Combo Social Psych
Taijfel's Klee style group rated the Kandinski style group's successes as
due to luck or being in the right situation at the right time
Which of the following is true regarding the Batson study findings using the "Elaine" paradigm?
All of the above. : subjects with high empathy levels were willing to trade places with Elaine even when they could easily escape to lower their arousal levels, subject with low empathy levels chose to escape when escape was easy rather than trade places with Elaine, the results supported the hypothesis that not all helping behavior is driven by egoistic motives
According to research, physically attractive people are seen as
All of the above: more sociable, sexually warm, mentally healthy
According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to
Believe that there was more violence in real life than there actually is.
In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a "fellow student" by telling him he was a shallow, untrustworthy, and dull person. How did these subjects justify their hurtful behavior toward the other student, who had done nothing to deserve criticism?
By perceiving him as less attractive than they did before they criticized him.
Aronson reports the results of an experiment in which people who were asked to insulate their homes were given information either about how much money they would save, if they insulated, or lose, if they didn't insulate. Based on results of this study, if you were trying to sell insulation, you would be wise to:
Discuss how much the homeowners are LOSING by not insulating. When we feel like we are losing money, we are more motivated to change.
In an experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres, male college students were asked to evaluate a potential blind date before or after watching the television show Charlie's Angels (which features three glamorous actresses). Compared to subjects who rated the blind date before watching the show, those who gave their ratings after the show:
Felt their blind dates were less attractive than those who rated before watching the show.
Jill is much taller than the other members of her group. She is seen as more causally influential in a group than is merited. This error is called
Illusory correlation
According to this theory, if we compare ourselves to another person and the comparison is unfavorable on a task relevant dimension, then the self-esteem suffers. This will cause us to like this person less.
Self-Evaluation maintenance theory
In what way is Sternberg's (1986) theory of love different from Hatfield and Walster's (1978) theory?
Sternberg's theory is based on a three component model of love and Hatfield and Walster's theory is based on a two component model of love.
According to Myers, ostracized people exhibit heightened activity in the brain cortex area that also is activated in response to physical pain.
True
According to Susan Fiske and Shelly Taylor , we humans are programmed to be cognitive misers, we are always looking for ways to conserve cognitive energy.
True.
Heath and her colleagues asked a group of physicians to imagine themselves being exposed to the HIV virus while working. A similar group of physicians received no such instruction. Heath's major result was that, compared to physicians who had not imagined exposure to HIV, those who had imagined being exposed were more likely to believe they were at higher risk for contracting HIV than physicians who did not receive the imagery instructions.
True.
You are a high school teacher grading the exams of students in your class. Student A and Student B both got 25 correct out of a total of 40 multiple-choice questions. However, Student A got the first 15 items correct, but missed 10 out of the last 25 items. Student B, on the other hand, got the first 15 items wrong, but had correct answers for the last 25 questions. According to research by Jones and his colleagues, what kind of impression would you be likely to have of these students?
You would believe that Student A is more intelligent than Student B.
The propinquity effect can best be explained by
a combination of the mere exposure effect and that there is a greater chance to interact with those who are in closer physical proximity to us.
The fact that monkeys who are lower in the dominance hierarchy of their group will not attack monkeys who are higher in the hierarchy, even when the amygdala of their brain is stimulated, suggests that
aggression is heavily modified by social learning
Which of the following is true regarding testosterone and aggression?
all of the above: after people reach age 25, their testosterone levels and rates of violent crime decrease together, testosterone levels tend to be higher among prisoners convicted of planned and unprovoked violent crimes than of non-violent crimes, among the normal range of teen boys and adult men, those with high testosterone levels are more prone to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive responses to provocation
Which of the conditions listed below is necessary for reversing racism when different races have contact with each other in groups?
all of the above: equal status between the members of each race, informal personal interaction between members of each race, cooperative activities to achieve superordinate goals between members of each race
Which of the following is a heuristic?
all of the above: name brands are better quality than generic brands, you get more bang for the buck when you buy in bulk, honest people will look you in the eye
Which of the following is true regarding schemas?
all of the above: schemas guide memory, schemas influence judgment, schemas direct our attention
Which of the following has been successful in reducing aggression?
all of the above: stress management to reduce physiological arousal, empathy training, training in conflict resolution skills
According to Myers, which of the following circumstances or variables is associated with increased helping?
all of the above: the potential helper is not in a hurry, the potential helper is deeply religious, the victim is similar in many ways to the potential helper
According to Latane and Darley's (1970) five stage model of helping in an emergency, which factors are necessary for helping to occur?
all of the above: the victim's situation must be interpreted as an emergency, the subject must assume responsibility for the victim's welfare, the subject must feel competent to assist the victim
Studies of prejudice in the U.S. have found that over the last 40 years
although overt racism has declined, covert racism still exists
Which person is more likely to be helped?
an "ingroup" member
Which person is more likely to be helped?
an attractive person
Bob is extremely prejudiced. He believes that most people are prejudiced because he uses himself as a reference point when making social judgments about others and then adjusts his perception of others based on their behavior. This phenomenon is called
anchoring and adjustment
According to Berkowitz, frustration leads to this emotion which then makes aggression more likely.
anger
After choosing between two equally attractive appliances, women in Jack Brehm's study rated the appliance they selected
as more attractive than the one they did not select.
The most powerful elicitor of aggression is
attack and provocation
According to Hatfield and Walster (1978), this type of love predominates as the relationship matures.
companionate love
Crandall and Eshleman argue that prejudice requires energy and that we are inclined to conserve mental energy. Therefore, in an effort to avoid cognitive dissonance we may
be particularly attracted to information that justifies our prejudice and allows us to express it, thereby saving the energy
According to cognitive dissonance theory, why will the edict of an "eye for an eye" fail to stop a cycle of violence?
because we must denigrate our victim to justify our act of retribution
What did Correll and his associates find in their research into police officers who confront white and black suspects?
black and white subjects were both quicker to shoot at armed black suspects than armed white subjects
Reversing stereotypes is difficult because
both of the above: people have a tendency to dismiss individuals that are an exception to the stereotype as not being representative of the group, people have a tendency when confronted with contradictions to the general stereotypes to break the general stereotype into subtypes
"Bobo doll" studies found that
children imitated adults who had been aggressive toward a "Bobo doll," and thus learned new forms of physical aggression through observation
According to Myers, which of the relationship characteristics listed below best predicts divorce of newlyweds who are followed through time?
coldness and disillusionment
The "low ball technique" works through the social influence of
commitment/consistency
In this type of relationship, we are more likely to help out of concern for the welfare of the other rather than for equity concerns.
communal relationships
The research suggests that people in rural areas are more helpful than people in urban areas. One explanation is that people who live in rural areas are more trusting. Another explanation is that compared to people in urban areas, rural people are less likely to experience stimulus overload. Of these two hypotheses, which one has the most empirical support?
compared to people in urban areas, rural people are less likely to experience stimulus overload
the research suggests that those with low self-esteem prefer to interact with someone who
criticizes them
The research suggests that the bystander effect is due to
diffusion of responsibility
In Kahn's experiment, students were allowed to express their hostile feelings towards a medical technician who had made derogatory remarks about them. Compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented
disliked the technician even more after venting.
Storms (1973) found that when the actor observed himself/herself on videotape, the actor was more likely to make which type of self-attribution?
dispositional
According to Batson, when studies pit the empathy-altruism model against the aversive-arousal model of helping, which model receives the most support for the idea that some helping is altruistically motivated?
empathy-altruism model
In this type of relationship, we are more likely to help because we expect the person to help us in return.
exchange relationship
According to Mills's study of cheating among sixth-graders, students ________ after having resisted the temptation to cheat on an exam.
exhibited more harsh criticism of cheating
Stereotypes always have a negative bias.
false
If you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that
he or she will like you more.
Intoxication with stimulant drugs is associated with
increased aggression
A professional boxer is said to be engaging in
instrumental aggression
According to Sternberg, romantic love is the combination of
intimacy and passion
According to sociobiology theory, a bee will sacrifice itself to defend the hive because of
kin selection
When people feel angry or hostile, they are
less likely to help
According to the research, when blood is present on the victim, helping is
less likely to occur
The use of heuristics involves
low effort thinking
Under which condition is the subject more likely to show consistency between attitudes and behaviors?
low self-monitors
Studies have found that when a person is provoked and then engages in intense physical exercise, that person is more likely to aggress than if the person is provoked and does not engage in intense physical exercise. This phenomenon is believed to be due to
misattribution
Assume a speaker has low credibility with the audience. According to the Aronson text, for maximum attitude change, how discrepant from the audience's initial position should the communication be?
moderately discrepant.
The research indicates that male subjects who watch violent pornography are
more likely to aggress
According to the Sleeper Effect, if the message is read before the source's credibility is revealed, arguments from low credible sources are
more likely to be accepted over time
When people feel sad or depressed, they are
more likely to help if helping will alleviate their sadness or depression
If we have an initially negative feeling about a stimulus, according to the mere exposure effect, in time mere exposure will cause us to have
more negative feelings about the stimulus.
In comparison to people with low self-esteem, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that persons of high self-esteem are ________ likely to experience dissonance if they hurt someone and they are ________ likely to derogate a victim whom they have hurt.
more; more
The self-serving attribution is most likely to be made by
normals
According to Myers, which group experiences the most employment discrimination?
obese people
In the informational conformity studies like the Sherif studies, the subjects
outwardly conformed and also privately agreed
The research suggests that people in rural areas are more helpful than people in urban areas because
people in urban areas are overloaded by all the information they receive.
Who is more likely to be influenced by the trustworthiness of the communicator?
people who are low in need for cognition
Jane walks by a news stand that has a lead story on the local paper that says "rat's foot found in hot dog." Her date, not having seen the news story, walks up to the local hot dog stand and orders a hot dog for each of them. Jane quickly makes a bogus excuse that she is a vegetarian and does not eat hot dogs. Jane's temporary negative reaction to the hot dog is due to
priming
According to cognitive dissonance theory, if Abby wanted her roommate Rachel to pick up her clothes instead of leaving them on the floor, Abby would get the most behavioral change if she
should use a mild punishment that is sufficient to make Rachel pick up her clothes.
According to research on actor-observer errors, actors are more likely to make which type of self-attribution?
situational
According to Myers, this theory suggests that helping is more likely to occur after we compute a cost-benefit analysis that indicates that helping in a given situation will maximize our rewards and minimize our costs.
social exchange
The Robbers Cave study demonstrated
that putting people into groups and having them compete with each other for scarce resources creates feelings of prejudice between groups
In the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study, which group changed their attitudes?
the $1 group
Physical attractiveness of the communicator, compliments given to the customer, and a cooperative attitude all make the communicator more persuasive because of the influence of
the liking rule
We tend to like those who like us because of
the norm of reciprocity
Which norm has a greater influence on helping behavior?
the norm of reciprocity
Mary believes that members of her ethnic group are very different from each other but that members of another ethnic group are basically "all alike." Mary is experiencing
the out-group homogeneity bias
According to the research, when blood is present on the victim, helping is less likely to occur because
the potential helper is less likely to feel competent
In the Greenberg and Pyszczynski (1985) study, when a confederate made a racist comment about the African American debater, the subjects rated him lower than the white debater because
the racist remarks activated negative stereotypes
Which person is seen as more causally influential?
the salient person
"You should buy a computer from us because we sell more computers than anyone else. " This strategy uses the social influence of ( also seen this question using cars)
the social validation rule
Bill is a member of a majority group. Bill believes that members of minority groups who become successful have had some lucky breaks or received "handouts" from government. When members of his own group are successful, he believes it is due to their talent and hard work. Bill is experiencing
the ultimate attribution error
Fazio et al. (1995) found that
there are three categories of people, those who have an automatic activation of stereotypes and suppress them, those who have an automatic activation of stereotypes that do not suppress them, and those who do not have an automatic activation of stereotypes
Aronson and O'Leary conducted a study designed to encourage water conservation among male students showering at the university field house. They found that students were more likely to conserve water (by turning off the shower while soaping up) after
they observed a confederate doing the desired behavior.
Twin studies have found a genetic propensity toward engaging in helping behavior.
true
The results of a 10 year follow-up by Lefkowitz et al. (1977) revealed that among boys the amount of televised violence watched during third grade was positively correlated with aggressiveness 10 years later, whereas the correlation between aggressiveness in grade three and the amount of television violence watched a decade later was essentially zero. These results indicate that
watching televised violence in childhood causes aggressive behavior later in life
Which Milgram study scenario resulted in the highest number of subjects who administered the 450 Volts?
when two other pretend subjects obeyed the experiementer
Although the similarity effect predicts increased romantic attraction in many cases, in which situation is similarity likely to lead to decreased romantic attraction according to Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance theory?
when two people have similar career roles and career pathways
The gain-loss theory of attraction predicts that
you like people who begin by disliking you and gradually increase their liking for you