COM 107 Final Exam
Synergy
Opportunities to generate profits that come from interaction and cooperation among conglomerate's cross media subsidiaries.
How are ratings different from share?
Rating = # of television households watching the show / # of television households in the market share = # of television households watching the show / # of TVH in market with TV on at that time
What are the three stages of the digital divide?
Stage 1. Economic divide - the idea that some people can afford to have a computer and Internet access while others cannot. Stage 2. Usability divide - technology remains so complicated that many people couldn't use a computer even if they got one for free. (i.e., literacy skills, accessibility) Stage 3. Empowerment divide - how we use technology for ourselves.
What are the six conventional persuasive strategies?
plain-folks pitch: - an advertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity. the famous person testimonial: - an advertising strategy that associates a product with the endorsement of a well-known person band-wagon effect: - an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind. hidden-fear appeal: - an advertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief. the snob appeal: - makes the case that using the product means the consumer is better/smarter/richer than everyone else irritation advertising: - an advertising strategy that tries to create product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious.
What is the association principle and how is it related to authenticity?
- Associates a product with a positive cultural value or image— nationalism, happy families, success, freedom—even if it has little connection to product - Claims that products are "real" and "natural," even if they are processed or synthetic goods
why did objectivity fall in modern journalism (20th century)?
- Criticism : "drab, factual, objective reporting"; " little ability to report anything beyond the bare and undeniable facts" - Led to interpretive journalism (1920s), literary journalism (1960s)
What are the challenges of VR?
- Cybersickness - PTSD Other health risk - Lawless area (ethical problem) - *Uncanny valley effect
What are the problems related to AI? How does bias affect AI?
- Data sourcing and violation of personal privacy - Unclear legal responsibility - Introducing program bias into decision making
What suggestions did the 1947 Hutchins Commission make?
Media: - has a social responsibility to consider the overall public good, and should operate in the public interest - should act as check on all powerful institutions, including government. - be inclusive of all citizens - disseminate unpopular but necessary content (broccoli vs cookie) - refrain from disseminating harmful or exploitive content
According to statistics about the gaming industry, what takes up the biggest market value?
Mobile games
Culture as a Skyscraper
Modern era viewed culture as hierarchy. High Culture (considered more sophisticated, associated with higher socio-economic status) and Low culture (easily accessible, fleeting in nature, less sophisticated). Ex. Ballet--Taylor Swift
3 structures of media industries
Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Limited Competition
What is agenda-setting (agenda-setting theory)?
McCombs and Shaw (1972) studied whether the "media agenda" set the "public agenda." (a) Topics covered prominently by the press were perceived as important by people. (b) Topics ignored by the press were perceived as less important or unimportant.
What is immersive media?
Media that attempts to create, or imitate the physical world through digital simulation
What is parasocial contact hypothesis and what effect does it focus on?
extends intergroup contact theory by predicting that exposure to different outgroups in the media can have the same effect on prejudice reduction as interpersonal contact
individualism
favoring the small over the large and the rural over the urban
small-town pastoralism
favoring the small over the large and the rural over the urban
Different types of royalties
Composition, master recording, public performance, mechanical, synchronization, and grand royalties
What are the three elements that need to be established to show cause and effect?
*in order 1. correlation: explain how exposure to the images leads to the effects observed (what people think, feel or do) 2. chronological, time order: the cause precedes the effect 3. causality, the elimination of alternative explanations: rule out other variables that might have produced the effect
What are 360 videos and what are the challenges in using 360 videos? (thinking about a specific example could help)
- 360 videos are recorded in all directions, giving you a complete 360-degree view. While watching these videos, you're able to control the viewing direction and watch the video from whatever perspective you'd like benefits: - increases interaction, presence, engagement and attention - effective in storytelling challenges: - hard to edit - low fidelity across devices - *cybersickness
Why is racial representation a concern in games? How does the structure of the gaming industry affect the diversity of the product?
- 81 percent of developers are white, whereas 10 percent are East/South/Southeast Asian, 7 percent are Hispanic, 5 percent are Indigenous or Pacific Islanders, and just 2 percent are Black/African/Afro-Caribbean - diversity is needed in the companies that are creating these games) - Diversity isn't a nicety; it's a necessity if the industry is going to grow, thrive and truly reflect the tens of millions of people who play games every day
What is cybersickness? Why does cybersickness occur?
- A cluster of symptoms that occur in the absence of physical motion, similar to motion sickness (nausea, eyestrain, and general disorientation)
What is the core of public relations?
- A group of people who relate to an organization; demonstrate varying degrees of activity or passivity; and might or might not interact with others concerning their relationship (Grunig & Hunt, 1984; Van Leuven & Slater, (1991); Hallahan (1999).) - People important/essential to an organization's success...or even its survival. - People about whom we have done quite a lot of research.
Why was the Internet deemed as the ultimate Libertarian experiment?
- All information flows freely, accurate or inaccurate, honest or malicious. - Lowered cost of entry barriers give more people "access to the microphone"
In the MALM dresser recall example, why did IKEA Sweden and IKEA US have different views on dealing with the MALM dresser?
- Dressers would tip over if NOT anchored to the wall, as the instructions clearly directed. - After the first few accidents and CPSC advisory, APCO Worldwide initially recommended a recall of the product. - IKEA US agreed; IKEA Sweden rejected the recommendation. The instructions told people to anchor the furniture to the wall, so it wasn't the company's fault. - After another accident, IKEA Sweden changed their mind.
What are the possible effects of violent games?
- Earlier research linked playing violent video games to aggressive thoughts or hostility - individuals with a combination of "high neuroticism (easily upset, angry, depressed, emotional, etc.), low agreeableness (little concern for others, indifferent to others' feelings, cold, etc.), and low conscientiousness (break rules, don't keep promises, act without thinking, etc.)" are more susceptible to the negative outcomes measured in studies of violent video games
What were Nickelodeons? Why were nickelodeons called nickelodeons and why are they important?
- Form of movie theater - Name combines the admission price with the Greek word for "theater" - Often converted storefronts - Piano players added live music with theater operators using sound effects. - Transcended language barriers -> flourished during the great European immigration. - Peaked by 1910
Implications of the libertarian theory
- Government cannot control speech. - Publishers are free to publish, or refuse to, whatever they want - Even wrong, awful, or offensive speech should be available to the public. - Democracy/society is best served by active, independent press that is independent from the government, able to bring material to the public attention, and even challenge the government and society. - You combat speech you do not like with more speech.
what is newsworthiness
- Impact (how many are affected, and how much?) - Prominence (fame/notoriety of people involved) - Proximity/recency/timeliness (how close is it?) - Conflict(can we analyze a disagreement?) • Novelty/Deviance (what's new or different about this?) - Presence (or absence) or audio or visuals - Complexity (is it simple enough to understand?) - Human-interest (so-called "soft news")
What implication did Ivy Lee and the Ludlow Massacre have on PR? Think about what Ivy Lee recommended and how that worked.
- Impact on the Rockefeller family includes protests and bomb threats from anarchists - Rockefeller brings in Ivy Lee. Recommendations: Go to Colorado, meet with miners, see how they work and live Humanized the Rockefellers First time this had ever been done, now the pattern for crisis management
Why has Advertising collapsed as a revenue source?
- Internet commerce accelerates the "big box" phenomenon that has harmed best advertisers (department stores, local mom and pop stores) - Digital ad revenue not growing fast enough to replace print ad revenue
How did television impact magazines?
- Magazines adapt to TV by specializing - Consumer magazines target demographics (Gender, age, or ethnic group; Audience interest area) - Magazine industry today includes brands that reach audiences in a variety of formats
how did globalization transform media industries?
- Many U.S.-based media companies expanded into less developed media markets around the world - Global expansion helped along by the development of new technologies, such as direct broadcast satellite services - Media hubs around the world emerged as countries became major exporters of media content - Many U.S. media companies acquired by foreign conglomerates
How did radio respond to television
- Musical formats (in partnership with record industry), e.g., classical, rock, pop, allnews, sports, talk. - Emphasizes local programming and content, community interests and topics (something TV can not do as well) - Emphasizes mobility: car, portable radios, beach, travel - Coincided with the baby boomers becoming teens/college age
how did the internet and digital convergence impact media industries?
- New digital media conglomerates have emerged (Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft) - Digital companies' business models drew them into greater collaboration and competition with legacy media companies (Battle to control production, distribution, and exhibition of engaging content) - Big tech companies began to see advantage of controlling and creating their own content (Netflix and Amazon, for example, produce their own shows and films)
What can be said about misogyny in video games? What is the potential source?
- One of the most extreme game narratives is from the hugely successful Grand Theft Auto series, in which male characters earn points by picking up female prostitutes, paying money for sex, and then beating or killing them to get their money back - The source of the problem may be the male insularity of the game development industry; few women are on the career path to be involved in game development - Ex: Grand Theft Auto series, in which male characters earn points by picking up female prostitutes, paying money for sex, and then beating or killing them to get their money back
What does 1A not cover? In other words, what does free speech mean?
- Private entity or business preventing speech - Private entity or business punishing speech - Certain specific forms of speech under very specific conditions: defamation; incitement to violence; copyright violations; legally defined obscenity. - Free speech ≠ no consequences, it just means the government can't mess with you.
How did interactive media change the users' relationship with the media?
- Require users to engage a (novel) system and, while engaging, to manipulate the form and content of the on-screen displays in real-time (Steuer, 1992) - User's relationship with the medium shifts from that of a more passive recipient of information to a more active and lean-forward engagement with it
During the era of major studios, how did the industry engage in vertical integration?
- Studios controlled production, distribution, and exhibition. - Owned and operated "movie palaces", ornate and beautiful theaters - with air conditioning! - Engaged in the practice of block booking.
What was the Paramount decision about? (1948)
- Studios sued by independent theatre owners over monopoly practices - SCOTUS ruled that block booking was an unfair trade practice - Studios were forced to sell their theatres - Rise of art houses and drive-in theaters
What is the magic bullet model (hypodermic-needle model)
- The concept that powerful media affect weak audiences - suggests that the media shoot their potent effects directly into unsuspecting victims
What change did convergence bring?
- convergence is the technological merging of content across different media channels - the news, magazine articles, radio, TV, videogames, movies, etc. - Available on the Internet through different devices. - Place shifting
From uses and gratifications theory, what are some reasons why we use media?
- diversion and entertainment - personal relationships (media helps us interact with others): conversational currency, parasocial relationships, media allusions/references to pop culture - personal identity: social learning - surveillance: keep up on events, learn and exchange ideas
What is the Edison trust?
- first movie cartel - 1908-1918 : Edison's motion picture patents company in NJ - - Cartel of major U.S. and French producers - Sued for antitrust violations and lost in 1915 - Dissolved in 1918 -> demanded too much films, money: Independent producers gathered at Hollywood
What are the benefits of VR?
- increased Interactivity - increased Presence - increased knowledge retention - Effective in storytelling - Similar effect on the brain as real life experience
What types of PR can we see in our everyday life?
- issue management - risk management - crisis management Two types: 1. Fixing damaged reputations and repairing breaches of trust; ex: Tylenol (Burson/J&J) 2. Telling people what to do in an emergency; promoting calm and preventing panic; ex: FEMA and hurricanes/earthquakes CDC and pandemics - journalism and the media - consumer relations - employee relations - community relations
What is presence? And what increases the degree of presence?
- presence: a psychological phenomenon where a person fails to perceive or acknowledge the existence of a medium - More (realistic) sensory engagement increases the degree of presence
What changed after Newton Minow criticized the network era?
- pushed the networks to try to mend their public image by foregrounding their public service contributions - networks used news programming to improve the TV industry's reputation, to help their affiliates stations satisfy their public service obligations, and to keep FCC regulations at bay.
What is social comparison? What is the difference between upward and downward social comparison?
- refers to a behavior where we compare certain aspects of ourselves (e.g., our behavior, opinions, status, and success) to other people so that we have a better assessment of ourselves (Buunk & Gibbons, 2007) - Social comparison can be useful because it provides us with a way to determine if we are 'on track,' but it can also be extremely harmful and result in negative thoughts and behaviors. upward = you > me (social media "ideal images") downward = me > you (downward comparison as a coping strategy)
What is subliminal advertising? Be able to identify examples.
- refers to hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register in the subconscious and fool people into buying products - a "Drink Coca-Cola" ad embedded in a few frames of a movie and alleged hidden sexual activity drawn into liquor ads
According to statistics about the gaming industry, what can you say about who the "gamers" are?
- the average gamer is 35 years old - Of the gaming population, there are more adult women (31%) than boys under 18 (18%). - Of people who play video games, 59% are male and 41% are female.
Who is Edward Bernays? What did he do?
- the first person to apply the findings of psychology and sociology to public relations, referring to himself as a "public relations counselor" rather than a "publicity agent." - his definition of PR was the standard: "Public relations is the attempt, by information, persuasion, and adjustment, to engineer public support for an activity, cause, movement, or institution" - example of his propaganda: He labeled cigarettes "torches of freedom" and encouraged women to smoke as a symbol of their newly acquired suffrage and independence from men
What was block booking during the era of major studios?
- used by the major studios (key to their dominance) - eventually outlawed as monopolistic - exhibitors had to agree to rent several B movies (marginal films made with small budgets and unknown actors) in order to gain access to any A movies (highly anticipated films made with big budgets and famous stars). This system enabled the studios to test-market new actors without taking much financial risk. It also enabled them to flood theaters with inexpensive B movies, which helped keep upstart production companies from getting into the industry—with the numerous B movies foisted on them, theater owners didn't have the money or the need to run non-studio movies.
How did television hurt the movie industry?
- when television exploded in the late 1950s, there was already less discretionary income and less reason to go to the movies - when television exploded in the late 1950s, there was already less discretionary income and less reason to go to the movies. - TV offered convenience
How does the innovation-imitation-saturation cycle work?
- whenever a breakout hit emerged, they would copy it - the market would get saturated with similar shows, viewership would decline, the shows would die out, and producers and executives would hunt for a new programming hit to copy.
What did Newton Minow, the then head of FCC, point out about this era?
-characterized television as a "vast wasteland" filled with vapid game shows, formulaic sitcoms, violent westerns, and endlessly "cajoling" commercial - station place profit above the public interest (anthologies replaced by cheaply produced episodic series) - the big threes power as cultural gatekeepers - unfair competition (Oligopolistic power - Hollywood studios limiting the innovation in program development) - limited local control (network-affiliated stations gave much of their airtime over to national programming)
Two definitions of convergence with examples
1) Technological merging of once distinct and incompatible formats into a single format, which can be accessed through one device. (smartphones) 2) Trend of media companies merging together in order to better position themselves for a world in which all media can be digital. (Google bought YouTube in 2006, Amazon bought Zappos in 2009, and Facebook bought Instagram in 2012)
Among the types of PR, what are the six principles of effective crisis communications?
1. Be First. (Crises are time sensitive. Communicating information quickly is almost always important. For members of the public, the first source of information often becomes the preferred source.) 2. Be Right. (Accuracy establishes credibility. Information can include what is known, what is not known, and what is being done to fill in the gaps.) 3. Be Credible. (Honesty and truthfulness should not be compromised during crises.) 4. Express Empathy. (Crises create harm, and the suffering should be acknowledged in words. Addressing what people are feeling, and the challenges they face, builds trust and rapport.) 5. Promote Action. (Giving people meaningful things to do calms anxiety, helps restore order, and promotes a restored sense of control.) 6. Show Respect. (Respectful communication is particularly important when people feel vulnerable. Respectful communication promotes cooperation and rapport.)
What are the six innovations in the movie industry in the 1970s and 1980s? (go back to our in-class activity slides and review each innovations)
1. Independent Productions and Lower Production Costs (1973: American Graffiti) 2. The Summer Blockbuster Formula (1975: Jaws/Speilberg) 3. Merchandising (1977: Star Wars/Lucas) 4. Product Placement (1982: E.T./Spielberg) 5. The rise of cable and VCR's (1980s) - Faster access to unedited films. - More opportunity to see (or own) favorite movies. - Outlet for films for niche audiences (older viewers, children, limited run, etc.). - Privacy for adult content. 6. International release increasingly important - Becomes part of the calculus for maximum/acceptable production cost - Avengers: Endgame - 69% of box office was from overseas
Why does democracy require quality information?
1. awareness: News media makes us aware of messages, media are primary and direct link between organization and audience 2. expansion: media expand public deliberation by taking the messages to larger audiences 3. framing: media frame our perceptions of campaigns and movements.
What are the biases that the audience can have? (4)
1. selective perception (We tend to "see" things in ways that support our predispositions) 2. hostile media bias (Partisans / "true believers" tend to see negative news as intentionally biased against "their" side, but objective when covering the other side) 3. elite cue-taking (People follow ideas of elites & "opinion leaders" they agree with) 4. third person effect (We think others are more affected by bad media than ourselves)
How does each level of hierarchical influences model affect journalists? (5)
1. social systems level of influence (social and cultural norms) 2. social institutions level (corporate culture of a profession) 3. organizations level (companies) - (a) Who works for the news organization? - (b) Editorial direction of the organization - (c) How much business concerns impact the product) 4. routines level (Daily practices and habits of news production) 5. Individual level (journalists and editors individual experiences and biases)
What is the uncanny valley effect?
A hypothetical effect that says a person's response to a humanlike robot would abruptly shift from empathy to revulsion as it approached, but failed to attain, a lifelike appearance
Vertical Integration
A single company owns everything needed to produce, distribute, and sell a product
Obscenity
A work is considered obscene and not protected by 1A if: average person, applying community standards, find work appeals to prurient interests, work depicts, in patently offensive way, sexual conduct, work lacks serious literacy
What is the difference between AR and VR? What does it stand for?
AR (augmented reality) assisted reality <-low- level of local presence -high-> mixed reality VR (virtual reality) Atomistic vr <-- TELEPRESENCE --> holistic vr
Linear Model of Communication (process)
According to this model, mass communication is a linear process of producing and delivering messages to large audiences. Senders (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, ads, images, sounds) through mass media channels (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, the Internet) to large groups of receivers (readers, viewers, and consumers). In the process, gatekeepers (news editors, executive producers, and other media managers) function as message filters, making decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. The model also allows for feedback, in which citizens and consumers can return messages to senders or gatekeepers through phone calls, e-mail, web postings, talk shows, or letters to the editor.
Penny Press
Advances in technology lowered cost of newspapers and led to production of penny papers. Human interest stories, shift of economic base, neutral toward advertisers - growth of the newspaper industry legacy: Human interest stories, Shift of economic base (Political parties -> market), Neutral toward advertisers (growth of the newspaper industry)
In step 1. Research, what is researched? And why is this step important?
Analysis of Publics: Demographics, Psychographics, Media Habits, Influencers. - Demographics: who, what, and where they are - Psychographics: what and how they think - Media Habits: where they get their information - Influencers: people or institutions that influence how they think Organizational Analysis: a very in-depth review of the client, its business, and its current public relations practices. Situation Analysis: a report on the circumstances of the client. What is the current problem, what is the public relations environment in which it works. Reputation or Brand Analysis (sounds just like the name...)
What's considered fair use?
CR work -- criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, research
War of Worlds
Broadcast by Orson Welles on Halloween eve in 1938 in the style of a radio news program - Created a panic in New York and New Jersey - Prompted the FCC to call for stricter warnings before and during programs imitating the style of radio news
two principal sources of revenue for newspapers
Circulation: publisher creates and sells you the content. Includes both subscriptions and individual sales. Advertising: publisher sells your attention (eyeballs) to advertisers.
The First Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
In step 3. Creating strategy and choosing tactics, what is the difference between strategy and tactic?
Creating a strategy and choosing tactics - Strategy: the overall plan for the campaign; what we do, when, and in what order. (e.g., hold a series of conferences and discussions, publicize them in social media and traditional media, encourage participants to write articles, and produce a video). - Tactics: the very specific actions (press releases, meetings, events, discussions with journalists, publications, video production, etc.) that are part of the strategy.
Participatory culture with examples
Culture in which it is relatively easy for people to create and share their own content and build connections with others that often reflect and deepen the dynamics of a niche nation, blurred lines between media producers and consumers Examples: use of social media (posting pictures from last night's party to Instagram; live-tweeting during our favorite shows, etc)
Culture as a Map
Culture viewed as an ongoing and complicated process. Tastes and values are "all over the map". Forms of culture are judged on a combination of personal tastes and aesthetic judgments a society makes at particular historical.
attempts to revive revenues
Curtail free content, reduce price editions, layoff journalist
What are the three main pay models in the digital game industry? What are the examples given from the textbook for each model? (Campbell et al., 2022, p.84)
Development: - The largest part of the development budget, the money spent designing, coding, scoring, and testing a game, goes to paying talent, digital artists, and game testers. - Independent developers need pay only $25 for a Google Play developer's account or $99 for an Apple developer's account to get started Licensing (two types): - they must pay royalties to console manufacturers (Microsoft, Sony, or Nintendo) for the right to distribute a game using their system. These royalties vary from $3 to $10 per unit sold - licensing of intellectual property (stories, characters, personalities, and music that require licensing agreements) - Ex: In 2005, John Madden reportedly signed a $150 million deal with EA Sports that allowed the company to use his name and likeness for the next ten years Marketing: - The marketing costs of launching a digital game often equal or exceed the development costs - Ex: Rockstar Games reportedly spent $150 million for the marketing of its 2013 blockbuster release Grand Theft Auto V, eclipsing its $115 million development budget. Grand Theft Auto V remains one of the most expensive digital games made to date
3 main ways, and 2 ways that we discussed in class of how media companies generate revenue
Direct payment from consumers, subscriptions, advertisments
What was Hollywood's first reaction to television? (Before the rebirth of Hollywood)
Do what television cannot: - Hype color film (at least for a while...) - 3D experience - Wide screens - Sex - Big budget extravaganzas (ex: Ten Commandments, Ben Hur, Cleopatra, Spartacus)
What is framing (framing theory)?
Elements that drive people to form an opinion, impression, or judgment; or that impact how people understand and think about an issue. (a) Context of the story. (b) Narratives or aspects that the journalist chooses to highlight or chooses to downplay/ignore. CAVEAT: Frames are often pushed by sources. Journalists try to avoid putting their own frames on information, but news routines can produce them.
What is the role and purpose of Copyright
Ensure that creators have an incentive to create and innovate because the value of the work is legally protected and cannot be stolen from them. **expression of an idea (You cannot copyright an idea, you have to put into some tangible fixed form- painting, book. etc.)
Hegemony
Established when most people of the public accepts or buys into a way of thinking about how the world works that favors dominant class. specific instance of hegemony influencing media content: the American Dream (Because the American Dream has been woven into so much of our media and popular culture, many of us believe we have an equal chance of becoming rich and therefore successful and happy. So why would we do anything to disturb the economic structures that the dream is built on?)
In step 5. Evaluation, what is the difference between effectiveness and efficiency?
Evaluation - EFFECTIVENESS: Compare results achieved to objectives set: did we hit the mark? - EFFICIENCY: Compare results achieved to resources (client's money!) spent: did we get good results, did we get the best "bang for the buck"?
Step 4
Execution
3 elements of the incitement test
For speech to be considered unlawful, prosecutors must demonstrate: - intent (speech was intended to incite lawless action that may be reasonably expected to cause physical harm) - imminence (speech is intended to incite lawless action in the near term) - likelihood (speech is likely to cause the intended effect) (Brandenburg V Ohio)
What are some routine procedures that still exists from the legacy of print journalism?
Getting a good story , Getting the story first (herd journalism), Relying on experts, Balancing story conflict, Acting as adversaries
Why did James Grunig and Todd Hart seek to create a theory of PR grounded in ethical PR?
Grunig and Hunt sought to refocus the profession on ethical practices and outcomes: - Public Relations practitioners create, maintain, strengthen, and repair relationships among organizations and the publics essential to their success and survival, for the mutual benefit of both client and public. - Practitioners with public information responsibility have a special obligation to truth and accuracy. - The most ethical form of public relations is a robust, two-way dialogue with listening, respect, and accommodation. - Persuasion is bounded by transparency, honesty, and the autonomy of the public to decide.
Characteristics of "high culture" and "low culture"
High Culture: Considered more sophisticated, associated with higher socio-economic status (Timeless and enduring, Original, Informative/educational, Promotes moral uplift, rare, free fro commercialism, Created by an individual genius/artist) Low Culture: Easily accessible, fleeting in nature, less sophisticated (Ephemeral and trendy, Formulaic and derivative, Sensationalistic/mindless, Panders to base instincts, Easily accessible, Tainted by commercial forces, produced by an industrial system)
How do you infringe on copyright?
If you use CR work without permission. Does not have to be intentional.
Specifically, what is Mood management theory?
Individuals tries to maintain a good mood and to alter a bad mood by selecting stimuli
What is Gatekeeping (gatekeeping theory)?
Journalistic function of deciding which item become "news", and which are left out.
Copyright
Legal registration of an expression of an idea that gives the owner intellectual property right for a specified period of time
What problems do we have in new media technologies?
Limited Capacity Model - Increase cognitive demand lead to poorer performance DEIA in Technology - Females are more susceptible than males to experiencing cybersickness using VR headsets (Inter pupillary distance non-fit) - What about people who can't use all senses? : Think about digital divide from last class
The Celler-Kefauver Act (1950)
Limited any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition.
Radio's relationship with the recorded music industry?
Live music for free! Radios broadcasting recorded music without proper compensation
Who were the big three in the network era?
NBC, CBS, and ABC (oligopoly)
Objective journalism
Newspaper for all, the ideal of an impartial
What are the three major home console makers?
Nintendo, Microsoft, Sony
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)term-13
Outlawed monopoly practices and corporate trusts that often fixed prices to force competitors out of business
What is parasocial relationship? Can you give an example from your own experience?
PSI is described as an illusionary experience, such that media audiences interact with personas (e.g., talk show host, celebrities, characters) as if they are engaged in a reciprocal relationship with them, and feel as though a mediated other is talking directly to them. PSI can be developed to the point where media audiences begin to view the mediated others as "real friends"
What is advertising?
Paid, nonpersonal communication of information usually about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media
According to the NYT v. Sullivan, how does the element for defamation differ between private citizen vs. public officials?
Private individuals have to prove that the public statement about them was false, that damages or actual injury occurred (such as the loss of a job, harm to reputation, public humiliation, or mental anguish), and that the publisher or broadcaster was negligent in failing to determine the truthfulness of the statement. Public individuals have to prove the same PLUS actual malice on the part of the news medium (AKA the reporter or editor knew that the statement was false and either printed, or broadcast it anyway or acted with a reckless disregard for the truth). harder for public figures to win
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
Prohibited manufactures from selling only to dealers and contractors who agreed to reject the products of business rivals.
Defamation (def. and requirements)
Publishing a damaging lie about someone - To sue for libel (printed) or slander (spoken), a person needs to show 1. Statement was published or broadcast 2. Statement was false (Truth is an ironclad defense against libel) 3. Statement's publication was damaging (To reputation, business, etc.) 4. Publisher was negligent
What are the four tests to determine fair use?
Purpose (commercial or non-commercial), Nature of the CR work (Creative or technical), Amount Used (less is better), Effect on value of CR work (not impacting is better).
RCA (what does it stand for, why did the government make it?)
Radio Corporation of America Formed by Congress from four competitors to consolidate patents held in multiple hands. Concern foreigners would buy up patents from individual holders and deny U.S. the technical ability to make radios for military use.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Regulates the public airwaves, assigns frequencies, licenses operators, receives complaints and comments from the public. Communications Act of 1934: Government will regulate in the public interest
In step 2. Setting the client's goals and objectives, what is the difference between goals and objectives?
Setting the client's goals and objectives - Goals: the descriptive, broad, aspirational things we want to achieve for the client (e.g., we might want to make the Newhouse School a "thought leader" on how media can support democracy and citizenship in a turbulent age). - Objectives: specific benchmarks that we want to achieve for the client (e.g., the number of people who will attend our events, the number of articles that will be written about Newhouse's work, or the number of professors who get published or quoted.)
Challenges of newspapers today
Shortage of ad revenue (Ad revenue dropped as people moved those ad online. EX. google, amazon), digital media corporations, decline in the number of journalist, decline in readership
Horizontel Integration
Strategy in which a corporation owns companies involved in a wide array of media businesses
How can the media be used to cope? How is it used to cope with stress and manage mood?
Stress and Coping perspective (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) - Emotion (focused strategies: seeking social support, venting) - Problem (focused strategies: "therapeutic blogging", seeking advice/information/online support) Mood Management and Emotional Regulation perspective (Zillmann, 1988) - Mood management theory: Individuals tries to maintain a good mood and to alter a bad mood by selecting stimuli (Stress -> entertainment, Negative mood -> social media use for self-enhancing purpose, Misery loves company)
What are the characteristics of the network era?
Structured TV schedule (TV inserts itself into daily routines) Shifting from anthology dramas to episodic series - Anthology dramas = live production of different characters and setting each week e.g., American Horror Story, Black Mirror - Episodic series = 1) Chapter shows: e.g., The Beverly Hillbillies, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, 2) Serial: e.g., Dynasty, Game of Thrones, 3) Hybrid: e.g., Hill Street Blues, Grey's Anatomy, Super Natural Hollywood productions take center stage Innovation-imitation-saturation cycle (cloning, spin-offs, franchises)
How can video games be used to cope?
Studies have shown that puzzle video games can decrease stress and improve mood. According to research from the American Psychological Association, games can elicit a range of emotions, positive and negative — including satisfaction, relaxation, frustration, and anger (Business Insider, 2018) - Transfer of emotions from the virtual to the physical world. (empowerment, self-esteem, self efficacy, confidence) - Value of learning (challenge, failure, cooperation, experience of epic win - Just like other media!)
What is AI? How can it be (or is) used to help us?
Systems or machines that mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the information they collect. BENEFITS - Reduction of human errors - Digital assistance - Efficiency (work & cost)
difference between bundling and microtargeting
THE BIG FLAW: bundling is based on who MIGHT be watching, but we don't really know who IS. Put ads in front of people most likely to act on them at the moment of their peak interest.
Among the types of PR, why is there a tension between a PR practitioner and journalists?
Tension: - Journalists dig out facts and report them, want to draw their own conclusions. - Spokespeople curate info and try to guide journalist to a conclusion.
Yellow Journalism characteristics
The emphasis of sensationalism: overly dramatic stories and detective stories
Cultural Imperialism
The imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another nondominant community
Contra-flow
The movement of culture that runs counter to the traditional dominant -to -dominated cultural adaption patterns. In a contraflow situation, cultural elements brought into a society by immigrants became accepted and popular among the society at large. examples: the world-wide popularity of telenovelas, anime, K-Pop, and afrobeats
Why are we prone to the dysfunctional use of the internet? e.g., elements of the addictive design
The nature of these platforms are designed to be addictive - Features such as the infinite scroll, notifications, "like" buttons, and continually updated content exploit aspects of human psychology to increase the time users spend on the platforms and to make checking for updates and messages a habit
Roles of Anti-Trust Laws
To break up tech giants, arguing that their business tactics limit innovation and their market domination make them less responsive to consumer demands.
interaction model of communication
Venn Diagram encoder -> message -> decoder -> interpreter -> encoder -> feedback -> decoder -> interpreter includes Media texts, Technologies, Industries, Users, and Cultural context
What were the problems and challenges of the Internet?
Unrestricted Communication : - "Gatekeepers", requirements to get online vs. in the newspaper, on TV, etc. - Online Communities: Good = Bringing people together Bad = Isolating people in "filter bubbles" + "echo chamber" / strengthening confirmation bias Really bad =Potential for Manipulation (misinformation & disinformation) - Universal Access to Information ...including your personal and private information? - Access to the Internet Commercial = efficient, but not necessarily egalitarian
What is the different among Web 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0?
Web 1.0 - the creation of the World Wide Web, the first web browsers, and the growth of Internet service providers and search engines - time in which the web became a mass medium used by many more people - primarily a read-only system; websites were places people went to view information Web 2.0 - the web became read-write, or interactive—a place where users could read information, contribute their own digital content, and directly engage with other users - websites became multimedia friendly, integrating text, graphics, pictures, audio, and video Web 3.0 - characterized by two interrelated developments: the Semantic Web and the Internet of Things. - semantic web: web pages and databases would be created in such a way that a computer—functioning as something akin to artificial intelligence—could examine the web's vast quantities of data and automatically provide useful solutions to people's needs - internet of things: integrating the Internet into almost every part of our environment, including hospitals, urban infrastructure, factories, financial systems, and our homes
Among the types of PR, why do PR practitioners and journalists sometimes have an interest in cooperating?
What they have in common: - Both seek to inform the public - Good PR practitioners respect the truth - Ibbitson, Ivison, Russo and Lee
what happens when local newspapers die?
When a local newspaper dies, evidence shows civic engagement decreases, elected officials are less accountable, corruption is more pervasive and voter participation drops and becomes more polarized
Oligopoly
a few firms dominate an industry
What is "least objectionable programming principle (LOP)"?
a strategy aimed at attracting as big an audience as possible by not turning off any viewers
What did magazine-sponsorship allow the television stations to do?
allowed more creative control and drastically increased revenue
What is asymmetric & symmetric communication from the Dialogic model of PR?
asymmetric: the communicator provides a lot of information and gets some specific feedback, but only what it seeks to know symmetric: the communicator and the recipient equally control the conversation and respond and adapt to each other
What is gaming addiction associated with?
compulsiveness
How did television change advertising?
bundling: - Audiences bought a "bundle" of content and advertising mixed together; some of it of interest, some of it not - Advertisers placed ads according to generalizations about the public who consumes that media (reads that publication, watches that show) - Advertising prices and purchases were based on reach: the number of potential eyeballs (or ears) that the content maker provides - More eyes = higher cost
What did corporations do during deregulation (1981-1989)
deregulation was a period during which many controls on businesses were drastically weakened. This weakening, or deregulation, made it easier for corporations to take over or merge with companies in different sectors of the economy (producing highly diversified conglomerates) or companies in the same sector (producing oligopolies, as happened in air travel, finance, and media)
how are gag orders and shield laws different
gag orders: legal restrictions prohibiting the press from releasing preliminary information that might prejudice jury selection or cause an unfair trial. Shield laws: laws protecting the confidentiality of key interview subjects and reporters' rights not to reveal the sources of controversial information used in news stories.
What is "designated market areas" (DMAs) and why are they important
geographically divided areas designated market areas are important because they divide the US by market (geographic area with Over The Air (OTA) coverage) to target advertising and make more money
What is cultivation theory?
heavy television viewing leads individuals to perceive the world in ways that are consistent with television portrayals
What change did Videocassette recorders(VCR) bring? From appointment viewing to bringing
households owned a VCR, enabling viewers to time-shift, or record programs to watch at their convenience (appointment viewing to binging) Federal court permitted home taping for personal use, Movie rentals became popular, Replaced by DVDs, which have been replaced by Blu-ray and DVRs
Why is interactivity important in media experience?
interactivity and sensory engagement increases -> presence (immersion) lead to -> positive media experience (enjoyment, appreciation)
responsible capitalism
journalists sometimes naïvely assume that businesspeople compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but "to create increased prosperity for all."
Libel v. Slander
libel (printed) and slander (spoken) both false statements that damage someones reputation
How is magazines different from newspapers?
magazines are published less frequently, newspapers are published daily. magazines often focus on topics of interest newspapers cover news and current events. magazines have a longer shelf life, newspapers are more time sensitive.
limited competition
many producers and sellers but only a few products
Monopoly
one company dominates production and distribution
Which level from the hierarchical influence model does "agenda setting theory" belong to and what are the three main reasons that affect what media sets agenda?
organizations level 1. Who works for the news organization? 2. Editorial direction of the organization. 3. How much business concerns impact the product.
What is spiral of silence?
proposes that those who believe that their views on controversial issues are in the minority will keep their views to themselves—that is, become silent—out of fear of social isolation, which diminishes or even silences alternative perspectives
How did varied advertising and sponsorships help magazines?
provided a source of revenue for magazines. ads added value to magazines by offering new products to sponsor. sponsorships allowed magazines to partner with brands . these colabs helped attract readers
How did magazines survive in the digital age?
they embraced online platforms by creating digital editions of magazines, developed mobile apps, and established a strong online presence. they also utilize social media
Which level from the hierarchical influence model does newsworthiness belong to?
routine level
How does internet-based advertising work? Think about google and facebook.
search engine = user-initiated social media = platform initiated
ethnocentrism
seeing other cultures through your own culture's lense
What was the Hays code?
self-imposed industry set of guidelines for all the motion pictures that were released between 1934 and 1968. The code prohibited profanity, suggestive nudity, graphic or realistic violence, sexual persuasions and rape
Which level from the hierarchical influence model do ethnocentrism, responsible capitalism, small-town pastoralism, individualism and even journalistic objectivity belong to?
social institutions level
What is hyperpersonal theory?
suggests that computer-mediated communication can sometimes lead to more intense relationships compared to face to face communication sender (selective self presentation), receiver (idealization), asynchronous channel, and feedback responses (behavior confirmation magnified).
What is the third person effect?
suggests that people believe others are more affected by media messages than they are themselves
What is visual communication?
the practice of using visual elements to get a message across, inspire change, or evoke an emotion
What is theatrical exclusivity and platform exclusivity?
theatrical: the window during which studios traditionally agree to make their films available only in theaters in order to drive ticket sales platform: when films are exclusively available on platforms like netflix, peacock, etc.
infringement
using someone else's copyrighted work without their permission
