COM 1000 Final Exam Study Guide
The Diffusion of Innovations
Explains the reasons why individuals adopt new technologies, and the rate at which they do so.
A mode of presentation that combines careful preparation with spontaneous speaking. The speaker generally uses brief notes rather than a full manuscript or outline.
Extemporaneous Delivery pg.26
A pattern of organization in which the entire body of the speech is the telling of a story
Extended narrative pattern pg.202
Critical thinking
Is to be able to listen and analyze information you heater so that you can judge its accuracy and relevance
What are 4 strategies that enhance audience understanding?
Give information that: 1. The audience can use immediately 2. Actively involves the listeners 3. Is likely to connect to the listeners 4. Is relevant to the audiences needs and their busy lives.
Tips for Communicating Within a Professional Atmosphere
Give more attention to face-to-face communication Effective listening is critical Speak clearly Maintain a positive attitude Give and receive feedback If you get upset, calm down before responding Build your credibility
Doctor-Patient Interactions
Goal is shared decision-making; doctors don't make decisions for patients anymore.
Reliabilty
Having consistent results
Improve health literacy
Health Communication Goal
Components of Listening
Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding
Mainstreaming
Makes us all think the same way.
Disclosure in Relationships
Making intentional disclosures about yourself that others are unlikely to know, private, sensitive or confidential information. Deeper and closer relationships
Employment Interview (Topics that Should be Avoided)
Marital status Family situation and future plans Medical history Sexual orientation Religious affiliations Age
Social Roles
Marital, school, work, gender
Topical organization
If your central idea has natural divisions, you can organize your speech by using _______
What are the type of audiences in public speaking?
Immediate and remote
Language that reduces the psychological distance that separates speakers and the audience members and stresses that speech is transaction
Immediate language pg.231
Resonance
Impacts us more when we can relate to or is similar to our everyday lives.
Language that helps people believe that they not only have a stake in matters of societal importance but also have power in this regard
Inclusive language pg.230
Entertainment Education
Incorporated messages about health into media that is already popular. (Ex. Friends: Sex education)
post hoc fallacy
Incorrectly naming the cause of one event as the event that immediately preceded it.
prestige testimony
Information coming from a person who is highly regarded but not necessarily an expert on a topic.
Primary sources are best defined as:
Information that comes from the original author.
Paralanguage
"It's not what you say, it's how you say it" Emphasis on words can change a sentence
Paralanguage
"It's not what you say, it's how you say it" Emphasis on words can change a sentence
Methods of Non-Verbal: Paralanguage
"It's not what you say, its how you say it"; different emphasize on different words EX: I didn't steal her purse Emphasis on the different words in that sentence changes the meaning
Agenda Setting Theory
"The media may not tell us what to think, but they sure do tell us what to think about;" media decides what the public will consider to be important.
Public speaking
Is the process of presenting a message to an audience
Change vs. Predictability
- Contrasting need for things to be consistent, reliable or the need to be different, unique or surprising
Expressiveness vs Privacy
- Contrasting need to be open to sharing or maintaining privacy
A website contains dated entries in reverse chronological order. They can range from serious commentary by experts to "ranting and raving" by people with no particular qualifications.
Blog (short for web log) pg.142
Terms, such as and, or, and not, used to narrow or broade a computerized search of two or more related terms.
Boolean operators pg.145
Downward
Boss to Employee
What do messages include?
Both verbal and nonverbal signals. It has a purpose.
Social Penetration Theory
Breadth -Cover a wide range of topics Depth -Deeper topics Frequency -Going from saying hi, to becoming best friends
Sports Communication
Media coverage on sports; $150 million each year.
Social Presence Theory
Media exists on a continuum from low to high levels of social presence (the degree of awareness an individual has of the other person in the interaction)
What is a rising channel in today's society?
Mediated channels.
Bias
Perceiving something based on the context
The process by which we give meaning to our experiences
Perception pg.12
Substitute
Physical actions that take place of verbal messages
A pattern of organization that analyzes a problem in terms of (1) harm, (2) significance, and (3) cause, and proposes a solution that is (1) described , (2) feasible, and (3) advantageous
Problem- solution pattern pg.197
Logical
Rational, consistent, sensible judgement on data
Group Think
So much agreement within a group that no one stops to think
What is auditory channel?
Send spoken messages, your words and your sentences.
Accommodation
Sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people.
Role
Set of behavior that applies to a certain subclass of people
How many communication contexts are there?
Seven
oculesics
use of eye contact to communicate
Nonverbal comm
use of objects, action, sound, time and space to convey meaning
Chronmenics
use of time
Invention
The development or discovery of new insights or new approaches to old problems.
Synecdoche
Using one part of something to represent the whole thing
Patch Writing
Using someone else's phrases in a speech without acknowledging the source
Mixed Metaphor
metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other
Archetypal Metaphors
metaphors that use common human experiences to describe another object
Verbal vs. Nonverbal
The opposite spectrum is emotion
What is a General Purpose Statement?
The overarching goal of the speech. To either inform, persuade, or entertain
Disposition
The process of developing an orderly speech; the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations
Reasoning by Example
The process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases
Human Communication
The process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning
Disposition
The process of organizing and arranging ideas and illustrations in an orderly speech.
latitude of acceptance
The range of positions on a given issue that are acceptable to the audience.
latitude of rejection
The range of positions on a given issue that are unacceptable to an audience.
Orientation
The way you position your body and speak
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The words we use in our thoughts become the way that we speak about things and changes the way we see the world
What is the Sapir-Whorf theory?
The world is perceived differently by members of different communities and this perception is transmitted and sustained by language.
Post Interview Follow Up
To show appreciation and professionalism
Decode
To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images
Haptics
Touch Communication (Physical Contact)
What kind of process is communication, specifically public speaking?
Transactional
powerful language
no disclaimers confidence seen as more attractive
Avoidance
no need to engage in conflict that is nuisance, can be strategic, but not for every conflict
illusions of invulnerability
no way we can mess this up ex. NASA no-one ever died (prior to challenger explosion)
causal pattern
a speech organization pattern that explains cause-and-effect relationships in which each main point is either an event that leads to a situation or a link in a chain of events between a catalyst and a final outcome.
Internal Summary
a statement that summarizes what you have already covered and precedes transitions
illustration
a story or anecdote that almost guarantees the attention of the audience
Autocratic leadership
a style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do
Categorical Syllogism
a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group
Conditional Syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome
Uniform Resources Locator: the address for websites such as www.mmhe.com
URL pg.135
sexism and language
US language is sexist towards females males are represented by less words than females more positive words for males
Quantitative social scientists
Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab
Emotional Education
Understanding what to do and feel over time Developmental Interactionist Theory (Buck, 1984) See notebook for diagram
Job Search Checklist (Blogging)
Use a pseudonym. This way you can write whatever you would like Control access If using your real name, don't post hateful comments, don't post what you did last Friday night and don't post your belief systems
affect displays
nonverbal displays of the body or face that carry an emotional meaning or display affective states.
adaptors
anxiety in interactions adapt to this anxiety channel nervousness nonverbal ticks to cope with everything in mind
confirmation
any behavior that causes another person to value him or herself more.
micro expressions
any expressions on your face but only for a split second
Verbal message
any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words.
What is the desired response of a commemorative speech?
appreciation and emulation of the praiseworthy
Evaluations for Internet Resources
authorship, sponsorship, recency
hearing (listening vs. hearing)
not necessarily focusing physiological process
nonvocal
not sounds movement, gestures
paralanguage
not what you say-how you say it different emphasis can mean different things
organize
based on our own expectations put things in an order to allow us to tell a story
self-concept
based on self attributes looking glass self self-expansion social comparison
spontaneous communication
based upon biologically-shared signal system nonvoluntary involves signs, not symbols nonpropositional mainly right-brained evolutionary
Perceived
belief by one individual or more people that conditions for conflict exist, awareness, the "oh shit" moment
code switching
changing codes
euphemisms
changing language to make it easier to understand/handle
private acceptance
changing our own minds
The means through which the message is sent
channel pg.57
example of connotative vs. denotative
cocky vs. confident similar dictionary definition different connotative meaning
dominance in relationship
complementary structures- one dominant other submissive symmetrical: both dominant or both submissive parallel: dominance//submissiveness depends on situation
Nonverbal
complements, regulations, substitutes for, contradicts, illustrates verbal
lies of fabrication
completely untrue, started as a personal gain
nonverbal ______ verbal
compliments regulates substitutes for contradicts illustrates
c in care
concentrate
aerobic listening
concentration acknowledge respect emphasize
Inferences
conclusions of judgment derived from evidence or assumptions.
3rd barrier to listening
conflicting objectives
intelligence
connect personalities of behaviors
A limitation on choices in a rhetorical situation
constraint pg.121
Artistic Proof
constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerns ethos, pathos, and logos.
three types of research
content analysis survey research experimental research
1st accuracy of perception
context
accuracy of perceptions
context interpersonal sensitivity perceiver of self-confidence intelligence flexible expectations awareness of limitations
intra-role conflict
contradictory expectations from one role. example: your friend wants to drop out of school and move in with older boyfriend. As a friend you're supposed to be supportive and listen but also as a friend you're supposed to tell them when they're making a dumb decision
Basic human needs which must be satisfied before higher-order needs can be met. They include the need for food, air, water, physical safety belongingness and love and self esteem and social esteem
deficiency needs pg.118
monochonic
one thing at a time ex. class
List 2 delivery signposts.
pacing, pause
Latent
pre awareness, potential for conflict exists
Decoding
process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message.
human communication
process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning
Health Comunication
proper way to interact with patients or people with subjects about health
Bsic vital data regarding any population
demographics pg.99
health communication
doctor needs to understand what problem is and what to expect. Politely say lose weight. Doctor patient interaction. Public service announcements-smoking, casual sex, texting and driving
lies of omission
don't talk about the truth
inferences
drawing conclusions from information we have in front of us
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
time oriented
efficiency, fastest and best way. Getting answer instantly
The degree to which a receiver scrutinizes a message
elaboration pg.60
body language
emblems illustrators regulators adaptors affect displays
time-oriented
emergency, critical, urgent
Paralanguage
emphasis on certain words, how we say things
What are gestures used for?
emphasize important words and phrases
scientific method is...
empirical objective logical public
Oculesics
eye contact- where we look shows attraction women tend to use eye contact more
kinesics
facial expression, body movement and gesture
Kinesics
facial expressions and gestures - cultural differences body movements and gesture- emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays
Kinesics
facial expressions, body language, body movement
Nonverbal
facial expressions, posture, tone of voice, etc
conversational structure: floor two
free for all lack of clear turn taking conversational overlap repetition agreement structures women are more likely to speak this
group dynamics: maintenance
getting everyone on the same page, harmonize, compromise when there is conflict, encouraging others, gatekeeping when we off task, expediting to keep things moving, and following (followers good for groups)
outgroup
group you're not a part of think of less favorable traits of the other group
norms
guidelines that limit and direct behavior
6 basic emotions
happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
6 emotional affects
happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust. Building blocks for emotion
experimental limitations
hard to generalize results from lab environment, artificial setting, limited subject population, requires strong procedure to prevent issues
Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over extended period of time.
long-term goals pg.96
2nd example of self concept
self expansion model
What does emotional intelligence include?
self-awareness
communication
sharing experience
Those ends that we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term
short-term goals pg.96
Declamation
the delivery of an already famous speech
communication climate
the emotional tone of an episode or relationship.
organizational communication
the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships
Derived Credibility
the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation
referent
the object for which the symbol stands (the actual podium)
Share
the percentage of TVs that are turned on and tuned into a particular station
context
the physical setting
human communication
the process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning
Interviewing
transaction that emphasizes question and answer
How do you word your specific purpose statement?
"At the end of my speech, my audience will be able to..."
abstract/vague language
"I'll be home early"-how early is early? have not done a good job of clarifying a time
equivocal language
"do you want to get a drink?" can be a date vs. I just want water
Communication
"the sharing of experiences"
conflicting objectives
"this is going to be important, but won't be on exam" do i pay attention or no?
types of groups (4)
(1) primary groups (2) social groups (3) learning and education groups (4) problem-solving groups
*NEW SECTION* 9/14 Perception
*NEW SECTION* 9/14 Perception
Attachment theory
- Children seeking proximity of an attachment figure when frightened or upset -Calling for mom when scared
Avoidant
-20% of children -Negative views of others
Secure Children (Attachment Theory)
-70% of children -Generally have positive views of other people
Symbolic Communication
-Communication about higher things - Voluntary - Can be false -Intentional
Cynic
-Destroys morale with bad outlook
Uncertainty Reduction theory
-Gaining information about other people to create predictions about others behaviors
Clown
-Jokes and plays around past morale boosting (Kyle)
Spontaneous Communication
-Non voluntary -Involves signs not symbols
Devils advocate
-Prevents groupthink - prevents individual thought
Norms
-Standard or pattern of social behavior that is accepted or expected within groups -Makes interpersonal communication predictable, creates routine for communication, given rules for behavior -Guides that limit and direct behavior -Normative agreements - choosing to do one thing over another based on who in conversation has authority
Scientific Method
1. Ask a question or state the problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Think through and refine the hypothesis 4. Design and conduct the experiment 5. Analyze and interpret the data
Identify 3 goals of speaking to Inform
1. To enhance understanding 2. To maintain interest 3. To be Memorable
Personal Space
18''-4'
Films in color
1935 technicolor is introduced. Wizard of Oz was not the first colored film. but was very bright
Television
1939: World's Fair (no one cared); flourished after WWII; redefined entertainment and the way we got our news.
Haye's Code: Government views for censorship; movies now rated.
1968
Star Wars is released.
1977
History of Web Browsers
1991: The WWW, later becoming Nexus 1993: Mosaic 1994: Netscape Navigator & Opera 1995: Internet Explorer 2003: Safari 2008: Google Chrome
Toy Story (first CGI film)
1995
DVDs invented.
1997
repression
1st form of self deception
confirmation bias
1st impression of who they are. Consistently take information to justify 1st impression
1. Ability 2. Motivation
2 Factors Influencing Adopters
1. Explain communication behavior. 2. Predict future behaviors.
2 Things Good Theories Do
2004
YouTube
2005
Netflix
2007
Social Space
4'-12'
social distance
4-12 feet
1. Innovators 2. Early adopters 3. Early majority 4. Late majority 5. Laggards
5 Adopter Categories
1. Knowledge 2. Persuasion 3. Decision 4. Implementation 5. Confirmation
5 Stages of the Adoption Process
1. Update your privacy settings 2. Be careful what you share 3. Do not over-hashtag 4. Know your social media platform 5. Watch your grammar
5 Staples to Personal Branding
Ideal number for collaboration
5-7
1. Bookmarking sites and social news sites 2. Blogs and mircoblogs 3. Social networking sites 4. Shopping sites 5. Multimedia sharing 6. Virtual worlds
6 Types of Social Media
1. Learning 2. Habit 3. Companionship 4. Arousal 5. Relaxation 6. Escape 7. Passing Time
7 Reasons Children Watch TV
Differentiate between a General Speech Purpose and a Specific Speech Purpose
A General Purpose is the overarching goal of your speech (to inform, to persuade) whereas a Specific Purpose is a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you have finished your speech. (Identifies the audience response you desire)
extended example
A detailed narrative that serves as a sample or an instance that supports or illustrates a general claim.
What is expressiveness?
A dimension of nonverbal communication that influences our first impressions, has been linked with animation, dynamism, expansiveness, and intensity of both nonverbal and verbal behaviors.
Stereotyping
A generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture
Vital function Approach
A leadership approach that calls upon group leaders to perform takes others in the group either cannot or are not qualified to perform
core belief
A long and closely held viewpoint that is particularly immune to persuasion.
Standard Deviation
A measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in the distribution are
Specific Purpose Statement
A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
Central idea
A one sentence summary of the speech content and identifies the essence of your message
Shared Meaning
A phrase a group of friends or a community uses; inside joke
expert testimony
A type of support consisting of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic.
lay testimony
A type of support consisting of statements made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing.
Code
A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
How can you avoid plagiarism?
A. Understand what constitutes as plagiarism B. Do your own work C. Acknowledge your sources D. Cite sources correctly
A summary of an article or a report
Abstract pg.146
central route
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of two ways audience members may evaluate a speaker's message. This route denotes a high level of elaboration- a mental process that involves actively processing a speaker's arguments.
Recency
According to this principle, the point discussed last is the one which audiences will remember best
If you are talking on a cell phone, what would be the channel?
Air waves via phone towers.
The process of communication is ethically neutral
Amoral pg.53
Credibility
An audience's perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic.
What is the Central Idea in a speech?
An identification of the essence of your message. It is a one sentence summary of your speech.
factual examples
An illustration based on something that actually happened or that really exists.
An extended metaphor or similie
Analogy pg.239
Which of the following BEST describes the appropriate steps for developing content of an effective speech?
Analyze the audience and occasion, then plan and organize your message.
The use of opposites light-dark
Antithesis pg.240
Interview Types (Information)
Appraisal Persuasive Exit Counseling Disciplinary Employment Stress
Rhetorical strategies
Are the methods and techniques that speakers employ to achieve their speaking goals
Ethnicity Differences
Attitudes about talk, Attitudes toward conflict, Self-disclosure and candor, Nonverbal behavior
Explain why it is important to be audience centered during each step of the speech process
Because the audience influences the topic you choose and every later step of the speechmaking process.
Explain why it is important to consider the audience when giving a speech.
Because you may need to adjust your speech according to their demographics, psychographics, attitudes, needs, beliefs, values,habits, etc.
Barriers to Listening: Psychological
Being bored; emotions
A request by the speaker, usually at the end of a speech, for the audience to take specific actions to fulfill the speech's purpose
Call to action pg.189
messages
Can be verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional
Impressions of Self: Self-Esteem
Can change within a day; feedback; how confident are we in ourselves
Cable
Carries clean channel; MTV and Fox expanded.
A pattern of organization that moves from cause to effect or from effect to cause
Casual pattern pg.197
A pattern of organization based on natural divisions in the subject matter
Categorical pattern pg.200
Code switching
Changing the way you speak because of the audience you are addressing or is present
The physical medium through which communication occurs
Channel pg.12
What would you think in a subjective view of ethics?
Claim that the morality of an act depends on the culture's values and beliefs as well as on the particular circumstances. The end might justify the means.
What would you think in an objective view of ethics?
Claim that the morality of an act is absolute and exists apart from the values or beliefs of any individual or culture. Holds that there are standards that apply to all people in all situations at all times.
Political Leader
Clear in wants Persuasive, Networking, Power-Based
Emergence (Norming) Phase
Come to decision, divide up work, plan, organize
Mass Personal Communication
Communication once was meant for close friends, but it often blows up and goes viral; everything is coming together.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs between at least two interdependent parties
What is Interviewing?
Communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers
Hostile Work Environment
Conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile affecting a persons ability to perform their job
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 1
Conduct a personal self assessment
Emergence
Conflict comes out
Symbolic
Creative, Vision based, Theatrical Steve Jobs
Empirical
Data based on observation or experience
The process by which a code is translated back into ideas
Decoding pg.12
Leadership Styles
Democratic, Laissez-Faire, Autocratic
purposes of content analysis
Describes frequency of a behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts
Job Search Checklist (Online Job Search )
Don't send your resume or personal information to anyone you think might be sketchy. Craigslist is notorious for having "job offers" which are not legit Always check on the company you are applying for online. If they do not have legitimate information/reviews or a website, be very diligent in investigating what you are getting into Don't EVER release your personal information online such as driver's license number, social security number, credit card number, date of birth or anything else that is purely personal
Job Search Checklist (Email)
Double check spelling & grammar Have two different email accounts. One professional and one personal. [email protected] is not professional. Add a professional signature line with your name and contact information Make sure you check the email account regularly
Language Issues: Inferences
Drawing conclusions from information we have in front of us
Social Styles
Driver, Expressive, Amiable, Analytical
What is s self-fulfilling prophecy?
Due to psychological sets, people help confirm their own expectations so that a favorable self-concept may lead to success, and an unfavorable self-concept lead to failure.
Job Search Checklist
E-Mail Google Blogging Online Job Search
Emotional Education
EX: throwing a temper tantrum before you knew what anger was You learn this from your role models and from media
PROFESSIONAL BENEFITS OF STUDYING PUBLIC SPEAKING
Effective speaking skills enhance your chances of first securing employment and then advancing in your career.
Physical Delivery
Elements of speaking that deal with the body
Survey Research
Examines what people do Relies on self reports Examines relationships between variables ex. Relationship questionnaries, Attitude surveys, media habits research Survey Research Issues Need representative sample Questions must be high quality No control over variables Cannot make casual conclusions Self reports
Survey Research Purpose
Examines what people do, relies on self-reports, examines relationships between variables EX: Relationship questionnaires, surveys about attitude
Affect Displays
Eye contact
What is the visual channel?
Eye contact (or lack of), body movement, hand and facial gestures, and clothing.
Methods of Non-Verbal: Oculesics
Eye contact or eye gaze; Can indicate attraction if there is a lot of eye contact
Awareness
FIRST stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audiences attention on the issue and show why the issue is important.
Sometimes that is verifiable as true
Fact pg.142
What is technical interference?
Factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended information or stimuli.
Describe several different types of supporting material that could be used to support speech ideas.
Facts, examples, definitions, statistics, analogies, quotations, stories, and visual material that illustrate, amplify, and clarify the speech.
Pseudospontaneous Comm
Fake emotions you display in an appropriate situation
Spoofing/Catfishing
Faking your identity.
True or false: During public speaking, you are only speaking to one audience.
False
Primary Group
Family
FCC
Federal Communications Commission: regulates all means of interstate telephone, telegraph, and radio communication; was the FRC
Natural Responses
Fight or Flight Mouth opens wider to let in more oxygen
Bodily Adaptation and maintenance of Homeostasis
Fight or Flight Need for food/water/oxygen
Bodily Adaptation and maintenance of Homeostasis
Fight or Flight Need for food/water/oxygen
Impressions of Others
First Impressions (Primary Effect) Physical Attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma
Impressions of Others
First Impressions (Primary Effect) Physical Attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma
Impressions of Others
First Impressions (The primacy effect) Physical attractiveness Expressiveness Charisma
Giving Criticism
Focus on the issue not the person, consider the relational climate, consider the delivery
Interviewing
Focused on question-answer pattern
Comic Books
Frederic Wertham; this is ruining our young people; horrible and violent.
example of reliability
Friend always misses the dart board 2 inches to the left and 2 inches from bottom
Balance Theory
Fritz Heider's consistency theory that is concerned with balance and imbalance in the ways in which three elements are related
The primary function of a speech. The three commonly agreed upon general purposes are to inform, persuade, and to entertain
General purpose pg.14
Feelings of anxiety associated with communication in nearly all situations
Generalized anxiety pg.39
Combinations od inherited tendencies that may exert influencies on our behavioral preferences
Genetic contributors pg.39
Explain the reasons for and processes involved in nervousness about public speaking
Genetic traits and other reasons can cause anxiety.
Nonvocal
Gestures Movements Eye Contact
Nonvocal/nonverbal
Gestures Movements Eye Contact
Nonvocal
Gestures Movements Eye Contact
Emblems
Gestures that replace a word
Experiment Issues
Goal: Drawing casual conclusions Requires random assignment to conditions Hard to generate results Artificial setting Limited subject population
Experiment Issues
Goal: Drawing casual conclusions Requires random assignment to conditions Hard to generate results Artificial setting Limited subject population
Norms
Guidelines that limit and direct our behavior
Experiment Limitations
Hard to generalize results from lab environment, artificial setting
Conflict (Storming) Phase
Haven't decided what is going to happen, brain storming, conflict of what to do next
Regulators
Help to pace conversation
Regulators (Kinesics)
Help to pace conversation EX: Sticking your hand up to pace/interrupt a conversation
Regional Differences
High or Low context
Early Adopters
Highest degree of opinion leadership; more discreet in adoption than innovators.
reluctant testimony
Highly credible form of supporting material in which sources of evidence speak against their apparent self-interest.
Accuracy of Perception: Perceiver Self-Confidence
How confident you are in your perception
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Strong Determinism
How we view the world and our actual thoughts are both controlled by language directly EX: We only know something exists if we have a word for it
According to the Inoculation Theory, your message will be more persuasive with most audiences if you:
Identify the specific counter-arguments and directly refute them (two-sided refutation).
1. Spoofing 2. Phishing 3. Avatars 4. Cyberbullying
Identity and the Internet (4)
Decreases
If a listener hears a word or phrase a speaker uses and dislikes that word, his or hers listening comprehension _________
You are the product being sold.
If you can't find the product being sold,
Self Disclosure is usually what?
Intentional
Mass Personal Communication
Interpersonal + Mass Communication=
What does culture have to do with communication?
It has been passed down from one generation to the next through communication rather than through the genes.
What is the temporal context?
It includes factors such as the time of day, and more importantly, where your speech fits into the sequence of events. I.e., is your speech following another presentation that has taken an opposing position?
What did Freud argue about unintentional stimuli, both verbal and nonverbal?
It is all unconsciously motivated.
Language Issues: Dichotomies
Lacks range and does not give many options; assuming; thinking in terms of two -contrast
The degree to which words and phrases deviate from neutral
Language intensity pg.240
The rule- governed word system we use to verbally communicate
Language pg.222
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language shapes the way we see the world Strong Determinism- Language determines our thoughts Weak Determinism- Language does not determine our thoughts that influence it
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language shapes the way we see the world Strong Determinism- Language determines our thoughts Weak Determinism- Language does not determine our thoughts that influence it
Laggards
Last to adopt an innovation; tend to stick to "traditions," lowest social status.
5 Phases of Conflict
Latent, Perceived, Felt, Manifest, Aftermath
A person feels unable to predict whether a behavior will result in a reward or punishment, therefore he or she avoids the behavior all together if possible.
Learned Helplessness pg.40
Attitude
Learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude or object
Film with sound
Lee DeForrest created the first method for recording sound on the edge of a film strip; 1926- Warner Bro's Don Juan contains music. 1927 - Warner Bro's The Jazz Singer contains spoken dialogue
Independent Marital Style
Less conventional Use time and space independently More conflict-open and assertive
Forces of attraction
Liking Reciprocity Similarity Proximity Attractiveness
The idea that what people perceive is influenced by the language in which they think and speak
Linguistic relativity hypothesis pg.225
Physical/ Psychological Barriers
Loud Noises Pain Hearing Issues Psychological Preoccupation Boredom Emotions Conflicting Objectives Poor Listening Habits
Phishing
Luring users into giving up account information.
What is the one form of communication that is mediated?
Mass communication
Which is the most expensive form of communication?
Mass communication
Printing Press
Mass communication is formed; Johannes Gutenberg invented; mass production of the Bible.
Experiment Purpose
Measures effect/outcome of relationship, draw casual conclusions
1. Unaddressed documents 2. Written, addressed documents 3. 2 Way Radio 4. Telephone 5. Video Conferencing 6. Face-to-face
Media Richness Theory (Lean to Rich)
Framing
Media choosing how to cover the stories and how to think about it; tells us what to think about or can make certain sides or people look bad. (Deflategate: Patriots)
Humanistic Approach- Intrepretivists
Might try to seek understanding of something from different aspects
Objective
Minimized personal bias
Emotional Communication
Minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission
sexism and language
More terms to define women More positive to describe men than women
Illusion of invulnerability
NASA has never lost anyone in space Became cocky
The Big Three
NBC and CBS ran the airways and began crossing over from radio to TV. ABC spins off from NBC in 1943 because the government thought NBC was becoming too much of a monopoly. They controlled 99% of the airways for most of TV history
What's the difference between public speaking and conversation when it comes to messages?
Organization, adjusting the language, research, preparation for delivery.
What is one variation of cognitive restructuring?
Performance visualization, a technique designed specifically to reduce the outward signs of apprehension and also to reduce the negative thinking the often creates anxiety
Reciever
Person/audience that a message is being transmitted to
Interference (noise)
Prevents messages from being received, or prevents intended meaning from being understood Technical Interface Semantic Interface
Interference (noise)
Prevents messages from being received, or prevents intended meaning from being understood Technical Interface Semantic Interface
A forecast of the main points in a speech
Preview pg.20
Question Types
Primary questions Follow-up questions Open-ended questions Closed questions Neutral questions versus leading questions
Group Pro's
Promote social facilitation More opinions and ideas Promote critical thinking
A short, commonly used saying that expresses a well-known truth, often with a religious or moral aspect
Proverb pg.180
Social Scientific Approaches
Qualitative Quantitative
Summary
Recap of what has been said, provides additional exposure to us because ideas and can help ensure that the audience member will grasp and remember them
Repetition
Repeating words or phrases
Content Analysis Issues
Requires a representative sample Needs clear, specific definitions of behaviors Limited to studying what is already occurring
Innovators
Risk takers, high social status, financial liquidity, social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction w/ innovators
Characteristics of Cultures
Rituals, religious beliefs, ways of behaving, and unity
Developmental Interactionist Theory (Buck, 1984)
See notebook for diagram
Illustrators
Shows a word
Illustrators
Shows and accompany a word
Public Health Campaigns
Some ads are surprising or graphic; behavior change starts with an attitude change.
What is a shared meaning?
Some correspondence between the message as perceived by sender and the receiver.
Technical Interference
Some kind of physical ability is impaired EX: Someone loses their voice, poor cell phone service
Aristotles Linear Module of Communication
Straight lined model of: Source -> Message -> Receiver True for messages through books, newspapers, etc.
Employment Interview (Common Questions Asked)
Strengths Weaknesses Tell me about yourself Why do you want this job?
Health Communication
Structuring communication so interaction between doctors and patients are more appropriate
Declamation
Students in the nineteenth century practiced ________
An idea that supports a subpoint
Supporting point pg.210
Websites freely accesible to all users over the internet
Surface web pg.136
Horizontal Communication
Task Coordination Problem Solving
Synchronous
Telephone, Video Conferencing, and Face-to-face
1. Extreme personalization 2. Feedback in real time 3. Sex and violence persist 4. The End of Mass Communication?
The Future of Mass Communication (4)
1. Big data dating 2. Genetic matchmaking? 3. Virtual companions? 4. Digital deception and revenge.
The Future of Relationships (4)
Complexity
The arrangement of ideas from simple to the more complex
Andragogy
The art and science of teaching adults
Pedagogy
The art and science of teaching children
Receiver(s)
The audience can be called the:
Receiver
The audience; those who were intended to receive the message
Ethos
The credibility of the speaker
Communication Climates
The emotional tone of a relationship between people who are interacting over time
Source
The person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intend to speak and crafting that idea to an audience
full disclosure
The practice of formally acknowledging one's own vested interest in a topic before presenting one's arguments, to reveal any potential conflicts of interest.
Personal Branding
The practice of people marketing themselves and their careers as brands.
logos
The sound reasoning that supports a speaker's claims and makes the argument more persuasive to an audience.
Message
The speech itself - both what is said and how it is sid
What is the Halo effect?
The tendency to extend a favorable or unfavorable impression of one trait to other traits.
What are unintentional verbal messages?
The things we say without meaning to.
Rhetoric
The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
Close-ended questions
These type of questions offer alternatives from which to choose
Primacy
This principle suggests that you discuss your most important or convincing points first in your speech
Internal noise
This type of noise may stem from either psychological or physiological causes
Digital Native
Those who were born into web 1.0 or 2.0
Digital Immigrant
Those who were not born in web 1.0 or web 2.0 and must learn it
Short-term time orientation
Time is an important resource
Attend
To ______ to a sound is to focus on it
Renton has been asked to present his colleague, Rebecca, with the "Journalist of the Year" award. What is important for him to remember to say in this speech?
To briefly refer to the occasion and mention the significance of the award.
Elements of Effective Communication
Understanding Pleasure Attitude Influence Improved Relationships Action
Elements of Effective Communication
Understanding Pleasure Attitude Influence Improved Relationships Action
Cyberbullying
Using the Internet to cause harm to others.
Testimony
Using the word of other people as evidence
Language Issues: Abstract/Vague Language
Using words such as "late/early" without specific terms such as a time
Females in Sports
Usually framed in a sexual way. (Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition)
Step 1. Select
We select information that is intense, repetitious, changing
Monochronic culture
We tend to focus on one thing at a time; tend to think interruptions are a bad thing; time commitments are serious
Power and Language
Words have power and it influences how people perceive what they say Words might mean something to other people than what they mean to you The way we talk change the way we are perceived
Dichotomes
Yes or No
What is the looking glass self?
You evaluate yourself primarily on the basis of how you think others perceive and evaluate you.
Relational-oriented listener
You're a ________ listener if you are comfortable listening to people express feelings and emotions
ARPAnet
a branch of military that developed top secret systems and weapons during the Cold War; protected the flow of info between military installations. It inspired email, telnet, and file transfer protocol
General Purpose Statement
a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech; there are three types
Reactive PR
a campaign launched as a result of poor business practices or damaging individual behavior
Necessary Cause
a cause that must be present for an effect to happen
literal analogy
a comparison between two similar things
The Studio System
a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of major studios in Hollywood
Bookend Story
a narrative in which the speaker tells the first part of the story as an attention getter in the introduction of speech and then finishes story in the closer end of the conclusion.
Model
a three dimensional representation of an actual object
What is the semantic differential?
a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts.
Coordination
all information on the same level has the same significance
heisenberg's uncertainty principle
all measurement contains error. things need to be rigorous and patterns
Inartistic Proofs
all the evidence,data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion
Input
all the stimuli, both past or present, that give us our information about the world
expert testimony
an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject
lay testimony
an opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has firsthand experience
Psychological(Barrier)
bored, emotions
self expansion model
connections/relationships with others
3rd language issue
dichotomies/ inbetween
Denotive meaning
dictionary definition of the word
4th language issue
equivocal language
Physical(Barrier)
fatigue, hearing loss, pain
action oriented
gather accurate information
Vocal
groans + sighs
hurier model
hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding
culture
is a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, etc.
analogy
is like a comparison
race
is the person's biological heritage.
strong determinism
language determines our faults
weak determinism
language has an impact on our thoughts and how we view the world, but it does not control it
Ambiguous
language that does not have precise, concrete meanings
impression formation (3)
make a sense of who someone is (self included) impression of self impression of others stereotyping
conversational structure: floor one
monologues single speaking terms declarative statements men are more likely to speak this
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, the two main determinants of a listener's willingness to engage in elaborating on the message are __________and _________.
motivation and ability pg. 61
List 2 visual signposts.
movement, gesture
performing
now we are used to each other and now it is time to strive to achieve our goals
Product Placement
organically occurring advertisements that work seamlessly into programming
methods of nonverbal
paralanguage objectics proxemics orientation haptics kinesics oculesics chronemics
Physical/ Psychological Barriers
physical/ physiolocgial conflicting objectives poor listening habits
1st barrier to listening
physical/physiological
Poor listening habits(Barrier)
playing on the phone, interrupts
maintaining romantic relationships
positivity openness assurances networks tasks
Original sources of information.
primary sources pg.139
2nd active listening
reflection
Alliteration
repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words
example of lies of fabrication
rumors
organizational communication*
schools, churches, hospitals groups that can help someone with a specific problem
impressions of self
self-concept self-esteem self-fulfilling prophecy
2nd kind of bias
self-serving bias
cooperative conflict style
should be conflict and find solutions (different opinions)
affect displays
show of emotion
Parallelism
similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech
transaction
simultaneously sending and receiving messages to and from at least 2 people
physical/physiological
some loud hissing noise outside the classroom can make it difficult to listen to another person speak
deception (of others, of self)
telling truth all the time can hurt you in the long run repression cope
Credibility
the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others
Pronunciation
the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken
External noise
the air conditioner, a crying baby, or coughing is an example of what?
Message
the content/idea that the source tries to convey to the audience
Environment
the context in which the communication process takes places
Lectern
the stand behind which people speak and on which they places their notes
catastrophe theory
the sudden death of a relationship
Web 3.0
the technology and internet that has yet to be developed
Linear Model of Communication
theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
illusion of superiority
this is the best and we are the best group
Our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong
values pg.116
Paralanguage
where we put emphasis on words "how you say it"
Abstract
words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations.
social rules
work student gender-linked marital
Social Roles
work, student, gender-limited, marital
social roles
work, student, gender-linked, marital
Routine summaries at meetings, reports to the board, sales pitches to clients, and training seminars for co-workers are all examples of
workplace public speaking
verbal/nonvocal
written word
looking glass self
you start to believe you are the person that people say you are
dichotomies
you're strong vs. you're not strong people will take that as "you're weak"
Radio
Wireless signaling; Guglielmo Marconi invented; Nobel Prize; Titanic sinking was announced.
feedback
Without an audience member to hear and provide _______, public speaking serves little purpose
What did William James, American philosopher and psychologist, say about selective attention?
Without selective interest, experience is utter chaos.
Equivocal Language
Words that have multiple meanings
Equivocal language?
Two or more possible interpretations
Inter-role Conflcit
Two roles at once
*NEW SECTION* 9/23 Non-Verbal Communication
*NEW SECTION* 9/23 Non-Verbal Communication
*NEW SECTION* 9/7 The Process of Communication
*NEW SECTION* 9/7 The Process of Communication
*NEW SECTION* 9/9 STUDYING COMMUNICATION AS A SCIENCE
*NEW SECTION* 9/9 STUDYING COMMUNICATION AS A SCIENCE
*NEW SECTION* The Communication of Emotion
*NEW SECTION* The Communication of Emotion
Dialectal tension
-Contradictions within relationships - people don't want the same things all the time (their own desires are inconsistent) -Autonomy vs. Connection - Expressiveness vs Privacy -Change vs Predictability
Social Games
Big money through simple clicks. (Candy Crush and Farmville)
Supporter/encourager
-Provides emotional warmth, praise, acceptance
Non-Verbal Leakage
-When you let your true feelings show through -When your best friend knows your faking it
Public Space
12' or more
Vocal
Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice
slippery slope fallacy
Arguing against a policy because one assumes (without proof) that it will inevitably lead to another outcome that is undesirable. For example, "If we legalize marijuana, that will be the first step toward legalization of all drugs, which would create a public health catastrophe.
Cultures the disciurage individual assertiveness and stress group harmony.
Collectivistic cultures pg.41
Orientation (Forming) Phase
Coming together and introductions (stage where it can become at team or not)
Metacommunication
Comm about comm
Communibiological
Communibiological (hereditary factors, most recent theory), Nature Vs Nurture, Study on Sets of Twins: 67 pairs of identical twins that were separated at birth, very similar make up of personality due to DNA
CARE (Improving Listening Skill)
Concentrate on the material Acknowledge the engaging individual Respect the people you are engaged with Empathize
CARE (Improving Listening Skill)
Concentrate on the material Acknowledge the engaging individual Respect the people you are engaged with Empathize
Reliability
Consistency of measurement results
Survey Research
Examines what people do.
Arrangement
How the speech is organized
Nonverbal sending accuracy
How you do facial expressions
5 Steps Leading to Commitment
Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding
Camera
Invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison.
Euphemisms
Replacing words with other words to make them more comfortable
Emergent Leader
Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward the achievement of a group's goal but does not hold the formal position
r in care
respect
Dyadic Effect
- when people share thing with another, they expect a similar level of sharing in return -Gradual opening up -Leads to positive feeling between the pair
What are the Communication contexts (7)?
1) interpersonal 2) intercultural 3) interviewing 4) small group 5) public communication 6) organizational communication 7) mass communication
Radio Act of 1912
1. All radio stations are licensed by the federal government. 2. All seagoing vessels must continuously monitor distress signals.
Uses and Gratification Approach
1. Ask individuals how they use media. 2. What good they get out of it. (Relies on self-reports)
What are the patterns associated with speech anxiety?
1. Average: Has an overall positive approach to speaking in public and your heart rate stays within average rate. 2. Insensitive: Likely for experienced speakers; feels less sensitive to anxiety and typically has a Lower heart rate when speaking. 3. Inflexible: Has a high constant heart rate. Can be used to enhance excitement and presentation of speech. 4. Confrontational: Speaker begins with a high heart rate at the beginning of the speech, and then levels off to a normal rate.
3 types of emotions
1. Bodily Adaptation & maintenance of Homeostasis 2. external expression of motivational/ emotional stats 3. the subjective expression of motivational emotional stats
Three Types of Emotion
1. Bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis: Includes fight-or-flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen 2. The external expression of motivational/emotional states: Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission 3. The subjective experience of motivational/emotional states: Useful for self-regulation, reflection, and learning
aerobic listening
1. concentrate 2. acknowledge 3. respect 4. empathize
How to improve
1. listen carefully 2. pay attention(consistently) 3. take notes on most important ideas (physically or mentally) 4.Take the time to process messages 5. Aerobic Listening: C onverse A acknowledge R espect E emphasize
improving listening skills
1. relinquish old habits 2. review preconceived assumptions 3.respect the other person 4. reflect on the message 5. request clarifications
Process of Perception
1. select 2.organize 3.interpret
Johari Window
Open Area, Blind Area, Hidden Area, Unknown Area
Types of Questions in an Interview
Open and Closed Questions (Explanations verses One Answer) Factual and Opinion Questions (Verifiable answers verses personal) Primary and Secondary Questions (New Territory verses Followup) Hypothetical Questions Leading Questions
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 9
Open communication channels
A jugdement by someone that is subject to dispute
Opinion pg.142
Facts
Or information has been proven to be true by direct observation
Oral communication ranking
Oral Communication skills ranked first with written communication second and listening third. 76% of executives gave oral reports
Which statement best describes the effects of orally citing sources during your speech?
Oral citations have the potential to increase your credibility with the audience.
Step 2. Organize
Our brain tell us what is happening in the situation
What are psychological sets?
Our expectancies or predispositions to respond
External Noise
Outside noise such a a lawnmower, plane, baby crying
Dispositional Other (Bias)
Overuse of personality reasons EX: Joe failed the exam because he is lazy
Dispositional other
Overuse of personality reasons (dispositions) with others "joe failed the exam because he was lazy"
Self-serving bias
Overuse of situational attributions with self "I failed the exam because the exam was ridiculous and unfair
Self-Serving Bias
Overuse of situational attributions with self EX: I failed the exam because the question were unfair
A syndication format that aggregates updates to various news sites or blogs and transmits them to users
RSS (really simple syndication) pg.140
Product Placement
Purposefully put products in scene or background to advertise. (Either subtle or obvious)
Social Scientific Approaches
Qualitative, quantative
Critical scientific approaches
Qualitative, quantitative
Interviewing
Question and answer format between people Usually a formal setting
Interviewing
Question and answer format between people Usually a formal setting
Sexual Harassment Types
Quid pro quo and hostile work environment
Issues of Content Analysis
Requires a representative sample; needs clear/specific definitions of behaviors; limited to studying what is already occuring
Refutation
Response to potential opposition to your argument
Final summary
Restates the main ideas of a speech and gives it an audience their last exposure to those ideas
Soft evidence
Rests on opinion or inference
Public
Results are publicized
What are some ways that you can deal with and manage your own public speaking apprehension?
Reverse the factors that cause it, restructure your thinking, practice performance visualization, and desensitize yourself.
Qualitative social scientists
Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data
Qualitative
Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data
Job Search Checklist (Google)
Search yourself and see what appears If inappropriate content & pictures appear, remove them immediately If you do not have control over the offending web page, contact the website's owner and ask them to remove the pictures and content Sign up for Google alerts google.com/alerts
Semantic Triangle
See notebook for diagram
Copycat Phenomenom
Seeing ideas in media can inspire us to do it too.
Responsibilities of Ethical Listeners
Seek exposure to well informed speakers., Listen openly, without prejudging the speaker or the speaker's ideas., Evaluate the logic and credibility of the speaker's ideas., Beware of the consequences of not listening carefully.
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 7
Seek shared codes
Social Scientific Approach- Quantative
Seeks to uncover patterns in communication behavior via numbers. Either work in the field or lab
Impression Formation
Self Concept Self Esteem Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Impression Formation
Self Concept Self Esteem Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Bias
Self attribution tends to differ from other attribution. We act a certain way based on the situation
Strategies for Preparing for a Job Interview
Self inventory, creating networks, searching for a job, investigating the interviewer, being prepared to ask and answer questions, conducting post interview negotiations
Nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness for example touching oneself
Self-adapting benhaviors pg.273
Spontaneous Communication
Sending signals without forming a thought first Based on a biologically-shared signal system Non voluntary Involves signs, not symbols Never false Mainly right brained EX: When there is a bear in nature and you see your friends face you know to get out of there
What is one's gender?
Shaped by culture and includes your "bioligical sex, psychological characteristics, attitudes about the sexes, and sexual orientation.
Symbolic Communication
Sharing Thoughts
What's the difference between noise and signal?
Signal refers to information that is useful to you; information that you want. Noise on the other had, is what you find useless; its what you do not want.
Transitional statements that bridge main points.
Signposts pg.22
Common ground
Similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors
What is an audience?
Simply a group of people listening to or reading a message or speech. In public speaking, the audience is relatively large, ranging from small groups to even millions.
Audience-centered
Skillful public speakers are:
Declamation
The delivery of an already famous speech
What is a Specific Purpose Statement?
The desired response you wish from your audience. What you hope they do, feel, or remember.
Objective
aim is to remove bias
motivated sequence
aims to establish five main points
self-expansion model
allow us to grow and expand more deep relationships lead to more growth branching out
shared meaning
bring other people in on this and allows us to communicate group of friends
shared meaning
bring other people in, in the meaning of a word
filters
change perspective
six primary emotions
happy sad fear anger surprise disgust
other factors in interference
listening, feedback, time
Block Booking
local movie theatre has to agree to show all of a certain company'a films, leaving no room for independent films; seen as building a monopoly
spontaneous vs. symbolic
natural vs. construct
dominance
need for control over others. continuum between always wanting to control others vs extremely submissive in communication
issues with survey research
need representative sample question must be of high quality no control over variables no causal conclusions people lie
statistics
numeral data that summarize facts or samples
What are 6 topics for commemorative speeches?
objects, events, people, occasions, places, ideas
What are 5 topics for informative speeches?
objects, events, people, processes, places, ideas
Concept Map
also known as MIND MAP, a visual representation of the potential areas that you could cover in your speech
David Sarnoff
an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career, he led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement
The hawaiian word for "quick". A Web site that allows users to edit consent easily and quickly- for example wikipedia.
wiki pg.138
Competition
win/lose
Collaboration
win/win, best style according to research, but problem with this style is time consumption, cannot be used in every situation, not practical, ideal, not always the best way
Interpersonal Communication
with another people to build closeness
equivocal lang
words have two or more meanings
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the world is percieved differently b members of a different communities and that this perception is transmitted and sustained by language
Perceptual filters
they are things about us and our perception on it (gender, culture, age, etc)
referent
thing/object for which a symbol stands
white lies
things that dont harm people, being polite
private meaning
think a certain thing with word
Autonomy vs. Connection
- Need to do things alone vs with other
Harmonizer
- Promotes group peace, often humor
Social Penetration Theory
- as people get closer, conversation moves from shallow to deeper, leading to more intimate conversations -Can lead to sharing too much -Fosters (develops) authenticity
Group building and maintenance roles
- orienting the way the group functions and altering the group toward goals
Disclosure
- revealing your private information to foster a sense of closeness (Us and Hegemon)
*NEW SECTION* 9/21 Listening
*NEW SECTION* 9/21 Listening
small group
*at least 3* its a small number of people interacting for some common purpose -ideal number of people is 5-7 -needs to be large enough to break superordinate goal -goal that no individual can accomplish other own (ex. win championship) - sense of connection between group
groupthink
*when conformity reaches its worst form -tendency towards alignment among group members - drive that the group will function better if everyone agrees - leads to bad decisions and oversights (ex. bad project)
Which of the following statements best describe the suggestions for developing Main Points in your speech?
-Limit each main point to one idea. -Focus each main point on developing the thesis statement. -Give all main points balanced treatment
Inter-role conflict
-Struggles within a role - if I'm a teacher, I want to be a friend to my students and also an authoritative figure
Roles
-Three type of group roles
Group Task Roles
-To facilitate and coordinate group effort toward identifying and solving a problem - group roles don't make individuals lose our individuality
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
-When a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true based on the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true. -When you wake up saying its going to be a good day, and it turns out to be true.
Self Serving Bias
-When you get an A you attribute it to you being smart -But when you get an F you blame it on the professor
Pseudospontaneous
-When you try to fake a reaction -Hosting a party and you don't feel well but you act like your fine
Isolate
-Withdraws from group (Cameron)
Benefits of public speaking
-helps you to succeed in college.-increases your knowledge.-helps builds your confidence.
Barriers to listening
-physical/physiological: literal noise from what could be an outside force -psychological: pain, fatigue, emotional trial -conflicting objectives: professor "we'll discuss this topic but it wont be on the exam" -poor listening habits: you just suck at listening
Intimate space
0-18''
sign
ex: growling to show anger
psychological sets
expectations that shape experiences
Pyschological sets
expectations that shape experiences (gender, age)
psychological sets
expectations that shape experiences. Certain information can jump out at us
an example of organize perception
expectations, formatting
The Scientific Method
empirical objective logical public
scientific method 2
empirical, objective, logical, public
qualitative
employs rigorous observational rules work "in the field" collect data that are rich in detail and descriptive ethnography
qualitative
employs rigorous observational rules, work "in the field", collect data that are rich in detail and descripition
The situation or context in which the transaction takes place
environment pg.57
Causes of Communication Apprehension
environment, culture, skills factors, communibiological
The receiver's preception of a sender's competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill; credibility.
ethos pg.55
5th language issue
euphemisms
equal participation
everyone needs to participate with no dominance
hierarchy of needs
explains how people's most basic needs must be met before they will focus on less essential ones
Oculesics
eye contact
Nonvocal
facial expressions, movement
facts and statistics
fact-a piece of information used as evidence or as part of a report or news article. statistics-a fact or piece of data from a -study of a large quantity of numerical data.
content oriented
gather detailed, complex information, listen carefully to detailed
perceptual filters (physical/physiological limits)
gender, culture, sexuality, friend group how we view the world
stereotyping
generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture
inductive reasoning
generalizing from facts, instances, or examples, and then making a claim based on that generalization
proximity
geographic closeness- affects who we meet and whether the relationship will continue.
norming
getting adjusted to each other and forming a certain rhythm ex. at jobs where you have been for a while "this is how we do things"
validity
getting the truth being accurate *need reliability to have this
components of listening
happens within a matter of minutes hearing understanding remembering interpreting evaluating responding
Shared Meaing
have a shared meaning with a word
personal space
have to let person in 18"-4 feet
Incremental Plagiarism
using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source
Boolean Operators
using the word "and" "but" and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results
Proactive PR
usually associated with generating a "buzz" or increasing awareness; can be associated with highlighting charity work
barefaced lies
usually committed by little kids, everyone involved knows the lie.
messages
verbal or nonverbal intentional or unintentional
What are the 4 types of signposts?
verbal, rhetorical, visual, delivery
A video clip that is similar to a podcast
vidcast pg.140
Memorized Speech
whens a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes infront of them
orientation
where you are situated competitive orientation or cooperative orientation ex: where you are sitting at a table
self fulfilling prophecy
whether or not you think you can or can't do something you are right
self-fulfilling prophecy
whether you think you can or can't, you're right
Metrics
who to gauge success of advertising vs. PR; advertising is more numerical, while PR is through social media
Self-fulfilling prophecies
winners work on winning, losers just give up
interpersonal
with one another
Intrapersonal comm
within one person
interference (semantic)
having trouble understanding someone based on words people use or language people use ex. "on fleek"
pseudospontaneous communication
hiding or faking emotion
Cues
hints
expressiveness
how do you act? are you intense?
orientation
how people are in a setting
flexible expectations
how someone can act in specific situations
objectics
how to dress for a job, and someone with technology
Impression Formation
how we score other people, good or bad
Orientation
how we structure ourselves in a specific setting maybe to send certain sitaitons
weak determinism
how we view the world, is influenced but not completely controlled by the language we use
reliability and validity
how well a measurement is working
orientation
how you sit and face people your formation and whether or not you let people into the conversation
symbol
in verbal communication, it is the world itself (podium)
4th accuracy of perception
intelligence
2nd accuracy of perception
interpersonal sensitivity
3rd example of how perception is active
interpret
Connotative Meaning
interpretation of the word
gestalt
interpreted all together
Perception
interpreting the sensory experience of the world
communication levels (8)
intrapersonal interpersonal interviewing small group public organizational health mass
ducks model of dissolution
intrapychic phase: i can't stand this anymore dyadic phase: id be justified in withdrawing social phase: i mean it- telling friends grave dressing phase:it is now inevitable- theres no point
dispositional other
overuse of personality reasons with others
dispositional other
overuse of personality reasons with others Joe failed b/c he's lazy
Dispositional other (bias)
overuse of personality reasons with others (joe failed because hes lazy)
self-serving bias
overuse of situational attributions with self
self-serving bias
overuse of situational attributions with self I failed b/c questions were unfair
Self-serving Bias
overuse of situational attributions with self (failed because exam was unfair)
nonverbal receiving ability
ow good are you at guessing right emotions
methods of nonverbal
paralanguage, objectics, proxemics, orientation, haptics, kinesics, oculesics, chronemics
List 3 rhetorical signposts.
parallelism, alliteration, acrostic
1st active listening
paraphrasing
emotional appeal
pathos pg.54
understanding
people might not speak a certain language and have a hard time knowing what the other person is saying
extroverts
people who are more sociable life of the party talk more. lie more
3rd accuracy of perception
perceiver self confidence
Objectics
personal appearance
barriers to listening
physical/physiological psychological conflicting objectives poor listening habits
hearing
physiological process
interpersonal sensitivity
picking up on verbal and nonverbal messages
In a public-relations presentation, the speaker should anticipate and prepare for criticism by
planning to counter objections and problems.
scientific method
question/state problem, hypothesis/research question, refine hypothesis/research question, design conduct observation, measurement, or experiment, analyze and interpret data.
survey research issues
questions must be of high quality. no control over variables, cannot make casual conclusions, can only see relationship, self-reports
The audience to whom the message is delivered
receivers pg.57
Symbol
something used for or regarded as representing something else
symbols
something we create
Private Meaning
sometimes from a misunderstanding, or some words mean something different
attributions differ as people focus on different information
sometimes we focus on the individual, sometimes we focus on the context or circumstances
psychological
sometimes we just get bored doing routine things hard to listen with other emotions going on inside you preoccupied
adaptors
sort out anxiety/ nerves, release physical energy
vocal
sounds symbols vocalizations groaning
Procemics
space between use, distance, territory (public,social,personal, intimate)
A brief, accurate speech where the goals are to provide information and build another speaker's credibility is a(n)
speech of introduction.
TV Genres
sports: boxing was the first televised sport; it was much easier to film than football; only need 2 cameras. soaps: first were on radio. dramas. sitcoms: situational comedies; broke stereotypes and got people to talk. reality: first appeared in UK with survivor or big brother; now are mostly scripted and the actors get paid huge amounts.
Comprehension
stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take
cope
start to justify for the ways we're feeling
euphemisms
relationship between symbol and referent is clouded by more and new language/jargon somebody died vs. somebody passed away
examples of survey research
relationship questionnaires, attitude surveys, media habits research
Media Convergence
represents how traditional mediums are using the digital space to convert or transform their media
deception
repress emotions or events coping- involves making sense of what we feel
issues with content analysis
requires a representative sample need clear, specific definitions of behavior limited to studying what is already occurring
Euphemisms
substitute mild,vague charged terms for more blunt ones.
semantic triangle
symbol is created to represent a referent symbol symbolizes a thought
Semantic Triangle
symbol, referent, reference
verbal communication
system of symbols and code used to construct and convey messages
A collection of interdependent parts arranged so that a change in one produces corresponding changes in the remaining parts
system pg.9
content analysis
systematic analysis of the content of communication messages
Demographics
the statistical information on the populations characteristics such as age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and ideological or religious views
Object
the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing
referent
the thing that the word stands for
group dynamics: task roles
the things we do to try to get the work done - roles that we play to make things happen
nonverbal communication
the use of objects, action, sounds, time, and space convey meaning
nonverbal communication
the use of objects, actions, sounds, time and space to convey meaning
Nonverbal
the use of objects, actions, sounds, time, and space to convey meaning
proxemics
the use of space to convey meaning
Rhetoric
the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
weak determinism
the way we view the world shapes our thoughts but do not outright determine our thoughts
symbol
the word itself, the word means nothing, but culturally we have created a meaning for the word
Felt
thinking what conflict means personally and planning what to do about it, personalizing, coping personally
Digital Divide 1.0
those who have access to technology vs. those who don't
Digital Divide 2.0
those who know how to use the technology vs. those who don't
Semantic Triangle
though,symbol, referant
left brain
thought and language
introverts
thoughts in their own heads
Media Advertising
type of communication that persuades individuals to take some form of action; WHEN - product/service launch, sale/promotion/holiday, loss in sales, gain in sales, apologies/PSA. WHERE - print, radio, TV, film. out of home, digital, mobile
Open-ended questions
types of questions that allow for unrestricted answers without limitation to choices or alternatives
the subjective experience of motivational/emotional states
useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning a monitoring system for humans mostly think about this one
subjective experience of motivation/emotional states
useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning. A monitoring system for humans (spend a lot of time on this one)
subjective expression
useful for self-regulation, reflection, learning. Monitoring system for humans
external expression
useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance and submission
the external expression of motivational/emotional states
useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission
external expression of motivational/emotional states
useful for social coordination. Sexual reproduction, dominance/submission
Individual roles (disruptive)
-satisfying the needs of particular members of the group - is not directly responsible for working towards the group goal
What is Human Communication
-the process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning. -a transaction between at least 2 people -simultaneously sending and receiving messages
intimate space
0-18" control this space the most
Crafting a Compelling Message
1) What do you want people to know factually? 2) What do you want people to believe intellectually? 3) What do you want people to feel emotionally? 4) What do you want people to do actively?
The Scientific Method Steps
1. Ask a question or state a problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis or research question 3. Think through and refine the hypothesis or research question 4. Design and conduct the observation, measurement, or experiment 5. Analyze and interpret the data
Aerobic Listening (CARE)
1. Concentrate on the material 2. Acknowledge the person you are talking to 3. Respect the person you are engaging with 4, Empathize; try to figure out in any conversation emotionally where a person is coming from
Three Benefits of Studying Public Speaking
1. Public Speaking Abilities 2. Personal and Social Competencies 3. Academic and Career Skills
Steps of perception
1. Select 2. Organize 3. Intrepret
What 4 strategies can you use to clarify complex processes?
1. Use analogies 2. Offer models or pictures 3. Describe the who, what, when, where, and why of a process 4. Offer a strong description
task group communication model (4 phases)
1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing
6 components of listening
1. hearing 2.understanding 3.remembering 4.interpreting 5.evaluating 6.responding
Impressions of Others
First impressions -primary effect Physical attractiveness expressiveness charisma
Emblems (Kinesics)
Gestures that substitute for words EX: Thumbs-up
What is the remote audience?
Get the material secondhand.
Nonverbal Receiving Ability
How well you can read facial expressions
Which of the following is the name for vocal fillers such as "um, ah, and" that become distracting when used repetitively by the speaker?
Nonfluencies
A wordless, but not silent system of communication
Nonverbal behavior pg.257
Messages
Nonverbal vs verbal, and they may be intentional or unintentional
Abstract/Vague language
Not specific
Staistics
Numbers that summarize and organizes sets of numbers to make them easier to visualize
What is self-esteem?
One's feelings of self-worth.
Content Analysis Issues
Requires a representative sample Needs clear, specific definitions of behaviors Limited to studying what is already occurring
Humanistic Approaches
Rhetoric Interpretivists- Looks at specific events through different viewpoints Critical Scholars- Look at critical issues
Humanistic Approaches
Rhetoric Interpretivists- Looks at specific events through different viewpoints Critical Scholars- Look at critical issues
Humanistic Approaches
Rhetoric, intrepretivists, critical scholars
A question that the audience isn't expected to answer out loud
Rhetorical question pg.180
Qualitative
Rigorous observation rules Work "in the field" Collect detailed and descriptive data Interviews, ethnography, participant data
While trying to cognitively restructure yourself, what should you be using?
Self-affirmations
Bias
Self-attribution tends to differ from other attribution We act a certain way because of the situation and others act a certain way because of who they are
Silent communication with oneself that influence one's perceptions of reality.
Self-talk pg.43
Language including terms such as housewife and fireman that sterotype gender roles
Sexist Language pg.231
Martina is concerned about her introductory speech for the guest speaker at her banquet. What should Martina keep in mind?
She should introduce the topic and the speaker, briefly and accurately.
What is communication apprehension?
Simply the fear of public speaking
Methods of Non-Verbal: Orientation
Sitting across from each other: adversarial or competitive Sitting next to each other: cooperative or collaborative
Quid Pro Quo
Situation where an employee is offered reward or punishment used on their participation in sexual activity
What's an example of something that has high noise and low signal?
Spam mail
A pattern of organization based on physical space or geography
Spatial pattern pg.201
Cultivation Theory
Television can shape our views of the world; we may think that television reflects reality and this gives us unrealistic expectations of the world.
Context
The environment or situation in which the speech occurs. It index elements such as time, the place, and the speaker's and audience's cultural tradition, and expectations.
What is trait apprehension?
The general fear of communication, regardless of the specific situation. It appears in conversations, small group settings, and public speaking.
Terminal Credibility
The level of credibility you have when your speech concludes and that is the sum of your initial credibility and derived credibility
Task-oriented listener
These types of listeners focus on accomplishing something and focus on the verbs to determine what action needs to be taken
A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience's attention on the central point of a speech.
Thesis Statement pg.16
e in care
empathize
Articulation
physically producing the sound needed to convey the word
3rd active listening
questions
people-oriented
small talk, find a common ground
Symbolic Comm
socially-shared system voluntary involves symbols includes nonverbal behaviors
Measures of Central Tendency
statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including mean, median, and mode.
Haptics
study of touch, touch comm -tough indicates dominance
Encoding
taking abstract notion and providing it with meaning through the application of symbols
Internet Censorship
the control or suppression of what can be accessed, viewed, published, or distributed online
Initial Credibility
the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech that is based on your experience and the audiences prior knowledge about you
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that different communities perceive the world differently and this perceptions sustained and transmitted by language strong determinism weak determinism
Physical Location
the immediate environment in which the speaker will be speaking
Logos
the logical dimension of the appeal
Median
the middle number of distribution
emotional communication
the minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission
Ratings
the percentage of TVs that are turned on and turned off and tuned into a particular station
chilling effect
the person with greater power encourages other person into silence
Brainstorm
to create a list of possible topics and keep adding to the list as you think of new ideas
What is the fundamental aim of a commemorative speech?
to inspire
Antithesis
when two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure
straw person fallacy
when you replace your opponent's real claim with a weaker claim you can more easily rebut
1. Post about the field you are in 2. Share opinions you can stand behind 3. Create a LinkedIn profile 4. Describe yourself accurately 5. Purchase yourname.com 6. Best smart, be authentic, be a professional 7. In today's world, your career starts now
Advice to Personal Branding (7)
Why do we do personal branding?
Employers consistently vet jobs candidates by viewing their social media.
Listening
process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/or a nonverbal message (psychological process)
listening
process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Analytical
process oriented, facts and figures, need a plan, process oriented, and concerned with facts and figures, (Ask Assertive + Task Responsive)
groups pros and cons
pros: tend tomato higher quality decisions due to multiple people and more considerations, social facilitation (people feel lonely they join a club) encourage critical thinking cons: take a lot of time, drama, impersonal conflicts, member dissatisfaction, social loaders (those people that are invisible by never being there until there is credit to be taken for the work)
proxemics
proximity distance, space, territory
2nd barrier to listening
psychological
listening (listening vs. hearing)
psychological process
Social Scientific Approach- Qualitative
Employs rigorous observational rules; collects data that are rich in detail and description such as interviews or participant observation. EX: In-depth interviews, participant-observation
The process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by the receiver.
Encoding pg.12
Democratic Leader
Encourage members to participate in group decisions
Maintenance Roles
Encouraging Harmonizing Compromising Following
powerless language
Ex. Kinda, sorta, I'm not sure but, I think, uh, like
Survey Research
Examines what people do Relies on self reports Examines relationships between variables ex. Relationship questionnaries, Attitude surveys, media habits research
Self Serving Bias
Excuses for personal behavior
Reinforcement (Performing) Phase
Execute plan, come together with completed work
Psychological Sets
Expectations that shape experiences and make us sensitive to certain information EX: If you have a certain interest or liking and you hear someone talking about that liking then you might pay specific attention to it
Psychological Sets
Expectations that share experiences
Denotative meaning
Dictionary meaning of a word
Intra-role Conflict
Different expectations of one role One may believe the relationship is just friendly, while the other is making wedding plans The uncomfortable feeling that your police officer uncle has when he arrests you for a DUI
How does context play a role in public speaking?
influences you as the speaker and it will also influence the audience
life cycle of relationships: stages of coming together
initiating experimenting intensifying integrating bonding
perception
interpreting the sensory experience of the world (these can lie)
Ethics
involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person
Hearing
is a physical process
ethnicity
is the portion of a person's cultural background that includes such factors as nationality, religion, language, etc.
why communicate? (4)
keeps you alive impacts everything doing it well is a skill employees value it
why is communication important
keeps you alive, impacts everything, doing it well is a skill, employers value it
The ceremonial speech, given at or near the beginning of a meeting or a conference, which sets the theme and tone, is a
keynote address.
example barefaced lies
kid ate chocolate, and said they did not with chocolate all over his/her face
Chart
visual depictions of summaries of numeric data
two types of nonverbal
vocal and nonvocal
two types of nonverbal communication
vocal and nonvocal
What do gestures naturally follow?
vocal emphasis
Listeners who chose to hear a speaker
voluntary audience pg.98
the matching hypothesis
we are attracted to the person who matches our own perception of our own attractiveness
A four-point pattern of organization that is based on (1) ill, (2) blame, (3) cure, and (4) cost
Stock issues pattern pg.197
Organizational Communication
Study of self, others, and contexts within organizational relationships
A standard word or phrase used by libraries to catalog books or other publications
Subject heading pg.144
An idea that supports a main point
Subpoint pg.210
What is a euphemism?
Substitute mild, vague, or less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones.
What is interpersonal sensitivity?
Success in decoding nonverbal communication, or the accurate recall of another person's nonverbal behavior.
What is physical context?
The actual place in which you give your speech (room, hallway, park). A presentation in an auditorium would be different than one in a small room.
quantitative
seeks to uncover patterns in communication behavior via numbers using statistics to find patterns "in the field" or in the lab
Barriers to Listening: Conflicting Objectives
"we'll discuss this topic but it wont be on the exam" W hen you want more or something different out of a conversation than what is happening
High Context Cultures
(Japan, China, Africa) meaning is best conveyed through the contexts such as social roles, nonverbal channels
Spontaneous vs Symbolic
(Natural reaction vs planned)
Low Context Cultures
(USA, Western Europe) meaning is best expressed through explicit verbal messages, uses direct verbal mode, straight talk, and sender-oriented values
quantitative
seeks to uncover patterns in communication behaviors via numbers, advanced statistical techniques, can work in field or in lab
1st example of how perception is active
select
selecting some stimuli
select things that are intense repetitive (um)
Perception is active
select, organize, interpret
perception is active (3)
selecting some stimuli organize interpret
bias
self attribution tends to differ as people focus on different information
bias
self attribution tends to differ from other attribution
3rd example of self concept
self comparison
1st impression of self
self concept
Impressions of self
self concept -(looking-glass) -self expansion model -social comparison self-esteem -feedback selffulfilling prophecy -can or can not do something
dialectal perspectives
sets of opposing or contradictory impulses that create tension between two people. assumptions: contradiction inherent in social life
code switching
shifting to different styles and introducing shifts in vocabulary or syntax.
Aftermath
short term and long term consequences of conflict, integration, outcome
first impressions
the primacy effect keep same opinion of someone based on what they're like when you first meet them
Attribution
the process of assigning meaning to other behaviors, basically the act of asking why
attribution
the process of assigning meaning to others behavior, the act of asking why
attribution
the process of assigning meaning to others' behavior the act of asking WHY
Semantic Inference
the receiver does not attributes the same meaning to the signal that the sender does
Feedback
the receivers response to a message that is sent to the sender
behavior is directly connected to...
the referent
Mode
the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers.
Interactive Model
More accurate for normal conversation, IM, text, email, debate. It involves feedback and content being received and sent by both original sender and receiver.
*NEW SECTION* 9/16 Verbal Communication
*NEW SECTION* 9/16 Verbal Communication
Initiator
- offers ideas and suggestions
Anxious-Ambivalent
-10% of children -Negative model of themselves -Caregiver is often inconsistent
Intra-role conflict
-Balancing two separate roles - if Im a teacher and a parent, I may have to make decisions on which role to take on, for example if my child is sick or there is an important event on the faculty board
Leader
-Helps the group define or achieve goals
Blocker
-Opposes new ideas
Sex and Violence
Most research topic in communications; does media makes us more violent or aggressive?
External Expression
Motivational/Emotional states Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission
External Expression
Motivational/Emotional states Useful for social coordination, sexual reproduction, dominance/submission
1. Avoid bad photos 2. Don't post embarrassing things 3. Approve all tags 4. Think twice, photograph once
4 Ways to Communicate Professionally
Small Group Communication
3 or more members of a group exchanging verbal and nonverbal in an attempt to influence one another
small group communication
3 or more members of a group influencing one another
small group communication
3 or more members of a group influencing one another target a certain goal group dynamics-followers & leaders
Internal noise
A bad cold or an audience member's worries are examples of:
Speech act
A behavior, such as flagburning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subjected to the same protections limitations as verbal speech
Thesis
A carefully worded one sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech
Sufficient cause
A cause that can produce the effect in a question
Nonverbal transition
A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or a movement all may indicate a _______
What makes an effective communicator?
A communicator is said to be effective if the receiver has an accurate understanding of the message the communicator has tried to convey.
What is an inference?
A conclusion or judgement derived from evidence or assumptions.
Integration
FORTH step of the persuasion process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take
Which of the following BEST describes extemporaneous delivery?
A conversational voice using planned, practiced, and interactive delivery.
According the Elaboration Likelihood Model, a peripheral cue is:
A cue or message (such as using a fear appeal), which may affect the audience's motivation to elaborate or process the message during the presentation.
Shared Meaning
A definition that is mutual between two or more people
Kinesics
Movement of body- Hands, posture, gestures Facial Expressions- Intentional or Unintentional
Kinesics
Movements- Hands, posture, gestures
Transhumanism
A movement to enhance the human experience through technology, improving physical, psychological, and intellectual capacities for human beings. (When technology changes us)
Kinesics
Movements- Hands, posture, gestures Facial Expressions- Intentional or Unintentional
Rhetorical question
A question that is intended to provoke a thought rather than to elicit an answer
Validity
Accuracy of results
fact claim
A statement that asserts that something is true or false such as "Animal experimentation is necessary for human survival".
value claim
A statement that attaches a judgement--such as deeming something good, bad, moral, or immoral--to a subject. For example: "Animal Experimentation is inhumane"
narrative
A story a speaker tells to share information and capture an audience's attention. As used in informative speeches, the story can be a personal remembrance, a humorous anecdote, or a serious account of an event that happened in someone else's life.
Verbal Communication
A system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages
Parody
A way to advertise subtly. (SNL)
Private Meaning
A word that means something to only ourselves; inside joke
Paul Miller
A year without the Internet; concludes that the Internet is something we do with each other and it is where people are.
The Internet of Things
All communicating through technology a lot more; wifi is everywhere.
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
All measurement contains error
Impact of Styles on Group
All must be present for good group work
What is input?
All the stimuli, both past and present, that give us our information about the world.
What are unintentional nonverbal messages?
All those nonverbal aspects of our behavior transmitted without our control.
William Randolph Hearst
An american newspaper publisher who built the nations largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism
Good Oral Communication, Managing time and stress, Motivating and Influencing others, delegating, setting goals and articulating a vision, and team building are all ideal characteristics of what individual?
An effective manager
Real Example
An example that is factual
Conflict
An expressed struggle between two interdependent
What is a verbal message?
Any type of spoken communication that uses one or more words.
Physical Noise
Anything in the immediate environment that interferes with communication is physical noise. The sound of traffic in the hallway, the whoosh of an air conditioner or a heater. Some Physical noise may not involve a sound at all, however, if your classroom is so cold that you shiver or so hot that you fan yourself, the temperature is a form of noise.
What is interference (noise)?
Anything that distorts the information transmitted to the receiver or distracts him or her from receiving it.
What is noise in public speaking?
Anything that distorts the message and presents the listeners from receiving your message as you intended it to be received.
Noise
Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called:
Vocal
Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice
nonverbal/Vocal
Anything that we make noise with Changes in pitch and voice
Symbol
Anything to which people attach meaning. They can be pictures, drawings or objects. We know, for example that a sign I an airport showing a fork, and a spoon means we can find a restaurant or a snack bar.
A brief statement embodying a principle or lesson
Aphorism pg.179
Spontaneous Communication
Natural Reactions
Excitation Transfer Theory
Arousal from any source can intensify the next emotional experience; we often do not realize this.
Spatial organization
Arranging ideas, usually natural divisions of the central idea, according to their location or direction
Al Gore
As a senator, he crafted the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. He promoted legislation that funded an expansion of the ARPANET, allowing greater public access and helping to develop the internet
The Scientific Method
Ask a question or state a problem Formulate hypothesis or research question Design and conduct observation, measurement, or experiment Analyze and interpret data Empirical, Objective, Logical, Public
The Scientific Method
Ask a question or state a problem Formulate hypothesis or research question Design and conduct observation, measurement, or experiment Analyze and interpret data
Step 3. Intrepret
Assign meaning to what is happening in the situation; we simplify complex information into someone we can figure out
Interpersonal Relationships
Assocaitions between at least two peope who are interdependent, sho use some consistent patters of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended period of time
Survey Research Issues
Need representative sample Questions must be high quality No control over variables Cannot make casual conclusions Self reports
1. Active 2. Passive
Audience Activity (2)
The cutural demographic, and individual chracteristics that vary among audience members.
Audience diversity pg.98
What are the two main types of channels?
Auditory and visual.
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 5
Avoid ethnocentrism (your culture is better than another)
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 4
Avoid stereotypes
Humanistic Approach- Rhetoric
Basis of public speaking; the study of language and the effort to persuade others to agree with us as opposed to doing research
Autonomy vs. Connection
Battle this need to be connected to others, but also wish you were alone
What are the two most important rules when making a speech of introduction?
Be brief and accurate
Why are ethics important in public speaking?
Because your speech will have an effect on your audience, you have an obligation to consider the issues of right and wrong, or the moral implication of your message.
Sign
Behavior that is directly related to the referent EX: A dog growling and showing his teeth is communicating he is angry
What is frog-pond effect?
Being a frog in a small pond, or a success in a relatively unsuccessful group, is preferred over situations in which the performance of an individual's group may outshine the individual's own successes.
Communicate effectively
Being able to _______ with others is the key to success in any line of work
Accuracy of Perception: Awareness of Limitation
Being aware that people are perhaps not perfect helps with improving relationships
Spanish Press in Exile
El Misisipi was established in the early 1800s in NOLA by early immigrants from Spain and Spanish American Colonies. It was the First Latino Paper. A 4 page bi weekly published in spanish.
Verbal Delivery
Elements of speaking that deal with voice
A nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word
Emblem pg.275
Human Resource
Belief in people Democracy and empowerment
Transaction
Between at least two people Simultaneously sending and receiving messages To and from one another
Transaction
Between at least two people Simultaneously sending and receiving messages To and from one another
What is one's sex?
Biological and physiological characteristics, what makes you male and female.
Individual Roles
Blocking Acting the Joker Dominating Help-Seeking
Aerobic Listening
C.A.R.E(concentrate, acknowledge, respect, empathy
1. Digital communication 2. The Internet 3. The World Wide Web 4. Online multiplayer games
CMC includes: (4)
Media Deficit Approach
CMC lacks immediacy and rich message cues, which lowers the quality of communication. (Media ruins relationships)
Upward
Employee to Boss
1. More effective internationally. 2. Little evidence of long-term effectiveness so far. 3. Difficult to implement through fragmented media.
Caveats for Entertainment Education (3)
#Humblebrag
Celebrities will often use social media to remind people they are humble by bragging.
Transition
Connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving on to another
What is an intentional verbal message?
Conscious attempts we make make to communicate with others through speech.
Evidence
Consists of the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion
Purpose of Content Analysis
Describes frequency of a behavior to see how things happen; compares behavior types/rates across different contexts
Purposes of Content Analysis
Describes frequency of behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts
Structural Leader
Design a plan Strategist Looks at the organization as a system that they try to manipulate for the best
Organizational Communication
Designed to factor in the roles of large amounts of people
Change vs. Predictability
Desire to change, but also want things to stay the same
Expressiveness vs. Privacy
Desire to share things with others, but also want to keep things to yourself
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 6
Develop code sensitivity (ability to see other culture nonverbal and verbal norms)
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 3
Develop sensitivity towards diversity
Speaking Tool
Devices that assist speakers such as a microphone
Denotative Meaning
Dictionary definition of what a word means
Denotative Meaning
Dictionary definition of what a word means; what everyone agrees a word means
Physiological Noise
Distractions originating in the bodies of communicators. A bad cold that affects your hearing and speech, an empty, growling stomach are examples.
Types of Power
Distributive, integrative, designated
Formal Networks
Downward, Upward, Horizontal
Adaptors (Kinesics)
Easing anxiety/nervousness subconsciously in a conversation EX: Twirling your hair or playing with keys
Public Communication
Engaging multiple people Lectures, stand up comedy, speeches
Public Communication
Engaging multiple people Lectures, stand up comedy, speeches
The physical surroundings as you speak and the physical distance separating you from your audience
Environment pg.259
Factors within our environment that contribute to our fear of speaking
Environmental Reinforcers pg.39
Media Richness Theory
Evaluates different media based on its potential to convey information; rich media are more capable of promoting learning in a given period of time than lean media.
What do nonverbal messages include in their description?
Facial expression, posture, tone of voice, hand movements, manner of dress etc
Methods of Non-Verbal: Kinesics
Facial expressions, body language, emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays
Other components of communication
Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message
Other Factors
Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message
Talkie
First time film is recorded alongside with sound and the two are played back together; this opens the door to the idea of the cinema. (1927)
What is the cultural context?
Has to do with the beliefs, lifestyles, values, and behaviors that the speaker and the audience bring with them and that bear on the topic and purpose of the speech.
Listening vs. Hearing
Hearing is a physical process that involves receiving sound signals. Listening is a psychological process
Hearing vs. Listening
Hearing- is a sensory process we engage it/ physiological process your body does to make sense of a sound Listening- psychological process of making sense of what we heard
What is the immediate audience?
Hears the speaker as it is spoken, whether in person, on television, over the internet, or even via cell phone
Hollywood Diversity Trends
Hollywood lacked diversity. They oversexualized men and women, and perpetuated stereotypical gender roles. Exposure to diversity can equate to acceptance and tolerance. A diverse media sector, both in terms of ownership and in content, is a key prerequisite to a modern democratic society.
Survey Research Issues
Need representative sample, questions must be high-quality
Destructive self cristism
Negative self-talk pg 44
Survey Research Limitations
No control over variables, cannot make casual conclusions, self-reports, can only see relationships (no explanations)
powerful language
No hesitations no disclaimers, assertive
Factors that influence communication
Listening, time, feedback
Behavioral Interview
Looking for examples of someone's work, should always have a positive response or result to the problem/situation, STAR Response
Public Communication
One person doing a majority of the sending and the audience doing a majority of the listening
Problem-solution organization
If you want to emphasize how to best solve the problem, you will probably use __________
Online or Machine Assisted
One person instant messaging or emailing another
Mass Communication
One person or group communicating to a large audience through some print or electronic medium.
Avatars
Online "digital" personas.
A computerized database library holdings
Online catalog pg.145
Cause-and-effect organization (causal)
If your central idea can be developed by discussing either steps or reasons, than you should use _______
Impressions of Self: Self Concept
Looking-Glass Self: Idea that we tend to see ourselves the way that others see us; based on the feedback we get from others Self-Expansion Model: We have many conversations during the day and you are a different person with different interaction EX: when talking to you're parents vs. professor vs. friends Social Comparaison
Critical Scholars
Looks at the power of present in a given situation; want to point out what is wrong in the world
Physical/ Psychological Barriers
Loud Noises Pain Hearing Issues
A spontaneous unrehearsed mode of presenting a speech
Impromptu delivery pg.252
Ted Turner
In 1976, he launched the first basic cable network via satellite
What is public speaking?
In public speaking, a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context
Collectivistic culture
In this cultural value, group or team achievement is emphasized more than individual achievement
Individualistic culture
In this cultural value, individual achievement is emphasized more than group achievement
High-context culture
In this cultural value, the context of the message including nonverbal cues, tone of voice, posture, and facial expressions are often valued more than the words
Low - context culture
In this cultural value, the words in a message are valued more than the surrounding context
Hard evidence
Include factual examples and statistics
A listing of sources of information- usually in newspapers, journals, and magazines- alphabetically by topic.
Index pg.146
How individuals in an audience differ in terms of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values, motives, expectations, and needs
Individual diversity pg.112
Societies that stress individual assertiveness over group harmony.
Individualistic Cultures pg.41
Media Augmentation Approach
Individuals use CMC to complement and add to face-to-face communication. (Media fosters relationships)
Group Norms
Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication
private & shared meaning
Inside joke
Results of Communication Apprehension
Lower standardized test scores, lower graduation rates lower grades, prefer large lecture classes, poor(er) personal relationships, less professional achievement
Education
Integration requires...
Latent Conflict
Its beneath the surface Bothering us but not the other person
example of dispositional other
Joe failed exam because he is lazy and foolish
Limited Effects Perspective
Joseph Klapper; says media has a negligible effect on people.
Why study Comm?
Keeps us alive, impacts everything, it is a skill, employers value it
A word in the abstract, title, subject heading, or text of an entry that can be used to search an electronic database.
Key word pg.144
Signposts
Keys words that signal the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another
The study of body movement and facial expressions
Kinesics pg.45
Health Belief Model
Modifying variables- Perceived benefits vs perceived barriers, perceived threat, self- efficacy--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior Perceived Seriousness & Perceived Susceptibility- Perceived threat--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior. Cues to action--Likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior.
Social Information Processing Theory
Lack of nonverbal cues changes online interaction Bonds may take longer to develop
Yellow Peril
Large scale Chinese immigration to the USA created a widespread racist sentiment toward Asian immigrants. Due to pearl harbor, the korean war, and the vietnam war, Asians were cast as the villains in many pieces of American media. Asians were stereotyped as kung fu artists too. The Ling Sisters are changing the face of journalism.
Rumors
Leveling -Story Changes Sharpening -Choose what details you tell Assimilation -Intentionally distort the rumor
Types of Lies
Lies of fabrication Lies of exaggeration White lies Barefaced lies (Did you really just say that?) Lies of omission
The process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli:
Listening
What is a critical component of message reception?
Listening
Listening vs Hearing
Listening is Active Hearing is Passive
Listening vs Hearing
Listening is Active Hearing is Passive
Barriers to Listening: Physical/physiological
Noise that disrupts things, makes it hard to focus; pain of any kind; poor hearing; fatigue
The Big Five
Paramount, Warner Brothers, RKO, MGM, and The Fox Film Corporation
Communication Networks
Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
Tolerance for uncertainty
People can accept ambiguity and are not bothered when they do not know all the details
Hyperpersonalization
People may disclose more to offset the distance of the internet
Need for certainty
People want specifics and dislike and ambiguity
Early Majority
People who get a new device a little after it comes out.
Connotative Meaning
Personal Connection to a word
Private Meaning
Personal definition of a word kept to yourself
What is charisma?
Personal magnetism that enables an individual to attract and influence people
___________ is the process by which attitudes and behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message.
Persuasion
Technical Interference
Phones, noise when your talking to someone
Perceptual Filters
Physical/Psychological Limits
Perceptual filters
Physical/physiological limits (glasses)
What are perceptual filters?
Physiological limitations that are built into human beings and cannot be reversed.
Internal Noise
Physiological: Being sick
What are dichotomies?
Polar words, or a difference between two opposite things : a division into two opposite groups
The use of positive coping statements instead of negative self-talk
Positive self-talk pg.44
Most effective strategy for improving intercultural communication:
Practice
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 2
Practice supportive communication behaviors
Psychological
Preoccupation Boredom Emotions
Response From the audience., Ways to close your speech effectively
Present a short, memorable quotation, Use an anecdote or a brief story that illustrates your point and leaves a lasting, Impression on your audience, Make a direct appeal or "call to action", Return to your opening. This is one of the best ways to end a speech because it brings the listeners full circle.
The tendency for people to remember and be most influenced by what they hear either at the beginning or at the ending a speech
Primary recency effect pg.174
Division
Principle that if a point is divided into subpoints, there must be two or more subpoints.
Taking the initiative, anticipating, and controlling variables that will affect speech delivery
Proactive delivery pg.278
The process of visualizing yourself having a successful communication experience.
Proactive immagination pg.44
What is cognitive restructuring?
Proven technique for reducing a great number of fears and stresses. The general idea behind this technique is that the way you think about a situation influences the way you react to the situation.
Perceptual Filters
Psychological/physiological limits; how we view the world; age, race, gender
1. Organizing press briefings. 2. Writing newspaper stories. 3. Writing press releases. 4. Preparing press guides. 5. Responding to media and public info requests. 6. Attempting to represent difficult stories positively.
Public Relations Addressing Media (6)
Public communication is often referred to as?
Public speaking
Compare and contrast public speaking and conversation
Public speaking is the presentation of a message to an audience, and is like casual conversation in that it requires focus, expression, and adapting to an audience; however, public speaking is more planned, more formal, and has more defined roles for speakers.
A person's assumption that the meaning he or she gives to word or a phrase is its exclusive meaning
Receiver- centric pg.223
1. Engage the intended audience. 2. Have relatable characters. 3. Change specific knowledge or attitudes.
Recipe for Entertainment Education (3)
Herzberg's Motivators
Recognition Appreciation Growth Advancement Challenge Interesting Work Achievement
Identify successful strategies for rehearsing a speech.
Rehearse your speech several times in a way that re-creates the actual speech presentation experience. A. Prepare your speaking notes. B. Practice your speech out loud C. Develop appropriate and useful presentation aids.
The combined impact of the verbal and nonverbal components of a message as it is conveyed
Relational Components pg.11
Complementary Relationships
Relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack
Symmetrical Relationships
Relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar
At Donald's funeral, Patrick was asked to give the eulogy. In the eulogy, Patrick mentioned Donald's accomplishments in art, his loving devotion to his family, and how Donald got people to smile with the short stories or jokes he told-he always had people laughing. At the close of the eulogy, Patrick encouraged everyone to keep Donald in their memories and close to their heart. What guidelines did Patrick follow in preparing this eulogy?
Remember the achievements of the person, include personal recollections, and encourage those assembled to move beyond their sorrow.
You have been asked to present an after-dinner speech to a local organization; something lighthearted and funny. You're not a naturally funny person, so this request unnerves you. What should you do?
Remember to relate to the audience, use simple humorous stories, have a broad repertoire of stories, and know your information well.
Language Issues: Euphemisms
Replacing some words with other words that might sound better or easier to tolerate EX: died vs. passed away
Symbol
Represents a thought or a word as an image; the word itself
Designated Leader
Someone who has been appointed or elected to leadership
Responsibilities of an Ethical Speaker
Speak up about topics you consider important. Choose topics that promote ethical values. Speak to benefit of the listeners. Use truthful, accurate supporting material and valid reasoning. Let the audience know your true motives for speaking. Consider the consequences of your words and actions. Strive to improve your public speaking.
What are the essential elements of public speaking?
Speaker, audience, message, noise, context, and channel
The goal or objective a speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience.
Specific Purpose pg.16
Describe 5 different types of Informative speeches
Speeches about: 1. Objects, things, and natural phenomena 2. Procedures 3. People 4. Events 5. Ideas or Concepts
A pattern of organization that employs repetition of points, with the points growing in intensity as the speech builds to its conclusion
Spiral pattern pg.204
_____ occurs when the initial sounds of words are switched in a single phrase.
Spoonerism
1. Promoting teams and their events/games. 2. Companies using athletes to promote brands.
Sports Marketing
Relational Maintenance
Stage in a relationship after a couple has bonded and in which they engage in the process of keeping the relationship together
Catharsis
Starting conflict just to get it off your chest
Illustrations (Kinesics)
Something that helps us show a word EX: Showing the word "huge" with your hands
4 S's To Organizing your speech
State - This should be worded and stated clearly., Signposting- These are typically words such as "first"or "one"or words like initially and finally., Support- Explaining the idea, This will take up the most time., Summerize- Done with a positive forceful note and a review of the main of ideas.
High-power culture
Status and power differences are emphasized; roles and chains of commands are clearly defined
Low-power culture
Status and power differences receive less emphasis; people strive for a quality rather than exulting those in positions of leadership
Plagiarism
Stealing the ideas of others and present them as your own.,The Total Rip-Off, The Partial Rip-Off- Use phrases as "To quote Martin Luther King Jr...." or "As Martin Luther King Jr., said...", The Accidental Rip-Off- Students takes significant ideas or even quotes from sources without saying so in their speech although they maybe listed in the biography.
What is a symbol?
Something used for or regarded as representing something else.
Something that stands for or suggests something else by reason or relationship or association.
Symbol pg.12
Arbitrary
Symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things
The Deep Web
The 90% of websites and online accounts that search engines can't find. passwords, banking information, hidden youtube videos.
Who's at the center of the transaction process?
The Speaker
Invention
The creative process of developing your ideas
Ethics
The beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong
Film Industry in the 1970s
The block buster saved the industry. During the 70's, young graduates of new film schools in California began raising money and negotiating their own deals for films. Popular film audiences would accept variety and change. Formula of score mixed with well written plot and a strong use of special effects worked. Didn't need heavy hitter stars. The plot, music, and special effects breeded the environment where the audience didn't care about the actors anymore.
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)
The exchange of messages between two or more people through digital media.
Elocution
The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice
Elocution
The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice.
Memory
The extent to which you use notes or rely on your memory to share your ideas
Glossophobia
The fear of public speaking or of speaking in general.
Refrent
The object for what the word (symbol) stands for; what is it that we are talking about at any given moment; the "thing"
What is a referent?
The object for which a word stands
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Theory suggesting that there are two routes to attitude change: the central route, which focuses on thoughtful consideration of an argument for change, and the peripheral route, which focuses on less careful, more emotional, and even superficial evaluation like flashy things, colors, fear or emotion
What role does the audience/listener play?
They are actively involved. They encourage/discourage the speaker, in offering contrive criticism, in evaluating public messages, and in performing a wide variety of other functions.
Pressure on Dissenters
They had to launch the rocket because everyone was waiting and watching
Systematic Desensitization
They process in which people are slowly introduced to their fear so that each time they overcome the fear the intensity is increased
Adaptors
Things we do not to be nervous (play with keys, tapping)
Media Literacy
We have to know who owns what, trying to influence what, and is trying to sell us things; we must understand how few people own what we use for content and information.
Disclosure
We reveal things for clarity Emotional expressions Reveal things that make us look better
Methods of Non-Verbal: Objectics
We use our physical appearance to signal something or send certain messages EX: Professor dresses more professionally
Heather has been invited to speak to her daughter's fifth-grade class about her profession. Should Heather approach this presentation somewhat like a report? What is the best advice for Heather, in meeting this challenge?
Treat the presentation as a public-relations speech, but adjust the language and technical level.
True or False: The immediate audience is finite (limited to the number of people who heard it first hand)
True
True or false: noise can be considered physical
True; examples include cars honking, illegible handwriting, talking too loudly
True or false: Gender is a cultural variable
True; largely because cultures teach boys and girls different attitudes, beliefs, values, and ways of communication and relating to one another.
A social networking service that enables users to send and read messages of up to 140 characters
Twitter pg.142
Explain how free speech has been both challenged and defended throughout U.S. history.
U.S. Congress and courts have occasionally limited the constitutional right to free speech, but more often than not they have protected and broadened it application.
Movies
Used to only be for the wealthy, but now rich and poor sit side by side; first time media mainstreams us.
Subjective Experience
Useful for self-regulation, reflective, learning, monitoring system for humans
Language Issues: Equivocal language
Using words that have multiple meanings ; hard if not a native speaker EX: Hot day and you ask someone to get a drink Two meanings: either getting a water or going out with someone
Late Majority
Usually skeptical of technology, lower social status, wait until device catches on.
If an audience is made up of people from a Collectivist culture, they will be more likely to:
Value group harmony
Feedback
Verbal and nonverbal responses such as nods, facial expressions, and murmurings of the audience
Messages
Verbal or nonverbal Intentional or Unintentional
Messages
Verbal or nonverbal Intentional or Unintentional Channels The medium through which a message is sent How we interact
Words and phrases that erode the impact of what a speaker says in a speech
Verbal qualifiers pg.234
Two Types of Non-Verbal Communication
Vocal- changes in voice or pitch/tone of the voice Non-Vocal- facial expressions, our movements, our gestures, our eye contact
Symbolic Communication
Voluntary Involves symbols (arbitrary) Propositional (can be false) Mainly-left brained Includes some nonverbal behaviors
A pattern of organization in which the basic theme, often represented by a phrase, is repeated again and again, much like a wave cresting, receding, and then cresting again.
Wave pattern pg.204
Corning: An Age of Glass
We already see this technology; the basis for this technology has already appeared. (Google Glass)
When TV Teaches US
We find ourselves immersed in something we didn't even know we were interested in.
Who Are You?
We have a starling amount of control over our online identities; harnessing this control requires actively considering how we present ourselves online.
Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery
What are the five "canons" or elements of preparing and presenting a speech?
Topical, chronological, spatial, casual, and problem solution
What are the five organizational patters for main ideas?
To inform, to persuade, and to entertain
What are the three types of general purposes
It requires more preparation, it is more formal, and involves more clearly defined roles for the speaker and the audience
What are the three ways that public speaking differs from normal conversations
Anxiety decreases
What happens as the speaker begins to give his oration?
Respond
What is the final stage of the listening process?
Social Learning Theory
When an attractive model is rewarded for something they do, we tend to imitate their behavior; when they are punished, we are less likely to imitate the behavior; explanation for where people get wrong ideas.
When preparing the speech
When do people feel the least anxiety in a speech assignment?
Right before they give the speech
When do people feel the most anxiety in a speech assignment?
Speech Act
a behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech.
peripheral belief
a belief that is not held quite so closely or for quite as long as a core belief; thus it is held open to persuasion.
Respond
When listeners ________ they react with their behavior to what they have heard
Repeat
When physical actions restate verbal messages
Decode
When the audience attaches meanings to the symbols they see or hear
Downward communication
When the boss tells you what to do
What is semantic interference?
When the receiver does not attribute the same meaning to the signal that the sender does.
Powerful Language
When we don't hesitate or disclaim things; more confident and more attractive
Pseudo spontaneous communication
When we fake a response to receive a more understanding from other people When we fake the appropriate response for a situation to make the situation more comfortable
Semantic Interference
When we talk to each other and have different words for things Or if the person you're talking to speaks a different language
Reasoning by Analogy
When you compare two similar cases to argue that what's is true in one case is also true in the other
When using PowerPoint in an extemporaneous presentation, occasionally using the "B" key to blank the screen is recommended:
When you want to create immediacy with the audience.
Impressions of Self: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't- you're right
The area of an audience in which speaker abd audience members can make eye contact
Zone of interaction pg.260
Analytical listener
You're a _________ listener if you reject messages because they don't provide sufficient evidence to support their conclusions.
Critical listener
You're a _________ listener if you spend time evaluating messages you hear. They are comfortable listening to detailed, complex information.
Style
Your choice of words in a speech
What is one's self-concept?
Your relatively stable impressions of yourself, not only your perception of your physical characteristics but also your judgements about what you "have been, are, and aspire to be".
Stereotyping
a generalization about a class of people objects, or events that is widely held by a give culture
Stereotyping
a generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture
stereotyping
a generalization about a class of people, objects, or events that is widely held by a given culture it's not right, but we still do it
Bar Graph
a graph that shows two axes and bars going either horizontally or vertically to represent a total achievement
Line Graph
a graph that uses lines drawn along two axes that show growth, loss, or flat developments over time
Panel Group Presentation
a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topics or a subset of a topic
Bookend Group Presentation
a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker providing the introduction and conclusion for the group
Leader-as-Completer Approach
a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members
What is report?
a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order.
Phobias
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to compelling desire to avoid
Moderator
a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussed flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience
Question of Value
a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea or actions or issue
Photograph
a picture of the object about which you are speaking
Impromptu Speech
a presentation done with little to no preperation
listening
a process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Listening
a process of receiving, construction meaning from & responding to spoken and or nonverbal messages
Podium
a raised platform on which the speaker stands
Name the five standards of a good thesis.
a single statement, contains only one idea, clear and concise, can be accomplished in the time allotted, a statement of what you will prove
Patchwork Plagiarism
a speaker or writer takes original source material and changes a few words in it but not enough to consider it a paraphrase all while not citing the original source material
ethos
a speaker's credibility
Extemporaneous Speech
a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech infront of the speaker
Eulogy
a speech that pays tribute to the life of the deceased
Narrative
a story
Disjunctive Syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives
Verbal Communication
a system of symbol and codes used to construct and covey messages
verbal communication
a system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages speaking to one another, can be writing
Verbal Communication
a system of symbols and codes used to construct and covey meaning
Dais
a table at which people sit in the front of the room
Graph
a type of chart that illustrates numeric data using a visual diagram
Histogram
a visual representation of a frequency table in which the categories are placed on the horizontal axis and vertical bars are used to represent the number/frequency of individuals that fit into that category
symbol
a word, arbitrary
1st language issue
abstract/ vague language
language issues
abstract/vague language inferences dichotomies equivocal language
Language issues
abstract/vague language and inferences
illustrators
accompany and demonstrate words
Search Engines
accounts for only 10% of total internet. The 90% consists of passwords, banking data, private folders, private youtube videos
a in care
acknowledge
example of bias
act a certain why because of the situation, others act a certain way because of who they are
conformity
acting a way you would not normally due to those around you - distortion of judgement (ex. Ash study) decisions cane made based off of those in your group (Ex. Fake news)
listening styles
action oriented, content oriented, people oriented, time oriented
1st improving listening skill
active listening
responding
actually saying what you want to
Inductive Reasoning
an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute , conclusion
Deductive Reasoning
an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion
Hypothetical Example
an example that is fictional
Brief Example
an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point of the speech
Extended Example
an example that takes time and the importance lies in the details
communication characteristics
an exchange of meaningful symbols a process contextual irreversible
Press release
an official statement issued to newspapers giving information on a particular matter. HEADLINE: grab the media's attention. DATELINE: includes the city of origin, and the date of release. LEAD PARAGRAPH: brief one to two sentence set up of the story. SECOND PARAGRAPH: this is where you dive into more detail and set up the story for the reader. give more background or context. BODY: all relevant information for your readers. facts, stats, customer testimonials, and other third party info. BOILERPLATE: tell audience about your organization. CONTACT INFO: name, number, email. SOURCE: who is responsible for the content? who is issuing the release?
Bias
an unfair preference or distortion of information
content analysis
analysis of the content of communication messages
Name eight common research sources.
books, newspapers, magazines, documentaries, TV news, encyclopedias, internet, interviews
physical attractiveness
attractive people usually have an advantage
3 main types of relational perspectives
autonomy v.s. connection(independence vs. interdependence- want to be connected with other yet want to be autonomous certainty vs uncertainty: likes predictability but also crave excitement. openness vs closeness: how much we share vs how much we keep to ourselves.
Mean
average of all score in a distribution divided by the total number
6th accuracy of perception
awareness of limitations
Rhetoric
basis for public speaking
An assertion about the properties or chaacteristics of an object
belief pg.113
transaction
between at least two people simultaneously sending and receiving messages
organization comm
between people of certain culture
Transaction
between two people, back and forth messages
three types of emotion
bodily adaption & maintenance of homeostatis, external expression of motivational/emotional states, sybjective experience of motivation/emotional states
how must emotional communication be studied?
by studying the individual within the social system
supporting material
can come in various ways like personal knowledge and experience, the internet, online databases, and interviews
power
capacity to influence ones behavior of others and resist others influence. power has to be given by one person to another
Listeners who have no choice about hearing a speech
captive audience pg.98
2nd improving listening skill
care
empirical
carefully observe and measure things
Demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people (age, race, religion,socioeconomic status, education level, sexual orientation)
Beliefs based directly or indirectly on authority
central beliefs pg.113
What is a thesis?
central idea
Receivers mentally elaborate on the elements of your message and carefully scrutinize your arguments and evidence
central route processing pg.60
metacommunication
communication about communication helps relationships talking about the ways in which you communicate with others can help with resolving issues
Intercultural Communication
communication between different cultures
intergroup
communication between members of different groups.
Interactive Model of Communication
communication theory that views communication as a two way process that includes feedback and the environment
Chronemics
communication through the use of time
interpersonal communication
communication with another
interpersonal communication
communication with another (dyadic) requires intimacy, trust, attraction
intrapersonal communication
communication within a person
intrapersonal communication
communication within a person self talk
why listening is important
creation and maintenance of human relationships
right brain
creativity, emotion, and vision
Jimmy Wales
creator of Wikipedia
Describing your experience, qualifications, and citing scholarly sources are ways to increase your __________ with the audience.
credibility
kinesc slips
contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages
Primitive and zero censensus beliefs that are highly resistant to change
core beliefs pg.113
an example of select perception
cough, hitting on a desk
Amiable
create trustworthy relationships, reduce conflict, accept others easily, like to minimize conflict and foster harmony, (Ask Assertive + Social Responsive)
Differences among people in terms of beliefs, customs, and values- in a sense their worldview
cultural diversity pg.100
storming
dealing with different personalities, work styles, etc. and we often argue and stress and struggle over these differences before they can get anything done
(Proprietary Internet) Web sites accessible over the Internet only to authorized users and often at a cost.
deep web pg.136
Variations among people in terms of such attributes as socioeconomic background and level of education.
demographic diversity pg.106
The literal or explict definition of a word
denotative meaning pg.73
Accommodation
depends on perspective
purposes of content analysis
describes frequency of a behavior compares behavior types/rates across different contexts
Content-Oriented
detailed information in order to make a decision
powerless language
disclaimers, hedges "kind of" "maybe"
1st kind of bias
dispositional other
Abstract/ Vague language
does not give a definitive answer, causes confusion
problem-solving groups
ex. boss says you, you and you theres an issue and I want you all to solve it and then you group and solve it - self directed work teams: every week we need this done and so that group does that other own as long as they are doing it right
survey research
examines what people do relies on self-reports examine relationships between variables
survey research
examines what people do, relies on self-reports, examines relationships between variables
Supporting materials
examples, definitions, testimony, statistics, narratives, and analogies that support or illustrate a speaker's main points.
Psychological set
expectations that shape experience
Technical Inference
factors that cause the receiver to perceive distortion in the intended information
primary failure
failure to achieve content accuracy.
pseudospontaneous communication
fake facial expressions fake appropriate spontaneous response to get through a certain situation
primary groups
family that forms once you are born - various personalities, stresses, dramas, etc. - teach us right away that groups can beneficial at times
self concept
feedback of other people
Audience member responses both verbal and nonverbal to a speaker
feedback pg.11
Public
findings reported to scientific community
impressions of others
first impressions physical attractiveness expressiveness charisma
List 5 verbal signposts.
first, second, third, next, finally
kindhearted lies
flatter, not embarass
5th accuracy of perception
flexible expectations
critical scholars
focus on inequality, societal betterment focus on groups that have been oppressed
Action-Oriented
focus on infomortion we hear and how accurate it is
monochronic
focus on one thing at a time time commitment serious interruptions are bad what the US is
selective attention
focus on specifics, and muss others, only so much capacity for stimuli
interviewing
focused on question-answer pattern
interviewing
focused on question-answer pattern job, doctor, court
evaluating
formulate what we're going to say
The Chicago Defender
founded in 1905 by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, an African American newspaper for primarily African Americans. Following WWI, the Defender covered controversial events such as the Red Summer Riots, a series of race riots in cities across the country, and Jim Crowe. Today it is the New York Amsterdam News
risky shift
go out with friends and after say why did we do that and so the group did something crazy and went along with it - groups make riskier decisions than individuals do - easier to conform in group - groups make us do sillier things sometimes (elevator positions) - are we really doing this> okay we are and turns around - tendency to conform in groups and trust in others
experiment issues
goal: drawing casual conclusions, requires random assignment to conditions
Higher order human needs, which can be satisfied only after deficency needs have been met. They incluce self-actualiztion knowledge, understanding, and aesthetic needs.
growth needs pg.118
Components to listening
hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding
Listening vs. Hearing
hearing= a physiological(1 step of listening) listening= processing what it is that we are listening
regulators
help pace conversation interrupt with hands say "um"
illustrators
help us show words he was "huge" motion with hands
Emotion
helps control/ understand non-verbal -minute signals of affect, attention, approach, dominance
Philo Farnsworth
his image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, his first camera was massive with a circular screen, he worked with the RCA and was a strong advocated of broadcasting on the radio
health communication
how doctor asks questions (openness and friendliness) can alter the patient and if they're closed off or not
group dynamics: individual roles
how each member is, some are aggressive or block (talk over someone), self-confessing: person talking about their lives, jokester who does not take things seriously, dominating: someone always taking over, help-seeking: I don't know how to change the font help me, special interest pleading: someone who thinks you should buy a binder for the project and no one cares *individual things that make us feel better but don't help with the project
nonverbal sending accuracy
how good are you at naturally at sending the proper emotion?
nonverbal receiving ability
how good are you at reading that facial response and reacting to it
interpersonal sensitivity
how good we are at picking up on other people's verbal and non-verbal messages
nonverbal sending accuracy
how good you are at sending out emotions
paralanguage
how you say something, emphasize
consensus decision making style
idea that all of us should have a say and talk and share opinions
physical attractiveness
if you see someone as attractive, you respond differently how you dress and how you present yourself
illusion of agreement
illusion that everyone is on the same page because no one will object
Bodily Adaptations
includes fight or flight responses & need for food and water and oxygen
bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis
includes fight or flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen
bodily adaption and maintenance of homeostasis
includes fight or flight responses and need for food/water/oxygen
connotative meaning
individuals interpretation of a word
Logical
inferences from data are Rational and consistent,
2nd language issue
inferences/ assumptions
Expressive
inspire people to act, energize people (Tell Assertive + Social Responsive)
everybody lies
intensity differs
facial expressions
intentional or unintentional contextual differences cultural difference
self disclosure
intentionally disclosing information about ourselves
Manifest
interaction, communication is enacted here, individuals express the conflict verbally or nonverbally and how to deal with it, escalation
A relationship in which things have a reciprocal influence on each other.
interdependence pg.9
people oriented
interest in other people, foster friendships and relationships.
What are the 3 elements of a good transition?
internal summary, signposts, internal preview
Strong determinism
language outright determines our thoughts
strong determinism
language outright determines our thoughts words determine exactly how we speak
Sapir-Whord hypothesis
language shapes how we see the world
sapir-whorf hypothesis
language shapes how we see the world (how we use the, when we use them) words we use shape our thoughts
interpretivists
look at a specific, unique event and try to understand it interpret
social comparison
look at what others are doing
1st example of self concept
looking glass self
Compromise
lose/lose?, parties both will most likely give up something but not everything to resolve conflict and still be successful
charisma
magnetism towards a person where people just want to hangout with that person
inferences
make conclusions based on information we have see people putting jacket on-might not actually be leaving
logical
make consistent, fair and rational assertions
interpretivists
make sense of the world based on events
an example of interpret perception
make sense, lock away
Inferences
make your own conclusion
self-serving lies
make yourself look good
receiving ability
making sense of the reaction what we can improve on and usually better with those we are close with
The mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word, such as "infatuation" for "inflation", is known as a(n)
malapropism.
experimental research
manipulation of variables research group and control group measures effect/outcome of manipulation
experimental research
manipulation of variables, control of other variables/setting, measures effect/ outcome of manipulation
example of validity
measuring all the darts on the dart board
validity
measuring what we are supposed to measure
channels
medium through which a message is sent
expressiveness
men smiling, girls arched eyebrows, big pupils
repression
mentally blocking something out prevents us from really thinking about something gives us an opportunity to move on from an event
The message the speaker intends to send
message pg.57
signs
not agreed on or decided on, they just happen
public compliance
not going to say anything ill just agree with them
poor listening habits
not make sense of what you're saying interrupt lack of eye contact failing to respond to requests
social comparison
one might seem smart in a certain group until they're in a new one (smart in HS vs. college)
accuracy
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the information correct?
timelessness
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the site current?
objectivity
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: Is the site free of bias
public communication
one person addressing a large group of people lecturing, stand up
2nd example of how perception is active
organize
Driver
organized, goal oriented, make things happen, make things happen, are goal oriented, and organized, (Tell Assertive + Task Responsive)
What is connotation?
other, secondary associations a word as for one or more members of that community.
The least central type of beliefs, the easiest to change
peripheral beliefs pg.113
Receivers give brief attention to the message without elaborated thought
peripheral route processing pg.60
Objectics
personal appearance, artifacts we posess
charisma
personal magnetism
Dichotomies
polar words (attractive vs unattractive)
4th barrier to listening
poor listening habits
mass communication
pop culture. Tv, internet, professional communicators. Media.
pseudospontaneous communication
posing/faking of a facial expression for a reason
If you imagine yourself delivering a successful presentation, you are engaging in ___________.
positive visualization
issues with experimental research
requires random assignment to conditions hard to generalize results from lab artificial setting limited subject population strong procedure to prevent issues
content analysis issues
requires representative sample, clear specific definitions of behaviors, limited to studying what is already occuring
public
research must be publicized articles, textbooks, papers
The process of finding and evaluating supporting materials
research pg.132
respectful communication
respect everyones opinions
reliability
results need to be consistent ask question multiple ways to see if people answer the same
humanistic approaches (3)
rhetoric interpretivists critical scholars
Humanistic approaches
rhetoric, interpretivists, critical scholars
humanistic approaches
rhetoric, interpretivists, critical scholars
A natural context of persons, events, objects, relations, and an exigence which strongly invites utterance
rhetorical situation pg.95
Qualitative
rigorous observational rules , work in the field
children attachment styles
secure: around 70% of children ( positive of self and others) goodness of fit" in terms of responsiveness to basic needs. consistently caring. avoidant: around 20% of children( negative model of others)over of under stimulated sometimes neglected. anxious-ambivalent: around 10% of children( negative of self) inconsistent response patterns parent is preoccupied of stressed.
attachment theory model: adult
secure: im okay you're okay (positive of self and others) preoccupied: im not okay you're okay (positive of others.neg of self) dismissive: im okay you're not okay (positive of self negative of others) fearful: im not okay you're not okay ( negative of self negative of others)
looking glass self
see others the way they see us
Euphemisms
soft language to protect themselves from certain things (died vs. pass away)
The person initiating the communication
source pg.57
The audience's perception of closeness and interaction with the speaker is called________.
speaker immediacy
public communication
speaking to an audience
listening matters
spend more time listening in communication than anything else
verbal/vocal
spoken word
developmental interactionist theory
spontaneous is emotion symbolic is reason these two things interact when we develop humans are in the reason part (with emotion underneath)
Public Relations
strategic communication process that helps manage, protect, and enhance the reputation of an organization, its members, and its services. Helps builds relationships and creates an ongoing dialogue of interaction and involvement with an organizations target audience and those who influence those advancements.
oculesics
study of eye contact tell story-don't look listening-look more indicates attraction women use more
kinesics
study of movement gestures, facial expressions body movement body language
objectics
study of our appearance, the objects we surround ourselves with and what we communicate with wearing suit for lecture but not at home
haptics
study of touch signal emotions rituals can indicate dominance sexual
Democratic Leadership
style of leadership in which a leader finds a balanced emphasis on task and maintenance dimensions in a group
Laissez-Faire Leadership
style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members
Expert Testimony
testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience, or holds position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject
Selective Attention
the ability to process certain of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others
First Amendment
the amendment to the US Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech; the first of ten amendments to the US Constitution that are known collectively as the bill of Rights.
Stereotype
the biggest offender in Hollywood and advertisers. Oversexualize men and women and perpetuate stereotypical gender roles
Pathos
the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audiences disposition toward the topic, speaker or occasion.
Clincher
the final statement of your speech
Organizational Communication
the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships
reference
the meanings we assign to a referent based on our experience with the referent.
Channel
the media through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a reciever
Channels
the medium in which you choose (face-to-face, telephone, messages, letter, text message)
channels
the medium through which a text is sent face to face, text, call
The Star System
the method of creating, promoting, and exploiting stars in Hollywood films. Movie studios would select promising young actors and glamorize and create personas for them, often inventing new names and even new backgrounds.
When you make a speech placing someone's name in nomination for an office or award, what should you be sure to mention?
the nominee's qualifications for this award or office
When offering a brief salute to a special occasion or person, you are giving a(n)
toast.
Haptic
touch communcation
haptics
touch, for control or effect, ritual, sexually playfully, dominance
fitzpatrick marital styles
traditional: interdependent use of time and space. moderate conflict. traditional attitude towards marriage. MOST SATISFIED independents: nontraditional attitudes about relationships. independent use of time and space. open and assertive conflict style separates: traditional attitudes about marriage. independent use of time and space. low conflict but high negativity. LEAST SATISFIED
An exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two or more people
transaction pg.9
objective
try to remove bias acknowledge present biases
Equivocal language
two or more interpretations (get it together:book)
inter-role conflict
two roles entails contradictory exceptions example: you're a proctor for an exam. you see your close friend cheating. As a proctor you're supposed to say something but as a friend you're supposed to turn a blind eye and have their back
elements of effective communication (5)
understanding pleasure attitude influence improved relationships action
emotional education
understanding where feelings come from is a critical thing role models help us with this ongoing process
Effective communication
understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationship, action
Elements of effective comm
understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, action
elements of effective communication
understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, actions
oculesics
use of eye contact or eye gaze lowest when speaking. highest when listening
proxemics
use of space distance or territory to convey a message, way you stand in an elevator
chronemics
use of time your idea of early/late social conventions developing around these things
chronemics
use of time. late & early. How time effects communication
example of lies of omission
used car salesman, doesn't tell you check engine light is on
lies of exaggeration
used to impress, stretch the truth
Metonymy
using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing
perception of morality in making decisions
we are doing the right thing (engineers that wanted to postpone the launch but did not insist because he would have to stick out so he gave a soft language-like speech almost offering it as just an opinion and he had pressure from public and those around him) instead of saying we can't launch the shuttle
symbolic communication
we create symbols to create thoughts and ideas to each other a socially-shared system voluntary involves symbols propositional mainly left brain
looking glass self
we tend to see ourselves as others see us
impression formation
weight of what is important and what isn't. Make sense of who they are
What are the 5 guidelines for using visual aids?
well prepared, simple, visible, not distracting, classy
magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, and suitability
what are the six aspects for the best supporting material?
accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timelessness, usability, diversity
what are the six criteria for evaluating internet resources?
interpreting
what do they really mean by this?
Referent
what the symbol refers too
Manuscript Speech
when a speaker has an entire speech written out word for word in front of him/her as they speak
Public Speaking
The process of presenting a message to an audience, small or large.
social scientific approaches (2)
qualitative and quantitative research
social scientific approaches
qualitative, quantitative
Ethical Speech
Speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant
Ethical speech
Speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant
A pattern of organization in which all of the points are of equal importance and can be presented in any order to support the common theme
Star pattern pg.205
strategic discourse
The process of selecting arguments that will best achieve a speaker's rhetorical purpose in an ethical manner.
Complement
when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content
Literal Analogy
when the two cases being compared are classified the same way
Figurative Analogy
when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications
ad hominem
(of an argument or reaction) directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.
learning and education groups
(the ones we hate) people in your major and take all the same classes or when you form groups in class
How to build Confidence
- Be audience centered - View the public-speaking event positively - Prepare your speech early, and be well organized - Select an appropriate topic, and focus on your message, not on your fear - Rehearse out loud, know your introduction and conclusion - Visualize your success, and give yourself a mental pep talk - Channel your nervous energy, and use deep-breathing techniques - Look for positive listener support - Accept lots of speaking opportunities
Additional organizational patterns for informative speeches
- Causal (Cause and Effect) - Compare and Contrast - Problems & Solutions (does NOT promote a solution) - Advantages & Disadvantages (pros/cons)
What are the patterns of organizations for speech
- Chronological (set over time) -Topical (categories / logical divisions) - Spatial (location, geography) - Sequential (series of steps) - Biographical - Complexity (usually used with topical and is ordered from simple to complex) - Hybrid (combines patterns)
What 4 strategies are used to enhance audience interest?
1. Establish a motive for your audience to listen 2. Tell a story incorporating conflict, actions, suspense or humor. 3. Present relevant information and use the unexpected 4. Use visual aids
List the five criteria for ethical public speaking
1. Have a clear, responsible goal 2. Use sound evidence and reasoning 3. Be sensitive and tolerant of difference 4. Be honest 5. Avoid plagiarism
Components of Listening
1. Hearing 2. Understanding 3. Remembering 4. Interpreting 5. Evaluating 6. Responding
What 4 strategies are used to enhance audience recall or information presented?
1. Repeat key points 2. Use signposts, previews, and summaries 3. Pace information flow 4. Reinforce key ideas verbally and nonverbally
three types of emotion
1. bodily adaptation and maintenance of homeostasis 2. the external expression of motivational/emotional states 3. the subjective experience of motivational/emotional states
effective small group communication (4)
1. equal participation 2. consensus decision making style 3. cooperative conflict style 4. respectful communication
10 percent of what we read, 20 percent of what we hear, 30 percent of what we see, and of what we speak.
70 percent of what we speak.
Organizational Communication
More procedure and policy involved; deliberately designed to incorporate large numbers of people
Avatar; Animation/CGI combined with real people.
2010
coping
2nd form of self-deception. label how we feel
small group
3 or more members influencing one another
Small Group Communication
3 or more, ideally 5-7 people Work together Behavior is influenced by others
Small Group Communication
3 or more, ideally 5-7 people Work together Behavior is influenced by others
1. The Brag 2. The Cryptic Cliffhanger... 3. The Literal Status Update 4. The Inexplicably Public Private Message 5. The Out-of-Nowhere Acceptance Speech 6. The Incredibly Obvious Opinion 7. The Step Towards Enlightenment
7 Ways to be Insufferable on Facebook
Pie Graph
A graph that shows sliced circle that represent the percentages of the "total" pie for particular groups or categories
A special-occasion speech given to mark an anniversary of a special event, the completion of a long task, or high achievement in some field is a(n)
A presentation speech
Listening
A process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Listening
A process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages
What is a transactional process?
A process whose elements are interdependent; each element in public speaking process depends on and interacts with all of the other elements
brief example
A single sentence or an otherwise short point of an instance that supports or illustrates a more general claim.
Verbal transition
A speaker can sometimes make a _______ simply by repeating a keyword from an earlier statement or by using a synonym or pronoun refers to an earlier key word or idea
Scanning
A speaker should be _______ the audience during the speech for nonverbal cues to assess the audience's reaction
categorical pattern
A speech organization pattern in which each main point emphasizes one of the most important aspects of the speakers topic; often used if a speaker's topic does not easily conform to a spatial, temporal, causal, comparison, problem-cause-solution, criteria application, or narrative pattern.
comparison pattern
A speech organization pattern that discusses the similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations; especially useful when comparing a new subject to one with which the audience is familiar.
criteria-application pattern
A speech organization pattern that proposes standards for making a judgment about a topic, then applies those standards to a related topic. For example, if a speaker were arguing that a city should budget money to renovate a specific crumbling, historic neighborhood, the speaker would first define the criteria for a "historic neighborhood," then would discuss how his or her city's specific neighborhood is historic and, thus, worth renovating.
problem-cause-solution pattern
A speech organizational pattern that identifies a problem, explains the problem's causes, and proposes one or more solutions, which often includes asking an audience to support a policy or to take specific action.
persuasive speech
A speech that aims to influence audience members' beliefs,attitudes, or actions, to which end it employs strategic discourse and calls for the audience to accept fact, value, and policy claims.
Which of the following would be most likely to result in long-term persuasion?
A strong argument with high relevance to the audience.
Ethics
A system of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct., Ethical standards and practices should not be viewed as an all or nothing propositions., In fact, there are degrees of ethical behavior, from highly ethical to totally unethical.
language
A system of symbols and codes used to construct and convey messages
description
A technique of informative speeches that uses words to paint a mental picture for audience members so that they can close their eyes and imagine what the speaker is saying.
definition
A technique used in informative speeches that explains the essence, meaning, purpose, or identity of something.
explanation
A technique used in informative speeches that provides an analysis of something for the purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing a line of reasoning or a series of casual connections between events.
Illusion of transparency
A tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others
Working memory theory of listening
A theory that suggests that listeners find it difficult to concentrate and remember when their short-term working memories are full
testimony
A type of support consisting of statements provided other people, the source of these statements often being researched in a library, found online, or recorded in an interview.
Word Picture
A vivid description that appeals to the senses
What is culture?
A way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation.
peripheral route
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of two ways audience members may evaluate a speaker's message. This route uses tangential cues (low elaboration), such as attractiveness of speaker, flashy presentation aids, or certain aspects of the speaker's delivery.
Validity
Accuracy, getting to the truth in the research we are doing
What is understanding?
Accurate reception of the content of the intended stimulus.
Cognitive Dissonance
Act of having 2 cognition's that dont play too well You want to start eating healthy but dont like healthy food
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
Allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person
Accuracy of Perception: Intelligence
Allows us to make better conclusions of why people are behaving in certain ways Disposable intelligence- ability to connect someones personality to their behavior
Main points are in alphabetical order or spell out a common word
Alphabetical pattern pg.199
Reasoning by Cause
Arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect
The essential meaning of what a speaker wants to convey
Content pg.11
Timothy Berners Lee
British computer scientist, known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, currently a senior researcher at MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab
Accuracy of Perceptions
Context Interpersonal Sensitivity Perceiver Self Confidence Intelligence (dispositional) Flexible Expectations Awareness of limitations
Accuracy of Perceptions
Context Interpersonal Sensitivity Perceiver Self Confidence Intelligence (dispositional) Flexible Expectations Awareness of limitations
For a group to be a team:
Clear and Inspiring Shared Goals, Results Driven Culture, Competent Team Members, Unified Commitment, Collaborative Climate, Standards for Excellence, External Support/Recognition, Principled Leadership
Intrapersonal
Cognition or thought; communicating with oneself
Metacommunication
Comm about comm example: when you discuss with someone about the way you talk
The study of the biological bases of human communication
Communibiology pg.39
What is communication?
Communication about communication
Metacommunication
Communication about communication with relationships or connections that you have
Fear and avoidance of communication with other people
Communication apprehension pg.38
Interpersonal Communication
Communication between 2 or more people
Interpersonal
Communication between individuals in pairs; also called dyadic communication
What is intercultural communication?
Communication between people of different cultures
What is interpersonal communication?
Communication occurring between two people
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with another
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with another person
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication within a person
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication within a person Perception may change from person to person
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication within a person Perception may change from person to person
Intrapersonal communication
Communication within a person, talking to yourself
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication within a person. Talking to yourself
A pattern of organization based on the idea that things can be better even if they are not currently harmful.
Comparative advantages pattern pg.199
Simile
Compare two things using like or as
Negotiating Styles
Competition, Compromise, Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodation
Non-Verbal ______ Verbal
Complements Regulates Substitutes for Contradicts Illustrates
Interpersonal Conflict
Conflict with another person
Intra-personal Conflict
Conflict within yourself
Polychronic culture
Constantly juggling different tasks; interruptions are not a bad thing- people are more important than commitments
Task Roles
Contributing Elaborating Evaluating Recording Coordinating Energizing
A detailed outline used in speech preparation, but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation
Formal outline pg.211
Traditional Marital Style
Conventional attitude towards marriage Moderate conflict on big issues
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does and then leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
What is systematic desensitization?
Create a hierarchy of behaviors leading up to the desired but fear behavior. The main objective is to learn to relax, beginning with relatively easy tasks and profession to the behavior you're apprehensive about.
Arthur Nielsen
Creator of Nielsen Ratings; moved to TV, developed a ratings system using the methods he and his company had developed for radio
The degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker.
Credibility pg.15
Words that emphasize rather than undermine audience perceptions of a speaker's competence
Credibility- enhancing language pg.234
The Great Blur
Cross paths when media starts listening to us and showing what we want to see; TAILORING DRIVES EVERYTHING.
1. Mainstreaming 2. Resonance
Cultivation Theory (2)
5 Steps Leading to Termination
Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating
Communicating at Work (Leader Delivery Style)
Direct - achievement driven, does not like to deal with feelings Systematic - thinkers, logical, well thought out Spirited - socializers, easily bored, projects never get finished Relaters - very understanding of others, very open, considerate of feelings
The Scientific Method Requirements
Empirical- rigid observation, detailed testing Objective- evaluating the data fairly Logical- rational, consistent, sensible judgements Public- results are publicized
Horizontal
Employee to Employee
What is state apprehension?
Experience communication apprehension in only certain communication situations.
What is empathy?
Experiencing the other's perception-- that is, seeing and feeling things as the other does.
The World's Fair 1939
FDR's speech as not only broadcasted over the various radio networks, but also televised along with other parts of the opening ceremony and other events at the fair. Black and White television sets. NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled TV broadcasts in NYC. Estimated 1000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 TV sets scattered throughout the New York area
Issue Awareness
FIRST stage of the persuasion process, in which you focus the audiences attention on the issue and show why the issue is important
Upward Communication
Feedback that we get Surveying Students about the class
Other Factors
Feedback- What response to a message Time- Can change feedback to a message
What is the primacy effect?
First information we receive about a person is the most decisive in forming our impressions.
Cultural Dimensions
Formality, Social Customs, Styles of dress, Time, Tolerance for conflict, Gender Roles
Task Group Communication
Forming Storming -Dealing with the tensions present when the personalities meet Norming -Phase where you get used to each other Performing
Group Stages
Forming, Storming, Norming, Reinforcement
Godfrey was asked to be the commencement speaker at the local high school. In the speech, Godfrey talked about his accomplishments, about what he has been doing since his high school graduation 18 years ago and his goals for the future. Unfortunately, this speech didn't appeal to the audience. Why?
Godfrey didn't praise the graduating class nor have the graduates look toward their own futures.
Describe the essential elements of effective speech delivery
Good eye contact with your listeners, a voice that can be heard by all, and appropriate gestures and posture that seem natural A. Adjust your message to the audience B. Maintain good eye C. Use appropriate gestures and posture D. Use appropriate vocal volume and variation.
Components of Listening
Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding
Social Roles
How does the setting that the person is in impact the impression we make of them Work; student; gender-linked; martial
Accuracy of Perception: Context
How does the situation the person is in influence their personality
Nonverbal Sending Accuracy
How easy is it for others to read your facial expression
Nonverbal receiving ability
How good are you at reading others facial expressions
Accuracy of Perception: Interpersonal Sensitivity
How sensitive are we to other people, how much do we pick up on nonverbal and verbal cues
Enacted Role
How the actual person acts in the situation
What is the private theory of personality (implicit personality theory)?
How we select and organize on the basis of what behaviors we think go together.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Weak Determinism
How we view the world and our actual thoughts are not controlled by language but do influence it EX: Selfie, FaceBook me
Expected Role
How you should play the role
components of listening
Hurier model
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language: programming language that allows web developers to specify how a document will appear when accessed by a variety of internet browsers
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol: a collection of communication and software standards that allows computers using different operating systems to connect with one another over the WWW
Paralanguage
I didn't STEAL her gum I didn't steal HER gum I didn't steal her GUM Putting emphasis on a different word can change the whole meaning of the sentence
example of self-serving bias
I failed because questions were ridiculous and unfair
Critical Thinking
The ability to listen and analyze information you hear so that you can judge its accuracy and relevance
What is selective attention?
The ability to process certain of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others
Improving Listening Skills
Listen effectively, pay attention, try to find main points and ideas in a conversation
What are main ideas?
Main Ideas are the major divisions of your speech, the key points that you wish to develop. It has 3 strategies for being generated: 1. Have Logical divisions for the central idea 2. Be able to think of several reasons why the central idea is true 3. Possibly support the central idea with a series of steps
The key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech
Main Points pg.21
Autocratic Leader
Maintain strict control over their group
Perception
Interpreting the sensory experience o the world
Perception
Interpreting the sensory experience of the world
Barriers to Listening: Poor Listening Habits
Interrupt; don't look you in the eye when you speak; not responding to requests
Five levels of communication
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Group Public Mass Communication Online or Machine Assisted
Internal preview
Introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses
The creative process by which the substance of a speech is generated
Invention pg.18
Listening
Is a complex process of selecting, attending to, understanding, remembering, and responding to verval and nonverbal messages
Specific purpose
Is a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech
Inference
Is a conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly observed
Initial preview
Is a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be
Internal summary
Is a summary that occurs within the body of the speech
Transition
Is a verbal or nonverbal signals that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another
NOISE
Is anything that distracts from effective communication, and some form of noise is always present.
Chronological organization
Is organization by time or sequence
Ethnocentrism
Is the assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures
General purpose
Is the overarching goal of your speech. to persuade, inform, or to entertain.
Reasoning
Is the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence within the logical framework of an argument
Audience adaptation
Is the process of ethically using information you've gathered when analyzing your audience to help your audience clearly understand your message and to achieve your speaking objective
Audience analysis
Is the process of examining information about the listeners who will hear your speech
Critical listening
Is the process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or importance of the information you hear
Critical thinking
Is the process of making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read
Rhetorical criticism
Is the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of a message
Credibility
Is the speakers believability and audience's perception of a speaker as a confident, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy
Remember
Is to recall ideas and information
What is phatic communication?
Maintaining human contact
Selective Attention
The ability to process certain stimuli while filtering others
Free Speech
Legally protected speech or speech acts
Deception
Lies
Understanding
Making sense of our experiences and sharing that sentence with others
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 10
Manage conflicting beliefs and practices
Leadership vs Management:
Management - Getting things done through people Leadership - Developing people through work
Experimental Research
Manipulation of variables Control of other variables/settings Measures effect/outcome of manipulation
Experimental Research
Manipulation of variables Control of other variables/settings Measures effect/outcome of manipulation
Experimental Research
Manipulation of variables. One group gets the treatment and the other does not
Experimental Research
Manipulation of variables/ measuring outcome of variables
A mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it to the audience
Manuscript delivery pg.250
Language that diminishes people's importance and makes them appear to be less powerful, less significant, and less worthwhile than they are
Marginalizing language pg.230
Of the communication elements listed in the SMCRE Model, which is the one over which the speaker has the MOST control?
Message
The meaning produced by communication
Message pg.11
emotional communication
Minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission
A five-step organizational scheme, developed by speech professor Alan Monroe, involving (1) attention, (2) need, (3) satisfaction, (4) visualization, and (5) action
Monroe's motivated sequence pg.196
8 seconds
Most people's attention span is around _______
A renowned philanthropist and well-respected national speaker gave the commencement address at Audrey's graduation ceremony. He spoke of his concerns about rising crime rates for juveniles, of the problem of gang violence, and about crimes against women. Was this appropriate content for a commencement address?
No; because he didn't praise, inspire, or challenge the graduating class.
Marianne was so blown away by the announcement that she had won an award that she felt numb on her way to accept it. When she got to the microphone, she began to ramble and then thanked everyone she could think of for voting and supporting her. The speech ran several minutes long and had no organization. Was this appropriate for an acceptance speech?
No; impromptu acceptance speeches should be brief, gracious, and as organized as possible.
At his best friend's wedding, Daniel gave a long toast in which he told funny stories about their high school days, past romances-including broken hearts, and his first impressions of his best friend's new bride. Was this an appropriate toast?
No; toasts should be brief and appropriate for the audience and the occasion.
Regulate
Nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction
Referent
Object for what the symbol stands for
Objectics
Objects that send certain messages
Reasoning by Sign
Occurs when the presence of one thing indicates that presence of another
Deception
Of other: When you lie to others so you don't make them feel bad Of self: When you lie to yourself to cope with a situation; repress certain things we are feeling EX: when you tell yourself not to think of something
Answering Questions Guidelines
Offer relevant answers, substantiate your claims with evidence, provide accurate answers, be positive
Self Censorship
Offering an opinion instead of insisting
Public
One person communicating face to face with an audience
Signpost
Organizational cues for your audiences years. They include previews, transitions, and summaries
Dispositional Bias
Overuse of personality reasons with others
values
People's core conceptions about what is desirable for their own lives and for society. Values guide people's judgements and actions.
Foot in the Door
Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
Communication takes place wherever human s are together because people tend to look for meaning, even when the message is not deliberately sent.
Pervasiveness pg.52
Giving Praise
Praise specifically, Praise progress not just perfection, Praise Intermittently, Relay Praise and Praise Sincerely
Prejudice
Preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message
Selective Attention
The ability to register what your senses pick up on is limited; we chose what we want to pay attention to
Empowerment
The ability to speak with competence and confidence will provide:
Subordination
Process of creating hierarchy of idea in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas
1. Email and Text Communication 2. Live Text Communication 3. Audio Communication 4. Face-to-face Communication
Social Presence Theory (Low to High)
Hyperdermic Needle Model
Society is injected with a "needle" of media and everyone experiences the same "dose." (This is not correct)
Content Analysis
Systematic analysis of messages
Content Analysis
Systematic analysis of messages Purposes of Content Analysis Describes frequency of behavior Compares behavior types/rates across different contexts
Content Analysis
Systematic analysis of of the content of communication messages
Content Analysis
Systematic analysis of the content of communication messages. Also describes the frequency of the behavior
Acceptance
THIRD step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them.
Mass Communication
TV, Movies, Radio
Laissez-Faire Leader
Take no initiative in structuring a group discussion
Group Con's
Takes a lot more time Produces stress Social Loafing
Organizational Structures
Tall (Levels and Authority) or Flat (Not a lot of structures)
boomerang effect
The act of pushing an audience more firmly towards a its previously held beliefs as a result of the speaker choosing a position that falls on the extreme end of the audience's latitude of rejection
Health Education
Teach about eating healthy, smoking, drinking, sex education; geared towards different audiences/ages.
Ways to open your speech with impact
Tell a brief story., Use a quotation, Make a Startling statement, Refer to the audience, the occasion, or a current event, Use appropriate humor, Relate a personal experience, Ask a thought provoking question- One that will not evoke a verbal
Peer Testimony
Testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily and expert on the topic
What should the speaker keep in mind when giving an acceptance speech?
Thank those giving you the award and comment on the significance of the award to you.
Golden Age of TV
The Elite Stage: satisfying an audience that were the first people to scoop up a TV into their home; they had to be really savvy to satisfy this audience. Battle with Hollywood and Tv Producers: Producers said they would find their own talent for screen, writers and camera people. Looked in NYC for talent, where they found broadway directors, actors, and producers who were experts at live performances
Pitch
The Great 8; Begin with a greeting. Introduce an intriguing issue relevant to the reporter. State a relevant problem and/or consequence. Provide a elution and introduce your company. Supply a link to background info. Close with an action you intend the reporter to take. Thank them for their consideration. Include all means of contact.
Oral Citation
The Oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication.
Invention
The ability to develop or discover ideas that results in new insights or new approaches to old problems
deception
The conscious alteration of information a person believes to be true in order to significantly change another's perceptions from what the deceiver thought they would be without the alteration
What is organization communication?
The flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships.
Connotative Meaning
The interpretive meaning for a word; the meaning that each individual assigns a word
Encode
The job of the source is to _______ or translate The ideas and images in his or her mind into verbal or nonverbal symbols
Speech Topic
The key focus of the content of a speech.
Main ideas
The key points of a speech
What is the channel?
The medium that carries message signals from sender to receiver.
Channel
The medium though which a message is sent
Channels
The medium through which a message is sent How we interact
Emotional Communication
The minute signals of affect, attention, approach, etc.
Emotional Communication
The minute signals of affect, attention, approach/avoidance, dominance/submission
Delivery
The nonverbal expression of your message
What are intentional verbal messages?
The nonverbal messages we want to transmit.
Written Citation
The presentation in print of such information about a source as the author, title, year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide.
What is small-group communication?
The process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another.
Attribution
The process of assigning meaning to other's behavior; act of asking why
Attribution
The process of assigning meaning to others behavior The act of asking why
Attribution
The process of assigning meaning to others behavior The act of asking why
Attribution
The process of assigning meaning to others behavior or the act of asking
What is attitude influence?
The process of changing and reformulating attitudes
What is the socio-psychologial context?
The relationship between speaker and audience. It also includes the audience's attitudes toward and knowledge of you and your subject.
What is feedback?
The return to you of behavior you have generated.
Channels
The route by which a message in transmitted from sender to receiver (TV, text, email, phone, radio, morse code, letter)
What has communication been broadly defined as?
The sharing of experience
Affect Displays (Kinesics)
The show of emotion to show how you are feeling about a certain conversation
Transactional model of communication
The theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver
Psychological Noise
The type of noise refers to mental rather than bodily distractions. Anxiety, worry, daydreaming, and even joy over some recent event can distract you from the message at hand
Non-Verbal Communication
The use of objects, action, sounds, time, and space to convey meaning When in doubt we believe in nonverbal communication over verbal communication
Nonverbal Communication
The use of objects, actions. sounds, time, and space to convey meaning
Nonverbal Communication
The use of objects, actions. sounds, time, and space to convey meaning messages transmitted without words
Methods of Non-Verbal: Proxemics
The use of space, distance, or territory to convey some type of a message EX: Professor has more space at the front of the room vs. when he walks around
What are nonverbal messages?
They are all the messages we transmit without words or over an above the words we use.
Powerless language
When we talk to people who have more authority than us; give disclaimers; use hedges (kinda, I think)
Group
Three or more people interacting and influencing one another to pursue a common goal.
Long-term time orientation
Time is abundant, and accomplishing goals may take considerable time
A pattern or organization based on chronology or a sequence of events
Time pattern pg.202
Displacement Hypothesis
Time we spend on media decreases time that could be spent on more important things.
What is your role as a public speaker outside the classroom?
To inform others about something and to influence others.
Language that defines people exclusively on the basis of a single sttribute such as race, ethinicity, biological sex, or disability
Totalizing language pg.230
Methods of Non-Verbal: Haptics
Touch communication EX: Accidental, sexual, instrumental, emotional Can also be a physical indicator of dominance EX: Pushing, shoving, grabbing
Separate Marital Style
Traditional attitude Use time and space independently Low conflict, high negativity
Semantic Interference
Trouble understanding one another based on the way you speak EX: Accent
CBS and NBC
Two broadcasting stations; announced over radio in real time. (World War II announced)C
A pattern of organiation that involves (1) introducing the topic and thesis statement, (2) presenting arguments and evidence supporting the thesis, (3) acknowledging arguments against the thesis, (4) refuting these arguments, (5) restating arguments and evidence supporting the thesis, and presenting the conclusion
Two- sided refutation pattern pg.198
Is public communication formal or informal?
Typically structured, formal communication
Asychronous
Unaddressed documents and Written, addressed documents
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Uncertainty -Raises information-Seeking -Reduces Intimacy
Quantitative
Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab
Quantitative
Uncover patterns in communications via numbers Advanced statistical and rigid testing to support/reject hypothesis Can work "in the field" or in lab
Accuracy of Perception: Flexible Expectations
Understanding that people behave in different ways
Emotional Education
Understanding what to do and feel over time
Elements of effective communication
Understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, action
Explain the relationships among ethics, free speech, and credibility
United States citizens have the right to speak freely, but that right comes with the responsibility to speak ethically.
URL
Universal Resource Locator; a naming system that gives every site a unique locatable address
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 8
Use and encourage descriptive feedback
Which of the following would NOT be recommended for writing text on a PowerPoint slide used in an extemporaneous presentation?
Use complete sentences.
Proxemics
Use of space, distance, or territory to convey a message
Chronemics
Use of time in communication
Methods of Non-Verbal: Chronemics
Use of time in our communication Being late vs. being early EX: how long you wait to text someone after getting their numbers
Visual and auditory channels
What are the two channels that a message is usually transmitted through?
hasty generalization
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples
regulators
a filler, ums and eyebrow raises, pace conversation with nonverbals
A speaker talking about recycling said, "I took a beer bottle to the recycling center, but they wouldn't take it. They said: "this is the pint of no return." What humorous verbal strategy did the speaker engage in?
a pun
skills used for public speaking
analyzing, researching, organizing, wording and delivering. These are skills You will use in constructing and delivering your speeches. They are also transferable Skills; they can help you throughout your academic studies, as well as your chosen career
Noise
anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it
Web 1.0
applications are proprietary (relating to the owner only); companies develop software applications that users can download, but they can't see how the application works or change it. It is static and non interactive
emotional education
as we age we get better at this role models and media help us with this
developmental interactionist theory
as we age we use more reasoning than emotion
the scientific method (5)
ask question/state problem formulate hypothesis think through and refine hypothesis design and conduct the observation, measurement or experiment analyze and interpret
The scientific method
ask questions or state problem formulate hypothesis or research question think through, refine hypothesis
interpret
assign meaning to what we have ex. jacket on at party=leaving
dichotomes
assuming; thinking in terms of two -contrast
Hate Speech
attacking a person/group based upon their gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, social actions, etc.
A learned predisposition to response in a consistently favorable ot unfavorable manner with given respect to a given object
attitude pg.115
social groups
begin with school (preschool to college) - complicated - teach us how to behave and interact, come with own expectations, drama and stress
objectics
certain objects communicate different things (clothing)
Charisma
certain things that us into people
What are the 5 patterns of organization?
chronolgical, spatial, topical, problem-solution, causal (problem-cause-solution)
Julian Assange
editor in chief of wikileaks, an international, non profit, journalistic organization which publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media from anonymous sources
code overlapping
codes which provide an area of commonality but which also contain areas of unshared codification.
restricted codes
codes with some people and not others
self-esteem
comes from feedback that you get if people say you're a bad athlete, it will negatively affect you changes day to day
On the first anniversary of Ronald Reagan's death, the Reagan family and a group of close friends gathered at the Reagan Library to talk about Ronald Reagan's life and accomplishments. Then, former President George H. W. Bush gave a brief speech at the occasion. What is the term used for this kind of speech?
commemorative address
pleasure
communicating with others in a way that enhances a sense of mutual well-being.
Metacommunication
communication about communication
metacommunication
communication about communication
Organizational Communication
communication among members of organization
The implied meaning of a word based upon its use within a given context
connotative meaning pg.73
reliability
consistency/ stability of measure
emotion
constant presence in how we interact when studying emotion, you get better at controlling your own nonverbal communication
High Performance Computing Act
created by Al Gore, it is an act to provide for a coordinated federal program to ensure continued United States leadership in high performance computing
denotative meaning
dictionary definition of the word
Denotation Meaning
dictionary definition of the world, what we decided on the meaning
denotative meaning
dictionary definition of word ex. puppy-young dog between certain age
code switching
different styles and who we are talking to depends on how we communicate
life cycle of relationships: stages of coming apart
differentiating circumscribing stagnating avoiding terminating
johari window
open: known to self and others hidden: known to self but not others blind: not known to self but known to others unknown: not known to self and others
how is spontaneous communication evolutionary?
it is something we developed so we can survive
rationalization
it'll be fine (ex. 2 O rings so if one fails the other won't fail and it will be fine) not sure but want to feel better
polychronic
juggle multiple things at once people are more valuable than time interruptions are okay technology
Hierarchical
language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower.
sapir-whorf hypothesis
language we use shape how you see the world
Profanity
language which is vulgar and irrelevant
euphemisms
less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones. Sanitize our language, soften them to make them a little easier to talk about
When called upon to give an impromptu toast at a wedding,
let those gathered and the occasion dictate what you say.
Metaphor
linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison
improving listening skill
listen effectively pay attention find main points of conversation
The process of recieving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli.
listening pg.73
Logical appeal
logos pg.54
mass communication
messages on a very large scale millions of viewers receiving the message
Web 2.0
more interactive and dynamic and open sourced; Users can make modifications or even build new applications based on earlier programs.
polychronic
more things at once ex. focused on people more than things we are doing
disconfirmation
most damaging. says " you do not exist"
connotative meaning
our interpretive meaning of the world ex. puppy-yours at home
connotative meaning
our own personal, interpreted meaning of the word
Accent
nonverbal behaviors that augment (supplement) a verbal message.
sign
nonverbal indication of what is going to happen, dark clouds=rain
Spontaneous comm
nonvoluntary, involves signs not symbols based on biologically-shared signal system
usability
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: do the layout and design of the site facilitate its use?
diversity
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: is the site inclusive?
accountability
one of the six criteria for evaluating internet resources that asks: who is responsible for the site?
Public Communication
one-way, large audience
An audio broadcast that has been converted to a digital format, such as MP3 for playback by a digital music player or computer
podcast pg.140
Dichotomes
polar words all or nothing example: success or failure never look at in-between
body movements
posture conveys meaning authoritative-stand up straight
power and language
powerless and powerful
power and language
powerless language powerful language
Patch-writing
preparing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source; failing to give credit to a source.
interference (technical)
prevents message from being received prevent intended meaning from being understood ex. bad cell service
interference (noise)
prevents message from being received or prevents intended meaning from being understood
Interference
prevents messages from being received or prevents intended meaning from being understood
Denotative Meaning
primary association a word has for most people in a particular linguistic community.
selective attention
process of choosing what to pay attention to what not to basketball and gorilla
At the monthly meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, a representative from a local tour bus company makes a presentation about the economic advantages of using her company's services for the visiting dignitaries. What kind of special-occasion speech is this?
public-relations speech
These speeches are designed to inform the public, strengthen alliances with them, and possibly recommend policy to those outside the work environment.
public-relations speech
forming
put the group together - initiating
Connotative Meaning
secondary association a word has four one of more members of a group or population.
Information sources that rely on the sources rather than gathering information firsthand.
secondary source pg.139
Quantitative
seeks to uncover patterns in comm behavior via numbers, in the field or lab
maintaining close friendships
self-disclosure supportiveness spending time together
Sending accuracy
sending emotions making the reaction -some people make faces better than others
Internal Preview
serves as an outline of what is to come next in a speech and is often combined with transition statments
Disclaimer
set in the beginning of a show or program warning the audience about what they are about to view
roles
set of behaviors that apply to a subclass
Organizational cues that alert the audience that you are moving from point to point are called_________.
signposts
example of lies of exaggeration
size of a fish caught
Mass Comunication
social media, politics
Social grouping and economic class to which people belong
socioeconomic status pg.109
remembering
some things need to be locked into memory (long and short term)
private meaning
some word reminds you of something makes it hard for others to understand what you're talking about
Global Plagerism
taking an entire piece of work and saying its your own
Patchworking
taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work and then presenting them as original work without giving credit to the sources
Plagiarism
taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own
public comm
talking to a lot of people
Communication Apprehension
the fear/anxiety associated with real/anticipated communication with another or others
Attribution
the process of assigning meaning to others' behavior
Syndication
the sale of the right to broadcast programs to multiple stations, without going through a broadcast network
emblems
thumbs up, substitutions
emblems
thumbs up; gesture that replaces word
chronemics
time
Other factors of human communication
time, listening skills, and feedback
two-sided argument
when you briefly note an argument against your thesis, and then use evidence and reasoning to refute that argument
false dilemma fallacy
when you claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of those choices is wrong or infeasible and that your listeners must embrace the other choice
leakage
when you try to hide a micro expression but it doesn't work emotions got the best of you
words have power
ways in which we use them can influence our interactions
Question of Fact
when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts
Question of Policy
when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken
when do you have to think about channels?
when one of them becomes unavailable to you
Conflicting objectives (Barrier)
when prof says its not on the exam, we check out
Self-esteem
your feeling of self-worth, feedback
preliminary bibliography
your first research goal in which you in which you create a list of promising resources
self concept
your relatively stable impression of yourself
self-concept
your relatively stable impression of yourself
