COM 2113 Public Speaking

Cicero

(Rome) later renamed these five canons of rhetoric

What is a primary source?

A document that is an original and is not interpreted by another person or source

interview

A formal, personal meeting, esp. one arranged for formal discussion or to evaluate an applicant.

Public Domain

After 50 years Work falls into public domain: anyone may reproduce it

demographic analysis

Age Ethnic and Cultural background Socio Economic Status (SES) Religious and political affiliations Gender PWD Group Membership

Benefits of outlines

Allows for more: Eye contact Movement Feedback

Brief overview of the speech making process

Analyze audience Select topic Determine speech purpose Compose thesis statement Develop main points Gather supporting materials Separate speech into its major parts Outline speech Consider presentation aids Practice delivering speech

external listening distraction

Anything in the environment that distracts listeners from receiving the speaker's message.

(Term not in picture) Noise

Anything that could change interpretation of message (could be physical, psychological, emotional, etc)

Evaluating a topic

Appropriate for you Appropriate for audience Appropriate for occasion

Ethos (moral character)

Audiences listen to and trust speakers who demonstrate positive ethos: Competence Good moral character Goodwill

What is included in an oral citation?

Author or origin of source Type of source Title or description of source Date of source

Know how to conduct an interview

Avoid vague questions Avoid leading questions Avoid loaded questions Aim for neutral questions Opening Body Closing

Formulating the thesis statement

Be a complete sentence Sum up main points Not be a question Avoid figurative language Not be too vague or general

Ways to lessen fear BEFORE your speech

Choose a topic you like and know a great deal about Prepare thoroughly Do not read or memorize Communicate, do not perform Positive visualization Practice introduction the most Know your audience Check arrangements Anxiety is normal Meditation/Self-Controlled breathing

Patterns

Chronological - told in order / First, second, third Before, during, after / Past, present, future Spatial - Use when purpose of speech is to describe or explain physical arrangement of place, scene, or object Top to bottom North to south; east to west Left to right Inside to outside Causal (cause-effect) Use to discuss multiple causes for single effect or single cause for multiple effects Problem-Solution Presents a problem and then the solutions Pros-Cons - the good and the bad Fallacy/Fact - misconceptions and then truths Topical - arranges information according to different subtopics within larger topic Narrative - Dramatic retelling

What is included in an oral citation?

Direct quotation Paraphrase Facts and statistics Excluding common knowledge Information found on Internet

Responsibilities of the listener

Don't be rude Provide encouragement Find something to value in every speech

Ways to lessen fear DURING your speech

Don't panic Concentrate on audience Audience won't notice Never apologize Do not let audience upset you Use visual aids Act poised Take a few moments Eye contact Audience involvement Practice delivery Do not be afraid of mistakes

Categories of Human Communication

Dyadic (conversation, writing letters) Small Group (3-15 people) Mass (TV, Radio, Social Media, Journalism) Public (Speeches)

Competent Listeners

Efficient and successful in both personal and professional lives Better problem solvers More engaged citizens

principle of division

Every point must be supported by at least two supporting points If there is a I, there MUST be a II. If there is an A, there MUST be a B. And so on... Consider how to address one "dangling" supporting point in the point above it

Supporting material (chapter 8)

Examples Brief examples Extended examples Hypothetical examples Narratives Personal narratives (first-person narratives) Third-person narratives Anecdotes moral Testimony Expert testimony Lay testimony Celebrity testimony Facts Statistics

4 reasons for nervousness/communication Apprehension

Fear of being stared at Fear of failure Fear of rejection Fear of the unknown

Narrowing the purpose

Focus on a clearly defined aspect of the topic Be expressed as a single infinitive phrase that includes the audience Be a statement, not a question Avoid figurative language Be limited to one distinct idea Not be too vague or technical

What does the first amendment guarantee?

Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly The right to petition

Benefits of public speaking

Gain real-life skills Advance your professional goals Enhance your career as a student Become an engaged citizen

(Chapter 2) Know what each of these are, guidelines for writing them and be able to write them

General Purpose - general purpose of any speech will be either to Inform; Motivate/Persuade; or Entertain your audience. Specific Purpose - What the speaker will accomplish Thesis Statement - one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay

Major Parts of a Speech

INTRODUCTION BODY CONCLUSION

principle of subordination

Indentation & Labeling: plotting of speech points to indicate their weight relative to one another Place subordinate points underneath and to right of higher-order points Main point Supporting point Sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Sub-sub-supporting point Supporting point Main point

What is a secondary source?

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

parts of speech (chapter 12)

Introduction: Body Main points: Conclusion:

(Chapter 1)Interactive Elements of the Communication Process

LOOK AT PICTURE

audience analysis

Learning about the diverse characteristics of the people who make up the audience

(Chapter 4) Listening vs Hearing

Listening - the active process of making meaning out of what is being communicated to you Hearing - the physical act of sound traveling to your ear drum and vibrations spreading inside of the ear.

Average

Mean, median, mode On average how many of how many people are affected

Connectives

Move audience from one part of speech to next and from one point to next Can take form of full sentences, phrases, or single words Sign Posts - verbal statement used to orientate the audience inside your speech or presentation or to show them where you are going Full-sentence Rhetorical question transition - question is asked by a speaker, but no answer is expected from the audience Preview Internal preview - let the listeners know what subpoints are going to be discussed Internal summary - remind the listeners what subpoints have been discussed

Similarities and differences between public speaking and other forms of communication

Organizing of logical thoughts Tailoring message to a particular audience Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to feedback

(Chapter 3) Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA)

Pre-preparation anxiety Preparation anxiety Pre-performance anxiety Performance anxiety Trait anxiety

cultural barriers

Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.

Main points

Primacy effect - the first impression or point is the most memorable Recency effect - the last point you made is the most memorable

Principles of outlining

Principle of Subordination Principle of Division Principle of Parallelism

Responsibilities of the speaker

Respect your audience Be ethical Take every speech seriously

Becoming a competent listener

Selective perception Dialogic communication Active listening External listening distractions Internal listening distractions Defensive listening Multitasking Cultural barriers Active listening

Brainstorming

Self generated Research generated Audience generated Occasion generated

Situational Analysis

Size Physical setting Disposition toward the topic Interest Knowledge Attitude, beliefs, values Disposition toward the occasion Disposition toward the speaker

Defamation

Slander - Spoken defamation Libel - written defamation

What is a library portal and what does it include? (chapter 9)

Subscription databases E-journals Reference works Books and monographs Archives and special collections Digital collections Video collections

selective perception

The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.

internal listening distraction

Thoughts and feelings, both positive and negative, that intrude on our attention as we attempt to listen to a speaker.

Selecting a topic (Chapter 7)

Topics you know a lot about Topics you want to know more about Brainstorm for topics Self generated Research generated Audience generated Occasion generated Evaluate the topic Appropriate for you Appropriate for audience Appropriate for occasion

principle of parallelism

Unity: quality of speech in which only those points that are implied by purpose and thesis statement are included Coherence: clarity and logical consistency within speech or argument Balance: principle that suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to other parts and to theme

Ways to lessen fear AFTER your speech

Welcome the experience Go over critiques Try to tape speech Join speaking groups

Questions audience centered speakers should ask

Where am I going? Who am I going to be talking to? What kind of setting? Where do the majority of people I'm going to talk to have in common?

Plagiarism

Wholesale/Global - use of intellectual material produced by another person without acknowledging its source Patchwork - when a writer copies material from several writers and rearranges that material with no attempt to acknowledge the original sources Incremental - failing to give credit for a specific part of the speech either a quote or paraphrasing

sexist language

Words and language that exclude men or women.

context

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

Speaking outline and how to create one

Your delivery outline Phrases Or words Condense full sentences into key words or phrases Use same numbering system as working outline

Working outline and how to create one (Chapter 13)

Your preparation outline Usually in complete sentences Separate and label the introduction, body, and conclusion Write out each speech point in sentence format Label and write transitions Note sources for bibliography Create a title Prepare body of speech first Keep introduction and conclusion separate from main points

source qualifier

a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic

defensive listening

a response style in which the receiver perceives a speaker's comments as an attack

questionnaire

a written set of questions to be answered by a research participant Closed-ended questions Fixed alternative questions Scale questions Open-ended questions

captive audience

an audience that has been forced to be in attendance

Delivery cues

brief reminder notes or prompts Can refer to: Transitions Presentation aids Quotations Statistics Difficult-to-pronounce or difficult-to-remember words

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

Aristotle

divided speech preparation into the following five parts: Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

voluntary audience

group of individuals attending a presentation with a particular interest in doing so

Percentage

how MANY people a statistic happens to or effects

Frequency

how frequent a statistic happens

Copyright

legal protection afforded original creators of literary and artistic works Works created between 1978 and present Copyrighted for author's lifetime, plus 50 years

Visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

dialogic communication

open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect

Oral citations (Chapter 10)

oral acknowledgment of source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas

intellectual property

ownership of individuals' creative expression

Multitasking

performing multiple tasks at the same time i.e not paying attention

Fair Use

permits limited use of copyrighted works without permission for purposes of: Scholarship Criticism Comment News reporting Teaching Research

source reliability

qualities that determine value of source, such as author's background and reputation, reputation of publication, source of data, and how recent reference is

(Chapter 5) Ethics

study of moral conduct, or how people should act toward one another

Active Listeners

technique that is used in counseling, training, and solving disputes or conflicts . It requires that the listener fully concentrate, understand, respond and then remember what is being said.

Selecting a general purpose

the assignment Helps narrow the topic Classroom speeches To inform To persuade Special occasion speeches To tribute To entertain To present To accept

Egocentrism (chapter 4 Audience considerations)

the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schema from objective reality and an inability to understand or assume any perspective other than one's own. Although ego centrism and narcissism appear similar, they are not the same

Credibility

the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Scriptwriting

thinking about what you, not the speaker, will say next

audience-centered approach

understanding and respecting the members of your audience and making every effort to get your message across in a way that is meaningful to them

hate speech

words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities