COM 2113 Public Speaking
Cicero
(Rome) later renamed these five canons of rhetoric
What is a primary source?
A document that is an original and is not interpreted by another person or source
interview
A formal, personal meeting, esp. one arranged for formal discussion or to evaluate an applicant.
Public Domain
After 50 years Work falls into public domain: anyone may reproduce it
demographic analysis
Age Ethnic and Cultural background Socio Economic Status (SES) Religious and political affiliations Gender PWD Group Membership
Benefits of outlines
Allows for more: Eye contact Movement Feedback
Brief overview of the speech making process
Analyze audience Select topic Determine speech purpose Compose thesis statement Develop main points Gather supporting materials Separate speech into its major parts Outline speech Consider presentation aids Practice delivering speech
external listening distraction
Anything in the environment that distracts listeners from receiving the speaker's message.
(Term not in picture) Noise
Anything that could change interpretation of message (could be physical, psychological, emotional, etc)
Evaluating a topic
Appropriate for you Appropriate for audience Appropriate for occasion
Ethos (moral character)
Audiences listen to and trust speakers who demonstrate positive ethos: Competence Good moral character Goodwill
What is included in an oral citation?
Author or origin of source Type of source Title or description of source Date of source
Know how to conduct an interview
Avoid vague questions Avoid leading questions Avoid loaded questions Aim for neutral questions Opening Body Closing
Formulating the thesis statement
Be a complete sentence Sum up main points Not be a question Avoid figurative language Not be too vague or general
Ways to lessen fear BEFORE your speech
Choose a topic you like and know a great deal about Prepare thoroughly Do not read or memorize Communicate, do not perform Positive visualization Practice introduction the most Know your audience Check arrangements Anxiety is normal Meditation/Self-Controlled breathing
Patterns
Chronological - told in order / First, second, third Before, during, after / Past, present, future Spatial - Use when purpose of speech is to describe or explain physical arrangement of place, scene, or object Top to bottom North to south; east to west Left to right Inside to outside Causal (cause-effect) Use to discuss multiple causes for single effect or single cause for multiple effects Problem-Solution Presents a problem and then the solutions Pros-Cons - the good and the bad Fallacy/Fact - misconceptions and then truths Topical - arranges information according to different subtopics within larger topic Narrative - Dramatic retelling
What is included in an oral citation?
Direct quotation Paraphrase Facts and statistics Excluding common knowledge Information found on Internet
Responsibilities of the listener
Don't be rude Provide encouragement Find something to value in every speech
Ways to lessen fear DURING your speech
Don't panic Concentrate on audience Audience won't notice Never apologize Do not let audience upset you Use visual aids Act poised Take a few moments Eye contact Audience involvement Practice delivery Do not be afraid of mistakes
Categories of Human Communication
Dyadic (conversation, writing letters) Small Group (3-15 people) Mass (TV, Radio, Social Media, Journalism) Public (Speeches)
Competent Listeners
Efficient and successful in both personal and professional lives Better problem solvers More engaged citizens
principle of division
Every point must be supported by at least two supporting points If there is a I, there MUST be a II. If there is an A, there MUST be a B. And so on... Consider how to address one "dangling" supporting point in the point above it
Supporting material (chapter 8)
Examples Brief examples Extended examples Hypothetical examples Narratives Personal narratives (first-person narratives) Third-person narratives Anecdotes moral Testimony Expert testimony Lay testimony Celebrity testimony Facts Statistics
4 reasons for nervousness/communication Apprehension
Fear of being stared at Fear of failure Fear of rejection Fear of the unknown
Narrowing the purpose
Focus on a clearly defined aspect of the topic Be expressed as a single infinitive phrase that includes the audience Be a statement, not a question Avoid figurative language Be limited to one distinct idea Not be too vague or technical
What does the first amendment guarantee?
Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly The right to petition
Benefits of public speaking
Gain real-life skills Advance your professional goals Enhance your career as a student Become an engaged citizen
(Chapter 2) Know what each of these are, guidelines for writing them and be able to write them
General Purpose - general purpose of any speech will be either to Inform; Motivate/Persuade; or Entertain your audience. Specific Purpose - What the speaker will accomplish Thesis Statement - one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay
Major Parts of a Speech
INTRODUCTION BODY CONCLUSION
principle of subordination
Indentation & Labeling: plotting of speech points to indicate their weight relative to one another Place subordinate points underneath and to right of higher-order points Main point Supporting point Sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Supporting point Main point
What is a secondary source?
Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event
parts of speech (chapter 12)
Introduction: Body Main points: Conclusion:
(Chapter 1)Interactive Elements of the Communication Process
LOOK AT PICTURE
audience analysis
Learning about the diverse characteristics of the people who make up the audience
(Chapter 4) Listening vs Hearing
Listening - the active process of making meaning out of what is being communicated to you Hearing - the physical act of sound traveling to your ear drum and vibrations spreading inside of the ear.
Average
Mean, median, mode On average how many of how many people are affected
Connectives
Move audience from one part of speech to next and from one point to next Can take form of full sentences, phrases, or single words Sign Posts - verbal statement used to orientate the audience inside your speech or presentation or to show them where you are going Full-sentence Rhetorical question transition - question is asked by a speaker, but no answer is expected from the audience Preview Internal preview - let the listeners know what subpoints are going to be discussed Internal summary - remind the listeners what subpoints have been discussed
Similarities and differences between public speaking and other forms of communication
Organizing of logical thoughts Tailoring message to a particular audience Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to feedback
(Chapter 3) Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA)
Pre-preparation anxiety Preparation anxiety Pre-performance anxiety Performance anxiety Trait anxiety
cultural barriers
Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.
Main points
Primacy effect - the first impression or point is the most memorable Recency effect - the last point you made is the most memorable
Principles of outlining
Principle of Subordination Principle of Division Principle of Parallelism
Responsibilities of the speaker
Respect your audience Be ethical Take every speech seriously
Becoming a competent listener
Selective perception Dialogic communication Active listening External listening distractions Internal listening distractions Defensive listening Multitasking Cultural barriers Active listening
Brainstorming
Self generated Research generated Audience generated Occasion generated
Situational Analysis
Size Physical setting Disposition toward the topic Interest Knowledge Attitude, beliefs, values Disposition toward the occasion Disposition toward the speaker
Defamation
Slander - Spoken defamation Libel - written defamation
What is a library portal and what does it include? (chapter 9)
Subscription databases E-journals Reference works Books and monographs Archives and special collections Digital collections Video collections
selective perception
The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.
internal listening distraction
Thoughts and feelings, both positive and negative, that intrude on our attention as we attempt to listen to a speaker.
Selecting a topic (Chapter 7)
Topics you know a lot about Topics you want to know more about Brainstorm for topics Self generated Research generated Audience generated Occasion generated Evaluate the topic Appropriate for you Appropriate for audience Appropriate for occasion
principle of parallelism
Unity: quality of speech in which only those points that are implied by purpose and thesis statement are included Coherence: clarity and logical consistency within speech or argument Balance: principle that suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to other parts and to theme
Ways to lessen fear AFTER your speech
Welcome the experience Go over critiques Try to tape speech Join speaking groups
Questions audience centered speakers should ask
Where am I going? Who am I going to be talking to? What kind of setting? Where do the majority of people I'm going to talk to have in common?
Plagiarism
Wholesale/Global - use of intellectual material produced by another person without acknowledging its source Patchwork - when a writer copies material from several writers and rearranges that material with no attempt to acknowledge the original sources Incremental - failing to give credit for a specific part of the speech either a quote or paraphrasing
sexist language
Words and language that exclude men or women.
context
Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.
Speaking outline and how to create one
Your delivery outline Phrases Or words Condense full sentences into key words or phrases Use same numbering system as working outline
Working outline and how to create one (Chapter 13)
Your preparation outline Usually in complete sentences Separate and label the introduction, body, and conclusion Write out each speech point in sentence format Label and write transitions Note sources for bibliography Create a title Prepare body of speech first Keep introduction and conclusion separate from main points
source qualifier
a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic
defensive listening
a response style in which the receiver perceives a speaker's comments as an attack
questionnaire
a written set of questions to be answered by a research participant Closed-ended questions Fixed alternative questions Scale questions Open-ended questions
captive audience
an audience that has been forced to be in attendance
Delivery cues
brief reminder notes or prompts Can refer to: Transitions Presentation aids Quotations Statistics Difficult-to-pronounce or difficult-to-remember words
Stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
Aristotle
divided speech preparation into the following five parts: Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery
voluntary audience
group of individuals attending a presentation with a particular interest in doing so
Percentage
how MANY people a statistic happens to or effects
Frequency
how frequent a statistic happens
Copyright
legal protection afforded original creators of literary and artistic works Works created between 1978 and present Copyrighted for author's lifetime, plus 50 years
Visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
dialogic communication
open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect
Oral citations (Chapter 10)
oral acknowledgment of source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas
intellectual property
ownership of individuals' creative expression
Multitasking
performing multiple tasks at the same time i.e not paying attention
Fair Use
permits limited use of copyrighted works without permission for purposes of: Scholarship Criticism Comment News reporting Teaching Research
source reliability
qualities that determine value of source, such as author's background and reputation, reputation of publication, source of data, and how recent reference is
(Chapter 5) Ethics
study of moral conduct, or how people should act toward one another
Active Listeners
technique that is used in counseling, training, and solving disputes or conflicts . It requires that the listener fully concentrate, understand, respond and then remember what is being said.
Selecting a general purpose
the assignment Helps narrow the topic Classroom speeches To inform To persuade Special occasion speeches To tribute To entertain To present To accept
Egocentrism (chapter 4 Audience considerations)
the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schema from objective reality and an inability to understand or assume any perspective other than one's own. Although ego centrism and narcissism appear similar, they are not the same
Credibility
the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message
target audience
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Scriptwriting
thinking about what you, not the speaker, will say next
audience-centered approach
understanding and respecting the members of your audience and making every effort to get your message across in a way that is meaningful to them
hate speech
words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
