COM 212 Final Exam
Dr. Thompsen's definition of communication:
"Communication is the process of creating meaning"
World's oldest existing photograph:
"View from the Window at Le Gras" -Joseph Niepce -1826
Despite competition from newer media, magazines still enjoy a healthy slice of the national advertising pie, making ________ in advertising revenue last year.
$17.4 billion
The US radio industry ad revenue in 2015:
$21 billion
How much did US book publishers sell worth of books last year?
$28 billion
Worldwide, advertisers spent nearly __________ in 2015, with almost a third(__________) spent in the USA.
$570 billion $186 billion
The MPAA estimates the annual "cost of content theft" to the US economy to be:
$58 billion
In 2015, TV broadcasters earned over ___________ in advertising revenue and almost ___________ in retransmission fees.
$71 billion $7 billion
The Frankfurt School's approach was later extended by...
Scholars at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham University (the Birmingham School)
Vicaom owns:
Showtime, The Movie Channel, BET, MTV, Nickelodoen, TV Land, Comedy Central, dozens of other cable properties
Common fifteenth-century European pin-up want ads for all sorts of products and services were called:
Siquis
Howard Stern can be heard on:
Sirius XM
Shortwave radio waves reflect off the ionosphere, a behavior called:
Skip
Bounded culture (co-culture)
Small cultures that unite groups of people and enable them to see themselves as different from other groups around them
_____________ theory is the idea that people learn through observation to model the behaviors they see.
Social cognitive
_____________ theory argues that people who share a culture also share an ongoing correspondence of meaning.
Social construction of reality
One of the fastest growing areas in PR is:
Social media relations -Managing the social media presence for an organization (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, podcasts, and mobile apps)
What is a negative effect of culture?
Someone could be unwilling to move past their culture's ways
The Japanese conglomerate owns:
Sony Pictures, Columbia, TriStar, Screen Gems
The trustee model of broadcast regulation is based in part on the premise that because broadcast spectrum space is limited, and therefore not everyone who wants to broadcast can, those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation. This is called the philosophy of:
Spectrum scarcity
As a result of the quiz show scandal, the networks changed the way they accepted sponsors' money, changing from single sponsorship for most programs to:
Spot commercial sales
The satellite revolution began with the launch in 1957 of _____________, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.
Sputnik
Designed to help England recoup the money it lost waging the French and Indian War, the passage of the _____________ in 1765 angered colonial printers, who correctly saw it as a limit on their right of free expression.
Stamp Act
Unregulated radio was in chaos during the 1920s, primarily because income from the sale of receivers declined and:
Station interference and irregular standards of operation turned off listeners
Which of these was NOT one of the three recent trends in the motion picture industry that I discussed in this video?
Stereo sound
Games are particularly attractive to advertisers because they are ____, that is, players stay with them for long stretches at a time.
Sticky
Which segment has the fastest growing revenue?
Streaming
Which of these would be considered a "public" of West Chester University?
Students, faculty, and state legislators
Cable and satellite companies make money from:
Subscribers and advertisers
The sale of a book, its contents, and its characters to filmmakers, paperback publishers, book clubs, and merchandise manufacturers is called the sale of its _____________ rights.
Subsidiary
Cultivation theory
Suggests that over time, the media cultivate how viewers see the world (the more we watch TV, the more we see the world as TV sees the world)
Jack robbers
Supply mass market paperback and magazine racks
Listening to a weather report on the radio is an example of which media usage function?
Surveillance
Functions the media play in society:
Surveillance, interpretation, linkage, and transmission of values
_____________ theory is the idea that cultural symbols are learned through interaction and then mediate that interaction; in other words, people give things meaning and that meaning controls their behavior.
Symbolic interaction
Newspaper horoscopes, chess and bridge columns, editorial cartoons, and comics are all material provided by:
Syndicates
When a media company has content that it can use across a number of its different holdings, this is:
Synergy
Percent spent on advertising by medium:
TV: 42% Digital: 28% Newspapers: 11% Magazines: 4% Radio: 10% Other: 5%
The magazine industry typically categorizes consumer magazines in terms of their:
Target audiences
Groups of people, or audiences, bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content are:
Taste publics
The first communication satellite to transmit a television signal was:
Telestar 1
The Internet is the second largest ad-supported medium, behind:
Television
The medium most closely associated with the demassification of magazines is:
Television
Computer stations connected to large, centralized mainframes or minicomputers are called:
Terminals
Best-selling video game of all time:
Tetris
Legal IDs are typically aired near...
The "top of the hour"
The first album to be designated an RIAA-certified "Diamond record" was recorded by:
The Beatles
The first motion picture to be shown at The White House was:
The Birth of a Nation
The first printing press came to the colonies in 1638 and was operated by:
The Cambridge Press
The nationally distributed newspaper most responsible for encouraging the migration of southern black people to the industrial centers of the North just after the turn of the twentieth century was:
The Chicago Defender
Which of these specifically guides the work of broadcast journals?
The Code of Ethics of the Radio and Television News Director Association
A satellite in geosynchronous orbit revolves around the Earth at the same speed as:
The Earth's rotation (once every 24 hours)
Among the regulatory requirements that disappeared during the broadcast deregulation movement of the Reagan administration is _____________, which required broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage.
The Fairness Doctrine
Generally considered a national newspaper?
The New York Times
What paper is famous for its crossword puzzles?
The New York Times
Elizabeth Eisentstein argues that the mass production of printed material was largely responsible for:
The Protestant reformation, the rise of democracies, and the Renaissance period
The longest running primetime television series of all time is:
The Simpsons
The first book printed in the colonies in 1644 was:
The Whole Booke of Psalms
Media literacy
The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication
Literacy
The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use written symbols
Industrial, company, and sponsored magazines
The absence of a well-organized postal system
The USA leads all other countries in:
The amount spent on advertising
Today transistors are...
The building blocks of integrated circuits where millions of them can be found on a single chip
Increased audience control over media content is reflected in...
The changing business models of the media industries, especially the recording industry
Third person effect
The common attitude that others are influenced be media messages but we are not
Cultivation
The creation and maintenance of culture through communication
Elizabeth Eisenstein argues that:
The development of printing technologies fundamentally changed how people think, contributing to many major advances in civilization
What is fueling the growth of alternative book formats?
The digital storage of books combined with inexpensive print-on-demand technology
Fidelity
The extent to which the receiver's thought and the sender's original thought are similar
The trend from broadcasting to narrowcasting to microcasting reflects:
The growing demassification of media
The one-way model of communication is being challenged by...
The growth of user-generated content
A law against yelling "fire" in a crowded theater could be considered constitutional based on which legal justification?
The harm justification
Technological determinism
The idea that it is machines and their development that drive economics and cultural change
The main reason for the growth in box office is...
The increase in ticket prices
Demassification in the media means...
The media are moving away from targeting mass audiences serving smaller, specialized audience niches
Dominant (mainstream) culture
The one that seems to hold sway with the majority of the people
Who owns the airwaves in the United States?
The people of the US
Mass communication evolved from.....
The printed word
Feedback is:
The response to a given communication
The region a satellite remains hovered above at all times is called:
The satellite's footprint
Human language evolved from...
The spoken word
"The great annihilator of time and space"
The telegraph
Today's U.S. alternative press has grown out of:
The underground press of the 1960s
TCP/IP
The underlying set of rules that computers still use today to communicate with each other
Human civilization evolved from...
The written word
Exhibition
Theatrical, presentation, concessions
How much a radio can charge for ads is primarily based on:
Their ratings
Often paid for by universities and research grants:
Theoretical research
Often published in public forums, like research journals.
Theoretical research
Mass communication _____________ are explanations and predictions of social phenomena that attempt to relate mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems.
Theories
Knowledge of media's conventions is important because:
They cue or direct our meaning making
The common assumption that others are influenced by media messages but we are not is:
Third-person effect
Edison, jealous of the Lumières' success, bought the patent for an advanced film projector from U.S. inventor:
Thomas Armat
Groups of channels made available to subscribers at varying prices are known in the cable business as:
Tiers
What we call the "web" today can largely be credited to the work of:
Tim Berners-Lee
What is the world's largest magazine publisher in the US? (In combined circulation)
Time Warner
Lasswell's model of communication is expressed as "Who Says What in Which Channel _____________ with What Effect".
To Whom
Multiple points of access
To approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning
What are the two book publishing industries?
Trade book and textbook
Books sold by retail booksellers are called:
Trade books
Most books sold are _______.
Trade books
The book industry can be divided into two categories:
Trade books and textbooks
_____________ carry stories, features, and ads aimed at people in specific professions and are distributed either by professional organizations or by media companies like Whittle Communications and Time Warner.
Trade, professional, and business magazines
48% of adults 50+ play video games.
True
98.5% of the highest-rated primetime shows are on broadcast TV stations.
True
A communication satellite can have dozens of small transponders.
True
A judge issues a "gag order" to restrain the participants in a trial from giving information to the media.
True
AMC acquired the Lowes Cineplex chain in 2006.
True
About half of all news stories originate from news releases written by PR people.
True
Advertisers' dependence on the mass media for promoting their products is declining.
True
Aliteracy is a form of self-censorship.
True
All broadcast stations, radio and TV, must broadcast a legal ID once every hour.
True
An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages is an important media literacy skill.
True
Apple helped the recording industry develop a new business model.
True
Apple is the world's largest retailer of recorded music.
True
Archeological evidence suggests music existed before the advent of written language.
True
As Dr. Thompsen uses the term, "culture" is the "world of meaning" that together we have created and continue to create through communication.
True
As a result of new technology, studios have turned to social networking as a method of distribution.
True
As a result of the changing process of mass communication, specifically, the Internet, the audience has become the source in many instances.
True
At one point, the major motion picture studios owned and operated large motion picture theater chains, but they don't anymore.
True
At the moment at least, more advertising dollars are spent on television advertising in the USA than on digital advertising.
True
Book publishers rely on sales.
True
Cigarette companies were at one time some of the biggest buyers of advertising time on television.
True
Communication (or miscommunication) turns differentiation into divisions.
True
Communication is a creative act.
True
Communication occur in different settings.
True
Communication requires a sharing of meaning.
True
Corporate convergence has led to the rise of huge media conglomerates and increased concentration of media ownership.
True
Culture is a medium evolved by humans to survive.
True
Culture is a medium through which all of life's events must flow.
True
Culture is constructed and maintained through communication.
True
Culture is the world made meaningful.
True
Device convergence is blurring the once rigid distinctions between media.
True
Disney-ABC Television Group is a major producer and syndicator of TV programs.
True
Domestic box office sales in 2015 were at an all time record high.
True
Dr. Thompen's definition of communication is slightly different from the definition offered by the author of your textbook. Dr. Thompsen says in this video that this is just a "small philosophical distinction."
True
Evening news, documentary, horror film, and gossip magazine are examples of genres.
True
In 2015, over $23 billion was spent on video games in the US.
True
In 2015, the US pay TV industry earned over $100 billion in subscription revenue and almost $40 billion in advertising revenue.
True
Independent producers often rely on the major studios for financing & distribution.
True
Internet advertisers in the US spent almost $53 billion in 2015.
True
Internet traffic recently surpassed a zettabyte.
True
J.J. Abrams shot the latest Star Wars movie with Kodak celluloid film.
True
Many cable channels—for example, Nickelodeon and A&E—prosper through their ability to deliver demographically narrow audiences to advertisers.
True
Many free apps for smart phones integrate advertising. Some even enable interactive ads and very precise "location aware" targeting of advertising messages.
True
Many journalists eventually work in PR.
True
Many magazine titles are now available as "apps" in the iPhone and Android markets.
True
Many media scholars today subscribe to a cultivation view of media effects instead of a simplistic causal view of media effects.
True
Many newspapers offer digital replica editions that look just like the print edition, but on a tablet or phone.
True
Many people don't have a very clear understanding of what is meant by the term "public relations."
True
Mass communication is one of the major settings for communication.
True
Mass communication uses media technology to extend the channels for communication.
True
Mass market paperbacks tend to be in a smaller, more compact format than trade paperbacks.
True
Media organizations invest in the professional production of media content like TV shows, movies, magazines.
True
Media organizations seek to control the distribution of media content to the intended audience of consumers.
True
Media organizations seek to make money by selling content to consumers or selling advertising (or both).
True
Media ownership is becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few large companies.
True
Modern technology is lowering the cost of entry of media production.
True
Most broadcast stations are affiliated with a network that produces & distributes programs.
True
Most of what we watch is from broadcast television stations.
True
Most people do still subscribe to a pay TV service like cable or DBS (direct broadcast satellite).
True
Most people focus on the present, the "here and now" of their experience.
True
Most trade books lose money.
True
Much of what we see in the media is advertising.
True
Newer video game consoles can be used as over-the-top boxes to stream audio and video from the net, and even serve as digital video recorders.
True
Newspapers have actively embraced the web for distributing news and ads; some now make more from web ads than print.
True
Newspapers make money from both advertising and circulation.
True
Nothing is free from cultural influences.
True
On average, Americans spend more time watching television than they do using the internet.
True
One illustration of the linkage function of media could be when someone "likes" your Facebook status.
True
One of the most common forms of applied research is audience measurement.
True
One of the reasons books are seen as powerful cultural agents is because they are agents of social change.
True
Panel studies collect data from the same people at two or more points in time.
True
Perspective provides a stable position from which to observe.
True
Picture quality of over-the-air TV is often better than the HDTV delivered by cable and satellite systems.
True
Primary among the reasons advertisers like newspapers as an advertising medium is their local nature.
True
Recently, the number of online movie sales has grown larger than the number of DVD sales.
True
Revenues for American PR firms constitute about half of the world's total.
True
Right now, streaming accounts for almost a third of the recording industry's revenue.
True
Since 2013, e-book sales have been slowing down and print books have been making a comeback.
True
Since the onset of mobile technology, readers are consuming just as much—if not more—magazine content.
True
Supporters point to economies-of-scale in their defense of media concentration.
True
Tax-payer support of education led to higher literacy rates and greater demand for books.
True
The Philadelphia television market is one of only four in the country where all four major networks owns and operate broadcast TV stations.
True
The audio media can also be referred to as the aural media, because they communicate to us through the aural channel of hearing.
True
The average commercial radio station had about $1.6 million in ad revenue last year.
True
The book is the least "mass" of our mass media in terms of audience reach.
True
The early development of computer networks was motivated in part because the Soviet Union launched a space satellite before the United States did.
True
The heaviest loss of newspaper readership is among young adults.
True
The high price of pay TV services is helping make free broadcast TV an increasingly attractive option for many.
True
The history of America is a history chronicled by newspapers.
True
The majority of Americans who own cellular telephones use them to access the internet.
True
The media are a pervasive part of our lives.
True
The modern era of public relations is characterized by advanced two-way communication.
True
The placement of stories has influence on what readers come to see as important news.
True
The recording industry sold more recordings in 2015 than it did in 2005 but earned less money.
True
The traditional media business model is in a state of transition.
True
There are more bytes in the digital universe than stars in the physical one.
True
There are more radios in this country than there are people in this country.
True
There used to be much more diversity of media ownership.
True
Tim Berners-Lee developed the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP).
True
Today's media consumer has increased user control over when to pay for content.
True
Today, a lot of media content is user-generated.
True
Together we create the still unfolding story of human culture.
True
Universal, Warner, and Sony control over 85% of music distribution.
True
Users can subscribe to an RSS feed to automatically download new episodes.
True
While some theoretical research has found support for the positive effects of media, most theoretical media research has focused on negative effects.
True
Within the 50 years after the printing press (Gutenberg) more books were printed than had ever been created throughout history.
True
Yellow journalism is thought to have acquired its name from a popular comic character of the time.
True
iTunes has sold over 40 billion songs since in started in 2003.
True
For decades, federal law prohibited a company from owning more more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations.
True -Limit was raised slightly in 1980s -Limit was lifted completely in 1996
Advertisers spent the most on TV last year.
True - 42%
The concept that broadcasters in the United States license use of the airwaves owned by the people is called the _____________ model of regulation.
Trustee
Services that allow the simultaneous downloading and accessing of music are:
Two streaming
World's largest recording company:
Universal
The recording industry is dominated by 3 huge companies:
Universal, Warner, Sony
At the individual level, the functional paradigm is reflected in what approach to media study?
Uses and gratifications
The dominant channels in most cities were typically found on what band?
VHF
TV sets used to have two tuning knobs:
VHF and UHF
The control of a film's production, distribution, and exhibition by a movie studio is called:
Vertical integration
Media that are in between being audience- and advertiser-supported:
Video games, magazines, newspapers, online
New, interactive technologies give consumers two choices when making a purchasing decision: exit, that is they simply do not buy the product, or ____, that is they explain exactly why they are not buying.
Voice
The Crisis, first published in 1910 as the voice of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was founded and edited by noted African-American intellectual:
W.E.B. DuBois
What is the highest circulation paper in the US?
Wall Street Journal
At the outbreak of World War II, several national advertising and media associations joined to develop the _____________, using their expertise to promote numerous government programs.
War Advertising Council
The normative theory, the _____________ concept, is based on two realities of media operation: there is no completely free (libertarian) media system on Earth; and even in the most commercially driven systems, there exists not only the expectation of public service and responsibility, but also significant communication-related activities of government to ensure that media professionals meet those responsibilities.
Western
Functional paradigm asks:
What needs do the media satisfy for us?
In 1896, presidential contenders William Jennings Bryan and _____________ both established campaign headquarters in Chicago, where they issued news releases, position papers, and pamphlets.
William McKinley
Hegemony
Willing acceptance of the dominating ideology of a ruling class as natural and even beneficial
In 1849, six large New York papers, including the Sun, Herald, and Tribune, decided to pool efforts and share expenses in collecting news from foreign ships docking at the city's harbor. In doing so they established the first:
Wire service
DVR, VOD, and app audiences watch:
Within 7 days of live broadcast
Was the Xbox or Xbox 260 more successful?
Xbox 360
In 1883, Hungarian immigrant Joseph Pulitzer bought the troubled New York World. His readership was "the common man", and he succeeded in reaching readers with light, sensationalistic news coverage, extensive use of illustrations, and circulation-building stunts and promotions. This brand of journalism became known as:
Yellow journalism
I mentioned an "old saying in advertising" that began with "Half of the dollars you spend on advertising is wasted." What is the rest of this "old saying in advertising?"
You just don't know which half
Media that have a huge impact on the consumption of media content:
YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other social media
Who is the leading publisher of religious books?
Zondervan
What is the fastest-growing media company?
Zynga
Surveillance function of media:
-"Eye" to monitor our world -Warn us about dangers (beware) and provide us with useful, helpful info (instrumental)
There are over _______ radio stations in the US. What is the break up?
-15,000 -AM: 4,684 -FM commercial: 6,701 -FM noncommercial: 4,095
"Louie Louie"
-1964 hit -The Kingsmen -Banned in Indiana -Extensive FBI investigation because "obscene"
ARPAnet
-1969 -First packet-switched computer communication network
"As Nasty As They Wanna Be"
-1989 album -2 Live Crew -First record to be declared obscene by a US Federal Court -Double platinum hit -2 Live Crew's biggest seller
Media literacy skills:
-Ability and willingness to make an effort to understand content, to pay attention, and filter out noise -Understanding and respect for the power of media messages -Ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly -Development of heightened expectations of media content -Knowledge of genre conventions and ability to recognize when they are being mixed -Ability to think critically about messages, no matter how credible their sources -Knowledge of the internal language of media and being able to understand -Production values - the choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angles, location on the page, and size and placement of headline
Elements of media literacy:
-Ability to think critically and make judgements -Understanding of mass communication's process -Awareness of media's impact -Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages -Understanding that media is a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives -Ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content -Development of effective and responsible production skills -Understanding of moral and ethical obligations of media practitioners
Cultivation research has found that the more people watch TV, the more they...
-Are conservative in their political views -Think we should abolish the death penalty -Fear being a victim of a violent crime
Gutenberg developed the printing press...
-Around 1446 -Downfall: his stress of quality over quantity, used too high of quality paper and ink -Wanted to print bibles -
Cumulus
-Atlanta-based -Second largest radio company -Owns over 450 stations -No stations in Philly
Comcast
-Cable giant -Owns NBC Universal
FOX TV
-Corporate ties to Rupert Murdoch's News Corp -Includes 27 US broadcast TV stations (WTXF-29 in Philly), 2 broadcast networks (FOX and MyNetworkTV), and stations in Latin America, Europe, and Asia
CBS
-Corporate ties to Viacom -Owns CBS broadcast network, half of the CW network, 27 broadcast stations (KYW-3 and WPSG-57), and CBS Television Distribution (major syndicator of TV programs - Wheel of Fortune)
CPM
-Cost per thousand -How much it costs for an ad to achieve 1,000 impressions -How to: divide listeners by 1,000. Then divide that number by the cost of the radio ad -Ex: A radio ad costs $100 and reaches 10,000 listeners. Its CPM $10. -Ex: A TV ad costs $1,000 and reaches 200,000. Its CPM is
-Division of Alphabet -Google-owned sites reach over 95% of web users in a typical month -Google traffic enjoys low latency because of ample bandwidth and strong infrastructure
The Postal Act of 1879:
-Established the second class postage rate for periodicals -Fueled a dramatic rise in the number of magazines published in the USA -Helped subsidize the cost of delivering magazines to subscribers
Sony (movie industry)
-Fifth place in box office share: 9% -Only foreign-owned company among the big seven -Top 2015 film: Spectre
Transitor
-First commercially successful semiconductor -Essential part of digital communication -AT&T Bell Laboratories -1947
Universal (movie industry)
-First place in box office share: 22% -Top 2015 film: Jurassic World -Part of NBC Universal - division of Comcast
20th Century Fox
-Fourth place in box office share: 12% -Part of News Corp -First place in shares in 2014
Critical/cultural perspective (paradigm):
-Frankfurt School -Critical approach to social inquiry philosophers including Kant, Hegel, Freud, and especially Marx -Focuses on how powerful groups in a society use the media to maintain hegemony
Grand Theft Auto V
-Generated $1billion in sales in just 3 days in 2013, setting a record
Watching TV online is growing in popularity due to advances in 3 areas:
-Greater bandwidth (faster downloading) -Compression techniques(MP3/MP4) keep file sizes small -Streaming techniques allow audiences to watch a video file it is downloading at the same time
News Corp owns:
-Harper Collins - second largest trade book publisher -Zondervan - leading publisher of religious books
Yahoo!
-Has long been a leading site on the Internet -About 80% of internet users visit a Yahoo! site in a typical month, including numerous Yahoo! branded services for music, e-mail, photos, e-commerce, and messaging -Microsoft tried to acquire Yahoo! but failed
Functions and effects of culture:
-Helps us categorize and classify our experiences -Helps us define us, our world, and our place in it -Provides information to help us make meaningful distinctions
Advertising cultivates _____________, but it can also ______________.
-How we see products -Shape how we see ourselves
Interpretation function of media:
-Identify the important issues of the day through agenda-setting process (shape our opinions on those issues) -Reflected in gatekeeping
Social Darwinism:
-Is considered an elitist perspective -Clashes with many of the core principles of modern democratic thought -Holds that some people are just naturally better than other people
Nintendo
-Japanese company -Primarily in video game business -Been in business longer than its main competitors -First big hit: 1981 arcade game, Donkey Kong
Sony
-Japanese media conglomerate -Entered video game console business in 1995 with PlayStation -Released PlayStation 2 in 2002
Linkage function of media:
-Joins us together as groups focused on similar interests, common goals, and shared need
Gannet
-Largest combined daily circulation of an US newspaper chain -Publishes nearly 100 papers (USA Today, The Arizona Republic, Detroit Free Pass, Indianapolis Star, The Wilmington News Journal)
Time Warner (movie industry)
-Largest magazine publisher in the US - in combined circulation -Most successful titles (People, Time, Sports Illustrated) -Other titles (Fortune, Money, Essence, Golf, Real Simple, InStyle)
iHeart Radio
-Largest radio company in the world -Formerly called Clear Channel -Owns over 850 US radio stations -6 stations in Philly -Also owns iHeart Radio app and radio show syndicator Premiere Networks
Microsoft (gaming industry)
-Launched original Xbox in 2001 -Launched Xbox 360 in 2005 -Marketing its new Xbox One as an "all-in-one entertainment system" that integrates games with TV, movies, music, and online apps
Birmingham School
-Led by Stuart Hall -Focus on polysemic nature(multiple meanings) of media texts helped establish the field of cultural studies
Hearst
-Major international magazine publisher -300 magazines globally -21 US titles (Cosmo, Good Housekeeping, Elle, Seventeen, Esquire, Redbook, Harpers' Bazaar, Women's Day, Popular Mechanics)
Sony (recording industry)
-Market share: 28% -Japanese conglomerate -Second largest record company in the world -Formerly called Sony/BMG -Bought out Bertelsmann in 2008 -Sony labels (RCA, Arista, Columbia, Windham Hill, Epic, Zomba, Jive)
Universal (recording industry)
-Market share: almost 39% -World's largest recording company -Formerly known as MCA Music Group -Now part of French conglomerate Vivendi -Universal labels (Decca, Motown, Def Jam, Mercury, Phillips) -Completed acquisition of EMI in 2012
The cultivation view of media effects:
-Media affect us gradually, not immediately (cultivated over many years) -Media affect our attitudes more than our behaviors (affect perspective and how we see reality) -Media effects reinforce and are reinforced by culture (enculturate us, teaching us cultural values and norms)
Written culture led to...
-More complex human thought -Growing specialization labor -Formation of privileged class -Establishment of empires -Concentration of power -The earliest books
Regal
-Most influential movie exhibitor -America's largest movie theater company -Operates over 6,600 screens under the Regal, United Artists, and Edward brands
Meaning is...
-Multidimensional -Sharing -Contextual -Created in different settings
Vinto Cerf
-One of the key scientists on the ARPAnet project -Helped develop TCP/IP
The New York Times
-One of the most influential papers in the US -NYT company also publishes The Boston Globe and The International Herald-Tribune
Transmission Model
-One of the most widely used models of communication -Also called the linear model or the S-M-C-R model
News Corp
-One of the world's largest publishers of English-language papers -Over 175 papers around the world (Time Time of London - major UK paper, Wall Street Journal)
Warner
-Only American company among big 3 -Market share: 20% -Formerly a division of Time Warner -Independent company since 2004 -Warner labels (Atco, Rhino, Atlantic, Maverick, Sire, Electra, Reprise, Word)
CBS Radio
-Owns 117 stations (mostly in major cities) -Has stations in all top ten markets -5 stations in Philly
Time Warner (TV industry)
-Owns one TV station (WPCH in Atlanta) -One of the leading producers in broadcast TV programs -Has shows on all major networks -Owns half of the CW network
What is the most widely read magazine in the USA? Who publishes it?
-Parade -Advance Publications
Problems with a causal view of media effects:
-People aren't things -People are individuals -People are unpredictable
How does music play a role in oral culture?
-People used music to remember things -Scholars say music predates writing -Many stories we hear today originated from song
Comcast
-Philadelphia-based -Largest cable company in the US -Acquisition of NBC-Universal -One of the top producers of TV programming -Numerous broadcast and cable properties -Tried, and failed, to acquire Time Warner Cable (2nd largest cable company)
Digital distribution of media content has led to...
-Producers having less control over the distribution of content -An acceleration in media convergence
Advance Publications
-Publishes Parade -Conde Nast line of consumer magazines (Vogue, Vanity Fair, New Yorker, W, GQ, Glamour, Allure, Self, Wired)
Tetris
-Released in 1984 -Over 170 million copies have been sold (100 million for mobile devices)
Textbooks are marketed by publishers directly to adopters. Examples of adopters are:
-School boards and education departments at the el-hi level -Professors at the college level
Time Warner Cable
-Second largest cable company in US -Operates as a separate company from Time Warner -Owns HBO, Cinemax, CNN, TBS, TNT, many other basic cable channels
-Second most popular brand on the net -About 84% of active internet users spend time on FB properties
Disney (movie industry)
-Second place in box office share: 20% -Top 2015 film: Star Wars: The Force Awakens -Disney brands (Buena Vista, Touchstone, Lucasfilm, Pixar, Marvel)
4 primary components of the transmission model:
-Source (initiates communication process with thought) -Message (both verbal and nonverbal) -Channel (visual channel(sight) and aural channel(sound)) -Receiver (decodes and interprets the message
Most PR people work in 1 of 4 broad categories:
-Specialists (53%) focus on one kind of PR -Agency reps (32%) serve PR clients -Managers (11%) supervise PR organizations -Consultants (5%) provide PR advice
Transmission of values function of media:
-Subtle, yet important -Socialization function -Teach us what it means to "fit in" to society
Journalists view on PR people:
-Suspicious of PR efforts to get free publicity for a cause -See them as "flaks" and "spin doctors" who stand in the way of finding the truth
Mass communication is produced by mass media organizations. These organizations:
-Tend to be complex and formal -Tend to have multiple gatekeepers -Typically need a lot of money to operate -Exist to make a profit -Are highly competitive
Elizabeth Eisenstein argues that the development of printing was largely responsible for:
-The Renaissance period -The Protestant reformation -The growth of literacy -The scientific method -The rise of democracies -Public support of eduation
Culture
-The learned behavior of members of a given social group -The "world of meaning" that together we create through communication
Warner Bros
-Third place in box office share: 17% -Division of Time Warner -Top 2015 film: American Sniper -Subsidiary - New Line
Paramount Pictures
-Tied for sixth place in box office share: 6% -Owned by Viacom -Adolph Zukor in 1912 -America's oldest studio -Only major studio still headquarted in Hollywood -Top 2015 film: Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation
Lionsgate
-Tied for sixth place in box office share: 6% -Top 2015 film: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2
Video games are increasingly becoming a popular medium for advertising because:
-Video games are among the "stickiest" of digital media experiences -Ads in mobile games tend to be presented in a more "up close and personal" manner -Players typically can't fast-forward through the ads seen on "freemium" games
The MPPC
-Was a company that licensed Edison's various patents for motion picture technology -Was seen by some early filmmakers as having too much power over the motion picture industry -Contributed to many filmmakers moving to California
Microsoft (Internet)
-Web content reaches 70% of internet users every month -Default web page is installed by Internet Explorer -Bing, Skype, and OneDrive trying hard to compete with Google
Random House
-World's largest trade book publishing company -Division of German media giant Bertelsmann -Publishes under many imprints (Anchor, Ballantine, Bantam, Crown, Dell, Doubleday, Knopf, Penguin)
Pearson
-World's leading textbook publisher -British publisher -Imprints (Addison Wesley, Allyn & Bacon, Longman, Peachpit, Prentice Hall, Scott Foresmann)
A broader perspective means...
-You take time to observe carefully, realizing that things aren't always what they appear to be -You try to resist simple "black and white" thinking -You try to recognize the hazards of generalizations -You're open to new ideas and a new way of seeing things -You try to learn from where we've been to see where we might be going -Being able to see things from both a microanalytic and macroanalytic view
M is the Roman numeral for:
1,000
Top 10 Broadcast TV shows:
1. NCIS -CBS 2. The Voice (Monday) -NBC 3. The Voice (Tuesday) -NBC 4. NCIS: New Orleans - CBS 5. Sixty Minutes -CBS 6. The Big Bang Theory - CBS 7. Madam Secretary - CBS 8. Criminal Minds -CBS 9. Scorpion - CBS 10. Survivor -CBS
4 ways of measuring audience for web advertising:
1. Web servers can track how many times a web ad is sent over the net, called a hit or impression 2. Web servers can measure unique visitors, the number of different people who see a web ad 3. Click-through rate (how often a web ad is clicked on by those who see it) 4. Conversion rates (how many clicks lead to actual sales)
Different countries spend different amounts of money in support of noncommercial media. For example, annual government funding for noncommercial media in the United States amounts to $_____ per person. In Canada it is $22.48; in Slovenia, $51.57; in the United Kingdom, $80.36; in Denmark, $101.00; and in Finland, $101.01.
1.35
The Simpsons Movie premiered simultaneously in _____ countries and in _____ languages. Its summer 2007 opening weekend box office in the United States was $72 million. Elsewhere, it topped $100 million.
100/50
The average American spends how many hours a day using media? And how is it broken up?
12 hours a day using media -5 hours online -4.5 hours with TV -1.5 hours of radio -About a half hour using the 6 other primary media combined (video games, magazines, recordings, movies, newspapers, books)
# of books printed in the 1500s
12 million
On average, how much time a day do we spend reading books?
12 minutes
Johanes Gutenberg
1450s-developed a system for mass production of print based on movable metal type and converted wine presses
When was the first bible printed?
1456
What age group spends the least amount of time reading for leisure?
15-24
How many Americans play video games?
155 million
Bay Psalm Book
1640-first book published in the America colonies -Cambridge, Mass
Poor Richard's Almanac
1732-one of the first American "blockbusters" -Benjamin Franklin -Sold 10,000 copies -Inspiration for the Old Farmer's Almanac
Sirius XM has over _______ subscribers.
18 million
About how many broadcast television stations are in the USA?
1800
William Holmes McGuffey
1836-wrote one of the first and most influential series of textbooks used to support public education
Henry Fox Talbot
1841-Developed the first successful method of printing photos from negatives
Samuel Morse
1844-Invented the telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell
1876-Developed the telephone
George Eastman
1884-Developed celluloid (first flexible film roll form) and a small inexpensive camera that used the film (Kodak camera)
Heinrich Hertz
1887-Discovered radio waves
During which decade did cable television experience its most rapid period of growth?
1980s
Amazon.com
1994 -Seattle-based company -Jeff Bezos
How many gamers are in each game-playing US household? (average)
2
Today, there are more than _____________ magazines in operation in the United States.
20,000
Humans have lived on Earth for at least....
200,000 years
Oral culture has existed for...
200,000 years
7 major studios:
20th Century Fox, Disney, Warner Bros, Sony, Universal, Paramount, Lionsgate
# of books printed in the 1600s
217 million
Robert de Graff's company, Pocket Books, sold paperback books that were inexpensive reissues of successful hardbacks. They cost:
25 cents
About how many Americans went to the movies each week in 2015?
25 million
NBC Universal owns:
26 broadcast stations (WCUA-10 in Philly) and 2 broadcast networks (NBC and Telemundo)
Who would have the most difficult time winning a libel suit against a newspaper?
A US senator
The largest amount, 54 percent, of adult Internet users watch video content on:
A computer or laptop
Paradigm
A consistent perspective that becomes widely accepted in scholarly inquiry
Frankfurt School
A group of German scholars in the early 20th century
Cable has slipped a bit in the past year, as a result of:
A growing number of "cord cutters" moving to broadcast TV and online video
Pocket Books
A leading publisher in mass market paperbacks
Cengage Learning
A major publisher of textbooks in the higher education market
Gutenberg's system for mass production of books combined:
A printing press with moveable metal type
The first book published in the American colonies was:
A religious book
When broadcasters asked the government to help them solve their interference and other operational problems during the 1920s, it responded with:
A series of four National Radio Conferences, involving industry experts, public officials, and government regulators
Share
A station's audience expressed as a percentage of the total audience -Always larger than its rating -Ex: 100,000 people in a radio market and 40,000 people are listening to radio, 20,000 people are listening to KBBC. KBBC's share would be 50. 20,000 ia 50% of 40,000
Rating
A station's audience expressed as a percentage of the total population -Ex: 100,000 people in a radio market and 20,000 people are listening to KBBC. KBBC's rating would be 20. 20,000 is 20% of 100,000
Legal IDs consist of:
A station's call letters followed by the city it's license to serve -Ex: WCUR (call letters) West Chester (city of license)
Communication medium
A technology that extends the visual and/or aural channels for transmitting and storing messages over space and time
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
A technology that hinders privacy -At one time this was included in most music download -Today, most downloads are DRM free -Making a big comeback in streaming music services
Perspective
A way of seeing, of making sense of the way things are
What is the highest circulation consumer magazine?
AARP Magazine
When, in 1943, the government ordered NBC to divest itself of one of its networks, it sold NBC Blue to Edward Noble, who renamed it:
ABC
Disney owns:
ABC broadcast network and 10 broadcast TV stations (WPVI in Philly)
Who is Regals' closest rival?
AMC
iTunes music store sells _________ of all recordings sold.
About two-thirds
The most well known and arguably the most effective ______ Web site is MoveOn.org.
Activist
Sin public refers to ___________.
Ad free broadcasts on Spanish public television
What led to the rise of the dime novel?
Advance in paperbound printing and the strong demand for leisure reading material
How do broadcast TV stations make most of their money?
Advertising
Newspapers two main sources of income:
Advertising and paid circulation
How is the percent of revenue for magazines split up between advertising and circulation?
Advertising: 67% Circulation: 33%
_____________ theory argues that media do not tell us what to think, but what to think about.
Agenda setting
How many US internet users illegally download movies?
Almost a fourth
The Kindle belongs to:
Amazon
Who is the world's largest bookseller?
Amazon.com
World's largest online retailer:
Amazon.com
The term "Wurlitzer" refers to:
An organ that can make many different sound effects
Gatekeepers in journalism (shape what is and isn't newsworthy):
Anchors, reporters, photographers, and editors
The first magazine in colonial America was:
Andrew Bradford's American Magazine, or a Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies
Colonial newspaper publisher Peter Zenger was defended in his trial for seditious libel by:
Andrew Hamilton
During the 1950s and 1960s, women began to assume prominent roles in public relations. Among the most notable was President Dwight Eisenhower's associate press secretary:
Anne Williams Wheaton
In the contemporary world of consumer magazines, being good isn't enough. A publication must be good and:
Appeal primarily to specialized readerships with relatively narrow interests
#1 retailer of music in the world:
Apple
Media practitioners who put their ethical values into action are using:
Applied ethics
The Nielsen Company is known for conducting this kind of research.
Applied research
Typically looks at the intended effects of the media:
Applied research
When audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor:
Appointment consumption
What album was declared obscene by a US Federal Court and later overturned?
As Nasty As They Wanna Be
Live audience watch:
At time of live broadcast
The idea that the audience for mass media is increasingly less mass refers to:
Audience fragmentation
The _____________ was established in 1914 to provide reliability to a booming magazine industry playing loose with self-announced circulation figures.
Audit Bureau of Circulations
The normative theory that calls for the subjugation of media for the purpose of serving the government is the _____________ concept.
Authoritarian
The Nook belongs to:
Barnes & Noble
The "free" channels provided automatically to all subscribers are called:
Basic cable
The first true novel printed in the colonies was Pamela, written by British author Samuel Richardson and published by:
Bejamin Franklin
Who pioneered the use of advertiser support of newspapers and sold his newspaper for just a penny?
Benjamin Day
Many of the propaganda techniques used by the Nazis in World War II were based on the public relations theories of:
Bernays
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are called the:
Bill of rights
The P2P software which most fuels the contemporary recording industry's piracy fears is ______. This is file-sharing software that allows anonymous users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload "bits" of content from countless, untraceable servers.
BitTorrent
The external broadcast services of the United States are under the administration of the _____________, whose members were appointed by the president.
Board of International Broadcasting
Two main sources of income for book publishers:
Book sales and subsidiary rights
What was the first mass medium?
Books
What are textbooks?
Books that are marketed by publishers directly to adopters - typically school boards and education departments a the El-Hi level, and professors at the college level
What are trade books?
Books that publishers sell at wholesale to retail booksellers, like Barnes & Noble and Amazon.com
Media that lean more towards being audience supported:
Books, recordings, movies
Groups with specific but not dominant cultures that exist as part of those larger cultures are:
Bounded cultures
When commercials are part of and essential to a piece of media content, proponents of this practice say it isn't a commercial, it is:
Brand entertainment
The most widely-watched primetime TV programs are on:
Broadcast TV stations
Direct satellite delivery of TV is a form of ___________, where the transmitting antenna is in a geosynchronous orbit.
Broadcasting
According to former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, newspapers have a __________ problem, rather than a demand problem.
Business-model
After Gutenberg, mass communication technology continued to advance in 3 key areas:
Chemical technologies, electronic technologies, and digital technologies
The total number of sold issues of a magazine is its:
Circulation
The controversial 2010 Supreme Court First Amendment decision, ___________, granted corporations and labor unions the same free speech rights as individuals.
Citizens United v. FEC
Because freedom of the press can be limited if the likely result is damaging, there is no absolute freedom of expression in the case of:
Clear and present danger
The electronic tracking of the choices people make when they are surfing the Net is their:
Click stream
We use ______ to convert digital signals into analog signals that humans can interpret?
Codecs
Most of the marketing efforts of college textbook publishers are aimed at:
College professors
Live +7 ratings
Combine the live audience of a TV show with those who watch within a DVR, through VOD, or from a mobile app
What is the largest cable company in the US?
Comcast
Placement of advertising in media is compensated through a _____________, typically 15 percent of the cost of the time or space.
Commission
Through culture people...
Communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge
Defining communication requires:
Communication
There are many publics with whom PR professionals interact, including an organization's _____________. Courtesy, as well as good business sense requires that an organization's neighbors be treated with friendship and support. Information meetings, company-sponsored safety and food drives, and open houses strengthen ties between organizations and their neighbors.
Communities
Magazine content placed near an ad that is designed to reinforce the advertiser's message (or at least not negate it) is called:
Complementary copy
The first computer network designed for home users was called:
Compuserve
Disney's purchase of Capital Cities/ABC is an example of:
Concentration of media ownership
Very specific radio station formats aimed at quite specific audiences are examples of:
Concentration of media ownership
Gaming industry revenue in sectors:
Console gaming accounts: 49% Mobile: 17% (growing quickly) Handheld: 15% (declining) PC: 20%
The ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere describes:
Consumption-on-demand
What is the best way of measuring audience for web advertising?
Conversion rates - how many clicks on a web ad lead to actual sales
What is the highest single-copy sales magazine?
Cosmopolitan
Publishing houses, now increasingly part of larger conglomerates, were once typically small operations, closely identified with their authors and staffs. In other words, publishing had been largely a _____________ industry.
Cottage
A message in the media that is polysemic is one that:
Could have different meanings for people in different cultures
Questions about media's impact on issues, such as what kind of nation we are building or what kind of people we are becoming, are characteristic of:
Critical research
External relations:
Customer relations, vendor relations, industry relations, political lobbying, external publications
The Lumière brothers' most important contribution to the development of motion pictures was:
Demonstrating that large audiences would sit in a darkened room and watch movies projected on a screen
Tim Berners-Lee
Developed HTML and HTTP
Beyond the development of the gramophone, Emile Berliner advanced sound recording through his importation of well-known music from Europe and the:
Development of a sophisticated microphone for recording
What is the fastest growing segment in advertising money spent?
Digital
Older analog communication technologies have largely been replaced by...
Digital technologies
In 2015, most of the recordings sold were:
Digital units (like song downloads)
Some believe the media have a __________ ___________ effect on behavior.
Direct causal
Physical domain
Domain of things
Conceptual domain
Domain of thoughts
Semiotic domain
Domain or words
The first first-person perspective shooter game was:
Doom
2015 music industry revenue by segment:
Downloads: 40% Physical: 24% Streaming: 32% Other: 4%
His research found that people who watch a lot of TV are more likely to think the world is a dangerous place:
Dr. Gerbner The Mean World Effect
Distribution
Duplication, booking, shipping, promotion
The publication and distribution of a book initially or exclusively online is called:
E-publishing
Digital books with the appearance of traditional books but content that is digitally stored and accessed are:
E-readers
_____________ employed a wide variety of film techniques to bring passion and heightened suspense to his 1915 classic, The Great Train Robbery.
Edwin S. Porter
For many scholars, the most satisfying answer to the question, "how do the media affect us" is provided by:
Empirical research
The availability of trustworthy _____________—coding and decoding—technologies that make online use of credit and bank card numbers, addresses, social security numbers, and other sensitive information safer for both seller and buyer has fueled interest in the Internet as a place to do business.
Encryption
ESRB stands for:
Entertainment Software Ratings Board
Media scholar Richard Dyer argues that:
Entertainment serves a vital function in society by providing us with "a surrogate for utopia...the image of 'something better' to escape into, or something we want deeply that our day-to-day lives don't provide"
Suppose you're sitting in a lecture hall, and the student next to you is listening to loud music on headphones, making it difficult for you to hear the professor. This would be an example of:
Environmental noise
Rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations are:
Ethics
Meaning results from...
Expressing our thoughts about things using words (communication)
Communication media
Extend cultivation over space and time
The first full-service ad agency was begun in 1869 by:
F. Wayland Ayer
Broadcast TV stations, like radio stations, are licensed by the:
FCC
A still-used derogatory name for television, the "vast wasteland", was coined by:
FCC Chairman Newton Minow
What is the "stickiest" site?
A "gold record" refers to a recording that sells at least a million copies.
False
A "replica edition" of a magazine refers to a reprint of an older issue, such as when a magazine reprints its first issue in honor of its 50th anniversary.
False
About ten percent of the U.S. population say they watch TV while eating dinner.
False
Advertising is important in part because all media depend on advertising as a major source of revenue.
False
An AM radio station's frequency varies according to its modulating sound wave.
False
An increase in noise in the communication process typically results in an increase in fidelity.
False
Books sells advertising.
False
By definition, a tabloid newspaper is one that features sensationalistic reporting.
False
CPM refers to cost per million, one standard for determining an ad's effectiveness.
False
Convergence refers to the collecting, or converging, of many media companies into a few large corporations.
False
Despite what is happening to the other traditional forms of mass media, radio listenership, especially among young people, continues to grow.
False
False advertising and puffery are essentially the same.
False
Feedback tends to be more direct and immediate in mass communication than in other forms of communication.
False
For thousands of years, public relations has been viewed as a necessary management function of an organization.
False
George Eastman's Kodak camera was often referred to as "the great annihilator of time and space."
False
Internet Explorer was the first commercially successful web browser.
False
Johanes Gutenberg invited the printing press.
False
Mass communication is the only communication setting where media technology is used.
False
Mass society theory is an example of a middle-range theory.
False
More people listen to satellite radio stations than listen to AM and FM stations.
False
Most of the major textbooks used in introductory mass communication college classes include a chapter devoted to the topic of video games.
False
Most people get their TV "over the air."
False
Most people who work in the media prefer government regulation over self-regulation through ethical codes.
False
Motion picture studios make most of their money from box office revenue, that is, from selling tickets to see movies in movie theaters.
False
Newspapers are required by law to provide equal news coverage to all candidates for federal political office.
False
Nintendo introduced Wii in 2006 in order to claim a bigger share of the handheld game device market.
False
Of the various communication contexts, media technology is only a part of the mass communication context.
False
Pay TV systems have been eager to embrace "a la carte" pricing of cable channels, where people pay just for the channels they actually watch.
False
People could not easily share recorded music with each other before the late 1990s.
False
People who receive 100 cable TV channels typically watch twice as many channels as do those who only receive 50 cable TV channels.
False
Public relations experts have consistently criticized how Johnson & Johnson handled the Tylenol tampering scare of 1982.
False
Public relations is a form of advertising.
False
The "Father of the Computer" is considered to be German Gottfried Leibnitz.
False
The "Frankfurt School" of thought believed that the audience was the most powerful force in shaping mass communication.
False
The "web" is another name for the Internet
False
The Supreme Court has consistently ruled that the "prior restraint" is a legally justified method of protecting citizens from harmful content in the media.
False
The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently ruled that there are no legally justifiable reasons for laws that abridge the freedom of the press.
False
The United States government has never used propaganda techniques to shape public opinion.
False
The United States has a higher broadband adoption rate than any other country in the world.
False
The compact disc (CD) became the dominant sound recording medium in the late 1970s.
False
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the First Freedoms.
False
The first computer-animated film to win an Oscar was Pixar's Toy Story.
False
The general consensus is that digital content and online versions of magazines substitute for the printed content.
False
The general decline in revenues for the traditional media can be traced to overall declines in media consumption.
False
The idea of a "feature length" film didn't occur until after sound was added to motion pictures.
False
The last time the U.S. Supreme Court permitted prior restraint was in the 1971 Pentagon Papers case.
False
The origins of the functional paradigm can be traced to Marxist philosophy.
False
The pendulum toy provides a fair illustration of how the media affects us.
False
The penny press succeeded by appealing to better-off, fairly well-educated readers attractive to advertisers.
False
The primary technology used to collect today's television ratings is the audimeter.
False
The production at the major studios is about 50% for television, 50% for theatrical release.
False
The results of field experiments are less likely to be contaminated by external factors than are the results of laboratory experiments.
False
The sale of paperback books accounts for a relatively small portion of bookstores' sales.
False
The typical American spends more time watching movies in theaters than watching movies outside of theaters.
False
The writers, graphic designers, artists, and video producers at a PR operation are typically referred to as media specialists.
False
There are more AM stations in this country than there are FM stations.
False
There are six broadcast television stations serving the Philadelphia area.
False
There is little doubt that municipal Wi-Fi is a fundamental right that should be available to all citizens.
False
U.S. courts has generally held that the First Amendment applies more directly to broadcast media than to print media.
False
USA Today is the highest circulation newspaper in he US.
False
Unlike the movie industry, cross-promotion has yet to reach the game business.
False
Using a sample to make inferences about a population is something only done by applied researchers.
False
When we examine the media, what we notice will also be what other people notice, regardless of perspective.
False
Whereas many developing nations fear cultural imperialism, especially from U.S. media, our European friends with well-developed cultures and media systems—for example, the French—do not share those concerns.
False
The average age of newspaper readers in this country is 45.
False -55
Barnes & Noble is America's biggest bookseller.
False -Amazon
The Web started as a commercial effort, but has become increasingly noncommercial.
False -The Web started as a noncommercial effort, but has become increasingly commercial
PR and advertising often overlap and work together in partnership, just as PR and journalism do.
False -Yes, PR and advertising overlap and work together in partnership. But, although PR and journalism overlap, they do not always get along
All broadcast TV stations are owned by the network.
False -Most are not owned by the network
The vast majority of public relations professionals are:
Female -Some studies suggest it may be over 75%
The cultural studies approach is reflected in __________ studies of the media.
Feminist
Production
Financing, development, casting, filming, editing
Newspapers have traditionally kept their advertising and editorial functions separate. This is often referred to as the __________.
Firewall
The foundation for all media law in this country is the
First Amendment
Top-rated cable news channel:
Fox News Channel
21st Century Fox owns:
Fox News Channel, Fox Business Channel, numerous regional Fox sports channels, FX Speed, satellite systems in Europe, Asia, and Latin America
The daily time and cost demands of U.S. journalism result in newspapers and broadcasts composed of a large number of brief, capsulated stories with little room for perspective and context, resulting in _____________ news.
Fragmented
The first African-American newspaper was _____________, published initially in 1827 by John B. Russwurum and the Reverend Samuel Cornish.
Freedom's Journal
The first African-American owned newspaper published in the United States was:
Freedom's Journal
Feedback
From the receiver to the source can clarify meaning and reduce the impact of noise -Tends to be more limited and less immediate in mass communication
Paradigm's that have guided media study:
Functional, critical/cultural, historical, technological
What is the highest circulation digital replica magazine?
Game Informer
Who said that "we live in a world created by the stories we tell?"
George Gerbner
Which of these noted researchers was a professor of communication?
Gerbner
Who concluded that media violence can lead people to believe the world is more dangerous than it really is?
Gerbner
The ownership of several major U.S. media corporations by foreign companies is an example of:
Globalization of media
Who is the leader in web traffic?
Communication in groups:
Group communication
The first cable television programming service to be distributed to cable TV systems by satellite was:
HBO
Newspaper advertising revenue is ______ of what it was ten years ago.
Half
Most new books sold at physical book stores are first made available as? And if successful?
Hardback Trade paperback
Trade book formats:
Hardback, trade paperback, mass market paperback, and alternative formats (i.e. e-books)
The author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a landmark book in the struggle to free the slaves, is:
Harriet Beecher Stowe
The first electric pinball game was invented by:
Harry Williams
The telephone enabled people to:
Have private real-time conversations across vast distances using natural spoken language
3 main components of a cable TV system:
Head end, distribution system, house drop
Central goal of this course:
Help you develop a broader perspective on the media of communication
The book you bought (or should have bought) for this class is an example of which sales category of books?
Higher education
Blockbusters
Highly popular books that sell millions of copies
Ivy Lee encouraged his clients to deal with negative publicity by:
Honestly acknowledging shortcomings and failures
Critical/cultural paradigm asks:
How are we used by the media organizations to achieve their goals?
Critical/cultural paradigm:
How do media use us?
Technological paradigm:
How do media work?
Functional paradigm:
How do we use the media?
Historical paradigm asks:
How have media evolved over time?
Historical paradigm:
How have media evolved?
Feminist media scholars are concerned with...
How media support the ideological dominance of the male patriarchy
Those who study the media from the functional paradigm are most interested in:
How the media are used
Oral culture depended on:
Human memory
HTML
HyperText Markup Language -Creates web pages
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol -Transfers web pages over the internet
The first TV show to be regularly shot on film was:
I Love Lucy
Time Warner was founded:
In 1918 by four brothers in Pittsburgh
The American novel flowered in the 1880s because of all but which of the following?
Increased leisure time
An experiment typically compares situations that are alike except for one important difference called the:
Independent variable
In limited effects theory, the influence of media is thought to be limited by people's intelligence and education, in other words by their:
Individual differences
_____________ are produced by companies specifically for their own employees, customers, and stockholders, or by clubs and associations specifically for their members.
Industrial, company, and sponsored magazines
Because so many newspapers now have online versions of their publications, many observers feel that "circulation" is an insufficient measure of a paper's true readership. They propose a new metric that combines paper and unique online readers called _______.
Integrated audience reach
3 kinds of public relations:
Internal relations, external relations, media relations
Fastest growing ad-supported medium:
Internet
The "network of networks", consisting of LANs (Local Area Networks—networks connecting two or more computers, usually within the same building) and WANs (Wide Area Networks—networks that connect several LANs in different locations), is called the:
Internet
Communication between two people:
Interpersonal communication
People who study the critical/cultural perspective are focused on:
Issues of power and ideology
The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which required anyone who engages in political activities in the United States on behalf of a foreign power to register as an agent of a foreign power with the Justice Department, was a result of which public relations pioneer's contacts with Nazi Germany?
Ivy Lee
Which of the following is an example of a successfully genericized brand name?
Jello-O
_____________ permit a failing paper to merge most aspects of its business with a successful local competitor, as long as their editorial and reporting operations remain separate.
Joint operating agreements
Key figures in the development of the chemical technology of photography:
Joseph Niepce and Louis Daquerre
Printing lead the way to...
Journalism, science, and the mathematics of libraries and law
Top 2015 films:
Jurassic World, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, American Sniper, The Martian, Spectre, Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2,
Who reads the most?
Kids and seniors
William Dickson developed the first motion picture camera, permitting the photographing of 40 frames a second. He called it the:
Kinetograph
Who is the world's largest textbook publisher? Second largest?
Largest - Pearson Second largest- McGraw Hill
Who is the world's largest trade book publishing company? Second largest?
Largest - Random House Second largest - Harper Collins
______________ refers to using Internet-created databases to collect names, addresses, e-mail addresses, and other information about likely clients or customers.
Lead generation
Streaming services:
Let you listen to all the music you want, often for free (with ads) or for a subscription fee -Spotify, Pandora, Tidal, Apple Music
The false and malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation (typically applied to print media) is:
Libel
The ability to comprehend and use written symbols effectively and efficiently is:
Literacy
Broadcasters provide entertainment along with:
Local news, weather, sports, and emergency information
Radio's primary source of revenue:
Local retail advertising
The origin of the word "cinema" can be traced to an invention by:
Louis and August Lumiere
Companies that own several cable franchises are called:
MSOs
What role does the media play for society? What functions do they serve for society at large? Macro- or microanalysis questions? What paradigm?
Macroanalysis Functional
The functional paradigm can guide...
Macroanalysis of functions performed for society and microanalysis of functions performed for individuals
The large bulk of annual ticket sales, 80% to 90%, are generated by movies produced by:
Major studios and corporate independents
The MPAA says the typical movie pirate is:
Male between the ages of 16 and 24
What percent of gamers are male? Female?
Male: 52% Female: 48%
Which of these individuals made a significant contribution to the development of the internet when they were a college student?
Marc Andreesen, Mark Zuckerberg, and Larry Page
Public messages are directed at large, heterogenous and scattered audiences:
Mass communication
Most have a uniform size, designed to fit in standard sales racks at airports, drug stores, and supermarkets:
Mass market paperbacks
Successful trade books may eventually be published as:
Mass market paperbacks
The magazine most closely associated with the style of investigative reporting called muckraking is:
McClure's Magazine
Who is the publisher of the text for this course?
McGraw Hill
In The Meaning of Meaning, C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards argue that:
Meaning exists at the intersection of the physical, conceptual, and semiotic domains
Portable people meters
Measure radio listening in large markets
Plural form of medium:
Media
The simultaneous consumption of many different kinds of media is known as:
Media multitasking
The linking of consumer products, such as toys and hamburgers, with popular movies is called:
Merchandise tie-in
In the S-M-C-R model of communication, the letter "M" stands for:
Message
The online learning videos for this course are a good example of:
Microcasting
When Denny's restaurant chain was beset by numerous complaints of racial discrimination during the 1990s, it undertook an aggressive PR campaign to speak to those who felt disenfranchised by the events. This is an example of:
Minority relations/multicultural affairs
Subsidiary rights
Money earned from selling book rights to other publishers, movie producers, book clubs, etc.
In applying ethics, the person making the decisions is called the:
Moral agent
The MPPDA established a set of guidelines for what was and was not acceptable in movies, called the:
Motion Picture Production Code
Flexible film would eventually lead to the development of...
Motion pictures
After a film is initially shown in theaters in the US, it typically released next to:
Movie theaters in foreign countries
The first public demonstration of television, in the form of regularly scheduled two-hour broadcasts, was presented by _____________ at the 1939 World's Fair.
NBC
The strategy of tailoring media content to specific audiences possessing characteristics of interest to specific advertisers is:
Narrowcasting or niche marketing
The business of television is dominated by a few centralized production, distribution, and decision-making organizations, known as the:
Networks
One penny paper, Horace Greeley's _____________, established the mass newspaper as a powerful medium of social action through its use of non-sensationalistic, issues-oriented, and humanitarian reporting.
New York Tribune
_____________ is the study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power.
News production research
What is the dominant medium for local retail advertising?
Newspapers
Which of these media does the average American spend the least time with?
Newspapers
In 2006 _______ was introduced, designed specifically to attract new, non-traditional gamers.
Nintendo's Wii
Public relations professionals have ____________ over the placement of their information, and advertising professionals have _____________ over the placement of their information.
No control; control
Anything that interferes with successful communication is said to be:
Noise
Communication is imperfect (and fidelity is decreased) because:
Noise (interference) is always present to some extent
Computer Space, released in 1971, was designed by:
Nolan Bushnell
Wii was introduced in the 2000s specifically to attract _________________.
Non-traditional game players
A theory that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values is _____________ theory.
Normative
Among the individual or group interests that often conflict in ethical dilemmas are those of the _____________, a particular person or group that is likely to be affected by media practitioners' actions.
Object of the act
The ideas of the communication and technology theorist of the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan, are receiving renewed interest because:
Of new communication technologies like the Internet
In the 1880s, _____________ was developed, making printing possible from photographic plates rather than metal casts.
Offset lithography
Oldest continually published book in North America:
Old Farmer's Almanac
The concentration of control of the media industries into ever-smaller numbers of companies is:
Oligopoly
When a media system's operation is dominated by a few large companies, a(n) _________ is said to be in place.
Oligopoly
Online magazines are categorized in two ways, as:
Online editions of existing magazines and online-only magazines
John Adams' Novanglus Papers and Thomas Paine's Common Sense:
Openly challenged British rule of the colonies
How many iTunes Store accounts are there?
Over 800 million
"A sucker is born every minute" was the public relations philosophy of what legendary PR practitioner?
P.T. Barnum
Online audio file sharing that employs a person-to-person exchange of files while bypassing centralized servers is called:
P2P
Which broadcast network has the largest number of affiliates?
PBS
Where is the pay better? PR or journalism?
PR
By 1880, about a third of all books published in America were:
Paperbacks
What is the highest circulation newspaper magazine?
Parade
Top Magazines:
Parade, AARP, Cosmopolitan, Game Informer
Who is America's oldest studio?
Paramount Pictures
Who is the only major studio still headquartered in Hollywood?
Paramount Pictures
In 1962, _____________ of the Rand Corporation proposed a packet-switching system that would allow the military to maintain command over its missiles and planes in the event of a nuclear attack. It is the basis of what we know today as the Internet.
Paul Baran
Technophile
People who love media -Professor Thompsen -Toby
Technophobe
People who shy away from technology, may use it but don't like it
Do physical units or digital units cost more?
Physical
In 2005, most of the recordings sold were:
Physical (like CDs)
The first commercially licensed radio broadcast station in the United States, which is still on-the-air today, is in:
Pittsburgh
The means of delivering a specific piece of media content is referred to as a:
Platform
The fact that people increasingly have no preference for where they access their media content suggests that they are becoming _________.
Platform agnostic
What is the best-selling video game system of all time? When was it released? How many units sold?
PlayStation 2 2002 Over 150 million
A popular form of online video distribution is:
Podcasting
What media is considered the legacy media and why?
Print media because it's the original and oldest media of mass communcation
Internal relations:
employee relations, union relations, investor relations, internal relations, event planning
What is the largest radio company in the world?
iHeart Radio
What percent of people think it's acceptable to download a movie once it has been released to home DVD?
72%
What percentage of the US population goes to the movies in a typical week?
8%
Noncommercial radio stations are found mostly in the ________ part of the FM band.
88-92 MHz
Philadelphia's radio market is the _____ largest market.
8th
Weekly US movie attendance has dropped dramatically from its peak of _________ in the mid-1940s.
90 million
The movie industry is dominated by 7 major studios which control over ________ of the market.
90%
Overall, what percent of American adults read a magazine?
93%
# of books printed in the 1800s
985 million
____________ refers to sophisticated, interactive Web advertising, usually employing sound and video.
Rich media
How does the book industry make money?
Sale of books
Average game player age:
31
How large of a truly random sample of the US population would be needed to achieve estimates with a 5% margin of error?
384
On average, Americans buy ____ books/year.
4
______ out of ______ US households own a device used to play video games.
4 out of 5
The MPAA estimates that _______% of movie pirates in this country are college students.
44%
What percentage of Americans report reading a newspaper or a newspaper website daily in the United States?
44%
Textbooks account for ______ of book industry sales revenue including...
48% El-hi textbooks, higher ed textbooks, professional/scholarly books
Written culture has existed for...
5,000 years
Mass communication has existed for...
500 years
Trade books account for about _______ of total book sales, including...
52% Adult fiction, adult non-fiction, juvenile books, and religious books
What percent of e-book owners read magazines on their devices?
53%
The average ad content to editorial content ratio for an American magazine is _______.
53% to 47%
# of books printed in the 1700s
530 million
The median age of a newspaper reader is:
55
U.S. copyright law protects creative works for the author's life plus how many years?
70
Cable systems have come a long way from the early ________ systems.
CATC
Current most watched TV network:
CBS
Viacom is related to:
CBS -Both are subsidiaries of National Amusements
What was the original cable news channel?
CNN
Most people today receive their TV signals from:
Cable TV systems
Environmental noise
Can occur from external sounds and other distractions
Mechanical noise
Can occur from imperfections in communication technology
Semantic noise
Can occur when people misinterpret or misunderstand a message
Many mobile games are:
Casual (simple play) and freemium (integrated ads and social media features)
Which of these is most closely associated with Immanueal Kant?
Categorical imperative
Which theory holds that people who view violent media content will be LESS inclined to behave violently themselves?
Catharsis theory
In 1981 in _____________, the Supreme Court determined that television cameras in the courtroom were not inherently damaging to fairness, and different states have since adopted different standards on the issue.
Chandler v. Florida
Philadelphia channels:
Channel 3 (CBS), Channel 6 (ABC), Channel 10 (NBC)
Great Britain does not have a First Amendment similar to that of the United States, allowing the government to practice prior restraint by making an officially issued notice called a:
D-notice
In the early days of radio—the 1920s until well after World War II—programming was:
Produced by ad agencies for their clients
The integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content is:
Product placement
What two divisions do the 7 studios dominate?
Production and distribution
Which research focus is best described as microanalytic?
Psychological effects
When a speaker delivers prepared remarks to an audience:
Public speaking
Noncommercial radio stations include:
Public(NPR), student, and religious
Media relations:
Publicity, news releases, press conferences, crisis management, social media management
The first newspaper printed in the colonies lasted but one day. Its publisher, Benjamin Harris, called it:
Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick
The medium most people rely on during power outages due to severe weather and other emergencies is:
Radio
In 1916, David Sarnoff sent to his superiors at American Marconi his ideas on how to make radio a "household utility". This now-famous memo is called the:
Radio Music Box Memo
Radio waves would play a critical role in:
Radio and television broadcasting, satellite communications, and cell phones
Radio technology truly became a mass communication medium with the development of:
Radio broadcasting
Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves could contribute to the development of:
Radio broadcasting, satellite communication, and cell phones
Slander is a form of defamation that can occur in:
Radio programs
A key technology behind the Wireless telegraph:
Radio waves
Media that lean more towards being advertiser supported:
Radio, television,
The world's largest publisher of trade books is:
Random House
Fahrenheit 451 was written by:
Ray Bradbury
Increasing the size of a random sample
Reduces the margin of error
Who is America's largest movie theater company?
Regal
The major exhibitors
Regal and AMC
Most of the books carried to the New World by the American colonists were:
Religious in nature
Broadcast TV stations also make money from ____________ from pay TV providers (cable/satellite).
Retransmission fees
How is the percent of revenue split between the two book publishing industries? How is the percent of units sold split?
Revenue -Text: 45% -Trade: 55% Units sold -Text: 10% -Trade: 90%