on words "how you say it"

Abstract

words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations.

social rules

work student gender-linked marital

Social Roles

work, student, gender-limited, marital

social roles

work, student, gender-linked, marital

Routine summaries at meetings, reports to the board, sales pitches to clients, and training seminars for co-workers are all examples of

workplace public speaking

verbal/nonvocal

written word

looking glass self

you start to believe you are the person that people say you are

dichotomies

you're strong vs. you're not strong people will take that as "you're weak"

Radio

Wireless signaling; Guglielmo Marconi invented; Nobel Prize; Titanic sinking was announced.

feedback

Without an audience member to hear and provide _______, public speaking serves little purpose

What did William James, American philosopher and psychologist, say about selective attention?

Without selective interest, experience is utter chaos.

Equivocal Language

Words that have multiple meanings

Equivocal language?

Two or more possible interpretations

Inter-role Conflcit

Two roles at once

*NEW SECTION* 9/23 Non-Verbal Communication

*NEW SECTION* 9/23 Non-Verbal Communication

*NEW SECTION* 9/7 The Process of Communication

*NEW SECTION* 9/7 The Process of Communication

*NEW SECTION* 9/9 STUDYING COMMUNICATION AS A SCIENCE

*NEW SECTION* 9/9 STUDYING COMMUNICATION AS A SCIENCE

*NEW SECTION* The Communication of Emotion

*NEW SECTION* The Communication of Emotion

Dialectal tension

-Contradictions within relationships - people don't want the same things all the time (their own desires are inconsistent) -Autonomy vs. Connection - Expressiveness vs Privacy -Change vs Predictability

Social Games

Big money through simple clicks. (Candy Crush and Farmville)

Supporter/encourager

-Provides emotional warmth, praise, acceptance

Non-Verbal Leakage

-When you let your true feelings show through -When your best friend knows your faking it

Public Space

12' or more

Vocal

Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice

slippery slope fallacy

Arguing against a policy because one assumes (without proof) that it will inevitably lead to another outcome that is undesirable. For example, "If we legalize marijuana, that will be the first step toward legalization of all drugs, which would create a public health catastrophe.

Cultures the disciurage individual assertiveness and stress group harmony.

Collectivistic cultures pg.41

Orientation (Forming) Phase

Coming together and introductions (stage where it can become at team or not)

Metacommunication

Comm about comm

Communibiological

Communibiological (hereditary factors, most recent theory), Nature Vs Nurture, Study on Sets of Twins: 67 pairs of identical twins that were separated at birth, very similar make up of personality due to DNA

CARE (Improving Listening Skill)

Concentrate on the material Acknowledge the engaging individual Respect the people you are engaged with Empathize

CARE (Improving Listening Skill)

Concentrate on the material Acknowledge the engaging individual Respect the people you are engaged with Empathize

Reliability

Consistency of measurement results

Survey Research

Examines what people do.

Arrangement

How the speech is organized

Nonverbal sending accuracy

How you do facial expressions

5 Steps Leading to Commitment

Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding

Camera

Invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison.

Euphemisms

Replacing words with other words to make them more comfortable

Emergent Leader

Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward the achievement of a group's goal but does not hold the formal position

r in care

respect

Dyadic Effect

- when people share thing with another, they expect a similar level of sharing in return -Gradual opening up -Leads to positive feeling between the pair

What are the Communication contexts (7)?

1) interpersonal 2) intercultural 3) interviewing 4) small group 5) public communication 6) organizational communication 7) mass communication

Radio Act of 1912

1. All radio stations are licensed by the federal government. 2. All seagoing vessels must continuously monitor distress signals.

Uses and Gratification Approach

1. Ask individuals how they use media. 2. What good they get out of it. (Relies on self-reports)

What are the patterns associated with speech anxiety?

1. Average: Has an overall positive approach to speaking in public and your heart rate stays within average rate. 2. Insensitive: Likely for experienced speakers; feels less sensitive to anxiety and typically has a Lower heart rate when speaking. 3. Inflexible: Has a high constant heart rate. Can be used to enhance excitement and presentation of speech. 4. Confrontational: Speaker begins with a high heart rate at the beginning of the speech, and then levels off to a normal rate.

3 types of emotions

1. Bodily Adaptation & maintenance of Homeostasis 2. external expression of motivational/ emotional stats 3. the subjective expression of motivational emotional stats

Three Types of Emotion

1. Bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis: Includes fight-or-flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen 2. The external expression of motivational/emotional states: Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission 3. The subjective experience of motivational/emotional states: Useful for self-regulation, reflection, and learning

aerobic listening

1. concentrate 2. acknowledge 3. respect 4. empathize

How to improve

1. listen carefully 2. pay attention(consistently) 3. take notes on most important ideas (physically or mentally) 4.Take the time to process messages 5. Aerobic Listening: C onverse A acknowledge R espect E emphasize

improving listening skills

1. relinquish old habits 2. review preconceived assumptions 3.respect the other person 4. reflect on the message 5. request clarifications

Process of Perception

1. select 2.organize 3.interpret

Johari Window

Open Area, Blind Area, Hidden Area, Unknown Area

Types of Questions in an Interview

Open and Closed Questions (Explanations verses One Answer) Factual and Opinion Questions (Verifiable answers verses personal) Primary and Secondary Questions (New Territory verses Followup) Hypothetical Questions Leading Questions

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 9

Open communication channels

A jugdement by someone that is subject to dispute

Opinion pg.142

Facts

Or information has been proven to be true by direct observation

Oral communication ranking

Oral Communication skills ranked first with written communication second and listening third. 76% of executives gave oral reports

Which statement best describes the effects of orally citing sources during your speech?

Oral citations have the potential to increase your credibility with the audience.

Step 2. Organize

Our brain tell us what is happening in the situation

What are psychological sets?

Our expectancies or predispositions to respond

External Noise

Outside noise such a a lawnmower, plane, baby crying

Dispositional Other (Bias)

Overuse of personality reasons EX: Joe failed the exam because he is lazy

Dispositional other

Overuse of personality reasons (dispositions) with others "joe failed the exam because he was lazy"

Self-serving bias

Overuse of situational attributions with self "I failed the exam because the exam was ridiculous and unfair

Self-Serving Bias

Overuse of situational attributions with self EX: I failed the exam because the question were unfair

A syndication format that aggregates updates to various news sites or blogs and transmits them to users

RSS (really simple syndication) pg.140

Product Placement

Purposefully put products in scene or background to advertise. (Either subtle or obvious)

Social Scientific Approaches

Qualitative, quantative

Critical scientific approaches

Qualitative, quantitative

Interviewing

Question and answer format between people Usually a formal setting

Interviewing

Question and answer format between people Usually a formal setting

Sexual Harassment Types

Quid pro quo and hostile work environment

Issues of Content Analysis

Requires a representative sample; needs clear/specific definitions of behaviors; limited to studying what is already occuring

Refutation

Response to potential opposition to your argument

Final summary

Restates the main ideas of a speech and gives it an audience their last exposure to those ideas

Soft evidence

Rests on opinion or inference

Public

Results are publicized

What are some ways that you can deal with and manage your own public speaking apprehension?

Reverse the factors that cause it, restructure your thinking, practice performance visualization, and desensitize yourself.

Qualitative social scientists

Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data

Qualitative

Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data

Job Search Checklist (Google)

Search yourself and see what appears If inappropriate content & pictures appear, remove them immediately If you do not have control over the offending web page, contact the website's owner and ask them to remove the pictures and content Sign up for Google alerts google.com/alerts

Semantic Triangle

See notebook for diagram

Copycat Phenomenom

Seeing ideas in media can inspire us to do it too.

Responsibilities of Ethical Listeners

Seek exposure to well informed speakers., Listen openly, without prejudging the speaker or the speaker's ideas., Evaluate the logic and credibility of the speaker's ideas., Beware of the consequences of not listening carefully.

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 7

Seek shared codes

Social Scientific Approach- Quantative

Seeks to uncover patterns in communication behavior via numbers. Either work in the field or lab

Impression Formation

Self Concept Self Esteem Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Impression Formation

Self Concept Self Esteem Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Bias

Self attribution tends to differ from other attribution. We act a certain way based on the situation

Strategies for Preparing for a Job Interview

Self inventory, creating networks, searching for a job, investigating the interviewer, being prepared to ask and answer questions, conducting post interview negotiations

Nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness for example touching oneself

Self-adapting benhaviors pg.273

Spontaneous Communication

Sending signals without forming a thought first Based on a biologically-shared signal system Non voluntary Involves signs, not symbols Never false Mainly right brained EX: When there is a bear in nature and you see your friends face you know to get out of there

What is one's gender?

Shaped by culture and includes your "bioligical sex, psychological characteristics, attitudes about the sexes, and sexual orientation.

Symbolic Communication

Sharing Thoughts

What's the difference between noise and signal?

Signal refers to information that is useful to you; information that you want. Noise on the other had, is what you find useless; its what you do not want.

Transitional statements that bridge main points.

Signposts pg.22

Common ground

Similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors

What is an audience?

Simply a group of people listening to or reading a message or speech. In public speaking, the audience is relatively large, ranging from small groups to even millions.

Audience-centered

Skillful public speakers are:

Declamation

The delivery of an already famous speech

What is a Specific Purpose Statement?

The desired response you wish from your audience. What you hope they do, feel, or remember.

Objective

aim is to remove bias

motivated sequence

aims to establish five main points

self-expansion model

allow us to grow and expand more deep relationships lead to more growth branching out

shared meaning

bring other people in on this and allows us to communicate group of friends

shared meaning

bring other people in, in the meaning of a word

filters

change perspective

six primary emotions

happy sad fear anger surprise disgust

other factors in interference

listening, feedback, time

Block Booking

local movie theatre has to agree to show all of a certain company'a films, leaving no room for independent films; seen as building a monopoly

spontaneous vs. symbolic

natural vs. construct

dominance

need for control over others. continuum between always wanting to control others vs extremely submissive in communication

issues with survey research

need representative sample question must be of high quality no control over variables no causal conclusions people lie

statistics

numeral data that summarize facts or samples

What are 6 topics for commemorative speeches?

objects, events, people, occasions, places, ideas

What are 5 topics for informative speeches?

objects, events, people, processes, places, ideas

Concept Map

also known as MIND MAP, a visual representation of the potential areas that you could cover in your speech

David Sarnoff

an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career, he led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement

The hawaiian word for "quick". A Web site that allows users to edit consent easily and quickly- for example wikipedia.

wiki pg.138

Competition

win/lose

Collaboration

win/win, best style according to research, but problem with this style is time consumption, cannot be used in every situation, not practical, ideal, not always the best way

Interpersonal Communication

with another people to build closeness

equivocal lang

words have two or more meanings

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the world is percieved differently b members of a different communities and that this perception is transmitted and sustained by language

Perceptual filters

they are things about us and our perception on it (gender, culture, age, etc)

referent

thing/object for which a symbol stands

white lies

things that dont harm people, being polite

private meaning

think a certain thing with word

Autonomy vs. Connection

- Need to do things alone vs with other

Harmonizer

- Promotes group peace, often humor

Social Penetration Theory

- as people get closer, conversation moves from shallow to deeper, leading to more intimate conversations -Can lead to sharing too much -Fosters (develops) authenticity

Group building and maintenance roles

- orienting the way the group functions and altering the group toward goals

Disclosure

- revealing your private information to foster a sense of closeness (Us and Hegemon)

*NEW SECTION* 9/21 Listening

*NEW SECTION* 9/21 Listening

small group

*at least 3* its a small number of people interacting for some common purpose -ideal number of people is 5-7 -needs to be large enough to break superordinate goal -goal that no individual can accomplish other own (ex. win championship) - sense of connection between group

groupthink

*when conformity reaches its worst form -tendency towards alignment among group members - drive that the group will function better if everyone agrees - leads to bad decisions and oversights (ex. bad project)

Which of the following statements best describe the suggestions for developing Main Points in your speech?

-Limit each main point to one idea. -Focus each main point on developing the thesis statement. -Give all main points balanced treatment

Inter-role conflict

-Struggles within a role - if I'm a teacher, I want to be a friend to my students and also an authoritative figure

Roles

-Three type of group roles

Group Task Roles

-To facilitate and coordinate group effort toward identifying and solving a problem - group roles don't make individuals lose our individuality

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

-When a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true based on the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true. -When you wake up saying its going to be a good day, and it turns out to be true.

Self Serving Bias

-When you get an A you attribute it to you being smart -But when you get an F you blame it on the professor

Pseudospontaneous

-When you try to fake a reaction -Hosting a party and you don't feel well but you act like your fine

Isolate

-Withdraws from group (Cameron)

Benefits of public speaking

-helps you to succeed in college.-increases your knowledge.-helps builds your confidence.

Barriers to listening

-physical/physiological: literal noise from what could be an outside force -psychological: pain, fatigue, emotional trial -conflicting objectives: professor "we'll discuss this topic but it wont be on the exam" -poor listening habits: you just suck at listening

Intimate space

0-18''

sign

ex: growling to show anger

psychological sets

expectations that shape experiences

Pyschological sets

expectations that shape experiences (gender, age)

psychological sets

expectations that shape experiences. Certain information can jump out at us

an example of organize perception

expectations, formatting

The Scientific Method

empirical objective logical public

scientific method 2

empirical, objective, logical, public

qualitative

employs rigorous observational rules work "in the field" collect data that are rich in detail and descriptive ethnography

qualitative

employs rigorous observational rules, work "in the field", collect data that are rich in detail and descripition

The situation or context in which the transaction takes place

environment pg.57

Causes of Communication Apprehension

environment, culture, skills factors, communibiological

The receiver's preception of a sender's competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill; credibility.

ethos pg.55

5th language issue

euphemisms

equal participation

everyone needs to participate with no dominance

hierarchy of needs

explains how people's most basic needs must be met before they will focus on less essential ones

Oculesics

eye contact

Nonvocal

facial expressions, movement

facts and statistics

fact-a piece of information used as evidence or as part of a report or news article. statistics-a fact or piece of data from a -study of a large quantity of numerical data.

content oriented

gather detailed, complex information, listen carefully to detailed

perceptual filters (physical/physiological limits)

gender, culture, sexuality, friend group how we view the world

stereotyping

generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture

inductive reasoning

generalizing from facts, instances, or examples, and then making a claim based on that generalization

proximity

geographic closeness- affects who we meet and whether the relationship will continue.

norming

getting adjusted to each other and forming a certain rhythm ex. at jobs where you have been for a while "this is how we do things"

validity

getting the truth being accurate *need reliability to have this

components of listening

happens within a matter of minutes hearing understanding remembering interpreting evaluating responding

Shared Meaing

have a shared meaning with a word

personal space

have to let person in 18"-4 feet

Incremental Plagiarism

using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source

Boolean Operators

using the word "and" "but" and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results

Proactive PR

usually associated with generating a "buzz" or increasing awareness; can be associated with highlighting charity work

barefaced lies

usually committed by little kids, everyone involved knows the lie.

messages

verbal or nonverbal intentional or unintentional

What are the 4 types of signposts?

verbal, rhetorical, visual, delivery

A video clip that is similar to a podcast

vidcast pg.140

Memorized Speech

whens a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes infront of them

orientation

where you are situated competitive orientation or cooperative orientation ex: where you are sitting at a table

self fulfilling prophecy

whether or not you think you can or can't do something you are right

self-fulfilling prophecy

whether you think you can or can't, you're right

Metrics

who to gauge success of advertising vs. PR; advertising is more numerical, while PR is through social media

Self-fulfilling prophecies

winners work on winning, losers just give up

interpersonal

with one another

Intrapersonal comm

within one person

interference (semantic)

having trouble understanding someone based on words people use or language people use ex. "on fleek"

pseudospontaneous communication

hiding or faking emotion

Cues

hints

expressiveness

how do you act? are you intense?

orientation

how people are in a setting

flexible expectations

how someone can act in specific situations

objectics

how to dress for a job, and someone with technology

Impression Formation

how we score other people, good or bad

Orientation

how we structure ourselves in a specific setting maybe to send certain sitaitons

weak determinism

how we view the world, is influenced but not completely controlled by the language we use

reliability and validity

how well a measurement is working

orientation

how you sit and face people your formation and whether or not you let people into the conversation

symbol

in verbal communication, it is the world itself (podium)

4th accuracy of perception

intelligence

2nd accuracy of perception

interpersonal sensitivity

3rd example of how perception is active

interpret

Connotative Meaning

interpretation of the word

gestalt

interpreted all together

Perception

interpreting the sensory experience of the world

communication levels (8)

intrapersonal interpersonal interviewing small group public organizational health mass

ducks model of dissolution

intrapychic phase: i can't stand this anymore dyadic phase: id be justified in withdrawing social phase: i mean it- telling friends grave dressing phase:it is now inevitable- theres no point

dispositional other

overuse of personality reasons with others

dispositional other

overuse of personality reasons with others Joe failed b/c he's lazy

Dispositional other (bias)

overuse of personality reasons with others (joe failed because hes lazy)

self-serving bias

overuse of situational attributions with self

self-serving bias

overuse of situational attributions with self I failed b/c questions were unfair

Self-serving Bias

overuse of situational attributions with self (failed because exam was unfair)

nonverbal receiving ability

ow good are you at guessing right emotions

methods of nonverbal

paralanguage, objectics, proxemics, orientation, haptics, kinesics, oculesics, chronemics

List 3 rhetorical signposts.

parallelism, alliteration, acrostic

1st active listening

paraphrasing

emotional appeal

pathos pg.54

understanding

people might not speak a certain language and have a hard time knowing what the other person is saying

extroverts

people who are more sociable life of the party talk more. lie more

3rd accuracy of perception

perceiver self confidence

Objectics

personal appearance

barriers to listening

physical/physiological psychological conflicting objectives poor listening habits

hearing

physiological process

interpersonal sensitivity

picking up on verbal and nonverbal messages

In a public-relations presentation, the speaker should anticipate and prepare for criticism by

planning to counter objections and problems.

scientific method

question/state problem, hypothesis/research question, refine hypothesis/research question, design conduct observation, measurement, or experiment, analyze and interpret data.

survey research issues

questions must be of high quality. no control over variables, cannot make casual conclusions, can only see relationship, self-reports

The audience to whom the message is delivered

receivers pg.57

Symbol

something used for or regarded as representing something else

symbols

something we create

Private Meaning

sometimes from a misunderstanding, or some words mean something different

attributions differ as people focus on different information

sometimes we focus on the individual, sometimes we focus on the context or circumstances

psychological

sometimes we just get bored doing routine things hard to listen with other emotions going on inside you preoccupied

adaptors

sort out anxiety/ nerves, release physical energy

vocal

sounds symbols vocalizations groaning

Procemics

space between use, distance, territory (public,social,personal, intimate)

A brief, accurate speech where the goals are to provide information and build another speaker's credibility is a(n)

speech of introduction.

TV Genres

sports: boxing was the first televised sport; it was much easier to film than football; only need 2 cameras. soaps: first were on radio. dramas. sitcoms: situational comedies; broke stereotypes and got people to talk. reality: first appeared in UK with survivor or big brother; now are mostly scripted and the actors get paid huge amounts.

Comprehension

stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take

cope

start to justify for the ways we're feeling

euphemisms

relationship between symbol and referent is clouded by more and new language/jargon somebody died vs. somebody passed away

examples of survey research

relationship questionnaires, attitude surveys, media habits research

Media Convergence

represents how traditional mediums are using the digital space to convert or transform their media

deception

repress emotions or events coping- involves making sense of what we feel

issues with content analysis

requires a representative sample need clear, specific definitions of behavior limited to studying what is already occurring

Euphemisms

substitute mild,vague charged terms for more blunt ones.

semantic triangle

symbol is created to represent a referent symbol symbolizes a thought

Semantic Triangle

symbol, referent, reference

verbal communication

system of symbols and code used to construct and convey messages

A collection of interdependent parts arranged so that a change in one produces corresponding changes in the remaining parts

system pg.9

content analysis

systematic analysis of the content of communication messages

Demographics

the statistical information on the populations characteristics such as age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and ideological or religious views

Object

the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing

referent

the thing that the word stands for

group dynamics: task roles

the things we do to try to get the work done - roles that we play to make things happen

nonverbal communication

the use of objects, action, sounds, time, and space convey meaning

nonverbal communication

the use of objects, actions, sounds, time and space to convey meaning

Nonverbal

the use of objects, actions, sounds, time, and space to convey meaning

proxemics

the use of space to convey meaning

Rhetoric

the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

weak determinism

the way we view the world shapes our thoughts but do not outright determine our thoughts

symbol

the word itself, the word means nothing, but culturally we have created a meaning for the word

Felt

thinking what conflict means personally and planning what to do about it, personalizing, coping personally

Digital Divide 1.0

those who have access to technology vs. those who don't

Digital Divide 2.0

those who know how to use the technology vs. those who don't

Semantic Triangle

though,symbol, referant

left brain

thought and language

introverts

thoughts in their own heads

Media Advertising

type of communication that persuades individuals to take some form of action; WHEN - product/service launch, sale/promotion/holiday, loss in sales, gain in sales, apologies/PSA. WHERE - print, radio, TV, film. out of home, digital, mobile

Open-ended questions

types of questions that allow for unrestricted answers without limitation to choices or alternatives

the subjective experience of motivational/emotional states

useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning a monitoring system for humans mostly think about this one

subjective experience of motivation/emotional states

useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning. A monitoring system for humans (spend a lot of time on this one)

subjective expression

useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning. Monitoring system for humans

external expression

useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance and submission

the external expression of motivational/emotional states

useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission

external expression of motivational/emotional states

useful for social coordination. Sexual reproduction, dominance/submission

Individual roles (disruptive)

-satisfying the needs of particular members of the group - is not directly responsible for working towards the group goal

What is Human Communication

-the process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning. -a transaction between at least 2 people -simultaneously sending and receiving messages

intimate space

0-18" control this space the most

Crafting a Compelling Message

1) What do you want people to know factually? 2) What do you want people to believe intellectually? 3) What do you want people to feel emotionally? 4) What do you want people to do actively?

The Scientific Method Steps

1. Ask a question or state a problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis or research question 3. Think through and refine the hypothesis or research question 4. Design and conduct the observation, measurement, or experiment 5. Analyze and interpret the data

Aerobic Listening (CARE)

1. Concentrate on the material 2. Acknowledge the person you are talking to 3. Respect the person you are engaging with 4, Empathize; try to figure out in any conversation emotionally where a person is coming from

Three Benefits of Studying Public Speaking

1. Public Speaking Abilities 2. Personal and Social Competencies 3. Academic and Career Skills

Steps of perception

1. Select 2. Organize 3. Intrepret

What 4 strategies can you use to clarify complex processes?

1. Use analogies 2. Offer models or pictures 3. Describe the who, what, when, where, and why of a process 4. Offer a strong description

task group communication model (4 phases)

1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing

6 components of listening

1. hearing 2.understanding 3.remembering 4.interpreting 5.evaluating 6.responding

Impressions of Others

First impressions -primary effect Physical attractiveness expressiveness charisma

Emblems (Kinesics)

Gestures that substitute for words EX: Thumbs-up

What is the remote audience?

Get the material secondhand.

Nonverbal Receiving Ability

How well you can read facial expressions

Which of the following is the name for vocal fillers such as "um, ah, and" that become distracting when used repetitively by the speaker?

Nonfluencies

A wordless, but not silent system of communication

Nonverbal behavior pg.257

Messages

Nonverbal vs verbal, and they may be intentional or unintentional

Abstract/Vague language

Not specific

Staistics

Numbers that summarize and organizes sets of numbers to make them easier to visualize

What is self-esteem?

One's feelings of self-worth.

Content Analysis Issues

Requires a representative sample Needs clear, specific definitions of behaviors Limited to studying what is already occurring

Humanistic Approaches

Rhetoric Interpretivists- Looks at specific events through different viewpoints Critical Scholars- Look at critical issues

Humanistic Approaches

Rhetoric Interpretivists- Looks at specific events through different viewpoints Critical Scholars- Look at critical issues

Humanistic Approaches

Rhetoric, intrepretivists, critical scholars

A question that the audience isn't expected to answer out loud

Rhetorical question pg.180

Qualitative

Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data

While trying to cognitively restructure yourself, what should you be using?

Self-affirmations

Bias

Self-attribution tends to differ from other attribution We act a certain way because of the situation and others act a certain way because of who they are

Silent communication with oneself that influence one's perceptions of reality.

Self-talk pg.43

Language including terms such as housewife and fireman that sterotype gender roles

Sexist Language pg.231

Martina is concerned about her introductory speech for the guest speaker at her banquet. What should Martina keep in mind?

She should introduce the topic and the speaker, briefly and accurately.

What is communication apprehension?

Simply the fear of public speaking

Methods of Non-Verbal: Orientation

Sitting across from each other: adversarial or competitive Sitting next to each other: cooperative or collaborative

Quid Pro Quo

Situation where an employee is offered reward or punishment used on their participation in sexual activity

What's an example of something that has high noise and low signal?

Spam mail

A pattern of organization based on physical space or geography

Spatial pattern pg.201

Cultivation Theory

Television can shape our views of the world; we may think that television reflects reality and this gives us unrealistic expectations of the world.

Context

The environment or situation in which the speech occurs. It index elements such as time, the place, and the speaker's and audience's cultural tradition, and expectations.

What is trait apprehension?

The general fear of communication, regardless of the specific situation. It appears in conversations, small group settings, and public speaking.

Terminal Credibility

The level of credibility you have when your speech concludes and that is the sum of your initial credibility and derived credibility

Task-oriented listener

These types of listeners focus on accomplishing something and focus on the verbs to determine what action needs to be taken

A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience's attention on the central point of a speech.

Thesis Statement pg.16

e in care

empathize

Articulation

physically producing the sound needed to convey the word

3rd active listening

questions

people-oriented

small talk, find a common ground

Symbolic Comm

socially-shared system voluntary involves symbols includes nonverbal behaviors

Measures of Central Tendency

statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including mean, median, and mode.

Haptics

study of touch, touch comm -tough indicates dominance

Encoding

taking abstract notion and providing it with meaning through the application of symbols

Internet Censorship

the control or suppression of what can be accessed, viewed, published, or distributed online

Initial Credibility

the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech that is based on your experience and the audiences prior knowledge about you

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that different communities perceive the world differently and this perceptions sustained and transmitted by language strong determinism weak determinism

Physical Location

the immediate environment in which the speaker will be speaking

Logos

the logical dimension of the appeal

Median

the middle number of distribution

emotional communication

the minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission

Ratings

the percentage of TVs that are turned on and turned off and tuned into a particular station

chilling effect

the person with greater power encourages other person into silence

Brainstorm

to create a list of possible topics and keep adding to the list as you think of new ideas

What is the fundamental aim of a commemorative speech?

to inspire

Antithesis

when two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure

straw person fallacy

when you replace your opponent's real claim with a weaker claim you can more easily rebut

1. Post about the field you are in 2. Share opinions you can stand behind 3. Create a LinkedIn profile 4. Describe yourself accurately 5. Purchase yourname.com 6. Best smart, be authentic, be a professional 7. In today's world, your career starts now

Advice to Personal Branding (7)

Why do we do personal branding?

Employers consistently vet jobs candidates by viewing their social media.

Listening

process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/or a nonverbal message (psychological process)

listening

process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages

Analytical

process oriented, facts and figures, need a plan, process oriented, and concerned with facts and figures, (Ask Assertive + Task Responsive)

groups pros and cons

pros: tend tomato higher quality decisions due to multiple people and more considerations, social facilitation (people feel lonely they join a club) encourage critical thinking cons: take a lot of time, drama, impersonal conflicts, member dissatisfaction, social loaders (those people that are invisible by never being there until there is credit to be taken for the work)

proxemics

proximity distance, space, territory

2nd barrier to listening

psychological

listening (listening vs. hearing)

psychological process

Social Scientific Approach- Qualitative

Employs rigorous observational rules; collects data that are rich in detail and description such as interviews or participant observation. EX: In-depth interviews, participant-observation

The process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by the receiver.

Encoding pg.12

Democratic Leader

Encourage members to participate in group decisions

Maintenance Roles

Encouraging Harmonizing Compromising Following

powerless language

Ex. Kinda, sorta, I'm not sure but, I think, uh, like

Survey Research

Examines what people do Relies on self reports Examines relationships between variables ex. Relationship questionnaries, Attitude surveys, media habits research

Self Serving Bias

Excuses for personal behavior

Reinforcement (Performing) Phase

Execute plan, come together with completed work

Psychological Sets

Expectations that shape experiences and make us sensitive to certain information EX: If you have a certain interest or liking and you hear someone talking about that liking then you might pay specific attention to it

Psychological Sets

Expectations that share experiences

Denotative meaning

Dictionary meaning of a word

Intra-role Conflict

Different expectations of one role One may believe the relationship is just friendly, while the other is making wedding plans The uncomfortable feeling that your police officer uncle has when he arrests you for a DUI

How does context play a role in public speaking?

influences you as the speaker and it will also influence the audience

life cycle of relationships: stages of coming together

initiating experimenting intensifying integrating bonding

perception

interpreting the sensory experience of the world (these can lie)

Ethics

involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person

Hearing

is a physical process

ethnicity

is the portion of a person's cultural background that includes such factors as nationality, religion, language, etc.

why communicate? (4)

keeps you alive impacts everything doing it well is a skill employees value it

why is communication important

keeps you alive, impacts everything, doing it well is a skill, employers value it

The ceremonial speech, given at or near the beginning of a meeting or a conference, which sets the theme and tone, is a

keynote address.

example barefaced lies

kid ate chocolate, and said they did not with chocolate all over his/her face

Chart

visual depictions of summaries of numeric data

two types of nonverbal

vocal and nonvocal

two types of nonverbal communication

vocal and nonvocal

What do gestures naturally follow?

vocal emphasis

Listeners who chose to hear a speaker

voluntary audience pg.98

the matching hypothesis

we are attracted to the person who matches our own perception of our own attractiveness

A four-point pattern of organization that is based on (1) ill, (2) blame, (3) cure, and (4) cost

Stock issues pattern pg.197

Organizational Communication

Study of self, others, and contexts within organizational relationships

A standard word or phrase used by libraries to catalog books or other publications

Subject heading pg.144

An idea that supports a main point

Subpoint pg.210

What is a euphemism?

Substitute mild, vague, or less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones.

What is interpersonal sensitivity?

Success in decoding nonverbal communication, or the accurate recall of another person's nonverbal behavior.

What is physical context?

The actual place in which you give your speech (room, hallway, park). A presentation in an auditorium would be different than one in a small room.

quantitative

seeks to uncover patterns in communication behavior via numbers using statistics to find patterns "in the field" or in the lab

Barriers to Listening: Conflicting Objectives

"we'll discuss this topic but it wont be on the exam" W hen you want more or something different out of a conversation than what is happening

High Context Cultures

(Japan, China, Africa) meaning is best conveyed through the contexts such as social roles, nonverbal channels

Spontaneous vs Symbolic

(Natural reaction vs planned)

Low Context Cultures

(USA, Western Europe) meaning is best expressed through explicit verbal messages, uses direct verbal mode, straight talk, and sender-oriented values

quantitative

seeks to uncover patterns in communication behaviors via numbers, advanced statistical techniques, can work in field or in lab

1st example of how perception is active

select

selecting some stimuli

select things that are intense repetitive (um)

Perception is active

select, organize, interpret

perception is active (3)

selecting some stimuli organize interpret

bias

self attribution tends to differ as people focus on different information

bias

self attribution tends to differ from other attribution

3rd example of self concept

self comparison

1st impression of self

self concept

Impressions of self

self concept -(looking-glass) -self expansion model -social comparison self-esteem -feedback selffulfilling prophecy -can or can not do something

dialectal perspectives

sets of opposing or contradictory impulses that create tension between two people. assumptions: contradiction inherent in social life

code switching

shifting to different styles and introducing shifts in vocabulary or syntax.

Aftermath

short term and long term consequences of conflict, integration, outcome

first impressions

the primacy effect keep same opinion of someone based on what they're like when you first meet them

Attribution

the process of assigning meaning to other behaviors, basically the act of asking why

attribution

the process of assigning meaning to others behavior, the act of asking why

attribution

the process of assigning meaning to others' behavior the act of asking WHY

Semantic Inference

the receiver does not attributes the same meaning to the signal that the sender does

Feedback

the receivers response to a message that is sent to the sender

behavior is directly connected to...

the referent

Mode

the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers.

Interactive Model

More accurate for normal conversation, IM, text, email, debate. It involves feedback and content being received and sent by both original sender and receiver.

*NEW SECTION* 9/16 Verbal Communication

*NEW SECTION* 9/16 Verbal Communication

Initiator

- offers ideas and suggestions

Anxious-Ambivalent

-10% of children -Negative model of themselves -Caregiver is often inconsistent

Intra-role conflict

-Balancing two separate roles - if Im a teacher and a parent, I may have to make decisions on which role to take on, for example if my child is sick or there is an important event on the faculty board

Leader

-Helps the group define or achieve goals

Blocker

-Opposes new ideas

Sex and Violence

Most research topic in communications; does media makes us more violent or aggressive?

External Expression

Motivational/Emotional states Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission

External Expression

Motivational/Emotional states Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission

1. Avoid bad photos 2. Don't post embarrassing things 3. Approve all tags 4. Think twice, photograph once

4 Ways to Communicate Professionally

Small Group Communication

3 or more members of a group exchanging verbal and nonverbal in an attempt to influence one another

small group communication

3 or more members of a group influencing one another

small group communication

3 or more members of a group influencing one another target a certain goal group dynamics-followers & leaders

Internal noise

A bad cold or an audience member's worries are examples of:

Speech act

A behavior, such as flagburning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subjected to the same protections limitations as verbal speech

Thesis

A carefully worded one sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech

Sufficient cause

A cause that can produce the effect in a question

Nonverbal transition

A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or a movement all may indicate a _______

What makes an effective communicator?

A communicator is said to be effective if the receiver has an accurate understanding of the message the communicator has tried to convey.

What is an inference?

A conclusion or judgement derived from evidence or assumptions.

Integration

FORTH step of the persuasion process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take

Which of the following BEST describes extemporaneous delivery?

A conversational voice using planned, practiced, and interactive delivery.

According the Elaboration Likelihood Model, a peripheral cue is:

A cue or message (such as using a fear appeal), which may affect the audience's motivation to elaborate or process the message during the presentation.

Shared Meaning

A definition that is mutual between two or more people

Kinesics

Movement of body- Hands, posture, gestures Facial Expressions- Intentional or Unintentional

Kinesics

Movements- Hands, posture, gestures

Transhumanism

A movement to enhance the human experience through technology, improving physical, psychological, and intellectual capacities for human beings. (When technology changes us)

Kinesics

Movements- Hands, posture, gestures Facial Expressions- Intentional or Unintentional

Rhetorical question

A question that is intended to provoke a thought rather than to elicit an answer

Validity

Accuracy of results

fact claim

A statement that asserts that something is true or false such as "Animal experimentation is necessary for human survival".

value claim

A statement that attaches a judgement--such as deeming something good, bad, moral, or immoral--to a subject. For example: "Animal Experimentation is inhumane"

narrative

A story a speaker tells to share information and capture an audience's attention. As used in informative speeches, the story can be a personal remembrance, a humorous anecdote, or a serious account of an event that happened in someone else's life.

Verbal Communication

A system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages

Parody

A way to advertise subtly. (SNL)

Private Meaning

A word that means something to only ourselves; inside joke

Paul Miller

A year without the Internet; concludes that the Internet is something we do with each other and it is where people are.

The Internet of Things

All communicating through technology a lot more; wifi is everywhere.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

All measurement contains error

Impact of Styles on Group

All must be present for good group work

What is input?

All the stimuli, both past and present, that give us our information about the world.

What are unintentional nonverbal messages?

All those nonverbal aspects of our behavior transmitted without our control.

William Randolph Hearst

An american newspaper publisher who built the nations largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism

Good Oral Communication, Managing time and stress, Motivating and Influencing others, delegating, setting goals and articulating a vision, and team building are all ideal characteristics of what individual?

An effective manager

Real Example

An example that is factual

Conflict

An expressed struggle between two interdependent

What is a verbal message?

Any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words.

Physical Noise

Anything in the immediate environment that interferes with communication is physical noise. The sound of traffic in the hallway, the whoosh of an air conditioner or a heater. Some Physical noise may not involve a sound at all, however, if your classroom is so cold that you shiver or so hot that you fan yourself, the temperature is a form of noise.

What is interference (noise)?

Anything that distorts the information transmitted to the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it.

What is noise in public speaking?

Anything that distorts the message and presents the listeners from receiving your message as you intended it to be received.

Noise

Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called:

Vocal

Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice

nonverbal/Vocal

Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice

Symbol

Anything to which people attach meaning. They can be pictures, drawings or objects. We know, for example that a sign I an airport showing a fork, and a spoon means we can find a restaurant or a snack bar.

A brief statement embodying a principle or lesson

Aphorism pg.179

Spontaneous Communication

Natural Reactions

Excitation Transfer Theory

Arousal from any source can intensify the next emotional experience; we often do not realize this.

Spatial organization

Arranging ideas, usually natural divisions of the central idea, according to their location or direction

Al Gore

As a senator, he crafted the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. He promoted legislation that funded an expansion of the ARPANET, allowing greater public access and helping to develop the internet

The Scientific Method

Ask a question or state a problem Formulate hypothesis or research question Design and conduct observation, measurement, or experiment Analyze and interpret data Empirical, Objective, Logical, Public

The Scientific Method

Ask a question or state a problem Formulate hypothesis or research question Design and conduct observation, measurement, or experiment Analyze and interpret data

Step 3. Intrepret

Assign meaning to what is happening in the situation; we simplify complex information into someone we can figure out

Interpersonal Relationships

Assocaitions between at least two peope who are interdependent, sho use some consistent patters of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended period of time

Survey Research Issues

Need representative sample Questions must be high quality No control over variables Cannot make casual conclusions Self reports

1. Active 2. Passive

Audience Activity (2)

The cutural demographic, and individual chracteristics that vary among audience members.

Audience diversity pg.98

What are the two main types of channels?

Auditory and visual.

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 5

Avoid ethnocentrism (your culture is better than another)

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 4

Avoid stereotypes

Humanistic Approach- Rhetoric

Basis of public speaking; the study of language and the effort to persuade others to agree with us as opposed to doing research

Autonomy vs. Connection

Battle this need to be connected to others, but also wish you were alone

What are the two most important rules when making a speech of introduction?

Be brief and accurate

Why are ethics important in public speaking?

Because your speech will have an effect on your audience, you have an obligation to consider the issues of right and wrong, or the moral implication of your message.

Sign

Behavior that is directly related to the referent EX: A dog growling and showing his teeth is communicating he is angry

What is frog-pond effect?

Being a frog in a small pond, or a success in a relatively unsuccessful group, is preferred over situations in which the performance of an individual's group may outshine the individual's own successes.

Communicate effectively

Being able to _______ with others is the key to success in any line of work

Accuracy of Perception: Awareness of Limitation

Being aware that people are perhaps not perfect helps with improving relationships

Spanish Press in Exile

El Misisipi was established in the early 1800s in NOLA by early immigrants from Spain and Spanish American Colonies. It was the First Latino Paper. A 4 page bi weekly published in spanish.

Verbal Delivery

Elements of speaking that deal with voice

A nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word

Emblem pg.275

Human Resource

Belief in people Democracy and empowerment

Transaction

Between at least two people Simultaneously sending and receiving messages To and from one another

Transaction

Between at least two people Simultaneously sending and receiving messages To and from one another

What is one's sex?

Biological and physiological characteristics, what makes you male and female.

Individual Roles

Blocking Acting the Joker Dominating Help-Seeking

Aerobic Listening

C.A.R.E(concentrate, acknowledge, respect, empathy

1. Digital communication 2. The Internet 3. The World Wide Web 4. Online multiplayer games

CMC includes: (4)

Media Deficit Approach

CMC lacks immediacy and rich message cues, which lowers the quality of communication. (Media ruins relationships)

Upward

Employee to Boss

1. More effective internationally. 2. Little evidence of long-term effectiveness so far. 3. Difficult to implement through fragmented media.

Caveats for Entertainment Education (3)

#Humblebrag

Celebrities will often use social media to remind people they are humble by bragging.

Transition

Connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving on to another

What is an intentional verbal message?

Conscious attempts we make make to communicate with others through speech.

Evidence

Consists of the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion

Purpose of Content Analysis

Describes frequency of a behavior to see how things happen; compares behavior types/rates across different contexts

Purposes of Content Analysis

Describes frequency of behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts

Structural Leader

Design a plan Strategist Looks at the organization as a system that they try to manipulate for the best

Organizational Communication

Designed to factor in the roles of large amounts of people

Change vs. Predictability

Desire to change, but also want things to stay the same

Expressiveness vs. Privacy

Desire to share things with others, but also want to keep things to yourself

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 6

Develop code sensitivity (ability to see other culture nonverbal and verbal norms)

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 3

Develop sensitivity towards diversity

Speaking Tool

Devices that assist speakers such as a microphone

Denotative Meaning

Dictionary definition of what a word means

Denotative Meaning

Dictionary definition of what a word means; what everyone agrees a word means

Physiological Noise

Distractions originating in the bodies of communicators. A bad cold that affects your hearing and speech, an empty, growling stomach are examples.

Types of Power

Distributive, integrative, designated

Formal Networks

Downward, Upward, Horizontal

Adaptors (Kinesics)

Easing anxiety/nervousness subconsciously in a conversation EX: Twirling your hair or playing with keys

Public Communication

Engaging multiple people Lectures, stand up comedy, speeches

Public Communication

Engaging multiple people Lectures, stand up comedy, speeches

The physical surroundings as you speak and the physical distance separating you from your audience

Environment pg.259

Factors within our environment that contribute to our fear of speaking

Environmental Reinforcers pg.39

Media Richness Theory

Evaluates different media based on its potential to convey information; rich media are more capable of promoting learning in a given period of time than lean media.

What do nonverbal messages include in their description?

Facial expression, posture, tone of voice, hand movements, manner of dress etc

Methods of Non-Verbal: Kinesics

Facial expressions, body language, emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays

Other components of communication

Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message

Other Factors

Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message

Talkie

First time film is recorded alongside with sound and the two are played back together; this opens the door to the idea of the cinema. (1927)

What is the cultural context?

Has to do with the beliefs, lifestyles, values, and behaviors that the speaker and the audience bring with them and that bear on the topic and purpose of the speech.

Listening vs. Hearing

Hearing is a physical process that involves receiving sound signals. Listening is a psychological process

Hearing vs. Listening

Hearing- is a sensory process we engage it/ physiological process your body does to make sense of a sound Listening- psychological process of making sense of what we heard

What is the immediate audience?

Hears the speaker as it is spoken, whether in person, on television, over the internet, or even via cell phone

Hollywood Diversity Trends

Hollywood lacked diversity. They oversexualized men and women, and perpetuated stereotypical gender roles. Exposure to diversity can equate to acceptance and tolerance. A diverse media sector, both in terms of ownership and in content, is a key prerequisite to a modern democratic society.

Survey Research Issues

Need representative sample, questions must be high-quality

Destructive self cristism

Negative self-talk pg 44

Survey Research Limitations

No control over variables, cannot make casual conclusions, self-reports, can only see relationships (no explanations)

powerful language

No hesitations no disclaimers, assertive

Factors that influence communication

Listening, time, feedback

Behavioral Interview

Looking for examples of someone's work, should always have a positive response or result to the problem/situation, STAR Response

Public Communication

One person doing a majority of the sending and the audience doing a majority of the listening

Problem-solution organization

If you want to emphasize how to best solve the problem, you will probably use __________

Online or Machine Assisted

One person instant messaging or emailing another

Mass Communication

One person or group communicating to a large audience through some print or electronic medium.

Avatars

Online "digital" personas.

A computerized database library holdings

Online catalog pg.145

Cause-and-effect organization (causal)

If your central idea can be developed by discussing either steps or reasons, than you should use _______

Impressions of Self: Self Concept

Looking-Glass Self: Idea that we tend to see ourselves the way that others see us; based on the feedback we get from others Self-Expansion Model: We have many conversations during the day and you are a different person with different interaction EX: when talking to you're parents vs. professor vs. friends Social Comparaison

Critical Scholars

Looks at the power of present in a given situation; want to point out what is wrong in the world

Physical/ Psychological Barriers

Loud Noises Pain Hearing Issues

A spontaneous unrehearsed mode of presenting a speech

Impromptu delivery pg.252

Ted Turner

In 1976, he launched the first basic cable network via satellite

What is public speaking?

In public speaking, a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context

Collectivistic culture

In this cultural value, group or team achievement is emphasized more than individual achievement

Individualistic culture

In this cultural value, individual achievement is emphasized more than group achievement

High-context culture

In this cultural value, the context of the message including nonverbal cues, tone of voice, posture, and facial expressions are often valued more than the words

Low - context culture

In this cultural value, the words in a message are valued more than the surrounding context

Hard evidence

Include factual examples and statistics

A listing of sources of information- usually in newspapers, journals, and magazines- alphabetically by topic.

Index pg.146

How individuals in an audience differ in terms of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values, motives, expectations, and needs

Individual diversity pg.112

Societies that stress individual assertiveness over group harmony.

Individualistic Cultures pg.41

Media Augmentation Approach

Individuals use CMC to complement and add to face-to-face communication. (Media fosters relationships)

Group Norms

Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication

private & shared meaning

Inside joke

Results of Communication Apprehension

Lower standardized test scores, lower graduation rates lower grades, prefer large lecture classes, poor(er) personal relationships, less professional achievement

Education

Integration requires...

Latent Conflict

Its beneath the surface Bothering us but not the other person

example of dispositional other

Joe failed exam because he is lazy and foolish

Limited Effects Perspective

Joseph Klapper; says media has a negligible effect on people.

Why study Comm?

Keeps us alive, impacts everything, it is a skill, employers value it

A word in the abstract, title, subject heading, or text of an entry that can be used to search an electronic database.

Key word pg.144

Signposts

Keys words that signal the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another

The study of body movement and facial expressions

Kinesics pg.45

Health Belief Model

Modifying variables- Perceived benefits vs perceived barriers, perceived threat, self- efficacy--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior Perceived Seriousness & Perceived Susceptibility- Perceived threat--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior. Cues to action--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior.

Social Information Processing Theory

Lack of nonverbal cues changes online interaction Bonds may take longer to develop

Yellow Peril

Large scale Chinese immigration to the USA created a widespread racist sentiment toward Asian immigrants. Due to pearl harbor, the korean war, and the vietnam war, Asians were cast as the villains in many pieces of American media. Asians were stereotyped as kung fu artists too. The Ling Sisters are changing the face of journalism.

Rumors

Leveling -Story Changes Sharpening -Choose what details you tell Assimilation -Intentionally distort the rumor

Types of Lies

Lies of fabrication Lies of exaggeration White lies Barefaced lies (Did you really just say that?) Lies of omission

The process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli:

Listening

What is a critical component of message reception?

Listening

Listening vs Hearing

Listening is Active Hearing is Passive

Listening vs Hearing

Listening is Active Hearing is Passive

Barriers to Listening: Physical/physiological

Noise that disrupts things, makes it hard to focus; pain of any kind; poor hearing; fatigue

The Big Five

Paramount, Warner Brothers, RKO, MGM, and The Fox Film Corporation

Communication Networks

Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization

Tolerance for uncertainty

People can accept ambiguity and are not bothered when they do not know all the details

Hyperpersonalization

People may disclose more to offset the distance of the internet

Need for certainty

People want specifics and dislike and ambiguity

Early Majority

People who get a new device a little after it comes out.

Connotative Meaning

Personal Connection to a word

Private Meaning

Personal definition of a word kept to yourself

What is charisma?

Personal magnetism that enables an individual to attract and influence people

___________ is the process by which attitudes and behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message.

Persuasion

Technical Interference

Phones, noise when your talking to someone

Perceptual Filters

Physical/Psychological Limits

Perceptual filters

Physical/physiological limits (glasses)

What are perceptual filters?

Physiological limitations that are built into human beings and cannot be reversed.

Internal Noise

Physiological: Being sick

What are dichotomies?

Polar words, or a difference between two opposite things : a division into two opposite groups

The use of positive coping statements instead of negative self-talk

Positive self-talk pg.44

Most effective strategy for improving intercultural communication:

Practice

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 2

Practice supportive communication behaviors

Psychological

Preoccupation Boredom Emotions

Response From the audience., Ways to close your speech effectively

Present a short, memorable quotation, Use an anecdote or a brief story that illustrates your point and leaves a lasting, Impression on your audience, Make a direct appeal or "call to action", Return to your opening. This is one of the best ways to end a speech because it brings the listeners full circle.

The tendency for people to remember and be most influenced by what they hear either at the beginning or at the ending a speech

Primary recency effect pg.174

Division

Principle that if a point is divided into subpoints, there must be two or more subpoints.

Taking the initiative, anticipating, and controlling variables that will affect speech delivery

Proactive delivery pg.278

The process of visualizing yourself having a successful communication experience.

Proactive immagination pg.44

What is cognitive restructuring?

Proven technique for reducing a great number of fears and stresses. The general idea behind this technique is that the way you think about a situation influences the way you react to the situation.

Perceptual Filters

Psychological/physiological limits; how we view the world; age, race, gender

1. Organizing press briefings. 2. Writing newspaper stories. 3. Writing press releases. 4. Preparing press guides. 5. Responding to media and public info requests. 6. Attempting to represent difficult stories positively.

Public Relations Addressing Media (6)

Public communication is often referred to as?

Public speaking

Compare and contrast public speaking and conversation

Public speaking is the presentation of a message to an audience, and is like casual conversation in that it requires focus, expression, and adapting to an audience; however, public speaking is more planned, more formal, and has more defined roles for speakers.

A person's assumption that the meaning he or she gives to word or a phrase is its exclusive meaning

Receiver- centric pg.223

1. Engage the intended audience. 2. Have relatable characters. 3. Change specific knowledge or attitudes.

Recipe for Entertainment Education (3)

Herzberg's Motivators

Recognition Appreciation Growth Advancement Challenge Interesting Work Achievement

Identify successful strategies for rehearsing a speech.

Rehearse your speech several times in a way that re-creates the actual speech presentation experience. A. Prepare your speaking notes. B. Practice your speech out loud C. Develop appropriate and useful presentation aids.

The combined impact of the verbal and nonverbal components of a message as it is conveyed

Relational Components pg.11

Complementary Relationships

Relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack

Symmetrical Relationships

Relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar

At Donald's funeral, Patrick was asked to give the eulogy. In the eulogy, Patrick mentioned Donald's accomplishments in art, his loving devotion to his family, and how Donald got people to smile with the short stories or jokes he told-he always had people laughing. At the close of the eulogy, Patrick encouraged everyone to keep Donald in their memories and close to their heart. What guidelines did Patrick follow in preparing this eulogy?

Remember the achievements of the person, include personal recollections, and encourage those assembled to move beyond their sorrow.

You have been asked to present an after-dinner speech to a local organization; something lighthearted and funny. You're not a naturally funny person, so this request unnerves you. What should you do?

Remember to relate to the audience, use simple humorous stories, have a broad repertoire of stories, and know your information well.

Language Issues: Euphemisms

Replacing some words with other words that might sound better or easier to tolerate EX: died vs. passed away

Symbol

Represents a thought or a word as an image; the word itself

Designated Leader

Someone who has been appointed or elected to leadership

Responsibilities of an Ethical Speaker

Speak up about topics you consider important. Choose topics that promote ethical values. Speak to benefit of the listeners. Use truthful, accurate supporting material and valid reasoning. Let the audience know your true motives for speaking. Consider the consequences of your words and actions. Strive to improve your public speaking.

What are the essential elements of public speaking?

Speaker, audience, message, noise, context, and channel

The goal or objective a speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience.

Specific Purpose pg.16

Describe 5 different types of Informative speeches

Speeches about: 1. Objects, things, and natural phenomena 2. Procedures 3. People 4. Events 5. Ideas or Concepts

A pattern of organization that employs repetition of points, with the points growing in intensity as the speech builds to its conclusion

Spiral pattern pg.204

_____ occurs when the initial sounds of words are switched in a single phrase.

Spoonerism

1. Promoting teams and their events/games. 2. Companies using athletes to promote brands.

Sports Marketing

Relational Maintenance

Stage in a relationship after a couple has bonded and in which they engage in the process of keeping the relationship together

Catharsis

Starting conflict just to get it off your chest

Illustrations (Kinesics)

Something that helps us show a word EX: Showing the word "huge" with your hands

4 S's To Organizing your speech

State - This should be worded and stated clearly., Signposting- These are typically words such as "first"or "one"or words like initially and finally., Support- Explaining the idea, This will take up the most time., Summerize- Done with a positive forceful note and a review of the main of ideas.

High-power culture

Status and power differences are emphasized; roles and chains of commands are clearly defined

Low-power culture

Status and power differences receive less emphasis; people strive for a quality rather than exulting those in positions of leadership

Plagiarism

Stealing the ideas of others and present them as your own.,The Total Rip-Off, The Partial Rip-Off- Use phrases as "To quote Martin Luther King Jr...." or "As Martin Luther King Jr., said...", The Accidental Rip-Off- Students takes significant ideas or even quotes from sources without saying so in their speech although they maybe listed in the biography.

What is a symbol?

Something used for or regarded as representing something else.

Something that stands for or suggests something else by reason or relationship or association.

Symbol pg.12

Arbitrary

Symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things

The Deep Web

The 90% of websites and online accounts that search engines can't find. passwords, banking information, hidden youtube videos.

Who's at the center of the transaction process?

The Speaker

Invention

The creative process of developing your ideas

Ethics

The beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong

Film Industry in the 1970s

The block buster saved the industry. During the 70's, young graduates of new film schools in California began raising money and negotiating their own deals for films. Popular film audiences would accept variety and change. Formula of score mixed with well written plot and a strong use of special effects worked. Didn't need heavy hitter stars. The plot, music, and special effects breeded the environment where the audience didn't care about the actors anymore.

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)

The exchange of messages between two or more people through digital media.

Elocution

The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice

Elocution

The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice.

Memory

The extent to which you use notes or rely on your memory to share your ideas

Glossophobia

The fear of public speaking or of speaking in general.

Refrent

The object for what the word (symbol) stands for; what is it that we are talking about at any given moment; the "thing"

What is a referent?

The object for which a word stands

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Theory suggesting that there are two routes to attitude change: the central route, which focuses on thoughtful consideration of an argument for change, and the peripheral route, which focuses on less careful, more emotional, and even superficial evaluation like flashy things, colors, fear or emotion

What role does the audience/listener play?

They are actively involved. They encourage/discourage the speaker, in offering contrive criticism, in evaluating public messages, and in performing a wide variety of other functions.

Pressure on Dissenters

They had to launch the rocket because everyone was waiting and watching

Systematic Desensitization

They process in which people are slowly introduced to their fear so that each time they overcome the fear the intensity is increased

Adaptors

Things we do not to be nervous (play with keys, tapping)

Media Literacy

We have to know who owns what, trying to influence what, and is trying to sell us things; we must understand how few people own what we use for content and information.

Disclosure

We reveal things for clarity Emotional expressions Reveal things that make us look better

Methods of Non-Verbal: Objectics

We use our physical appearance to signal something or send certain messages EX: Professor dresses more professionally

Heather has been invited to speak to her daughter's fifth-grade class about her profession. Should Heather approach this presentation somewhat like a report? What is the best advice for Heather, in meeting this challenge?

Treat the presentation as a public-relations speech, but adjust the language and technical level.

True or False: The immediate audience is finite (limited to the number of people who heard it first hand)

True

True or false: noise can be considered physical

True; examples include cars honking, illegible handwriting, talking too loudly

True or false: Gender is a cultural variable

True; largely because cultures teach boys and girls different attitudes, beliefs, values, and ways of communication and relating to one another.

A social networking service that enables users to send and read messages of up to 140 characters

Twitter pg.142

Explain how free speech has been both challenged and defended throughout U.S. history.

U.S. Congress and courts have occasionally limited the constitutional right to free speech, but more often than not they have protected and broadened it application.

Movies

Used to only be for the wealthy, but now rich and poor sit side by side; first time media mainstreams us.

Subjective Experience

Useful for self-regulation, reflective, learning, monitoring system for humans

Language Issues: Equivocal language

Using words that have multiple meanings ; hard if not a native speaker EX: Hot day and you ask someone to get a drink Two meanings: either getting a water or going out with someone

Late Majority

Usually skeptical of technology, lower social status, wait until device catches on.

If an audience is made up of people from a Collectivist culture, they will be more likely to:

Value group harmony

Feedback

Verbal and nonverbal responses such as nods, facial expressions, and murmurings of the audience

Messages

Verbal or nonverbal Intentional or Unintentional

Messages

Verbal or nonverbal Intentional or Unintentional Channels The medium through which a message is sent How we interact

Words and phrases that erode the impact of what a speaker says in a speech

Verbal qualifiers pg.234

Two Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Vocal- changes in voice or pitch/tone of the voice Non-Vocal- facial expressions, our movements, our gestures, our eye contact

Symbolic Communication

Voluntary Involves symbols (arbitrary) Propositional (can be false) Mainly-left brained Includes some nonverbal behaviors

A pattern of organization in which the basic theme, often represented by a phrase, is repeated again and again, much like a wave cresting, receding, and then cresting again.

Wave pattern pg.204

Corning: An Age of Glass

We already see this technology; the basis for this technology has already appeared. (Google Glass)

When TV Teaches US

We find ourselves immersed in something we didn't even know we were interested in.

Who Are You?

We have a starling amount of control over our online identities; harnessing this control requires actively considering how we present ourselves online.

Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery

What are the five "canons" or elements of preparing and presenting a speech?

Topical, chronological, spatial, casual, and problem solution

What are the five organizational patters for main ideas?

To inform, to persuade, and to entertain

What are the three types of general purposes

It requires more preparation, it is more formal, and involves more clearly defined roles for the speaker and the audience

What are the three ways that public speaking differs from normal conversations

Anxiety decreases

What happens as the speaker begins to give his oration?

Respond

What is the final stage of the listening process?

Social Learning Theory

When an attractive model is rewarded for something they do, we tend to imitate their behavior; when they are punished, we are less likely to imitate the behavior; explanation for where people get wrong ideas.

When preparing the speech

When do people feel the least anxiety in a speech assignment?

Right before they give the speech

When do people feel the most anxiety in a speech assignment?

Speech Act

a behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech.

peripheral belief

a belief that is not held quite so closely or for quite as long as a core belief; thus it is held open to persuasion.

Respond

When listeners ________ they react with their behavior to what they have heard

Repeat

When physical actions restate verbal messages

Decode

When the audience attaches meanings to the symbols they see or hear

Downward communication

When the boss tells you what to do

What is semantic interference?

When the receiver does not attribute the same meaning to the signal that the sender does.

Powerful Language

When we don't hesitate or disclaim things; more confident and more attractive

Pseudo spontaneous communication

When we fake a response to receive a more understanding from other people When we fake the appropriate response for a situation to make the situation more comfortable

Semantic Interference

When we talk to each other and have different words for things Or if the person you're talking to speaks a different language

Reasoning by Analogy

When you compare two similar cases to argue that what's is true in one case is also true in the other

When using PowerPoint in an extemporaneous presentation, occasionally using the "B" key to blank the screen is recommended:

When you want to create immediacy with the audience.

Impressions of Self: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't- you're right

The area of an audience in which speaker abd audience members can make eye contact

Zone of interaction pg.260

Analytical listener

You're a _________ listener if you reject messages because they don't provide sufficient evidence to support their conclusions.

Critical listener

You're a _________ listener if you spend time evaluating messages you hear. They are comfortable listening to detailed, complex information.

Style

Your choice of words in a speech

What is one's self-concept?

Your relatively stable impressions of yourself, not only your perception of your physical characteristics but also your judgements about what you "have been, are, and aspire to be".

Stereotyping

a generalization about a class of people objects, or events that is widely held by a give culture

Stereotyping

a generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture

stereotyping

a generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture it's not right, but we still do it

Bar Graph

a graph that shows two axes and bars going either horizontally or vertically to represent a total achievement

Line Graph

a graph that uses lines drawn along two axes that show growth, loss, or flat developments over time

Panel Group Presentation

a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topics or a subset of a topic

Bookend Group Presentation

a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker providing the introduction and conclusion for the group

Leader-as-Completer Approach

a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members

What is report?

a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order.

Phobias

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to compelling desire to avoid

Moderator

a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussed flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience

Question of Value

a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea or actions or issue

Photograph

a picture of the object about which you are speaking

Impromptu Speech

a presentation done with little to no preperation

listening

a process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages

Listening

a process of receiving, construction meaning from & responding to spoken and or nonverbal messages

Podium

a raised platform on which the speaker stands

Name the five standards of a good thesis.

a single statement, contains only one idea, clear and concise, can be accomplished in the time allotted, a statement of what you will prove

Patchwork Plagiarism

a speaker or writer takes original source material and changes a few words in it but not enough to consider it a paraphrase all while not citing the original source material

ethos

a speaker's credibility

Extemporaneous Speech

a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech infront of the speaker

Eulogy

a speech that pays tribute to the life of the deceased

Narrative

a story

Disjunctive Syllogism

a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives

Verbal Communication

a system of symbol and codes used to construct and covey messages

verbal communication

a system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages speaking to one another, can be writing

Verbal Communication

a system of symbols and codes used to construct and covey meaning

Dais

a table at which people sit in the front of the room

Graph

a type of chart that illustrates numeric data using a visual diagram

Histogram

a visual representation of a frequency table in which the categories are placed on the horizontal axis and vertical bars are used to represent the number/frequency of individuals that fit into that category

symbol

a word, arbitrary

1st language issue

abstract/ vague language

language issues

abstract/vague language inferences dichotomies equivocal language

Language issues

abstract/vague language and inferences

illustrators

accompany and demonstrate words

Search Engines

accounts for only 10% of total internet. The 90% consists of passwords, banking data, private folders, private youtube videos

a in care

acknowledge

example of bias

act a certain why because of the situation, others act a certain way because of who they are

conformity

acting a way you would not normally due to those around you - distortion of judgement (ex. Ash study) decisions cane made based off of those in your group (Ex. Fake news)

listening styles

action oriented, content oriented, people oriented, time oriented

1st improving listening skill

active listening

responding

actually saying what you want to

Inductive Reasoning

an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute , conclusion

Deductive Reasoning

an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion

Hypothetical Example

an example that is fictional

Brief Example

an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point of the speech

Extended Example

an example that takes time and the importance lies in the details

communication characteristics

an exchange of meaningful symbols a process contextual irreversible

Press release

an official statement issued to newspapers giving information on a particular matter. HEADLINE: grab the media's attention. DATELINE: includes the city of origin, and the date of release. LEAD PARAGRAPH: brief one to two sentence set up of the story. SECOND PARAGRAPH: this is where you dive into more detail and set up the story for the reader. give more background or context. BODY: all relevant information for your readers. facts, stats, customer testimonials, and other third party info. BOILERPLATE: tell audience about your organization. CONTACT INFO: name, number, email. SOURCE: who is responsible for the content? who is issuing the release?

Bias

an unfair preference or distortion of information

content analysis

analysis of the content of communication messages

Name eight common research sources.

books, newspapers, magazines, documentaries, TV news, encyclopedias, internet, interviews

physical attractiveness

attractive people usually have an advantage

3 main types of relational perspectives

autonomy v.s. connection(independence vs. interdependence- want to be connected with other yet want to be autonomous certainty vs uncertainty: likes predictability but also crave excitement. openness vs closeness: how much we share vs how much we keep to ourselves.

Mean

average of all score in a distribution divided by the total number

6th accuracy of perception

awareness of limitations

Rhetoric

basis for public speaking

An assertion about the properties or chaacteristics of an object

belief pg.113

transaction

between at least two people simultaneously sending and receiving messages

organization comm

between people of certain culture

Transaction

between two people, back and forth messages

three types of emotion

bodily adaption & maintenance of homeostatis, external expression of motivational/emotional states, sybjective experience of motivation/emotional states

how must emotional communication be studied?

by studying the individual within the social system

supporting material

can come in various ways like personal knowledge and experience, the internet, online databases, and interviews

power

capacity to influence ones behavior of others and resist others influence. power has to be given by one person to another

Listeners who have no choice about hearing a speech

captive audience pg.98

2nd improving listening skill

care

empirical

carefully observe and measure things

Demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people (age, race, religion,socioeconomic status, education level, sexual orientation)

Beliefs based directly or indirectly on authority

central beliefs pg.113

What is a thesis?

central idea

Receivers mentally elaborate on the elements of your message and carefully scrutinize your arguments and evidence

central route processing pg.60

metacommunication

communication about communication helps relationships talking about the ways in which you communicate with others can help with resolving issues

Intercultural Communication

communication between different cultures

intergroup

communication between members of different groups.

Interactive Model of Communication

communication theory that views communication as a two way process that includes feedback and the environment

Chronemics

communication through the use of time

interpersonal communication

communication with another

interpersonal communication

communication with another (dyadic) requires intimacy, trust, attraction

intrapersonal communication

communication within a person

intrapersonal communication

communication within a person self talk

why listening is important

creation and maintenance of human relationships

right brain

creativity, emotion, and vision

Jimmy Wales

creator of Wikipedia

Describing your experience, qualifications, and citing scholarly sources are ways to increase your __________ with the audience.

credibility

kinesc slips

contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages

Primitive and zero censensus beliefs that are highly resistant to change

core beliefs pg.113

an example of select perception

cough, hitting on a desk

Amiable

create trustworthy relationships, reduce conflict, accept others easily, like to minimize conflict and foster harmony, (Ask Assertive + Social Responsive)

Differences among people in terms of beliefs, customs, and values- in a sense their worldview

cultural diversity pg.100

storming

dealing with different personalities, work styles, etc. and we often argue and stress and struggle over these differences before they can get anything done

(Proprietary Internet) Web sites accessible over the Internet only to authorized users and often at a cost.

deep web pg.136

Variations among people in terms of such attributes as socioeconomic background and level of education.

demographic diversity pg.106

The literal or explict definition of a word

denotative meaning pg.73

Accommodation

depends on perspective

purposes of content analysis

describes frequency of a behavior compares behavior types/rates across different contexts

Content-Oriented

detailed information in order to make a decision

powerless language

disclaimers, hedges "kind of" "maybe"

1st kind of bias

dispositional other

Abstract/ Vague language

does not give a definitive answer, causes confusion

problem-solving groups

ex. boss says you, you and you theres an issue and I want you all to solve it and then you group and solve it - self directed work teams: every week we need this done and so that group does that other own as long as they are doing it right

survey research

examines what people do relies on self-reports examine relationships between variables

survey research

examines what people do, relies on self-reports, examines relationships between variables

Supporting materials

examples, definitions, testimony, statistics, narratives, and analogies that support or illustrate a speaker's main points.

Psychological set

expectations that shape experience

Technical Inference

factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended information

primary failure

failure to achieve content accuracy.

pseudospontaneous communication

fake facial expressions fake appropriate spontaneous response to get through a certain situation

primary groups

family that forms once you are born - various personalities, stresses, dramas, etc. - teach us right away that groups can beneficial at times

self concept

feedback of other people

Audience member responses both verbal and nonverbal to a speaker

feedback pg.11

Public

findings reported to scientific community

impressions of others

first impressions physical attractiveness expressiveness charisma

List 5 verbal signposts.

first, second, third, next, finally

kindhearted lies

flatter, not embarass

5th accuracy of perception

flexible expectations

critical scholars

focus on inequality, societal betterment focus on groups that have been oppressed

Action-Oriented

focus on infomortion we hear and how accurate it is

monochronic

focus on one thing at a time time commitment serious interruptions are bad what the US is

selective attention

focus on specifics, and muss others, only so much capacity for stimuli

interviewing

focused on question-answer pattern

interviewing

focused on question-answer pattern job, doctor, court

evaluating

formulate what we're going to say

The Chicago Defender

founded in 1905 by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, an African American newspaper for primarily African Americans. Following WWI, the Defender covered controversial events such as the Red Summer Riots, a series of race riots in cities across the country, and Jim Crowe. Today it is the New York Amsterdam News

risky shift

go out with friends and after say why did we do that and so the group did something crazy and went along with it - groups make riskier decisions than individuals do - easier to conform in group - groups make us do sillier things sometimes (elevator positions) - are we really doing this> okay we are and turns around - tendency to conform in groups and trust in others

experiment issues

goal: drawing casual conclusions, requires random assignment to conditions

Higher order human needs, which can be satisfied only after deficency needs have been met. They incluce self-actualiztion knowledge, understanding, and aesthetic needs.

growth needs pg.118

Components to listening

hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding

Listening vs. Hearing

hearing= a physiological(1 step of listening) listening= processing what it is that we are listening

regulators

help pace conversation interrupt with hands say "um"

illustrators

help us show words he was "huge" motion with hands

Emotion

helps control/ understand non-verbal -minute signals of affect, attention, approach, dominance

Philo Farnsworth

his image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, his first camera was massive with a circular screen, he worked with the RCA and was a strong advocated of broadcasting on the radio

health communication

how doctor asks questions (openness and friendliness) can alter the patient and if they're closed off or not

group dynamics: individual roles

how each member is, some are aggressive or block (talk over someone), self-confessing: person talking about their lives, jokester who does not take things seriously, dominating: someone always taking over, help-seeking: I don't know how to change the font help me, special interest pleading: someone who thinks you should buy a binder for the project and no one cares *individual things that make us feel better but don't help with the project

nonverbal sending accuracy

how good are you at naturally at sending the proper emotion?

nonverbal receiving ability

how good are you at reading that facial response and reacting to it

interpersonal sensitivity

how good we are at picking up on other people's verbal and non-verbal messages

nonverbal sending accuracy

how good you are at sending out emotions

paralanguage

how you say something, emphasize

consensus decision making style

idea that all of us should have a say and talk and share opinions

physical attractiveness

if you see someone as attractive, you respond differently how you dress and how you present yourself

illusion of agreement

illusion that everyone is on the same page because no one will object

Bodily Adaptations

includes fight or flight responses & need for food and water and oxygen

bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis

includes fight or flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen

bodily adaption and maintenance of homeostasis

includes fight or flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen

connotative meaning

individuals interpretation of a word

Logical

inferences from data are Rational and consistent,

2nd language issue

inferences/ assumptions

Expressive

inspire people to act, energize people (Tell Assertive + Social Responsive)

everybody lies

intensity differs

facial expressions

intentional or unintentional contextual differences cultural difference

self disclosure

intentionally disclosing information about ourselves

Manifest

interaction, communication is enacted here, individuals express the conflict verbally or nonverbally and how to deal with it, escalation

A relationship in which things have a reciprocal influence on each other.

interdependence pg.9

people oriented

interest in other people, foster friendships and relationships.

What are the 3 elements of a good transition?

internal summary, signposts, internal preview

Strong determinism

language outright determines our thoughts

strong determinism

language outright determines our thoughts words determine exactly how we speak

Sapir-Whord hypothesis

language shapes how we see the world

sapir-whorf hypothesis

language shapes how we see the world (how we use the, when we use them) words we use shape our thoughts

interpretivists

look at a specific, unique event and try to understand it interpret

social comparison

look at what others are doing

1st example of self concept

looking glass self

Compromise

lose/lose?, parties both will most likely give up something but not everything to resolve conflict and still be successful

charisma

magnetism towards a person where people just want to hangout with that person

inferences

make conclusions based on information we have see people putting jacket on-might not actually be leaving

logical

make consistent, fair and rational assertions

interpretivists

make sense of the world based on events

an example of interpret perception

make sense, lock away

Inferences

make your own conclusion

self-serving lies

make yourself look good

receiving ability

making sense of the reaction what we can improve on and usually better with those we are close with

The mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word, such as "infatuation" for "inflation", is known as a(n)

malapropism.

experimental research

manipulation of variables research group and control group measures effect/outcome of manipulation

experimental research

manipulation of variables, control of other variables/setting, measures effect/ outcome of manipulation

example of validity

measuring all the darts on the dart board

validity

measuring what we are supposed to measure

channels

medium through which a message is sent

expressiveness

men smiling, girls arched eyebrows, big pupils

repression

mentally blocking something out prevents us from really thinking about something gives us an opportunity to move on from an event

The message the speaker intends to send

message pg.57

signs

not agreed on or decided on, they just happen

public compliance

not going to say anything ill just agree with them

poor listening habits

not make sense of what you're saying interrupt lack of eye contact failing to respond to requests

social comparison

one might seem smart in a certain group until they're in a new one (smart in HS vs. college)

accuracy

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the information correct?

timelessness

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the site current?

objectivity

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the site free of bias

public communication

one person addressing a large group of people lecturing, stand up

2nd example of how perception is active

organize

Driver

organized, goal oriented, make things happen, make things happen, are goal oriented, and organized, (Tell Assertive + Task Responsive)

What is connotation?

other, secondary associations a word as for one or more members of that community.

The least central type of beliefs, the easiest to change

peripheral beliefs pg.113

Receivers give brief attention to the message without elaborated thought

peripheral route processing pg.60

Objectics

personal appearance, artifacts we posess

charisma

personal magnetism

Dichotomies

polar words (attractive vs unattractive)

4th barrier to listening

poor listening habits

mass communication

pop culture. Tv, internet, professional communicators. Media.

pseudospontaneous communication

posing/faking of a facial expression for a reason

If you imagine yourself delivering a successful presentation, you are engaging in ___________.

positive visualization

issues with experimental research

requires random assignment to conditions hard to generalize results from lab artificial setting limited subject population strong procedure to prevent issues

content analysis issues

requires representative sample, clear specific definitions of behaviors, limited to studying what is already occuring

public

research must be publicized articles, textbooks, papers

The process of finding and evaluating supporting materials

research pg.132

respectful communication

respect everyones opinions

reliability

results need to be consistent ask question multiple ways to see if people answer the same

humanistic approaches (3)

rhetoric interpretivists critical scholars

Humanistic approaches

rhetoric, interpretivists, critical scholars

humanistic approaches

rhetoric, interpretivists, critical scholars

A natural context of persons, events, objects, relations, and an exigence which strongly invites utterance

rhetorical situation pg.95

Qualitative

rigorous observational rules , work in the field

children attachment styles

secure: around 70% of children ( positive of self and others) goodness of fit" in terms of responsiveness to basic needs. consistently caring. avoidant: around 20% of children( negative model of others)over of under stimulated sometimes neglected. anxious-ambivalent: around 10% of children( negative of self) inconsistent response patterns parent is preoccupied of stressed.

attachment theory model: adult

secure: im okay you're okay (positive of self and others) preoccupied: im not okay you're okay (positive of others.neg of self) dismissive: im okay you're not okay (positive of self negative of others) fearful: im not okay you're not okay ( negative of self negative of others)

looking glass self

see others the way they see us

Euphemisms

soft language to protect themselves from certain things (died vs. pass away)

The person initiating the communication

source pg.57

The audience's perception of closeness and interaction with the speaker is called________.

speaker immediacy

public communication

speaking to an audience

listening matters

spend more time listening in communication than anything else

verbal/vocal

spoken word

developmental interactionist theory

spontaneous is emotion symbolic is reason these two things interact when we develop humans are in the reason part (with emotion underneath)

Public Relations

strategic communication process that helps manage, protect, and enhance the reputation of an organization, its members, and its services. Helps builds relationships and creates an ongoing dialogue of interaction and involvement with an organizations target audience and those who influence those advancements.

oculesics

study of eye contact tell story-don't look listening-look more indicates attraction women use more

kinesics

study of movement gestures, facial expressions body movement body language

objectics

study of our appearance, the objects we surround ourselves with and what we communicate with wearing suit for lecture but not at home

haptics

study of touch signal emotions rituals can indicate dominance sexual

Democratic Leadership

style of leadership in which a leader finds a balanced emphasis on task and maintenance dimensions in a group

Laissez-Faire Leadership

style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members

Expert Testimony

testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience, or holds position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject

Selective Attention

the ability to process certain of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others

First Amendment

the amendment to the US Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech; the first of ten amendments to the US Constitution that are known collectively as the bill of Rights.

Stereotype

the biggest offender in Hollywood and advertisers. Oversexualize men and women and perpetuate stereotypical gender roles

Pathos

the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audiences disposition toward the topic, speaker or occasion.

Clincher

the final statement of your speech

Organizational Communication

the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships

reference

the meanings we assign to a referent based on our experience with the referent.

Channel

the media through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a reciever

Channels

the medium in which you choose (face-to-face, telephone, messages, letter, text message)

channels

the medium through which a text is sent face to face, text, call

The Star System

the method of creating, promoting, and exploiting stars in Hollywood films. Movie studios would select promising young actors and glamorize and create personas for them, often inventing new names and even new backgrounds.

When you make a speech placing someone's name in nomination for an office or award, what should you be sure to mention?

the nominee's qualifications for this award or office

When offering a brief salute to a special occasion or person, you are giving a(n)

toast.

Haptic

touch communcation

haptics

touch, for control or effect, ritual, sexually playfully, dominance

fitzpatrick marital styles

traditional: interdependent use of time and space. moderate conflict. traditional attitude towards marriage. MOST SATISFIED independents: nontraditional attitudes about relationships. independent use of time and space. open and assertive conflict style separates: traditional attitudes about marriage. independent use of time and space. low conflict but high negativity. LEAST SATISFIED

An exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two or more people

transaction pg.9

objective

try to remove bias acknowledge present biases

Equivocal language

two or more interpretations (get it together:book)

inter-role conflict

two roles entails contradictory exceptions example: you're a proctor for an exam. you see your close friend cheating. As a proctor you're supposed to say something but as a friend you're supposed to turn a blind eye and have their back

elements of effective communication (5)

understanding pleasure attitude influence improved relationships action

emotional education

understanding where feelings come from is a critical thing role models help us with this ongoing process

Effective communication

understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationship, action

Elements of effective comm

understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, action

elements of effective communication

understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, actions

oculesics

use of eye contact or eye gaze lowest when speaking. highest when listening

proxemics

use of space distance or territory to convey a message, way you stand in an elevator

chronemics

use of time your idea of early/late social conventions developing around these things

chronemics

use of time. late & early. How time effects communication

example of lies of omission

used car salesman, doesn't tell you check engine light is on

lies of exaggeration

used to impress, stretch the truth

Metonymy

using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing

perception of morality in making decisions

we are doing the right thing (engineers that wanted to postpone the launch but did not insist because he would have to stick out so he gave a soft language-like speech almost offering it as just an opinion and he had pressure from public and those around him) instead of saying we can't launch the shuttle

symbolic communication

we create symbols to create thoughts and ideas to each other a socially-shared system voluntary involves symbols propositional mainly left brain

looking glass self

we tend to see ourselves as others see us

impression formation

weight of what is important and what isn't. Make sense of who they are

What are the 5 guidelines for using visual aids?

well prepared, simple, visible, not distracting, classy

magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, and suitability

what are the six aspects for the best supporting material?

accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timelessness, usability, diversity

what are the six criteria for evaluating internet resources?

interpreting

what do they really mean by this?

Referent

what the symbol refers too

Manuscript Speech

when a speaker has an entire speech written out word for word in front of him/her as they speak

Public Speaking

The process of presenting a message to an audience, small or large.

social scientific approaches (2)

qualitative and quantitative research

social scientific approaches

qualitative, quantitative

Ethical Speech

Speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant

Ethical speech

Speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant

A pattern of organization in which all of the points are of equal importance and can be presented in any order to support the common theme

Star pattern pg.205

strategic discourse

The process of selecting arguments that will best achieve a speaker's rhetorical purpose in an ethical manner.

Complement

when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content

Literal Analogy

when the two cases being compared are classified the same way

Figurative Analogy

when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications

ad hominem

(of an argument or reaction) directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.

learning and education groups

(the ones we hate) people in your major and take all the same classes or when you form groups in class

How to build Confidence

- Be audience centered - View the public-speaking event positively - Prepare your speech early, and be well organized - Select an appropriate topic, and focus on your message, not on your fear - Rehearse out loud, know your introduction and conclusion - Visualize your success, and give yourself a mental pep talk - Channel your nervous energy, and use deep-breathing techniques - Look for positive listener support - Accept lots of speaking opportunities

Additional organizational patterns for informative speeches

- Causal (Cause and Effect) - Compare and Contrast - Problems & Solutions (does NOT promote a solution) - Advantages & Disadvantages (pros/cons)

What are the patterns of organizations for speech

- Chronological (set over time) -Topical (categories / logical divisions) - Spatial (location, geography) - Sequential (series of steps) - Biographical - Complexity (usually used with topical and is ordered from simple to complex) - Hybrid (combines patterns)

What 4 strategies are used to enhance audience interest?

1. Establish a motive for your audience to listen 2. Tell a story incorporating conflict, actions, suspense or humor. 3. Present relevant information and use the unexpected 4. Use visual aids

List the five criteria for ethical public speaking

1. Have a clear, responsible goal 2. Use sound evidence and reasoning 3. Be sensitive and tolerant of difference 4. Be honest 5. Avoid plagiarism

Components of Listening

1. Hearing 2. Understanding 3. Remembering 4. Interpreting 5. Evaluating 6. Responding

What 4 strategies are used to enhance audience recall or information presented?

1. Repeat key points 2. Use signposts, previews, and summaries 3. Pace information flow 4. Reinforce key ideas verbally and nonverbally

three types of emotion

1. bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis 2. the external expression of motivational/emotional states 3. the subjective experience of motivational/emotional states

effective small group communication (4)

1. equal participation 2. consensus decision making style 3. cooperative conflict style 4. respectful communication

10 percent of what we read, 20 percent of what we hear, 30 percent of what we see, and of what we speak.

70 percent of what we speak.

Organizational Communication

More procedure and policy involved; deliberately designed to incorporate large numbers of people

Avatar; Animation/CGI combined with real people.

2010

coping

2nd form of self-deception. label how we feel

small group

3 or more members influencing one another

Small Group Communication

3 or more, ideally 5-7 people Work together Behavior is influenced by others

Small Group Communication

3 or more, ideally 5-7 people Work together Behavior is influenced by others

1. The Brag 2. The Cryptic Cliffhanger... 3. The Literal Status Update 4. The Inexplicably Public Private Message 5. The Out-of-Nowhere Acceptance Speech 6. The Incredibly Obvious Opinion 7. The Step Towards Enlightenment

7 Ways to be Insufferable on Facebook

Pie Graph

A graph that shows sliced circle that represent the percentages of the "total" pie for particular groups or categories

A special-occasion speech given to mark an anniversary of a special event, the completion of a long task, or high achievement in some field is a(n)

A presentation speech

Listening

A process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages

Listening

A process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages

What is a transactional process?

A process whose elements are interdependent; each element in public speaking process depends on and interacts with all of the other elements

brief example

A single sentence or an otherwise short point of an instance that supports or illustrates a more general claim.

Verbal transition

A speaker can sometimes make a _______ simply by repeating a keyword from an earlier statement or by using a synonym or pronoun refers to an earlier key word or idea

Scanning

A speaker should be _______ the audience during the speech for nonverbal cues to assess the audience's reaction

categorical pattern

A speech organization pattern in which each main point emphasizes one of the most important aspects of the speakers topic; often used if a speaker's topic does not easily conform to a spatial, temporal, causal, comparison, problem-cause-solution, criteria application, or narrative pattern.

comparison pattern

A speech organization pattern that discusses the similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations; especially useful when comparing a new subject to one with which the audience is familiar.

criteria-application pattern

A speech organization pattern that proposes standards for making a judgment about a topic, then applies those standards to a related topic. For example, if a speaker were arguing that a city should budget money to renovate a specific crumbling, historic neighborhood, the speaker would first define the criteria for a "historic neighborhood," then would discuss how his or her city's specific neighborhood is historic and, thus, worth renovating.

problem-cause-solution pattern

A speech organizational pattern that identifies a problem, explains the problem's causes, and proposes one or more solutions, which often includes asking an audience to support a policy or to take specific action.

persuasive speech

A speech that aims to influence audience members' beliefs,attitudes, or actions, to which end it employs strategic discourse and calls for the audience to accept fact, value, and policy claims.

Which of the following would be most likely to result in long-term persuasion?

A strong argument with high relevance to the audience.

Ethics

A system of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct., Ethical standards and practices should not be viewed as an all or nothing propositions., In fact, there are degrees of ethical behavior, from highly ethical to totally unethical.

language

A system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages

description

A technique of informative speeches that uses words to paint a mental picture for audience members so that they can close their eyes and imagine what the speaker is saying.

definition

A technique used in informative speeches that explains the essence, meaning, purpose, or identity of something.

explanation

A technique used in informative speeches that provides an analysis of something for the purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing a line of reasoning or a series of casual connections between events.

Illusion of transparency

A tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others

Working memory theory of listening

A theory that suggests that listeners find it difficult to concentrate and remember when their short-term working memories are full

testimony

A type of support consisting of statements provided other people, the source of these statements often being researched in a library, found online, or recorded in an interview.

Word Picture

A vivid description that appeals to the senses

What is culture?

A way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation.

peripheral route

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of two ways audience members may evaluate a speaker's message. This route uses tangential cues (low elaboration), such as attractiveness of speaker, flashy presentation aids, or certain aspects of the speaker's delivery.

Validity

Accuracy, getting to the truth in the research we are doing

What is understanding?

Accurate reception of the content of the intended stimulus.

Cognitive Dissonance

Act of having 2 cognition's that dont play too well You want to start eating healthy but dont like healthy food

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)

Allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person

Accuracy of Perception: Intelligence

Allows us to make better conclusions of why people are behaving in certain ways Disposable intelligence- ability to connect someones personality to their behavior

Main points are in alphabetical order or spell out a common word

Alphabetical pattern pg.199

Reasoning by Cause

Arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

The essential meaning of what a speaker wants to convey

Content pg.11

Timothy Berners Lee

British computer scientist, known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, currently a senior researcher at MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab

Accuracy of Perceptions

Context Interpersonal Sensitivity Perceiver Self Confidence Intelligence (dispositional) Flexible Expectations Awareness of limitations

Accuracy of Perceptions

Context Interpersonal Sensitivity Perceiver Self Confidence Intelligence (dispositional) Flexible Expectations Awareness of limitations

For a group to be a team:

Clear and Inspiring Shared Goals, Results Driven Culture, Competent Team Members, Unified Commitment, Collaborative Climate, Standards for Excellence, External Support/Recognition, Principled Leadership

Intrapersonal

Cognition or thought; communicating with oneself

Metacommunication

Comm about comm example: when you discuss with someone about the way you talk

The study of the biological bases of human communication

Communibiology pg.39

What is communication?

Communication about communication

Metacommunication

Communication about communication with relationships or connections that you have

Fear and avoidance of communication with other people

Communication apprehension pg.38

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between 2 or more people

Interpersonal

Communication between individuals in pairs; also called dyadic communication

What is intercultural communication?

Communication between people of different cultures

What is interpersonal communication?

Communication occurring between two people

Interpersonal Communication

Communication with another

Interpersonal Communication

Communication with another person

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within a person

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within a person Perception may change from person to person

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within a person Perception may change from person to person

Intrapersonal communication

Communication within a person, talking to yourself

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within a person. Talking to yourself

A pattern of organization based on the idea that things can be better even if they are not currently harmful.

Comparative advantages pattern pg.199

Simile

Compare two things using like or as

Negotiating Styles

Competition, Compromise, Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodation

Non-Verbal ______ Verbal

Complements Regulates Substitutes for Contradicts Illustrates

Interpersonal Conflict

Conflict with another person

Intra-personal Conflict

Conflict within yourself

Polychronic culture

Constantly juggling different tasks; interruptions are not a bad thing- people are more important than commitments

Task Roles

Contributing Elaborating Evaluating Recording Coordinating Energizing

A detailed outline used in speech preparation, but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation

Formal outline pg.211

Traditional Marital Style

Conventional attitude towards marriage Moderate conflict on big issues

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does and then leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

What is systematic desensitization?

Create a hierarchy of behaviors leading up to the desired but fear behavior. The main objective is to learn to relax, beginning with relatively easy tasks and profession to the behavior you're apprehensive about.

Arthur Nielsen

Creator of Nielsen Ratings; moved to TV, developed a ratings system using the methods he and his company had developed for radio

The degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker.

Credibility pg.15

Words that emphasize rather than undermine audience perceptions of a speaker's competence

Credibility- enhancing language pg.234

The Great Blur

Cross paths when media starts listening to us and showing what we want to see; TAILORING DRIVES EVERYTHING.

1. Mainstreaming 2. Resonance

Cultivation Theory (2)

5 Steps Leading to Termination

Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating

Communicating at Work (Leader Delivery Style)

Direct - achievement driven, does not like to deal with feelings Systematic - thinkers, logical, well thought out Spirited - socializers, easily bored, projects never get finished Relaters - very understanding of others, very open, considerate of feelings

The Scientific Method Requirements

Empirical- rigid observation, detailed testing Objective- evaluating the data fairly Logical- rational, consistent, sensible judgements Public- results are publicized

Horizontal

Employee to Employee

What is state apprehension?

Experience communication apprehension in only certain communication situations.

What is empathy?

Experiencing the other's perception-- that is, seeing and feeling things as the other does.

The World's Fair 1939

FDR's speech as not only broadcasted over the various radio networks, but also televised along with other parts of the opening ceremony and other events at the fair. Black and White television sets. NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled TV broadcasts in NYC. Estimated 1000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 TV sets scattered throughout the New York area

Issue Awareness

FIRST stage of the persuasion process, in which you focus the audiences attention on the issue and show why the issue is important

Upward Communication

Feedback that we get Surveying Students about the class

Other Factors

Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message

What is the primacy effect?

First information we receive about a person is the most decisive in forming our impressions.

Cultural Dimensions

Formality, Social Customs, Styles of dress, Time, Tolerance for conflict, Gender Roles

Task Group Communication

Forming Storming -Dealing with the tensions present when the personalities meet Norming -Phase where you get used to each other Performing

Group Stages

Forming, Storming, Norming, Reinforcement

Godfrey was asked to be the commencement speaker at the local high school. In the speech, Godfrey talked about his accomplishments, about what he has been doing since his high school graduation 18 years ago and his goals for the future. Unfortunately, this speech didn't appeal to the audience. Why?

Godfrey didn't praise the graduating class nor have the graduates look toward their own futures.

Describe the essential elements of effective speech delivery

Good eye contact with your listeners, a voice that can be heard by all, and appropriate gestures and posture that seem natural A. Adjust your message to the audience B. Maintain good eye C. Use appropriate gestures and posture D. Use appropriate vocal volume and variation.

Components of Listening

Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding

Social Roles

How does the setting that the person is in impact the impression we make of them Work; student; gender-linked; martial

Accuracy of Perception: Context

How does the situation the person is in influence their personality

Nonverbal Sending Accuracy

How easy is it for others to read your facial expression

Nonverbal receiving ability

How good are you at reading others facial expressions

Accuracy of Perception: Interpersonal Sensitivity

How sensitive are we to other people, how much do we pick up on nonverbal and verbal cues

Enacted Role

How the actual person acts in the situation

What is the private theory of personality (implicit personality theory)?

How we select and organize on the basis of what behaviors we think go together.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Weak Determinism

How we view the world and our actual thoughts are not controlled by language but do influence it EX: Selfie, FaceBook me

Expected Role

How you should play the role

components of listening

Hurier model

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language: programming language that allows web developers to specify how a document will appear when accessed by a variety of internet browsers

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol: a collection of communication and software standards that allows computers using different operating systems to connect with one another over the WWW

Paralanguage

I didn't STEAL her gum I didn't steal HER gum I didn't steal her GUM Putting emphasis on a different word can change the whole meaning of the sentence

example of self-serving bias

I failed because questions were ridiculous and unfair

Critical Thinking

The ability to listen and analyze information you hear so that you can judge its accuracy and relevance

What is selective attention?

The ability to process certain of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others

Improving Listening Skills

Listen effectively, pay attention, try to find main points and ideas in a conversation

What are main ideas?

Main Ideas are the major divisions of your speech, the key points that you wish to develop. It has 3 strategies for being generated: 1. Have Logical divisions for the central idea 2. Be able to think of several reasons why the central idea is true 3. Possibly support the central idea with a series of steps

The key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech

Main Points pg.21

Autocratic Leader

Maintain strict control over their group

Perception

Interpreting the sensory experience o the world

Perception

Interpreting the sensory experience of the world

Barriers to Listening: Poor Listening Habits

Interrupt; don't look you in the eye when you speak; not responding to requests

Five levels of communication

Intrapersonal Interpersonal Group Public Mass Communication Online or Machine Assisted

Internal preview

Introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses

The creative process by which the substance of a speech is generated

Invention pg.18

Listening

Is a complex process of selecting, attending to, understanding, remembering, and responding to verval and nonverbal messages

Specific purpose

Is a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech

Inference

Is a conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly observed

Initial preview

Is a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be

Internal summary

Is a summary that occurs within the body of the speech

Transition

Is a verbal or nonverbal signals that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another

NOISE

Is anything that distracts from effective communication, and some form of noise is always present.

Chronological organization

Is organization by time or sequence

Ethnocentrism

Is the assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures

General purpose

Is the overarching goal of your speech. to persuade, inform, or to entertain.

Reasoning

Is the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence within the logical framework of an argument

Audience adaptation

Is the process of ethically using information you've gathered when analyzing your audience to help your audience clearly understand your message and to achieve your speaking objective

Audience analysis

Is the process of examining information about the listeners who will hear your speech

Critical listening

Is the process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or importance of the information you hear

Critical thinking

Is the process of making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read

Rhetorical criticism

Is the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of a message

Credibility

Is the speakers believability and audience's perception of a speaker as a confident, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy

Remember

Is to recall ideas and information

What is phatic communication?

Maintaining human contact

Selective Attention

The ability to process certain stimuli while filtering others

Free Speech

Legally protected speech or speech acts

Deception

Lies

Understanding

Making sense of our experiences and sharing that sentence with others

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 10

Manage conflicting beliefs and practices

Leadership vs Management:

Management - Getting things done through people Leadership - Developing people through work

Experimental Research

Manipulation of variables Control of other variables/settings Measures effect/outcome of manipulation

Experimental Research

Manipulation of variables Control of other variables/settings Measures effect/outcome of manipulation

Experimental Research

Manipulation of variables. One group gets the treatment and the other does not

Experimental Research

Manipulation of variables/ measuring outcome of variables

A mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it to the audience

Manuscript delivery pg.250

Language that diminishes people's importance and makes them appear to be less powerful, less significant, and less worthwhile than they are

Marginalizing language pg.230

Of the communication elements listed in the SMCRE Model, which is the one over which the speaker has the MOST control?

Message

The meaning produced by communication

Message pg.11

emotional communication

Minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission

A five-step organizational scheme, developed by speech professor Alan Monroe, involving (1) attention, (2) need, (3) satisfaction, (4) visualization, and (5) action

Monroe's motivated sequence pg.196

8 seconds

Most people's attention span is around _______

A renowned philanthropist and well-respected national speaker gave the commencement address at Audrey's graduation ceremony. He spoke of his concerns about rising crime rates for juveniles, of the problem of gang violence, and about crimes against women. Was this appropriate content for a commencement address?

No; because he didn't praise, inspire, or challenge the graduating class.

Marianne was so blown away by the announcement that she had won an award that she felt numb on her way to accept it. When she got to the microphone, she began to ramble and then thanked everyone she could think of for voting and supporting her. The speech ran several minutes long and had no organization. Was this appropriate for an acceptance speech?

No; impromptu acceptance speeches should be brief, gracious, and as organized as possible.

At his best friend's wedding, Daniel gave a long toast in which he told funny stories about their high school days, past romances-including broken hearts, and his first impressions of his best friend's new bride. Was this an appropriate toast?

No; toasts should be brief and appropriate for the audience and the occasion.

Regulate

Nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction

Referent

Object for what the symbol stands for

Objectics

Objects that send certain messages

Reasoning by Sign

Occurs when the presence of one thing indicates that presence of another

Deception

Of other: When you lie to others so you don't make them feel bad Of self: When you lie to yourself to cope with a situation; repress certain things we are feeling EX: when you tell yourself not to think of something

Answering Questions Guidelines

Offer relevant answers, substantiate your claims with evidence, provide accurate answers, be positive

Self Censorship

Offering an opinion instead of insisting

Public

One person communicating face to face with an audience

Signpost

Organizational cues for your audiences years. They include previews, transitions, and summaries

Dispositional Bias

Overuse of personality reasons with others

values

People's core conceptions about what is desirable for their own lives and for society. Values guide people's judgements and actions.

Foot in the Door

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one

Communication takes place wherever human s are together because people tend to look for meaning, even when the message is not deliberately sent.

Pervasiveness pg.52

Giving Praise

Praise specifically, Praise progress not just perfection, Praise Intermittently, Relay Praise and Praise Sincerely

Prejudice

Preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message

Selective Attention

The ability to register what your senses pick up on is limited; we chose what we want to pay attention to

Empowerment

The ability to speak with competence and confidence will provide:

Subordination

Process of creating hierarchy of idea in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas

1. Email and Text Communication 2. Live Text Communication 3. Audio Communication 4. Face-to-face Communication

Social Presence Theory (Low to High)

Hyperdermic Needle Model

Society is injected with a "needle" of media and everyone experiences the same "dose." (This is not correct)

Content Analysis

Systematic analysis of messages

Content Analysis

Systematic analysis of messages Purposes of Content Analysis Describes frequency of behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts

Content Analysis

Systematic analysis of of the content of communication messages

Content Analysis

Systematic analysis of the content of communication messages. Also describes the frequency of the behavior

Acceptance

THIRD step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them.

Mass Communication

TV, Movies, Radio

Laissez-Faire Leader

Take no initiative in structuring a group discussion

Group Con's

Takes a lot more time Produces stress Social Loafing

Organizational Structures

Tall (Levels and Authority) or Flat (Not a lot of structures)

boomerang effect

The act of pushing an audience more firmly towards a its previously held beliefs as a result of the speaker choosing a position that falls on the extreme end of the audience's latitude of rejection

Health Education

Teach about eating healthy, smoking, drinking, sex education; geared towards different audiences/ages.

Ways to open your speech with impact

Tell a brief story., Use a quotation, Make a Startling statement, Refer to the audience, the occasion, or a current event, Use appropriate humor, Relate a personal experience, Ask a thought provoking question- One that will not evoke a verbal

Peer Testimony

Testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily and expert on the topic

What should the speaker keep in mind when giving an acceptance speech?

Thank those giving you the award and comment on the significance of the award to you.

Golden Age of TV

The Elite Stage: satisfying an audience that were the first people to scoop up a TV into their home; they had to be really savvy to satisfy this audience. Battle with Hollywood and Tv Producers: Producers said they would find their own talent for screen, writers and camera people. Looked in NYC for talent, where they found broadway directors, actors, and producers who were experts at live performances

Pitch

The Great 8; Begin with a greeting. Introduce an intriguing issue relevant to the reporter. State a relevant problem and/or consequence. Provide a elution and introduce your company. Supply a link to background info. Close with an action you intend the reporter to take. Thank them for their consideration. Include all means of contact.

Oral Citation

The Oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication.

Invention

The ability to develop or discover ideas that results in new insights or new approaches to old problems

deception

The conscious alteration of information a person believes to be true in order to significantly change another's perceptions from what the deceiver thought they would be without the alteration

What is organization communication?

The flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships.

Connotative Meaning

The interpretive meaning for a word; the meaning that each individual assigns a word

Encode

The job of the source is to _______ or translate The ideas and images in his or her mind into verbal or nonverbal symbols

Speech Topic

The key focus of the content of a speech.

Main ideas

The key points of a speech

What is the channel?

The medium that carries message signals from sender to receiver.

Channel

The medium though which a message is sent

Channels

The medium through which a message is sent How we interact

Emotional Communication

The minute signals of affect, attention, approach, etc.

Emotional Communication

The minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission

Delivery

The nonverbal expression of your message

What are intentional verbal messages?

The nonverbal messages we want to transmit.

Written Citation

The presentation in print of such information about a source as the author, title, year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide.

What is small-group communication?

The process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another.

Attribution

The process of assigning meaning to other's behavior; act of asking why

Attribution

The process of assigning meaning to others behavior The act of asking why

Attribution

The process of assigning meaning to others behavior The act of asking why

Attribution

The process of assigning meaning to others behavior or the act of asking

What is attitude influence?

The process of changing and reformulating attitudes

What is the socio-psychologial context?

The relationship between speaker and audience. It also includes the audience's attitudes toward and knowledge of you and your subject.

What is feedback?

The return to you of behavior you have generated.

Channels

The route by which a message in transmitted from sender to receiver (TV, text, email, phone, radio, morse code, letter)

What has communication been broadly defined as?

The sharing of experience

Affect Displays (Kinesics)

The show of emotion to show how you are feeling about a certain conversation

Transactional model of communication

The theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver

Psychological Noise

The type of noise refers to mental rather than bodily distractions. Anxiety, worry, daydreaming, and even joy over some recent event can distract you from the message at hand

Non-Verbal Communication

The use of objects, action, sounds, time, and space to convey meaning When in doubt we believe in nonverbal communication over verbal communication

Nonverbal Communication

The use of objects, actions. sounds, time, and space to convey meaning

Nonverbal Communication

The use of objects, actions. sounds, time, and space to convey meaning messages transmitted without words

Methods of Non-Verbal: Proxemics

The use of space, distance, or territory to convey some type of a message EX: Professor has more space at the front of the room vs. when he walks around

What are nonverbal messages?

They are all the messages we transmit without words or over an above the words we use.

Powerless language

When we talk to people who have more authority than us; give disclaimers; use hedges (kinda, I think)

Group

Three or more people interacting and influencing one another to pursue a common goal.

Long-term time orientation

Time is abundant, and accomplishing goals may take considerable time

A pattern or organization based on chronology or a sequence of events

Time pattern pg.202

Displacement Hypothesis

Time we spend on media decreases time that could be spent on more important things.

What is your role as a public speaker outside the classroom?

To inform others about something and to influence others.

Language that defines people exclusively on the basis of a single sttribute such as race, ethinicity, biological sex, or disability

Totalizing language pg.230

Methods of Non-Verbal: Haptics

Touch communication EX: Accidental, sexual, instrumental, emotional Can also be a physical indicator of dominance EX: Pushing, shoving, grabbing

Separate Marital Style

Traditional attitude Use time and space independently Low conflict, high negativity

Semantic Interference

Trouble understanding one another based on the way you speak EX: Accent

CBS and NBC

Two broadcasting stations; announced over radio in real time. (World War II announced)C

A pattern of organiation that involves (1) introducing the topic and thesis statement, (2) presenting arguments and evidence supporting the thesis, (3) acknowledging arguments against the thesis, (4) refuting these arguments, (5) restating arguments and evidence supporting the thesis, and presenting the conclusion

Two- sided refutation pattern pg.198

Is public communication formal or informal?

Typically structured, formal communication

Asychronous

Unaddressed documents and Written, addressed documents

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Uncertainty -Raises information-Seeking -Reduces Intimacy

Quantitative

Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab

Quantitative

Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab

Accuracy of Perception: Flexible Expectations

Understanding that people behave in different ways

Emotional Education

Understanding what to do and feel over time

Elements of effective communication

Understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, action

Explain the relationships among ethics, free speech, and credibility

United States citizens have the right to speak freely, but that right comes with the responsibility to speak ethically.

URL

Universal Resource Locator; a naming system that gives every site a unique locatable address

Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 8

Use and encourage descriptive feedback

Which of the following would NOT be recommended for writing text on a PowerPoint slide used in an extemporaneous presentation?

Use complete sentences.

Proxemics

Use of space, distance, or territory to convey a message

Chronemics

Use of time in communication

Methods of Non-Verbal: Chronemics

Use of time in our communication Being late vs. being early EX: how long you wait to text someone after getting their numbers

Visual and auditory channels

What are the two channels that a message is usually transmitted through?

hasty generalization

a fallacy that occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples

regulators

a filler, ums and eyebrow raises, pace conversation with nonverbals

A speaker talking about recycling said, "I took a beer bottle to the recycling center, but they wouldn't take it. They said: "this is the pint of no return." What humorous verbal strategy did the speaker engage in?

a pun

skills used for public speaking

analyzing, researching, organizing, wording and delivering. These are skills You will use in constructing and delivering your speeches. They are also transferable Skills; they can help you throughout your academic studies, as well as your chosen career

Noise

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it

Web 1.0

applications are proprietary (relating to the owner only); companies develop software applications that users can download, but they can't see how the application works or change it. It is static and non interactive

emotional education

as we age we get better at this role models and media help us with this

developmental interactionist theory

as we age we use more reasoning than emotion

the scientific method (5)

ask question/state problem formulate hypothesis think through and refine hypothesis design and conduct the observation, measurement or experiment analyze and interpret

The scientific method

ask questions or state problem formulate hypothesis or research question think through, refine hypothesis

interpret

assign meaning to what we have ex. jacket on at party=leaving

dichotomes

assuming; thinking in terms of two -contrast

Hate Speech

attacking a person/group based upon their gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, social actions, etc.

A learned predisposition to response in a consistently favorable ot unfavorable manner with given respect to a given object

attitude pg.115

social groups

begin with school (preschool to college) - complicated - teach us how to behave and interact, come with own expectations, drama and stress

objectics

certain objects communicate different things (clothing)

Charisma

certain things that us into people

What are the 5 patterns of organization?

chronolgical, spatial, topical, problem-solution, causal (problem-cause-solution)

Julian Assange

editor in chief of wikileaks, an international, non profit, journalistic organization which publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources

code overlapping

codes which provide an area of commonality but which also contain areas of unshared codification.

restricted codes

codes with some people and not others

self-esteem

comes from feedback that you get if people say you're a bad athlete, it will negatively affect you changes day to day

On the first anniversary of Ronald Reagan's death, the Reagan family and a group of close friends gathered at the Reagan Library to talk about Ronald Reagan's life and accomplishments. Then, former President George H. W. Bush gave a brief speech at the occasion. What is the term used for this kind of speech?

commemorative address

pleasure

communicating with others in a way that enhances a sense of mutual well-being.

Metacommunication

communication about communication

metacommunication

communication about communication

Organizational Communication

communication among members of organization

The implied meaning of a word based upon its use within a given context

connotative meaning pg.73

reliability

consistency/ stability of measure

emotion

constant presence in how we interact when studying emotion, you get better at controlling your own nonverbal communication

High Performance Computing Act

created by Al Gore, it is an act to provide for a coordinated federal program to ensure continued United States leadership in high performance computing

denotative meaning

dictionary definition of the word

Denotation Meaning

dictionary definition of the world, what we decided on the meaning

denotative meaning

dictionary definition of word ex. puppy-young dog between certain age

code switching

different styles and who we are talking to depends on how we communicate

life cycle of relationships: stages of coming apart

differentiating circumscribing stagnating avoiding terminating

johari window

open: known to self and others hidden: known to self but not others blind: not known to self but known to others unknown: not known to self and others

how is spontaneous communication evolutionary?

it is something we developed so we can survive

rationalization

it'll be fine (ex. 2 O rings so if one fails the other won't fail and it will be fine) not sure but want to feel better

polychronic

juggle multiple things at once people are more valuable than time interruptions are okay technology

Hierarchical

language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower.

sapir-whorf hypothesis

language we use shape how you see the world

Profanity

language which is vulgar and irrelevant

euphemisms

less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones. Sanitize our language, soften them to make them a little easier to talk about

When called upon to give an impromptu toast at a wedding,

let those gathered and the occasion dictate what you say.

Metaphor

linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison

improving listening skill

listen effectively pay attention find main points of conversation

The process of recieving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli.

listening pg.73

Logical appeal

logos pg.54

mass communication

messages on a very large scale millions of viewers receiving the message

Web 2.0

more interactive and dynamic and open sourced; Users can make modifications or even build new applications based on earlier programs.

polychronic

more things at once ex. focused on people more than things we are doing

disconfirmation

most damaging. says " you do not exist"

connotative meaning

our interpretive meaning of the world ex. puppy-yours at home

connotative meaning

our own personal, interpreted meaning of the word

Accent

nonverbal behaviors that augment (supplement) a verbal message.

sign

nonverbal indication of what is going to happen, dark clouds=rain

Spontaneous comm

nonvoluntary, involves signs not symbols based on biologically-shared signal system

usability

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: do the layout and design of the site facilitate its use?

diversity

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: is the site inclusive?

accountability

one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: who is responsible for the site?

Public Communication

one-way, large audience

An audio broadcast that has been converted to a digital format, such as MP3 for playback by a digital music player or computer

podcast pg.140

Dichotomes

polar words all or nothing example: success or failure never look at in-between

body movements

posture conveys meaning authoritative-stand up straight

power and language

powerless and powerful

power and language

powerless language powerful language

Patch-writing

preparing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source; failing to give credit to a source.

interference (technical)

prevents message from being received prevent intended meaning from being understood ex. bad cell service

interference (noise)

prevents message from being received or prevents intended meaning from being understood

Interference

prevents messages from being received or prevents intended meaning from being understood

Denotative Meaning

primary association a word has for most people in a particular linguistic community.

selective attention

process of choosing what to pay attention to what not to basketball and gorilla

At the monthly meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, a representative from a local tour bus company makes a presentation about the economic advantages of using her company's services for the visiting dignitaries. What kind of special-occasion speech is this?

public-relations speech

These speeches are designed to inform the public, strengthen alliances with them, and possibly recommend policy to those outside the work environment.

public-relations speech

forming

put the group together - initiating

Connotative Meaning

secondary association a word has four one of more members of a group or population.

Information sources that rely on the sources rather than gathering information firsthand.

secondary source pg.139

Quantitative

seeks to uncover patterns in comm behavior via numbers, in the field or lab

maintaining close friendships

self-disclosure supportiveness spending time together

Sending accuracy

sending emotions making the reaction -some people make faces better than others

Internal Preview

serves as an outline of what is to come next in a speech and is often combined with transition statments

Disclaimer

set in the beginning of a show or program warning the audience about what they are about to view

roles

set of behaviors that apply to a subclass

Organizational cues that alert the audience that you are moving from point to point are called_________.

signposts

example of lies of exaggeration

size of a fish caught

Mass Comunication

social media, politics

Social grouping and economic class to which people belong

socioeconomic status pg.109

remembering

some things need to be locked into memory (long and short term)

private meaning

some word reminds you of something makes it hard for others to understand what you're talking about

Global Plagerism

taking an entire piece of work and saying its your own

Patchworking

taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work and then presenting them as original work without giving credit to the sources

Plagiarism

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own

public comm

talking to a lot of people

Communication Apprehension

the fear/anxiety associated with real/anticipated communication with another or others

Attribution

the process of assigning meaning to others' behavior

Syndication

the sale of the right to broadcast programs to multiple stations, without going through a broadcast network

emblems

thumbs up, substitutions

emblems

thumbs up; gesture that replaces word

chronemics

time

Other factors of human communication

time, listening skills, and feedback

two-sided argument

when you briefly note an argument against your thesis, and then use evidence and reasoning to refute that argument

false dilemma fallacy

when you claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of those choices is wrong or infeasible and that your listeners must embrace the other choice

leakage

when you try to hide a micro expression but it doesn't work emotions got the best of you

words have power

ways in which we use them can influence our interactions

Question of Fact

when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts

Question of Policy

when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken

when do you have to think about channels?

when one of them becomes unavailable to you

Conflicting objectives (Barrier)

when prof says its not on the exam, we check out

Self-esteem

your feeling of self-worth, feedback

preliminary bibliography

your first research goal in which you in which you create a list of promising resources

self concept

your relatively stable impression of yourself

self-concept

your relatively stable impression of yourself


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