Combo with "Chapter 1: New World Beginnings" and 27 others

George Washington

elected as commander in chief to run the army, did not have a lot of military success, part of the first families of VA, extremely wealthy, not from England, insisted on serving without pay, will lead the US army into independence

homestead steel strike

carnegie cut wages and workers went on strike (pittsburgh), company hired 300 Pinkerton guards to allows scabs to enter the plant, strikers fought the pinkertons with rifles and the pinker tons surrendered but 10 died and 60 were injured. federal troops were called to reopen the plant, company refused to back workers, setback for labor

liberal republicans

election of 1872 dissident republicans split off from the party in protest of Grant's corruption and formed new political party, opposed corruption and favored sectional harmony, nominated Horace Greeley in 1872

sectionalism

emerged in the era of good feelings, was a concern for the interest of one part of the ones own part of the country rather than the whole

Enlightenment

emphasized power of human reason to understand and shape the world, 1720-1760

lockout

employers could lock the doors to agitators and starve them into submission

Nat Turner

encouraged raids on white farms- killed 60+ in VA in 1831, those involved were rounded up and killed

headright system

encouraged the importation of servant workers and whoever paid the passage as a servant was supposed to receive 50 acres of land, benefited the masters not the servants

effects of compromise of 1850

end to southern extremist threat of secession, "second era of good feelings," north benefitted, NM and UT were more likely to vote for admission as free states than slave, southerners felt betrayed by new fugitive slave law because it was not being enforced as much as they wanted, North became more and more successful

21st amendment, 1933

enforcement difficulties and growth of crime, repeal of probity, organized crime continued to grow, marked the end of the noble experiment

Montesquieu

enlightenment thinker- "Spirit of the Laws" governmental power ought to be divided- Separation of Powers

cult of domesticity

19th century belief that women's place was in the home, where they should create a haven for harried men who worked in the outside world

Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown

4 major battles of American Revolution in order

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia

5 border states who were slave states but stayed in the Union, ESSENTIAL, significant amount of manufacturing, keep control of Ohio and Mississippi River, needed to keep DC in the union, Lincoln had to public declare he was not fighting to free the blacks in order to keep the border states in the union

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911

500 immigrant women working, doors of factory were locked from outside to keep workers in, 146 workers died, women's groups pressured city government to appoint fire commissioners and make fire drills mandatory, make unlocked fire proof mandatory, required sprinklers

western land issue

7 states held claims to area east of Miss. River and south of Ohio river, 6 states that did not have land claims saw this has unfair, Maryland finally agreed to ratify the Articles once NY gave up its western land claims and VA was to do the same

Un peigne

A comb

Une brosse à cheveux

A hair brush

Une brosse à dents

A toothbrush

minority president

Adams became known as this because no one had won the majority of the electoral college votes

The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

Alfred T Mahan's book, proposed that for the US to become a world power it must develop a first-class navy that would give the US a global reach and considerably increase its military power, in order to have great navy cooling stations and naval bases were necessary which would require that acquisition of colonies at sea. Also promoted the idea of competing a central American canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific

Quasi-War

America engages in naval hostilities following the XYZ affair, was never officially declared by Congress as a war, British navy helped the US, US navy defeated the French in the Caribbean

James Buchanan Duke

American Tobacco Co

Battle of Saratoga, Oct 17 1777

American victory in which 5700 British surrendered resulting in formal French recognition of American independence

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson, was a huge American victory in which 2,000 British were killed verses only 13 americans, considered the most significant loss for the British

Thomas Nast

cartoonist who exposed corruption of William Tweed at Harper's Weekly, Tammany hall attempted to bribe Nast not to run a particular cartoon, refused bribe and Tweed was arrested and went to jail for 12 years, fled to Cuba and was arrested and died in prison

disunity

caused by geographic distance, conflicting religious beliefs, different national origins, different forms of colonial governments, frontiersmen vs urban colonists

Palmer Raids, 1919

deporting without a trial, Hoover began to collect files on radicals, justice department arrested members of the Union of Russian Workers in 12 cities, also deported radical aliens

Command of the Army Act

deprived the Chief Executive of his authority as Commander in Chief of the armed forces by requiring him to issue all military orders through the general of the Army- Ulysses S Grant

wage slaves

derogatory term used by the south to say about the north, factory workers who were dependent on their employers for their sustenance, low wages, low hours, unsanitary working conditions, etc

moving west

described as the demographic center of the population

Molasses Act

designed to cut trade between North American and the French West Indies, American merchants were easily able to smuggle their way around the law

Cherokees

developed a constitution declaring their independence from Georgia that was not honored

Union Pacific

developed during the Civil War, for each 1 mile, RR was granted 20 square miles of land to choose where to lay the rails, they sold the rest of the land at a profit, Irish "Paddies" laid most of the track, paddies were often attacked by Indians

Susan B Anthony

devoted life to women's rights, led fights, leader of National Woman Suffrage Association, created the American Equal Rights Association, publisher of Revolution

West view on Adams

did not like Adams policy b/c wanted to end land speculation it public land sales, they did not want restrictions on expansion

South view on Adams

did not want internal improvements due to the tariff it would require, disliked Adams support of the American System, thought that it would slowly eliminate slavery

Radical republicans

didn't like ten percent plan: too lenient with South, didn't secure rights enough for freed, did not trust that 10% of seceded states people could speak for majority pledging loyalty to the union, led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, believed the CONGRESS should dictate terms by which the nation would reunite, were a minority in Congress who wanted: social structure of South uprooted, planter aristocracy punished, federal protection for emancipated blacks

peculiar institution

diff word for slavery used by the Southerners when speaking to Northernors

War with Mexico

diplomatic relations were severed, southern border was disputed, MX- Nueces River while US- Rio Grande, some favored- felt MX provoked war, Manifest Destiny, ability to spread American freedoms and liberties and some opposed- whigs opposed and claimed Polk provoked it, abolitionists looked at war as Southern conspiracy to gain more slave territory

Amistad

enslaves Africans rebelled aboard this Spanish ship off the coast of Cuba and sailed to Long Island- imprisoned for 2 years, John Quincy Adams secured their release in a brilliant argument before Supreme Court, returned to Sierra Leone

Utopian communities

escape constraints of America's market society, created these

Frederick Douglass

escaped slavery, wrote autobiography that shocked northerners, pressured politicians for gradual emancipation of the slaves

Galveston, TX

became the example of a city manager system of municipal government, city manager systems allowed for many targeted progressive reforms, targeted residential slumlords, juvy, and prostitution, CITY LEVEL

Al Capone, Scarface

began 6 years of gang warfare in Chicago

great migration northward

began in 1915-1916, expanding war industries were experiencing labor shortage, southeast lost 323,000 african americans from 1910-1920

new immigrants

began to immigrate into the US from southern and eastern europe in the 1880s, increase in nutrition and unemployment in Europe drove them, different from old- used to autocratic leaders, illiterate and poor, used to mandatory conscription, religious persecution, wanted jobs where they could live together with members of their own ethnic and religious groups

1789

beginning of the French Revolution

deist

believed God had created world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature, god was a divine watchmaker who did not intervene directly in history or in people's lives, evil in the world resulted not from original sin and innate depravity so much as from ignorance, and imperfect understanding of the laws of nature

Horace Kallen

believed in cultural diversity within a unified national experience, german born son of a rabbi received his doctorate in philosophy from Harvard, his most famous work was: Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot

Alexander Hamilton

believed that a permanent debt would attract the wealthiest people as creditors and would make them loyal and dependent on the new federal government, this would require a civil service, national financial institutions, and increased taxes, asked Congress to charter a bank of the United States

Radical republicans

believed war was fought for abolition- frustrated with Lincoln, resented what they believed to be Lincoln's excessive wartime powers of the executive,

press fighting

between British and American, British magazines insulted american lifestyle, american magazines began to retaliate, and anti-British increased in US

Queen Anne's War of 1702-1713

between England France and Spain, halted colonization

Connecticut/Great Compromise

bi-cameral legislature -senate: 2 votes per state -house of rep: based on population eventually passes by 1 vote

US treasury bond sales

biggest revenue raiser during the war was the sale of these, NY Banking house of Jay Cooke serves the gov's get in selling US bonds, he earned a lot of the money

jus soli

birthright citizenship, right of the soil

martin delaney

black leader who wanted re-colonization in Africa

David Walker

black leader who was born free, publics Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 in Boston, encouraged blacks to take an active role in fighting oppression, regardless of the risk and pressure whites to realize the failure of slavery

Union League

black political organization, helped to educate blacks about republican ideals

unionists

blocked the nullies, south carolinians who did not support nullification

Albany Congress

board of trade in London called for intercontinental congress to be held in Albany New York. Was made up of British officials, Iroquois Chieftains, and Colonia delegates, met from June 19-July 10 1754.

reaction to emancipation proclamation

border states felt betrayed, southerners thought that Lincoln was trying to instigate slave insurrections, some abolitionists believed that Lincoln had not gone far enough by not freeing all of the slaves, thousands of slaves flocked to Union armies, black men were used as intelligent contraband

Margaret Fuller

born into a wealthy Boston family, taught at girls school started a transcendental discussion group for educated Boston women, eventually became editor of the journal, "The Dial," believed that women along w men had a mystical relationship with God

J. Pierpont Morgan

born into wealth and sent to NY to manage father's interests, was an investment banker- buy corporate stocks and bonds wholesale and sell them as a profit, used INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES- consolidate rival enterprises and ensure future harmony by placing his own banking officers on their various boards of directors, by 1890s- controlled 1/6 of nation's railroad industry, bought out Andrew Carnegie's iron and steel companies for over 400 million, created US steel: the 1st billion dollar corporation in the US

Emma Willard

established Troy Female Seminary

Dorthea Dix

boston school teachers, saw mental insane huddled together, two year tour to observe mental health families- publicized horrors, efforts result in huge reform, both pennial and mental health reform

Aroostook War

boundary dispute between Maine and Canada, dispute was deep rooted, miles of valuable timber country along Aroostock River, Maine was made state in 1820 and British land claims were disregarded, both american and canadiens entered disputed area for lumbering purposes, no shots fired but Congress authorized Van Buren to call out 50,000 volunteers and provide 10 million for possible war, pressed for diplomatic settlement instead

convoys

british agreed to establish convoy system, immediate effect- number of ships, supplies, and men lost to German subs were almost stopped, almost eliminated the possibility that Germany would be able to force a surrender of GB using sub warfare

Great Rapprochement

british diplomacy toward the United States, marks a new century of good relations between Great Britain and the US, US was no longer a second class nation on the world stage

August 1814

british landed 4000 troops at Chesapeake Bay and set fire to the Capital and the White House, after this the British attacked America's fort in Baltimore Harbor

Creole

british ships were patrolling off coast of Africa and treated to board and search vessels with american flag to see if there were slaves aboard, US government refused this, British offered asylum to 130 slaves who had rebelled and captured American ship, Creole

Naturalization Law of 1802

brought residency requirement back to 5 years

Election of 1828

brought the country back into a two-party system, offensive campaigns by both Jackson and Adams, Jackson easily won w Western and Southern support

Henry David Thoreau

built cabin in MA and lived alone for 2 years, published, "Walden, Life in the Woods," essential piece of American lit, also wrote ,"Civil Disobedience- nonviolent protest

Booker T Washington

built the Tuskegee Institute- leading college for African Americans, argued that blacks should first establish an economic base for their advancement before striving for social equality, believed in black economic progress and when white men depended on black labor and enterprise they would recognize the justice of black rights, was criticized for sacrificing education and civil rights for the acceptance of white conservatives and economic opportunities called accommodationist

department of commerce and labor

bureau of corporations was created as a division of the Dept to investigate interstate commerce, creation was significant because it allowed the federal government to investigate business and trust busting

budget and accounting act of 1921

bureau of the budget was established with a director who would work with president to formulate a budget to be presented and approved by congress annually

trust

business mergers of competing industries that became a problem because they inhibited competition and controlled the market

installment buying

buying on credit

bull market

buying on margin and the market became extremely saturated, national debt rose from 1.2 billion in 1914 to 2 billion in 1921

4th

by 1840 america was the ______ most populated country in the world

the radio

by late 1920s long distance broadcasting became available, brought people together through entertainment

1715

by this date, the French had more of North America than either the English or the Spanish

Manifest Destiny

called M, overspread continent allots by providence for free development of our yearly multiplying millions- John L O'Sullivan

Lee Resolution

called for three main things: declaration of independence (Jefferson, Franklin, and John Adams), call for foreign alliances, confederated form of gov't, approved on July 2, 1776 is the proposal for a declaration of independence from GB

Carrie Nation

called the Kansas Cyclone, she smashed saloon bottles and bars

Mary Elizabeth Lease

called the Kansas Pythoness, prominent female political figure in the west, quotes as saying raise less corn and more hell

Budford

called the Soviet Ark, left from NY in 1919 with 249 anarchist and criminals who were deported to Russia without a trial

Scots-Irish

came in 1700s and settled into the PA frontier, backcountry of MD, Virginias Valley, and the Western colonies, hated the crown, known for being hardworking

Germans

came in large numbers for religious freedom and economic opportunity, settlement started in 1700 and settled mostly in PA, had no allegiance to the crown

Erie Canal

canal connecting Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany on the Hudson River, after Madison vetoed, NY undertook the most important canal project using state money, took eight years, Dewitt Clinton was ridiculed for his leadership - clinton's big ditch, governor's gutter. NY prospered from benefits of the Erie Canal, NYC became the seaboard queen of the world

Midway Islands, 1867

effort to increase trade with Japan and China, William Seward initiated annexation of Midway Islands, coal powered naval steamships could stop for refueling and repair on their voyages across the Pacific Ocean

actions of the first session of Congress, 1789 in NYC

established a judiciary branch, developed an executive branch, created a national military- GW expands the US army to win Indian Wars on the frontier, passed the Bill of Rights

General Leonard Wood

established a provisional government which provided much needed improvements in cuba including medical experiments performed by Dr. Walter Reed on american soldiers resulting in the discovery that the mosquito was responsible for yellow fever, virtually wiped out yellow fever in Cuba

emergency quota act, 1921

established a specific number of immigrants from each country who would be allowed to enter the US as legal immigrants each year, calculated by allowing 3% of new immigrants from each country base on the number from that country in the 1910 census, but this favored southern and eastern European countries who had a large population as of 1910

committee on public information

established by Congress to mobilize American public opinion behind the war effort

Mount Holyoke

established by Mary Lyon, one of the 7 sisters

American Anti-Slavery Society

established by Tappan brothers in NY- 1831, became national organization- William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, and Frederick Douglass became main figures in society *Quakers and free black churches= main supporters

Alien Enemies Act

established in the event of declared war or invasion for jailing and deporting citizens of the enemy nation who were considered likely to spy or commit sabotage

Treaty of Ft Atkinson 1853

established peace among the souther Plains Indians, chiefs agreed to accept definite tribal borders and leave whites on the trials alone, wagon trains passed through the Indian lands safely and the US army build roads and forts

Pietism

evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God, attracted primarily to farmers and urban workers

Grand Central Terminal

example of the City Beautiful Movement where American city developers tried to compete with beautiful buildings in Europe

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

excluded all immigrants from China until 1943, permanently stopped immigration, law was initially intended to last for 10 years but was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902

how WW1 was good for economy

export of more than 800 million dollars in goods to Allies was benefiting economy, France and Britain turned to US for supplies

hatch act of 1887

extended the Morrill act to provide federal funding for agricultural experiment stations at land grant colleges

Copperheads

extreme peace democrats who took actions to obstruct draft, Lincoln, and emancipation

Irish

extremely poor and uneducated, Roman catholics, whiskey, there was a fear that they would take over the society, most stayed in urban centers and worked as day laborers, domestic servants, concentrated in Boston and NY, on same social standing as freed blacks, used political machines which provided housing and jobs in return for their vote, became powerful voting block within Democratic Party

lowell system

factory girls, single girls living in dorms and worked 6 days a week for long hours

Theodore Dwight Weld

famous abolitionist speaker of Burned Over District, had "land rebels" that went out across NW preaching abolition, wrote American Slavery AS IT is- pamphlet

Benjamin Franklin

famous deist (founding father) who rejected the authority of the bible, relied on "natural reason" to define a moral code

Battle of Trenton

famous painting is from this, Washington crossing the Delaware, took over 900 prisoners and ammunition

Neal S Dow

father of prohibition

James Madison

father of the Constitution

Lochner v New York, 1905

favored employers over employees

Contract Labor Act of 1864

federal government encouraged immigration by helping to pay an immigrant's passage, repealed in 1868

Lucy Stone

first women to earn college degree in MA, traveled and lectured on women's rights and abolition, published the Women's Journal along with her husband, issued joint statement marriage contract

Grimke sisters

first women to lecture for the American anti-slavery society, targets of sexism, made them leaders in women's rights movement and abolitionist movement, other women became involved in the Anti-Slavery Society

Charles A Lindbergh, 1927

flew the first successful flight west to east across the atlantic ocean, name of the plane- spirit of St Louis, became a national hero

Fredericksburg

following Antietam, McClellan is replaced with General AE Burnside, attacks Lee's position in va, Lee's army slaughters Burnside's troops and he is forced to retreat after losing 12,000 men

Federalists

led by: Alexander Hamilton form of gov't: strong federal supporters: commerce and business foreign affairs: Britain view on constitution: loose interpretation members: wealthy members: lived north

Moderate Republicans

majority in Congress, agreed with Lincoln's more moderate treatment of South, believed that in terms of reconstruction should be decided by Congress, not president

West Virginia

many Virginians opposed secession- economic ties to Ohio Valley, walk out of Virginia's Secession Convention, organized a separate government loyal to the Union, Congress approved WV's entry into union on June 20, 1863, gradual emancipation of the slaves

economic downfall

many americans worse off after the war, american ships were barred from British and British Indies Harbors

Panic of 1837

many banks failed and economy plummeted

british

many on the frontier were convinced that the Indians were getting support from the ____

Peninsula Campaign

march 1862, McClellan's army moved down Potomac River to Virginia Peninsula, put Union forces within 60 miles of Richmond, many flee Richmond, McClellan waits to strike, Robert E Lee convinced Jeff Davis to send Stonewall Jackson into Shenandoah Valley as a diversion, Jackson's men fight two Union armies and Union army was forced to concentrate on Shenandoah Valley as a victory there would mean the Confederate army could have taken Washington, McClellan stopped advance outside of Richmond and was surrounded by Confederates, Seven Day's Battle

zimmerman note

march of 1917, was sent from German secretary to German ambassador to Mexico, suggested that Mexico enter the war against the US, convinced Wilson to call for war

election of 1852

marked end of the Whig Party and advent of the Democratic and Republican parties with their sectional differences

fall of Port Hudson

marked the fall of the last Confederate fort on the Miss River "cut off spinal chord of the Confederates"

Stono Rebellion

slave revolt in SC, slaves in SC heard about Spain offering freedom to all fugitives from British territories who came into Spanish territory and converted to Catholicism, ran away to Spanish Florida. 60 slaves led by a slave named Cato walked off their plantations and armed themselves. They burned buildings of slave owners and killed whites who got in their way. Spread fear in the whites

black ivory

slaves that were still being smuggled in to the US

Butternuts

small southern planters who were escaping the ruined soil of plantation crops and the social structure of the southern planter elite, settled : OH, IN, IL, showed the independence and distrust of authority of the small southern farmer

city social movements

social reform movements emerged as a result of the worsening living and working conditions in America's cities

Presbyterian Revival

southern colonies Great Awakening challenged dominance of both the Church of England and the planter elite, Samuel Morris led a group of Virginia Anglicans out of the church, Anglican justices of the peace closed down Presbyterian meetinghouses

compact theory

southerners believed in this theory, explains why south believed they had the right to secede from the Union, states not the people created national government, laws of states are supreme, states can declare laws of federal government null and void, logical conclusion to extreme = secession

from cradle to grave

southerners were dependent on the north for all their manufactured products from "____________"

Elliot Ness

pursued Al Capone following the St Valentine's Day Massacre, him and his fellow law enforcement agents dubbed the untouchables because they were so unusual for not taking bribes from the mafia

anti-saloon league and Federal prohibition bureau

pushed through the act and created this to enforce the new policy

Lucretia Mott

quaker minister, was not recognized at the London Anti-Slavery convention, led her to pursue women's rights, organized the Seneca Falls Convention *1848- lectured women's rights and abolition

July 3, 1898

spanish fleet made a desperate fight to save cuba and caught fire, victory set off independence day celebrations at home, in July 1898 Us secured Cuba and Puerto Rico was taken from Spanish possession into American control

financing the war

spent 26 billion and loaned 10 billion to the Allies, 1/3 through taxation, loans through bonds, indiv taxes

Vaudeville

stage shows whose coarse jokes, singing, dancing, and acrobatics entertained Americans nation wide

Prince Henry "Henry the Navigator"

started a school in 1418 for navigation which taught astronomy, cartography, math, etc. With help of this person, Portugal began to explore western coast and establish trading stations along the coast

universal negro improvement association

started by marcus garvey, declared that only lasting hope for blacks was to flee america, sold stock in the Black Star Steamship Line that was bankrupt by 1923

criminal syndicalism laws, 1919-1920

state legislatures passed anti-red statues that outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

series of essays written by PA legislator and lawyer John Dickinson, 12 letters arguing that the colonies were part of the British empire but should be sovereign in their own internal affairs

Jeremiad sermons

sermons that warned churchgoers that their lack of piety would damn them to hell

common schools

serve boys and girls and teach a common body of knowledge that would give each student an equal chance in life, free of charge funded completely with tax dollars, were high quality, standards set and enforced by state

John Marshall

served as chief justice for 34 years, established judicial nationalism by demonstrating- judiciary branch was a strong branch, states rights were secondary to federal, constitution-supreme law of the land, ensured that Hamilton's ideas of a dominant federal government would survive

Writs of Assistance

served as general search warrants, allowing customs officials to enter and investigate any ship or building suspected of smuggling a goods, England authorized to use this in the 1760s, British could seize and ransack buildings at will, officials could enter and ransack private homes and shops without proving probable cause of suspicion

Jesuits

served as important geographers and cartographers for the mid-west and the heartland

Special Field Order No. 15

set aside thousands of acres of abandoned plantation land in Georgia and SC low country for settlement by freed slaves, issued by General William T Sherman

Elkins Act, 1903

set fines to RRs and shipper who participated in railroad rebates

effects of the railroads

settled the West, spurred the industrialization of Post Civil War Years, new domestic markets arose, trade with asia- eastern products could be shipped to Asia from the West Coast, new job opportunities, boost to the american steel industry, mining and agriculture stimulated in the West with new settlers and new markets, farm settlements, new immigrants, lumber industry, time zones, meatpacking industry with refrigeration

Homestead Act

settlers could have 160 acres of land for a small fee icy they were at least 21 or head of family, american citizens of immigrants filing for citizenship, built a house at least 12 feet by 14 feet, lived in the house for 6 months, farmed the land for 5 years in a row

ecological imperialism

settlers maximizing a certain aspect of the ecosystem to benefit their own livelihood without regard for the health of the ecosystem-pattern of american settlement

consequences of secession

share of the national debt, portion of territories in south should be allowed to leave, fugitive slave law (congress did pass)

confederate raiders

ships built illegally by GB for the Confederate army, 18 ships were activated and attacked Union ships in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans where they sank hundreds of ships, Northerners furious, Adams eventually got GB to agree to stop producing raiders, in 1863- two warships with iron rams being constructed for the Confederacy to break the Union blockade which would have resulted in the south firing on northern cities and the Union invading Canada, gb eventually pays US 15.5 million in damages due to the Alabama

Charles J Guiteau

shouted he was a stalwart before shooting Garfield in the back in 1881, wanted Arthur as president, death shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system

Gold Standard Act

signed by McKinley in 1900, stabilized the value of the dollar to one ounce of gold

transcontinental railroad

single most important factor, two main reasons: military and postal

ivanhoe

sir walter scott wrote this book

Rhode Island

state that stated that every abled Negro Mulatto of Indian Man slave in the state would be offered freedom to serve, created Rhode Island's Black Regiment, given freedom in 1783 (those who survived)

pet banks

state-chartered banks located in various parts of the country where Jackson deposited the government funds, pooled the money into 23 different pet banks, forced bank to call in loans and halt lending

Wade-Davis Manifesto

stated that reconstruction was a congressional and not presidential function

Common Sense

states that in the colonies, "Law is King," natural rights, trade and dominion

Dartmouth College v Woodward

step in right direction for national economy and for private corporations, was because protection of all types of contracts from government actions became apparent

fuel administration

stimulated production of coal, oil, fuel while also cutting down consumption at home

gag resolution

stopped anti-slavery petitions from being debated in Congress, John Quincy Adams fought against the gag resolution for years

George Whitefield

studied German Pietists writings and those of John Wesley, founder of English Methodism, preached throughout colonies, new light,

responsorial

style of preaching in which congregation frequently punctuated the minister's remarks with assents and amens was an adaptation of the give-and-take between caller and dancers in African ring shout dance

Meuse-Argonne offensive

successful in cutting off German supply lines

George B McClellan "Little Mac"

successfully driven Confederates out of West Virginia, set his time to work drilling in proper camps and fortification in and around Washington, recruits became confident soldiers, repeatedly hesitated to go into battle, "case of the slows," ignored orders

positives of the Articles of Confederation

successfully waged war against GB, negotiated Treaty of Paris, provided each state recognize laws of others, Northwest Ordinance

Elizabeth Mumbet Freeman

sued her Massachusetts master in 1781 for her freedom and is granted her freedom, lived rest of her life as a domestic servant in the home of the lawyer who pleaded her case

Union War Strategy

suffocate the south with a blockade, free the slaves and undermine the economy of the South, seize control of the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half, cut the middle of the Confederacy into pieces, take away the command of the Confederacy by seizing Richmond, engage the Confederate armies in battle to fight them into submission

War Democrats

supporters of Lincoln and his efforts to save the union

Muller v Oregon

supreme court case in which attorney Louis D Bradeis persuaded the Supreme court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting female workers

US vs Wong Kim Ark

supreme court rules that the 14th amendments guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the US, his decision provided important protections to Chinese Americans, also gave US doctrine birthright citizenship

Worcester vs Georgia

supreme court says that Georgia laws did not apply in the Cherokee territory, but Jackson ignored ruling and gave Georgia the authorization to seize the land

failure of "King Cotton"

surplus of cotton in GB, as result of blockade- cotton growers in Egypt and India increased their exports of cotton to Europe, king cotton was replaced by- wheat and corn with new inventions such as mechanical reaper

St Valentine's Day Massacre, 1929

suspected to have been orchestrated by Al Capone, one gang lined up another and fired on them with machine guns

dollar diplomacy

taft believed that he could convince smaller, developing nations to support the US by investing American dollars in their economies, made both allies and profits for the US, ultimately failed

New York Stamp Act Riot, November 1 1765

taverns throughout the city angry citizens shared discontent with the british, 1765 november crowd marched through the city with torches and effigies of Lieutenant Gov Cadwallader Colden and the devil, dared the British to fire on them and burned Colden's coach, crowd broke into home of Major James drank his liquor and burned the house down

stamp act, 1765

tax on virtually every paper transaction- marriage licenses, deeds of sale, all legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, specifically designed to pay for new military force in the colonies, required customs officials and tax collectors in the colonies

Model Treaty

template of a treaty drafted by Congress which established commercial alliances over military and political alliances, and on Sep 17, 1776, congress passed treaty with France based off of this

Newburgh Conspiracy

tensions began to ride as the northern army was stationed in Newburgh, NY. By Dec 1782, they had not been paid for months and looked like pensions would never come, petition sent to Congress explaining their frustrations and warning them of potentially fatal effects, but many were against a tariff

Slavocrats

term for southern democrats who wanted new slave territory after the Compromise of 1850 seemed to cut off the Mexican Cession to slavery

carpet baggers

term given by southerners for those northerners who moved south as a result of reconstruction, spent money of their industrial employees to elect public officials who would repay the industrialists with profitable contracts to help rebuilt the south with new construction of cities, railroads, factories, warehouses, bridges, and docks

scalawags

term given by southerners to southern whits who cooperated with the carpetbag governments and assisted in their economic enterprises, often poor whites who had little influence in South before the war- mostly merchants and shopkeepers

lost generation

term given to americans, mostly writers, in postwar Europe who lived in Paris

muckrakers

term originally used by Teddy Roosevelt, did not provide remedies to the problems of society but attempted to right the wrongs with publicity, wanted to clean up not eliminate capitalism

syndicalism

term that describes this kind of worker's radicalism

antebellum

term used to describe pre-Civil War America

black forties

term used to describe the death and emigration of millions of Irish

east

textiles and machines for the South and West

Richmond VA

the Confederal capital

nationalists

the DR's who supported a stronger bank called themselves ________

if McClellan would have seized Richmond in 1862 and ended the war then...

the South would have been restored and able to keep slavery

Sir Edmond Andros

the administrator of the dominion of New England in which town meetings were discouraged, colonial press was limited, courts restricted, land titles revoked, etc

Battle of Bunker Hill

the battle that officially set the colonies in a state of rebellion and vanished the hope of a pre-1763 colonial life

Anglican

the church that was established as the only religion in Virginia n 1700

darwinism

the earth belonged to the fittest of men/countries

election of 1896

the election that shifted focus from agrarian to business interests

Philadelphia

the fastest growing American city and the most populous by 1775

54th Massachusetts

the first all black Union military unit

New Netherland

the first name of New York

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

the first written constitution in America, provided for a representative gov't

cherokee, creeks, choctaws, chickasaws, and seminoles

the five civilized tribes

whig

the ideology and political theory in America- question authority/laws

Beringia

the land bridge used to cross into America by the Paleo Indians

Stephen A Douglas

the little giant, wanted to continue westward expansion, invested in RR stock and wanted a RR to make chicago a hub, proposed: divide existing Nebraska Territory (KA and NE), nations decide slave or free, would contradict Missouri Compromise, passed in 1854

tobacco

the main crop grown in North Carolina

nationalism

the most important outcome of the war of 1812

the Florida and the Alabama

the most successful of the Confederate raiders which captured 38 and 64 Union ships, the Alabama was destroyed by Union navy in 1864

redemption

the name given to the Democratic return to power

King Philip

the nickname given to Massasoit's son, Metacom, by the English

VA

the only state that hadn't eliminated tax support for the church by the end of the Revolutionary War

Declaratory Act

the same day the stamp act was repealed (March 1766), act was created to declare absolute control over the colonies

education, women's rights, penal reform, temperance, abolitionism, religious reform

the sections of social reform and cultural reform

John Marshall of VA, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, Charles Pinckney of SC

the three US Statesmen sent to France on a diplomatic mission to: prevent war, stop of the confiscation of nonmilitary cargo, and obtain compensation for recent losses

Fort Pickens (FL) and Fort Sumter (SC)

the two federal forts that remained in Confederate states at the time of Lincoln's inaugural

Kentucky and VA

the two states to pass resolutions that concluded that the federal government had exceeded its powers granted by the states in the Alien and Sedition Acts

cultural pluralism

theory of Horace Kallen, argued that cultural diversity and national pride were compatible with each other, each ethnic and cultural group was important and that their unique contributions added to the richness of the American culture

virtual representation

theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without a vote because representatives generally want what is best for the empire as a whole

compact theory of government

thirteen states agreed in a compact to give the federal government power *REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC

fire eaters

threatened secession in the South and announced convention to be held in TN in 1850- vote for secession if demands not met, pro slavery southerners

John Jay, Ben Franklin, John Adams

three American delegates sent to Paris to negotiate peace

Henry Clay - KY John C Calhoun- SC Felix Gundy- TN

three leaders of the war hawks- were young and seen as very aggressive

John Adams, Ben Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson

three main founding fathers working on the Declaration of Independence

declaration of independence, call to form foreign alliances, confederated form of gov't

three things that are called for in the Lee Resolution, calls for vote, committee for each, first foreign alliance = France

Spring of 1763

time that the Ottawa Chief Pontiac led several tribes on a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country, promised the other tribes that if they cleanse themselves of way of the whites, they would see their lands and old powers restored

The Way of the Churches of Christ in New England

title of one of John Cotton's books

annex

to add or attach new territory to an existing country

Union Party

to avoid a loss, Republicans joined with War Democrats and proclaimed this party to nominate Lincoln

two main purposes of Albany Congress

to secure Iroquois support for the British vs the French in Ohio Valley, and to provide colonial unity

tariff

to stimulate american manufacturing and enlarge the home market for agricultural products, own business to be successful

se réveiller

to wake up (oneself)

XYZ officials/affair

told delegation that they would only meet the directory if: they paid a bribe of 250,000, arranged for the US to loan the new French gov't 12 million dollars, and publicly apologize for Adam's unpleasant remarks

American letters

told of opportunities available in America attracted many extended families to join the male immigrants who initially came to the US to make moved for a short period of time

Boxer Rebellion

took number of foreign diplomats hostage and waited patiently in the city, 20,000 French, British, German, Russian, Japanese, and American soldiers joined forces to rescue the diplomats and end the Boxer Rebellion

Ostend Manifesto

top secret dispatch that urged Pierce administration to offer Spain 120 million for Cuba, if this was refused, go to war with Spain, Pierce dropped the issue

teetotalism

total elimination of alcohol

rendezvous system

traders who would camp for a trading season, traders from east would trade manufactured products with the Native Americans

cattle kingdom

transcond RR allowed cattle to be shipped to the stockyards in the west and with refrigerated cars on to the east coast markets, long drive cowboys moved thousands of long-horned cattle to the railroad depots

Stephen Austin

travels to Mexico city and gets a new grant, found that Mexico had overthrown Spain, receives a new grant

depression of 1893

treasury's gold reserves sunk below 100 million dollars

Oregon Fever

treaty between US and GB divided Oregon country at the 49th parallel, British fur traders had a monopoly on fur trade, both US and GB wanted settlement, spread throughout US after Manifest Destiny was expressed

Hay-Paunceforte Treaty, 1901

treaty between US and GB, US was authorized to construct and manage a Central American canal, US was to guarantee the neutrality of the canal and was authorized to fortify the area if necessary, canal was open to all nations- rates were to be fair and equal

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850

treaty between US and GB, not to seek exclusive control of the canal or territory on either side of such a canal, not to fortify any position in the canal area, not to establish colonies in Central America

Treaty of Utrecht, 1713

treaty in which Britain gained Nova Scotia, and the region around the Hudson Bay, and parts of Spanish America

Ethiopian Regiment

troops wore sash, "Liberty to Slaves," Lord Dunmore organized black slaves serving for British into this, British saw using slaves as disruptive to colonies economy, 3000 slaves relocated by end of the war

Corps of Discovery

two explorers told to make careful scientific records the land, plants, and animals they saw West, made peaceful contact with Indians and went to look for a Northwest Passage (all water route to the Pacific)

chattel slavery

type of slavery defined as the absolute legal ownership of a person or persons, including the legal right to buy and sell them, no freedoms are given

Emerson

unitarian minister in Boston who eventually stepped down, wrote a series of essays where he focused on a radically free individ., argued people were trapped by inherited customs and institutions, "original relationship with Nature," successful- able to translate his abstract ideas, suggested nature was saturated with the presence of god, urged writers to celebrate democracy and individ. freedom and find inspiration in ordinary human experiences

transportation

united states railroad administration was created to take over and operate all the railroads in the nation as one system, us railroad admin was run by William G McAdoo

1755

year in which General Edward Braddock is defeated by the French and the indians at Ft. Duquesne, one of the worst British defeats with more than 900 British and Virginian solders killed, defeat left the frontier open and a perfect place for Indian attacks against colonial settlers

1754

year in which George Washington was sent as a surveyor and a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia accompanying him was Tanagrhisson, an Iroquois chief, washington fired on the troops

1733

year in which Georgia was formally chartered to serve as a buffer zone for the other southern colonies

1626

year in which Gov Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan from the resident Indians and created a Dutch fort at the lower end of the island that would later become Wall St

1718

year in which Jean-Baptiste de Bienville built a colony called New Orleans

1760

year in which Montreal fell to the British

1642

year in which Montreal was settled

1759

year in which Pitt sent James Wolfe who successfully surprised the French on the Plains of Abraham and Wolfe and French Commander Marquis de Montcalm both gave their life in the British victory in the Battle of Quebec

1610

year in which Sante Fe was established as the capital of New Mexico

1670

year in which William Berkeley and his assembly disfranchised the freedmen, meaning take away their right to vote

1681

year in which William Penn sought and received a grant of land from Charles II as payment of a large debt owed Penn's father

1756

year in which William Pitt came into power as head of the military units in the Ohio Valley

1758

year in which William Pitt took Louisbourg

1789

year in which slavery is abolished in Mass, New Hampshire, and Vermont

1755

year in which the British marched the French Acadians from Nova Scotia and dispersed then south into Louisiana territory

1644

year in which the Duke of York gave NJ to two nobles

1682

year in which the Duke of York granted Penn the area of Delaware

1609

year in which the Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson to seek a passage to China via the upper coast of North America, he discovered the Delaware Bay and explored the Hudson River

1637

year in which the English alongside Narragansett allies set fire and execute members of the Pequot tribe alongside the Mystic River

1749

year in which the French were building Ft. Duquesne

1639

year in which the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were written

1763

year in which the Paxton Boys attacked a Delaware village and killed 6 people, burning down the village. Began a march to Philadelphia where they believed they would find other Indians

1620

year in which the Pilgrims sail to North America

1662

year in which the Puritan ministers announced the Half Way Covenant

1692

year in which the Salem witch trials began

1719

year in which the first slave ship arrived in New Orleans

1672

year in which the governor of New France set Louis Joliet and Father Jacques to find and explore a great waterway that the indians called Mitchisipi, sailed the river in 1673

1763

year in which the hat act was actually enforced

1676

year of Bacon's Rebellion

1739

year of Stono Rebellion

Virginia's Statue of Religious Freedom

written in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson, made all churches equal before the law and granted direct financial support to none, prohibited religious requirements for holding public office

Ida M Tarbell

wrote "The history of standard oil" and called standard oil the mother of trusts

John Locke

wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690, stressed that humanity is the product of the environment and the mind is a blank tablet, use human reason to improve both society and human nature, people should have the right to change the government and policies, or even the form of government, through the decision of majority

Herman Melville

wrote Moby Dick, quest for spiritual meaning in nature brings death not transcendence- be careful of nature

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

wrote famous book, Women and Economics, called on women to abandon their dependency status and to contribute to the larger life of the community through by participating in the economy

James Callendar

wrote in Richmond Recorder that Jefferson kept one of his slaves Sally and had children with her

Sinclair Lewis

wrote main street and babbitt

Upton Sinclair

wrote the Jungle

John Dickinson

wrote the letters from a PA farmer, claimed any taxation on the colonies from Britain was unconstitutional, argued against any further violence and argued that it could only provide further unhappiness

Ernest Hemingway

wrote the sun also rises and a farewell to arms

F Scott Fitzgerald

wrote this idea of paradise and the great gatsby

Thomas Paine

wrote, "Common Sense," english man who came to America after meeting Benjamin Franklin, settled in Boston, joined patriot cause and believed in separation from Britain, answered loyalists' questions

Eli Whitney

yale graduate who invented the cotton gin in 1793, could pull cotton seeds from cotton fiber, credited with making cotton a profitable crop in the South, also created mass producing firearms (parts), important catalyst for the factory system

1833

year England abolished slavery

1869

year Wyoming granted unrestricted suffrage to women

1904

year construction of the Panama canal was started

1634

year in which Anne Hutchinson immigrated to Massachusetts Bay

1664

year in which Charles II granted New Netherland to his brother the Duke of York

1704

year in which Delaware was granted the right to choose its own assembly

1739

year of War of Jenkins ear fought between Spanish and the British in the West Indies and Georgia escalated into War of Austrian succession worldwide, part of war in NA resulted in Britain capturing the French port of Louisburg

1800

year of a slave revolt in Richmond VA where revolt leaders were hanged

1754-1763

year of the French and Indian War, which escalates into a World War : Seven Years War in 1756

1733

year of the Molasses Act

1588

year of the Spanish Armada where the English defeat the Spanish Armada and England gains control of the North Atlantic

1621

year of the first Thanksgiving

1614

year of the marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, acted as a peace settlement for the first Anglo-Powhatan war

1763

year of the proclamation act

1833

year that GB abolished slavery

1835

year that Jackson offered MX 5 million for San Fran Harbor and area to north of OR, but MX refused

1891

year that a lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans almost brought Italy and the US to war

1893

year that american sugar planters rebelled against the Hawaiian monarch queen lilukalani, she tried to stage resistance and US marines came in and took over Hawaiian palace, put Hawaii under US military control and set up a provisional government, many americans disapproved this activity in Hawaii

1931

year that more immigrants let the US than arrived

1763

year that salutary neglect is said to have ended for the American colonists

1890

year the National American Women's Suffrage Association was created

1857

year the Presbyterian church split into North and South *first churches split, then political parties, then Union

1894

year the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed by Cleveland

1775

year the first Anti-slavery society was formed by the Quakers in Philadelphia

1840s-1850s

years in which 1.5 million irish and germans came to the US

1689-1691

years of Leister's Rebellion

1846-1848

years of Mexican War

1640-1701

years of the Beaver Wars

1721-1763

years of the Chickasaw Wars

1861-1865

years of the Civil War

1688-89

years of the Glorious Revolution in which James II was dethroned and William and Mary were put back in power

1775-1781

years of war from battle to battle

1777-1778

years that american soldiers at Valley Forge went without food for days, 2800 men barefoot in the snow

1868-1876

years- 14 black house members and 2 black senators served in US Congress, most notable were Hiram Revels and Blanche K Bruce

Democratic-Republicans

led by: Thomas Jefferson form of gov't: limited federal supporters: agriculture foreign affairs: France view on constitution: strict interpretation members: common people members: south, frontier, mid atlantic

Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer

led crusade in First Red Scare by arresting and deporting almost 6,000 suspected communists, in June 1919 a portion of his home was destroyed with a bomb following 40 letter bombs being intercepted in April

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

led first women's rights movement in US for almost 50 years, devoted herself to suffrage, prop rights, divorce rights, equal wages, education, BC, founded National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B Anthony

Charles Grandson Finney

led massive meetings in upstate NY along the Erie Canal, canal allowed communication to travel much more quickly and word of the revivals spread, originally trained as a lawyer and became a minister largest meetings in Rochester and NY- 600 people, denounced alcohol and slavery, allowed women to pray in public

John Sevier

led settlers in the western countries of NC and the new state of TN between 1785-1788 to form a state they called Franklin, or the Republic of Franklin

Naturalization Act of 1798

lengthened the period of residence needed for citizenship from five to fourteen years, intended to stop the flow of Irish immigrants who were anti-British, pro-french and therefor republican voters

JP Morgan

lent the government 60 million dollars in 1895

benefits of the American system

less dependent on Europe, all sections brought prosperity, strengthen national unity

american letters

letters from america back to european family members in the Old World glorifying American life that is said to have simulated immigration

butternuts

living in the upper Mississippi River valley and had southern sympathies, worked against the war effort

political machines

local and state politics were controlled by these that controlled voter loyalty by distributing political and economic benefits- local jobs, political jobs, city contracts, and apartment buildings

Frank Lloyd Wright

long range planning and idea that cities should be planned, famous architect

tories

loyalist party, made up 1/5 of the Americans. included: people who thought themselves in a higher social class, people who did not believe Britain could be defeated, new immigrants, African slaves

women's rights convention 1848- Seneca Falls Convention

lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton called convention, issued radical Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, "all men and women are created equal," 1/3 signed, considered initiation of modern women's rights movement

Pendleton Act of 1883

made compulsory campaign contributions illegal and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive exams. eliminated the campaign contributions that were given in return for government jobs with the spoils system, pushed politicians toward big business to make up the difference in contributions

sedition act of 1918

made it a criminal act punishable by fine or imprisonment to attempt to persuade or discourage the sale of war bonds or to in any way discourage the military, gov, or constitution

Sedition Act

made it illegal for any person to conspire together or interfere with the execution of law, limited what could be written or printed, faced fines or prison, extremely unpopular

Jones Act, 1916

made the Philippines an official US territory and promised natives independence once they established a stable government

grain

main export of PA

William D Big Bill Haywood

main leader of the IWW that held this group together, was arrested and convicted of violating the Espionage Act because of his activities during WW1

ralph waldo emerson james fennimore cooper herman melville

major authors of the time

Sugar Revolution

establishment of sugar plantation for sugar to be sold in Europe fed European colonization and the slave trade

rice

major export crop of the Carolinas

Sir Walter Raleigh

man who unsuccessfully led the settlement of Roanoke in 1585

Matrifocal

men left their mother's homes to marry and moved in with their wives' family

the elect

name given by the Puritans to those who were going to heaven, believed in a predestination in which God knew beforehand who was going to heaven and hell

September 1607

nearly half of the 104 initial settlers of Jamestown had died from disease, malnutrition, and starvation

City on a Hill

nickname for Massachusetts Bay Colony given by John Winthrop

Paleo Indians

nomadic people that came to American 35,000 years ago following their game

1680

one of the whipped medicine men, Popé, organized a revolt and killed 200 Spaniards

African Diaspora

scattering of African peoples throughout the New World

"City Upon a Hill"

seen by the Puritans, their "ideal" lifestyle

Mayflower

ship the pilgrims took to North America

Sugar

sole crop in the West Indies

Charlestown

southern city that served as a critical seaport

congregationalism

system in which each independent church congregation served as the center of a community's political and social life

Queen Elizabeth

the "Virgin Queen", supported mercantilism, enclosure acts, peasant farmers out of work

fur, fish, lumber

three main exports of the Pilgrims

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

three ships that Columbus took on his initial voyage

Coronado

Spanish explorer that explored AZ, NM, KS, was brutal and presses for conversion with barbaric abuse

1675

Spanish whipped 47 medicine men and hung three for sorcery in retaliation

May 14, 1607

104 settlers from Virginia Co of London land at mouth of the Chesapeake Bay- charter from King James I

restoration colonies

Carolina: 1663, NY: 1685, PA: 1681, DE: 1681, New Jersey: 1702, Georgia: 1733

August 3, 1492

Christopher Columbus leaves Spain heading West

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

English legal code set up to provide a legal base for slavery in Barbados. Provided complete ownership to do anything an owner wanted to do with their slaves

Mayflower Compact

document created by pilgrims that all males needed to sign, it established the Plymouth Plantation as a "civic body politic" under the sovereignty of James I, described as America's first example of true self-government

Squanto

Native American part of the Wampanoag that taught the Pilgrims many tricks to farming and how to survive off the land

Mayans

Native Americans in Central America

Aztecs

Native Americans in Mexico

Incas

Native Americans in Peru

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas is signed

1608

Year in which John Smith takes over leadership in Jamestown

1696

Year in which the Barbados slave code was adopted by South Carolina, this fried the basic outline for slavery in the British North American colonies

1608

Year in which the Pilgrims leave England for Holland, believed their children were being Dutchified

1685

Year in which the Powhatan were considered extinct

1619

Year of the House of Burgesses and the first African slave ship arriving in Virginia

1622

Year of the Second Powhatan War

Plymouth Colony

considered the first permanent community in New England

Mestizos

culture and biological bridge between the Europeans and Indian races (Native American is southwest)

1630-1642

Years of the Great Puritan Migration

Maryland Act of Toleration

act in Maryland that guaranteed the rights/toleration to Christians but provided death penalty to Jews and Atheists

House of Burgesses

an assembly made to meet to set a minimum price for the sale of tobacco, but began to meet on other issues and decisions

20,000

approx. number of people who left England to settle in Massachusetts Bay Colony

John Smith

became the leader of Jamestown in 1608, "Those who shall not work, shall not eat"

Conquistadores

centuries of military and religious conflict between Spanish and Moors led to social and religious beliefs in: an obsession with military, male dominance, religious intolerance, etc

Popés Rebellion

considered one of the most effective Indian resistance movements in American history, let by Pueblos after worsening situation: prolonged drought, Spanish abuse, Apache and Navajo attacks

Matrilineal linage system

traced lineage and access to land through the female line

silk and wine

two produced products from Georgia

Lord De La Warr

used Irish tactics against the Powhatan indians, was sent to Jamestown to bring order to the settlement

Great Puritan Migration 1620-1650

wanted to purify the church of England from within, live very strict lives

Native Americans

who the English enslaved to work on the sugar cane fields and sugar mines in the Carolinas

indentured servants

workers who worked the tobacco fields in Maryland

1492

year in which the reconquista of Spain took place

October 12, 1492

Columbus reaches the Bahamas

Treaty of Tordesillas

drew a line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal regarding the new world

Mercantilism

economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country, exports > imports

Black Legend

false concept that the Spanish conquerors tortured and killed Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox and only brought misery

Three Sister Farming

farming beginning in Mexico and South America that became the most significant form of agriculture, provided a high protein diet, fertile soil, and high population density

theocracy

form of government that recognized Gd as supreme civil ruler

Lord Baltimore

founder of the Maryland colony

Pilgrims

opposed Church of England, are separatists, established their own self-governing congregations

Georgia

the "Charity Colony"

big four

US- Wilson GB- David Lloyd George France- George Clemenceau Italy- Vittorio Orlando

August of 1812

USS Essex sunk the British Alert with one broadside shot

election of 1868

Ulysses S Grant defeats Horatio Seymour, two terms filled with scandal- weakened republican party

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

Union Pacific RR was to lay track westward from Omaha, NE and Central Pacific RR to come east from Sacramento, CA

John C Calhoun

VP during Jackson presidency

Annapolis Convention of 1786

Virginia called for convention of states to address interstate commerce issues, only 5 states send delegates, Alexander Hamilton presented a report

6 principle boards to mobilize the war effort

War industries, united states shipping, food administration, fuel administration, national war labor, and transportation

Seventh March Speech

Webster's speech significant in pushing northern congressmen toward compromise

Winfield Scott

Whig candidate in election of 1852, military hero, endorsed Fugitive Slave Act, anti-slavery whigs in the north hated this

Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison- Gov of Indian Territory, gathered army and defeated and burned Tecumseh's headquarters, was seen as triumph over the British

New Jersey Plan

William Patterson's plan, create exec branch, judicial branch, and congress with power to tax and regulate trade, unicameral with one vote per state, NJ plan gave main power to state governments

Sewards Folly

William Seward signed treaty with Russia which allowed US to purchase Alaska for 7.2 million dollars, believed to be of little value

Underwood Tariff

Wilson pushed Congress to pass this tariff which drastically reduced duties on foreign goods from an average rate of 40% to an average rate of 25%

new freedom

Wilson's platform in election of 1912, support for small business, free unregulated makes, against social welfare programs, fragmentation of big industry

Roger Williams, 1636

Year and man who established the first Baptist Church in American in RI

1675

Year in which Massasoit's son let intertribal attacks on 52 Puritan towns

1608

Year in which Quebec was established

1636

Year in which Thomas Hooker led a group of settlers to Hartford

September 1920

a bomb exploded at Broadway and Wall street and killed 38 people

quartering act, 1764

a tax in colonies which paid for 10,000 British soldiers, required certain colonies to proved food and quarters for the soldiers

13th Amendment- ratified Dec of 1865

abolished slavery, necessary to protect the rights of the freedmen

Federal city

acted as the compromise between Hamilton and Jefferson, Hamilton convinced Washington to offer that the new federal city be located in VA away from the influence of the northeast, Jefferson accepted the proposal

magazines

advances in printing technology and popularity of reading about politics of the day

Wendell Phillips

advocated a bloody end to white supremacy

kitchen cabinet

Jacksons unofficial advisors were accused as being this because they came in to advise Jackson through the kitchen door

demise of the wobblies/ IWW

crippled by WW1 when most of its leaders were jailed for conspiracy, remaining were arrested during Palmer Raids

Great White Fleet

demonstrated American strength, battleships sent on tour of the world

General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna

denies request from Stephen Austin to allow Texas to separate from Mexico

Indianization

effect on settlers, snowshoes, buckskin, field clearing, grew and ate squash and beans, dried venison into jerky, dugout canoes

orville and wilbur wright

first successful flight, December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk NC

Jazz Singer, 1927

first talkie with Al Jolson in blackface

The Columbian Exchange

global exchange of people, animals, food, plants, technology, and disease, began in 1493

unitarianism

idea that God was only one entity vs the Trinity, came out of the deist movement, followers were mostly intellectuals

Gospel of Wealth

idea that earthly success should be used for good works

layout of the declaration

ideals- statement of the ideals of US arguments- gives reasons why colonists thought they were justified complaints- lists complaints against the King conclusion- wrapping up

circumstances that could have led to a southern victory

if border states seceded, if upper Mississippi Valley states would have turned against the Union, if Britain and France had broken the Union's naval blockade of Southern ports

Anne Hutchinson

immigrated to Massachusetts Bay and was fascinated by theological issues. Began to hold weekly discussion groups for women, John Winthrop was leery and warned the women that this would cause damage to their brains, Winthrop and John Cotton led opposition to her and she was banished from the colonies

Joseph Brant

leader of the Mohawks traveled to Philadelphia to meet with Washington, no agreements made, Brant continued his alliance with GB, Washington ordered a full scale war on the Native Americans

Daniel De Leon

leader who argued that the IWW must be founded on the class struggle and the irrepressible conflict between the capitalist class and the working class

William Bradford

leader/governor of Plymouth Plantation

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

leaders of the Corps of Discovery, set off from St. Louis in 1804, met Sacagawea, reached the Pacific in 1805, success inspired an increase in exploration and settlement of the new territory

marcus garvey

leading spokesman for negro nationalism, told african americans to liberate themselves from white culture, endorsed social and political separation

General Arthur St Clair

led 2000 troops on a direct assault on the Miamis on the Wabash River

Emilio Aguinaldo

led Filipino rebels along with American troops to capture Manila in August 13, 1898

Henry Clay (Great Compromiser)

led a compromise in Congress that states Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state if Maine was admitted as a free state thus maintaining the slave free balance in Congress, slavery would NOT be permitted in future states above the 36 30 line, ONLY APPLIED TO TERRITORY ACQUIRED IN L PURCHASE

Robert de La Salle

led a large expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers in 1687, made it the Gulf, and claimed it for the King, pushed his men west into Texas where one of his men was murdered

Denmark Vesey

led a revolt in 1822 in Charleston, 30 were hanged

Denmark Vesey

led a slave rebellion in 1822 in SC

John C Fremont

led an army exploring party in CA, revolted against Mexico's weak rule- was called Bear Flag Revolt

March to the Sea

led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, would end in Savannah Georgia, used a scorched Earth policy

Underground Railroad

led by Harriet Tubman and acted as a conductor to runaway slaves who stopped in safe houses on their way to freedom in free territory

General Intelligence Divison

led by J Edgar Hoover

Republican Party, 1850s

organized by anti-slavery whigs, democrats, and free soilers in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

temperance movement

organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption, three groups dominated: prohibition party, anti-saloon league, and the women's christian temperance union

Women's Loyal League

organized in 1865 to show support for emancpation in the 13th amendment, elizabeth cady stanton and susan b anthony gathered 400,000 signatures and sent them to Congress showing female support for 13th amendment

national labor union

organized in 1866 to unify workers across locales and trades to challenge bosses, include skilled and unskilled workers, excluded Chinese

New Amsterdam

original name of New York City

Second War for Independence

other name given to the war of 1812

Virginia resolves

passed by the Virginia house of burgesses in May 1765, denied parliaments right to tax the colonies under the stamp act

William H McCuffey

published grade school readers called McCuffeys Readers- 122 million copies sold

Federalist Papers

published in NY newspapers to push for ratification

Clara Barton and Dorthea Dix

revolutionized nursing during the war

southern economic conditions

richmond increased internal taxes, southern resistance to taxes from a central government- hard to collect revenue

causes of WW1

rise of nationalism, growth of imperialism, formation of alliances, and increased militarism

Jean-Jaques Rosseau

"Social Contract" governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed

Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Speech

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness..."

NINA

"no irish need apply"

Jan 1920

19th amendment- gave women right to vote

General Lewis Cass

Democrat nominate in the Election of 1848, Cass was vocal on issue of slavery, believed in popular sovereignty

Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19 1775

"shot heard around the world," British General Gage is ordered to seize colonial military supplies in Concord MA and to arrest John Hancock and Sam Adams, Paul Revere keeping watch, sent spy into the British officers headquarters, Revere saw two lanterns altered every house saying, "The Regulars are coming," 70 minutemen gather on Lexington Greene to confront the Redcoats who arrived early the next morning, brief in Lexington- 8 colonists killed, british march to concord and the minutemen are waiting, british retreat to boston and minutemen hidden on the way, 273 british die, 88 americans

Internal Revenue Act of 1862

(for Union) imposed taxes on tobacco, alc, medicine, and newspaper ads, nearly all were ended when the war was over, income tax levied for the first time

white majority

1/4 of white families owned less than 10 slaves, smaller slave owning families made up a majority of the slave masters, lived modestly and worked beside their slaves

economic condition in 1789

11 million to foreign countries, 50 million owed to American citizens, domestic debts were being sold off at much less than face value

Boston Associates

15 families who pooled their money to invest in various new US industries, eventually dominated financial interests

inauguration of Jackson

15,000 supports gather, those who did not like Jackson referred to this as "King Mob"

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784, pro-British Iroquois forced to sign this, gave most of their land to the Americans, seen as the end of the Iroquois

Treaty of Greenville

1795, signed between US and Ohio Confederacy, gave most of OH and IN to the US, indians given sum of money each year, had the right to hunt on the land, were given official US recognition Western settlement continued and developed the following: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

1807- tensions peaked when British HMS Leopard opened fire on the American USS Chesapeake off the coast of the Chesapeake Bay, British boarded the ship and hung four crew members, this was extremely important because it moved public opinion towards war on GB

Steamboats

1809, Robert Fulton sent his first steam powered boat the Clermont up the Hudson River to Albany, by 1830- 200 in western rivers, by 1860- 1,000 on Mississippi River, aided the reverse flow of finished goods and helped to bind the South and West together

Whig Tariff

1842- two bills came out of congress to delay reductions in the tariff, provided that revenue from Western land sales would be distributed among all states (pork legislation), Tyler opposed and had to be revised so he would not veto the bill

Hawaiian Reciprocal Treaty

1875, US government signed this with nation of Hawaii, it allowed Hawaiians to sell sugar in the US duty free, as long as Hawaii agreed not to lease or sell any territory to any foreign power

Haymarket Square Riot

1886, anarchists who were falsely believed to be Knights, set off a bomb at a rally and killed 7 policemen and 67 civilians, police open fired on the knights and killed 10, injuring 50. public now saw knights of labor as violence

Pearl Harbor

1887, Hawaii was under pressure from government and agreed to lease this to the US to be used as a naval base

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889, squatters overran unassigned acres of Indian land, Congress agreed to buy out Indian claims and tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up the Oklahoma territorys borders, settlers called boomers, had staked claims, discovered that some of the best lands had been grabbed by sooners- people who sneaked past the government officials earlier to mark claims

closing of the frontier

1890 census confirmed that the frontier line was no longer discernible

1919

18th amendment- prohibition

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907, Roosevelt issued this stating that the San Francisco Board of Education would retract the ban as long as Japan reduced the number of immigrants to the US

General Victoriano Huerto

1913 mexicans killed their president and replaced with him

Tampico Incident

1914 mexican officials illegally arrested American sailors

Armistice

1918, germany sought peace with the allied forces based of Wilson's 14 points, wilson insisted Kaiser be overthrown, was signed and hostilities finally ended, prospect of endless US troop reserves rather than Americas actual military successes caused Germany to surrender

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Authors of Federalist Papers

Atlanta Exposition

Booker T Washington's famous address

Ohio Confederacy

Britain allied themselves with them to terrorize american settlers

General Andrew Jackson

British began to attack New Orleans- was in charge of defending the city, seen as a hero

General Jeffrey Amherst

British general that approved the distribution of smallpox-infested blankets and handkerchiefs from the fort's hospital

Cornwallis

British general that surrendered

Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775

British have 3000 troops to 1500 of Americans, Americans retreat after running out of gunpowder, use sharp shooters and gorilla warfare, loss of 1000 british leads George III to officially declare the colonies in a state of rebellion

British North American Act, 1867

British parliament established the Dominion of Canada to bolster Canadians politically and spiritually against the vengeance of the US

Francis Scott Key

British prisoner of war that wrote the "Battle of Fort McHenry" that was later name the Star Spangled Banner

Chancellorsville

Burnside is then replaced by Fighting Joe Hooker, Lee sends Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank, fighting began near evening and died out at sundown, fighting broke out in the night and Confederates accidentally fire on Jackson, killing him. Lee forced Hooker's army back across the river and defeats the Union forces

Compromise of 1850

CA was admitted as free state, remainder of Mexican Cession was to be formed into territories of NM and UT with no restriction on slavery- popular sovereignty, TX received 10 million for territory to be NM, fugitive slave law was strengthened, abolition of slave trade in DC, CA free, Mexican cession- NM and UT

South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1828

Calhoun anonymously wrote it, challenged constitutionality of tariff, talks about nullification

Caroline Incident

Canadians unsuccessfully attempted to revolt in 1837- Van Buren receives word, americans hoped they would be annexed, provided supplies to the Canadians in the steamer Caroline to the rebels, on December 1837- British troops captured the Caroline and burned it- 1 american killed, happened in US waters, public demanded apology and full payment, Van Buren warned Americans that gov could not protect them if they were captured fighting in Canada, warning encouraged americans to help Canadians, McLeod was responsible for attack

Marshall Fields

Chicago

Chickasaw Wars

Chickasaw were allied with British and fought against the Choctaws and the Illini, Chickasaw were in the way of the French controlling the Miss river at Chickasaw Bluff. governor of Louisiana incited the Choctaw to ambush the Chickasaw pack trains along their path to Charlestown SC. In 1723, Chickasaw allied themselves with British and established Savannah Town. In march 1736, French and Illlii were defeated by Chickasaw. French were never able to unite the northern and southern parts of New France because of the Chickasaw

John Jay

Chief justice was sent in 1794 to negotiate with the British to get the british out of northwestern forts, secure reparations fro the losses of American shippers, compensation for Southern slaves given their freedom in 1783, and a commercial treaty to formally establish American trade with the British west indies

immortal trio

Clay, Webster, and Calhoun eventually became members of the Whig Party

Magna Carta of Labor

Clayton Antitrust Act

battle naming

Confederate: city near Union: body of water near

National Road

Congress passed a plan for a national road to link the eastern seaboard with the towns and cities of the growing West, federal funds were allowed for construction of National or Cumberland Road, completed in 1838. Linked Cumberland, MD with Vandalia, IL

Alien and Sedition Acts

Congress passed four laws in 1798, limited the rights of immigrants and critics of the Adams administration, real purpose of the acts was to destroy Republican support by closing down newspaper

Trent Affair

Conned government dispatched diplomatic mission to London, two delegates got past the Union blockade and took passage on a British steamer- the Trent, the steamer was stopped at sea by an American cruiser who commander ordered a boarding party to seize the two delegates, great britain took this as aggression and began to make war preparations, Lincoln instructed American minister Charles Francis Adams to assure the British government that the American captain had acted without authorization, "one war at a time",

Spanish American War, 1898

Cuba revolted being led by Jose Marti in 1895, next year spain sent 150,000 troops and General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba, instituted policy of reconstruction and forced Cubans into concentration camps where within 2 years 200,000 cubans died, cuban insurrection revolted against Spain by burning sugar fields and mills and blowing up passenger trains, americans demanded action

Shay's Rebellion

Daniel Shays was captain in Continental Army, was in debt and borrowed money to keep farm running, was given two options: go to debtors prison of court would seize his land, went to MA legislature and asked for extra time to pay debt, was not given any help, angry farmers began to protest in August and Sep of 1786, eventually shut down court houses, this stopped the seizure of any more farms, in Jan 1787, Shays and other farmers went to take over state arsenal, militia fires on the farmers

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Daniel Webster referred to this as the battle of the maps, fixed northern boundary of Maine, US received over half of disputed territory, included adjustments in boundary along Vermont and NY and Lake of the Woods, British received a land route between New Brunswick and Quebec, unofficial apologies about Caroline affair, very important in career of Daniel Webster, Webster resigned following due to policy disagreements with Tyler

Martin Van Buren

Democrat in the election of 1840

French and Indian War

English and their Iroquois allies were in constant tension with the French and their allies, Britain and France were sliding toward war n Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. War spread to Asia. General Robert Clive retook city of Bengal- set stage for British Indian control

Tripolitan War 1801-1805

Feder. had been paying pirates of Barbary States, in 1801 country of Tripoli declared war on US because they didn't believe that they were getting enough tribute- reaction to Jefferson being elected (was not a Feder), Jefferson did not want a full blown war and did not want higher taxes and debt

Hartford Convention

Federalists hate war, MA and CT refused to contribute militias in the war effort, delegates from the NE states met to discuss their grievances in Hartford Connecticut, demands were never acted on, important because it highlighted sectional differences

American Filipino War, 1899-1902

Filipinos had rebelled against the Spanish before 1898, Americans defeated Spaniards, believed the Americans would grant them their independence, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, american generals permitted their soldier to use savage tactics, large filipino death toll, remained part of US until 1946

Allied powers

France, Britian, Russia, and later Japan and Italy

King Francis I

French King that began exploration for france

Toute vitesse

Full speed

Opium War

GB's victory over China in 1842, GB could now sell opium in five ports and gained control of Hong Kong

sports

George Herman Ruth- baseball Bobby Jones- master golfer Bill Tilden- tennis Jack Dempsey- boxer

Specie Circular 1836

Jacksons attempt to stabilize currency- required that land payments be made in gold and silver rather than paper money or on credit, caused prices to drop

Leister's Rebellion

German merchant and militiaman seized control of southern portion of New Work and controlled in until 1691.

January 1917

Germany began to sink ships, Wilson cut off ties with Germany and Germany sunk 5 american ships

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Gifford Pinchot- head of forestry division in the Department of Agriculture, had been appointed by TR and had angered Taft and Taft fired him, refused to reinstate Pichot even after TR and other Progressive Republicans begged Taft to

Wisconsin Idea

Governor Robert La Follette was to form an academic alliance to improve government, fought to clean up government and produce social reform, STATE LEVEL

Grant vs Lee

Grant took 100,000 men to Richmond to face Lee's army, series of battles in June, 1864. Grant lost 50,000 men and so did Lee, on June 3, Grant ordered an assault on Cold Harbor: 7,000 men lost in matter of minutes, April, 1865: Grant's troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee's army at Appomattox Court House

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Great Britain received all of New France east of the Mississippi River, France had to give Spain all of the trading posts along the Mississippi and New Orleans, Spain traded Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba which the GB had won during the war. France was allowed to keep their sugar islands in the West Indies

Monroe Doctrice 1823

Hands off the Americas, speech made to congress- James Monroe claimed that the Americans colonists were no longer open to European colonization, was a warning more than anything

Billion Dollar Congress

Harrison used the Treasury surplus for huge expenditures on: pensions, public buildings, improvements of rivers and harbors, gov purchase of silver (criticized of spending excessively)

John Tyler

Harrison's running mate, planter aristocracy, Virginian whig party member, whigs tried to convince american people that they had their origins in the common man, became president after Harrison dies in office

Second Open Door Note

Hay issued this following the Boxer Rebellion, requested that other powers respect China's territorial status, because he feared they would try to take revenge on the Chinese for the uprising

Compromise Tariff 1833

Henry Clay consulted with Calhoun, promised tariff would be gradually reduced over 9 years, is passed

sectional giants, immortal trio, Old Gaurd

Henry Clay, John C Calhoun, Daniel Webster

Iroquois

Indian confederacy that eventually joined the side of the British, GW believed that they needed to be stopped and adopted a scorched earth policy

Manifesto and Declaration of the People

Issued by Nathaniel Bacon that demanded the death or removal of all Indians and an end to the rule of the wealthy

Force Bill 1833

Jackson requested congress to authorize the president to use the army to compel compliance with federal law in SC

"Our union it must be preserved!"

Jackson said this at a birthday celebration where he wanted to publicly state his opposition to nullification.

forgettable presidents

James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland

Virginia Plan

James Madison's plan, creation of an exec branch to enforce laws, judicial branch to rule on laws, and a bi-cameral legislature, based on national supremacy, with the power to tax, regulate interstate and foreign trade, veto any act or law of state legislature and rep in both houses was to be based on population

reduction of the military

Jefferson believed that standing armies = dictatorship, created US Military Academy at West Point in 1802 so that he could replace the Federalist officers with Republican officers

revolution

Jefferson referred to the election of 1800 as this because he believed that Hamilton and Adams had betrayed American ideals

Sally Hemings

Jefferson's slave who he had 5 children with, gave them their freedom after his death, Federalists used this against him in the 1804 election, never commented on the issue

Hamilton vs Jefferson

Jefferson: believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution and believed that as a nation of farmers (agrarian republic), the US needed to keep more power in the states and local governments and less in the Federal government, while Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation of the constitution- *necessary and proper (elastic clause)

mormons

Joseph smith claimed was visited by Maroni the angel in NY, showed him golden tablets which he was allowed to translate- Book of Mormon, built- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, moved in OH then to MO, finally ending in Nauvoo, IL, proposed polygamy, militia, had clashes- Smith is assassinated, moved to Utah by Brigham Young, prospered in agriculture, Mormon War- bloodless, very well-off, strict religious control

cultural pluralists

John Dewey, Jane Addas, and Lous Brandeis

Eaton Affair "battle of the petticoats"

John Eaton-Jacksons sec of war married Peggy Eaton, sex scandal that tore Jackson's cabinet apart when he sided with Peggy

oneida

John Humphrey noyes- Dartmouth educated minister, and was dismissed, believed in perfection- christ had returned to earth and that people could aspire to sinless perfection, believed marriage as the cause of imperfection, all members were married to each other, communal nurseries, complex marriage, steel animal trap made community successful, specialized in silverware

Zenger Case 1735-1736

John Peter Zenger newspaper printer in NY, began to write articles against the corrupt Royal Governor in NY, charted with seditious liable, jurors defied the Chief Justice and found Zenger innocent

Rush-Bagot Treaty

John Quincy Adams was sent to propose disarmament with the British in the Great Lakes, provided that the naval force on the Great Lakes for each nation be limited to four ships to prevent smuggling, unarmed boundary between Canada and US- still around today

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams wins the election, Massachusetts, vote went to the House and Adams won, Adams was a nationalist and an advocate for the American System

Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925

John T Scopes was accused of presenting Darwin's theories to high school students in violation of Tennessee state law that forbade the teaching of evolution, Clarence Darrow- defense attorney, William Jennings Bryan- lead attorney for the Fundamentalist prosecution, Scopes was found guilty and fines

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)

Jonathan Edward's most famous sermon

Henry Clay

KY, great compromiser, suggested compromise in which North could avoid slavery in territories by enforcing a tougher fugitive slave law

Gettysburg

Lee invades PA hoping to incite the peace protestors, Hooker is now replaced by George G Meade who commanded 92,000 men, Confederate scavenging party entered the town in search of shoes and encountered units of Union, main forces quickly converged, confederates pushed the Union troops out of the town but int stronger positions on high ground, Meade sent reinforcements to his new lines along the high ground, on July 3, 1863, Lee sends General George Pickett's on Pickett's charge to advance uphill across open ground commanded by the Union, within one hour every one of Pickett's men were killed/injured. Lee retreats on July 4

Second Battle of Bull Run

Lee marches north after the victory in the Seven Days Battle, union troops led by General John Pope attempt to stop the advance but they are caught at the old battlefield Bull Run, from August 28-29 1862 Pope was driven back to Washington with wagons and supplies burning behind him and thousands of Union troops defeated, even more serious defeat than the first Battle of Bull Run

Andrew Jackson

Lincoln is compared to him because in the Nullification Crisis _____ did same as Abe: use force to enforce federal law

April 15, 1861

Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 militia men and volunteers to join the Union army

Ten Percent Plan, December 1863

Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction, also known as the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, offered pardon to any former Confederates who would take an oath to support the Constitution, was not extended to officers in the Confederate armed forces above certain ranks, or those who had resigned Union government posts to aid in the rebellion, applied only to states that were occupied by Union soldiers, namely parts of VA, TN, AK, LA. In this plan a state could be readmitted to the union: when 1/10 of the states voting population had taken the oath of loyalty, established a new state government which formally accepted the abolition of slavery

Du rouge à lèvres

Lipstick

commonwealth v hunt

MA state supreme court ruled that labor unions were not illegal so long as their methods were honorable and peaceful

Daniel Webster

MA, publicly supported Clay's compromises, urged reasonable secessions in the South, supported a stronger fugitive slave law, northern bankers and manufacturers supported Webster's speeches because they stood to loose millions of dollars if the south seceded

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

MX ceded territory called Mexican cession for 15 million dollars and the assumption by US of 3,250,000 claims against MX, polk say treaty as too generous

Helen Hunt Jackson

Massachusetts writer wrote, A Century of Dishonor describing the governments mistreatment of the Plains Indians- debate that came after led to the Dawes Act

wedding of the rails

May 10, 1869, Promontory Point, UT, golden spoke driven in by governor of CA (Leland Stanford), Liberty bell rung at same moment

Election of 1900

McKinley- republican, Roosevelt- running mate, was considered a threat to political machines in NY and was considered to be out of the way in the position of vice pres William Jennings Bryan- anti-imperialist platform McKinley wins but is assassinated in 1901

Battle of the Ironclads

Merrimac returned for battle and found a Union ironclad vessel named the Monitor, two hours of battle- ends in a draw, Confederate destroy the Merrimac to make sure it did not get into Union hands

Commodore Matthew C Perry

Millard Fillmore dispatched fleet of warships to Japan, Penny requested free trade and friendly relations, promised to return in one year, persuaded the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa- gave US trading routes in Japan, made issue of transcontinental railroad even more important

Salem Witch Trials

Minister of Salem's daughters and friend began to act strangely and a doctor diagnosed them as being possessed by the devil, suspicion fell on Tituba, the family's Indian slave. Tibuta and two other women accused of witchery that fueled a wave of accusations. Many of the accusations were made against women who came from families associated with the new economy of getting ahead and moving away from the church.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri enter as slave, Maine as a free state, remainder of Louisiana Purchase- slavery prohibited North of 36 30 line

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

NY merchants who paid for Weld to go to Lane Theological Seminary in OH

Macys

NYC

Dennis Kearney

San Fran, incited followers to violently abuse the Chinese

Grimke Sisters

Sarah and Angelina born in SC, moved to PA, became abolitionists

Martin Van Buren (NY)

Sec of State under Jackson

1901-1903, Insular Cases

Supreme Court decided that constitutional rights did not extend to territorial possessions, the Constitution did not follow the flag, Congress had the right to administer each island possession without constitutional restraint

Albert Gallatin

TJ's Sec of Treasury, referred to as the "Watchdog of the Treasury," reduced national debt balanced budget kept funding at par and assumption kept bank of US kept import tariff (realized that Hamilton's plan WORKED)

contract theory

Northerners believed in this theory, people created union, fed government is supreme, federal laws and actions take precedence over state laws and actions

Negro President

Northerners called Jefferson this because they saw him as an embodiment of the slave power that the South had in the country

Ne...(pas) encore

Not yet

Battle Above the Clouds

November of 1863, Grant won a series of battles and Chattanooga was taken over by Union troops, TN was cleared of Confederates

John D Rockefeller- standard oil

OIL, formed Standard Oil of Ohio, in 1877- controlled 95% of the nation's oil, used policy of rule or in and predatory pricing, used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION: merger of competing companies in an industry (dominate industry)

stamp act congress

October 1765, 27 delegates from 9 colonies met in NYC, drafted a list of rights and grievances which asked parliament to repeal the stamp act

Battle of the Thames

October 5, 1813, William Henry Harrison defeated the British and killed Tecumseh, death of Tecumseh was very significant because it forced Indians to give up their dream of creating a confederacy

defeat at Saratoga

Octover 17, 1777, parliament passed legislated to offer Americans home rule and remain with the British empire after this, Ben Franklin was sent to France by Congress to negotiate a treaty of alliance

July 1775

Olive Branch Petition is issued by second continental congress

John Cotton

One of the most widely admired men in Massachusetts, he was a 'super Puritan' and he was looked up to for leadership in the colony, helped to banish Anne Hutchinson alongside John Winthrop

August of 1914

Panama canal was completed

John Wanamaker

Philadelphia

Louisiana Purchase 1803

Pinckney Treaty is signed with Spain in 1795 for US to deposit goods into New Orleans, and this right was withdrawn in 1802, in 1800- the land was given to the French from Spain, delegates sent to France to negotiate deal, Napoleon offers entire region-15 million because of failure to reestablish, revolts by ex-slave Toussaint L'Overture, yellow fever, Jefferson struggled w/ a decision and did not know if the action was constitutional or not- was warned the deal might be taken back if he didn't act, submitted the treaties to the Senate who quickly approved them and this almost doubled the size of the US

General Winfield Scott

Polk ordered him to land on east coast of MX and march inland to take Mexico City, captured city with loss of 20 americans, Mexico continued to decline negotiation

fifty-four forty or fight

Polk's campaign slogan, example of the expansionist mood in the country

Roger Williams

Puritan minister from Salem who was an extreme separatist. He wanted Puritans to completely break away from the Church of England and he objected to Puritans taking Indian land. He was banished in 1635

S'habiller

Put clothing on

Un rasoir

Razor

Tout de suite

Right away

Deep South

SC, FL, MS, AL, LA, slaves majority of population, slave auctions, families separated

John C Calhoun

SC, advocate states' rights, wanted to leave slavery in tact, return runaway slaves, give southern states rights as a minority and restore power, suggested electing 2 presidents- one from N and one from S

Father of the Factory System

Samuel Slater, british textile worker who memorized the mechanization of the textile mill and recreated it in RI in 1791

Samuel Foot

Senator from CT proposed restricting public lands to only those on the market currently

First Continental Congress

September 5, 1774-October 26, 1774, after Britain closed Boston Harbor, 55 delegated from 12 colonies meet in Philly to decide what to do about Intolerable Acts, issued a declaration of rights and grievances, called on colonies to arm themselves and train militias, delegates agreed to meet one year later if their grievances had not been resolved

Du shampooing

Shampoo

Tecumseh and brother Tenskwatawa

Shawnee born N Americans, organizing a confederacy of all Indians east of the Mississippi River against white settlers, urged all Indians- not sell land unless all confederacy agreed, wear traditional dress, consume no alcohol

Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876

Sioux tribe fiercely resisted white settlement on their land, gov wanted to build road through territory, sioux tribesmen attacked and killed 88 american soldiers, tribe agreed to move to reservation in Black Hills of South Dakota, miners began to settle Black Hills, Sitting Bull (chief of tribe) left the reservation and General George Custer was sent to round up Sitting Bull and the Sioux, him and force were killed at Battle of Bighorn

Du savon

Soap

FL

Spain allowed for GB to use this state as a base of operations against the US, served as a refuge for hundreds of white outlaws and runaway slaves

Treaty of Paris to end the American War, 1898

Spain would recognize Cuba's independence, US purchased Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam for 20 million, difficult to pass: imperialists vs anti imperialists

Se lever

Stand up

Toujours

Still

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

TR announced this declaring that the US would collect and distribute the debts owed to European powers- in effect stating that only the US could intervene in Latin American affairs, made the US the policeman of the Caribbean

election of 1908

TR endorsed his VP william howard taft, william jennings bryan for the Democrats, Taft easily defeated Bryan

new nationalism

TR's platform during the election of 1912, stricter regulation on large corporations, created a tariff commission, women's suffrage, min wage, direct election of senators, initiative, referendum, recall, presidential primaries, and prohibition of child labor

Election of 1912

Taft alienate members of his party, Robert La Follette was elected by progressive wing of the republican party, TR and supporters left convention and created a third party: Progressive Party, Wilson nominated for Democratic party, Wilson wins election

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Taft did not have political power to prevent conservatives within the republican party from repeatedly amending a bill for a lower tariff, bill was signed away in 1909

Se reposer

Take a nap

Millard Fillmore, NY

Taylor's vice president, became president after Taylor dies in 1850

Joseph Brant

Thayendanega nicknamed this, led the Mohawks attacked white communities from NY to PA, 1777 became known as the "Bloody Year."

Pinckney's Treaty 1795

Thomas Pinckney negotiated this, gave US free navigation of the Miss River, given the right to deposit goods at New Orleans for 3 years, acceptance of a boundary at the 31st parallel, promise on both sides to refrain from inciting Indian attacks on the other, extremely popular treaty

Etre pressé(e)

To be in a rush

Etre prêt(e)

To be ready

S'ennuyer

To bore oneself

Se brosser

To brush

Se peigner

To comb

Se cacher

To hide oneself

Se dépêcher

To hurry

Se blesser

To hurt oneself

S'améliorer

To improve oneself

Se moquer

To make fun of oneself

S'appeler

To name one self

S'habiller

To put clothes on oneself

Se maquiller

To put makeup on

Se souvenir

To remember oneself

Se raser

To shave

Se coucher

To sleep

S'arrêter

To stop oneself

Se bronzer

To tan oneself

Se promener

To walk (something)

Se promener

To walk oneself

Se laver

To wash

Se demander

To wonder/ask yourself

Inquiéter

To worry for oneself

Du dentifrice

Toothpaste

Treaty of Wanghia

US and China signed, gave US most favored nation status and trade with China increased

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

US and GB signed, state that neither country would fortify or seek exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway

Samoan Islands, 1878

US negotiated treaty with Samoa offering military protection in return for a lease of Samoa's harbor Pago Pago- became naval post and coaling station, during 1880s- tensions between GB, Germany, and US for control of the islands almost led to war

battleship Maine

US sent this battleship in 1898 to Cuba to observe what was going on in Havana Harbor, real mission was to evacuate American businessmen if any violence escalated

market revolution

US sustenance economy of scattered farms and skilled craftsmen had been transformed into a national network of industry and commerce

Battle of Fort McHenry

US victory that Americans held off an invasion of the fort

Aaron Burr

after Jefferson was elected for his second term, he did not reelect Burr as his vice president, Burr plotted the secession of NE and NY with other Federalist extremists, Hamilton exposed the conspiracy, Burr kills Hamilton in a duel in 1804

59ers

after petroleum found in PA, many rush to work there

John Tyler's Presidency

aged 51, gov of VA, states- rights, former democrat, broke with Jackson on issue of nullification, member of Whigs, opposed American system at expense of nation, became unpopular in Whigs, there were protests outside White house after Bank veto of 1841, was expelled from the party, entire cabinet resigns other than Webster

Convention of 1818

agreement between GB and US to establish the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 49th parallel became the boundary between Canada and the US, agreement for joint occupation of Oregon country for 10 years

yellow dog contracts

agreements that employers would have employees sign agreeing that they would not join a union

bedroom communities

aka suburbs, upper class worked for themselves and moved out of city to semi-rural suburbs

Conscription Act of March 1863

aka the Draft, permitted individuals to escape military service by paying the government 300 dollars or hiring a substitute to enroll for three years, led to criticism that the act favored upper class, bounty brokers and substitute brokers emerged at home and abroad- would go to the poorhouse of the British isles and other parts of western Europe where they would be enticed to enlist, riots arose

Webster

aligned with contract theory-loose "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable" States would not act separately from the national government.

Second Continental Congress, May 10 1775- July 4 1776

all 13 colonies send delegates, nowhere near independence at this point, create the Olive Branch Petition, create a continental army and navy, began with the delegates professing loyalty, but as warfare increase, begin to move towards independence

Federal Reserve Act, 1913

all national banks were required to join the Federal Reserve System, nation was divided into 12 regional federal reserve banks, served banks, corrected three great defeats: bank reserved could be pooled, bot currency and credit became more elastic, concentration of serves in NY was dispersed throughout the country

9th amendment

all rights not delegated to the US are reserved to the States, or the people

new steel navy

allowed for american expansion by way of the sea

Gibbons v Ogden

allowed national government to expand the national government and solidify the right of Congress to regulate commerce

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

also called the Florida Purchase Treaty, US assumed the 5 million in claims by American citizens against the Spanish government, received all lands east of the Miss River, established a SW border for the Louisiana Purchase, divided US and Spanish territory from the Gulf of Mexico NW to the 42nd parallel along that line to the pacific, considered major US diplomatic victory

Mary Ludwig Hayes

also known as Molly Pitcher, said to have loaded her husband's cannon after he was wounded at the Battle on Monmouth in 1778

Beaver Wars

also known as the French and Iroquois War, brutal battles fought between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French and their allies, very bloody, Iroquois wanted to extend their trading activity and gain new territory

Dawes Act, 1887

also known as the General Allotment Act, dismantled the Native American concept of shared land in favor of the principle of private property highly valued by Americas, each NA family received a plot of land, and they were given US citizenship and were subject to law, land included desert or near desert land- could not be farmed, dissolved many tribes as legal entities, effect was to crush moral and power of NA

Amelia Bloomer

alternate forms of dress, loose trousers under short skirt, "bloomers"

Platt Amendment

amendment to the Cuban Constitution, intended to prevent Euro intervention, cubans would not conclude treaties without US approval, would not incur debt without US approval, US had authority to intervene with troops to restore order in Cuba when the US saw fit, Cubans would sell or lease coaling or naval stations to the US, remained in place until 1934

1-8

amendments that deal with indiv. rights

9 and 10

amendments that ensure states rights

american idealism

america saw itself as the new world superpower, believed that we could make world safe for democracy

William Walker

american adventurer who tried and failed to take control of Nicaragua as a slavery territory, raised a private army, declared himself the president and legalized slavery, was executed in 1860

Jonathan Edwards

american born pietist preacher in Mass, entered Yale at 13, found that church was losing its popularity, and more and more people were skipping church, preached that me and women were helpless and completely dependent on God, fire and brimstone sermons

Battle of San Jacinto 1836

american defeated Santa Anna, battle cry "remember the alamo" and texas becomes an independent country for 9 years until it enters the union as a slave state

Frederick Jackson Turner

american history has been in large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West

panic of 1837

american in depression due to this while British were experiencing economic boom, a lot of money owed to the British

pragmatists

american philosophers who believed that ideas were only valuable if they solved problems, reflected unique american idea that the inventive spirit judged ideas on their results and their ability to adapt to changing social needs and environments

nativists

americans descended primarily from Irish and German immigrants claimed that the newly arriving souther and eastern Europe immigrants would not be able to assimilate into american society, protestants also disliked that the new immigrants were other religions

nickelodeons

americans would go to the theatre and pay a nickel to watch movies

33 billion

amount that Germany had to pay the Allies, also forced to publicly acknowledge full responsibility for the war

big sister policy

an extension of the Monroe Doctrine as formulated by James G Blaine in the 1880s to rally Latin American support for American leadership and to open their markets to US trade

Second Treatise on Government

an idea of John Locke, natural rights, universal right to life, liberty, and property

bully pulpit

an ideal platform from which to guide orally the American public to support moral, worthy causes

Boston Massacre

angry crowd begins to throw snowballs at British soldiers, tensions are high, soldier begin to fire and three men are killed including Crispus Attucks- former slave who was part African and part American Indian, to avoid further violence British troops are temporarily pulled out of Boston

Poor Richards Almanac

annual publication that was read by thousands, popularized by Franklin the practical outlook of the Enlightenment, emphasized the thirst, industry, morality, and common sense of Americans

Seven Day's Battle

another Confederate victory June 26-July 2, 1862, launched by Lee as a counterattack and engaged McClellan's, confederate forces drove Union back to the Chesapeake, McClellan was relieved of his post following this failure, after this Lincoln began drafting the Emancipation Proclamation

New York Draft Riots

anti-black Irish immigrants rioted in NYC for days and many died, blacks were lynched, federal troops restored order

schenk v US, 1919

any criticism of the government could be censured and punished

patroonships

any stockholder might obtain a large estate if he peopled it with 50 adults within 4 years, this made New York extremely diverse in culture

Henry H Richardson

architect whose Richardsonian style of high-valuted arches created some of the nation's most famous buildings such as the Marshall fields Building in Chicago

Alexander Hamilton

argued for national tariff and supported a powerful central government in order for the government to tax and raise its own funds

Charles Darwin and On the Origin of the Species, 1859

argued that existing species had evolved through natural selection, heated debates broke out over the issue, two main schools of thought: conservative majority stood behind the literal interpretation, majority reconciled Darwin's theory as being divine will, he had simply discovered God's evolution

Dr Sigmund Freud

argued that sexual repression was responsible for nervous and emotional problems

Jeffersonians were- Jacksonian were-

aristocrats with agrarian interests common people w public offices

"40 Acres and a Mule"

army turned over surplus mules to black farmers, expectation of 40 acres and a mule excited freed people in 1865

Marquis de Lafayette

arrived in America July of 1777 and he joined the Continental Army

Baron Von Steuben

arrives in Feb of 1778 and assisted in training the Continental force in European tactics at Valley Forge

Hudson River School

art school that focused on nature vs humans, big daunting landscapes with small people

Frederick Remington

artist sent by Hearst to Cuba to draw sketches of the events taking place, sent messages saying that he is not seeing anything to draw, Hearst: "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war,"

panic of 1873

as a result of over expansion by railroad builders and businessmen, nation's economy collapsed, stock market crashed, the largest bank in the nation failed and 25% of railroads closed down

assumption

asked congress to assume state debts and combine it with the national debt

Hepburn Act, 1906

authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the limitation of preferential rates given out by RR companies to their best customers

Maysville Road Bill 1830

authorized the gov to buy stock in a road from Marysville to Clay's hometown (lexington, KY) and the road was solely in KY. Jackson vetoed the bill claiming that ti was unconstitutional

16

average age in 1775

BUS

bank of the US to provided money for businessmen who required secure funding for future business operations

article 1, section 9

banned Congress from ending the slave trade before the year 1808

progressive movement

based in christian teachings, used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor, the social gospel,

strengthen the state

battle cry of progressivism

CT

battle to separate religious freedom was fiercely fought in this state, eventually abolished tax support in 1817

John Adams

beat Jefferson in 1796 election

William Taft

became Governor of the Philippines in 1901, referred to them as his little brown brothers

King Louis XIV

became King at age 5 and would establish New France from Detroit to Chicago down to Ne Orleans

Anglican Church

became the Episcopalian Church and was disestablished as a result of the Declaration

national war labor board

chaired by William Taft, settle disputes between employees in war industries

Declaration of Independence

changed the course of the war, switched the focus from rights to a completely separate nation, was to be performed rather than read, may have never reached George III, but used as a way to spread knowledge to the many people living in the colonies to begin fighting for a new nation

Gibson Girl

charles dana gibson created image of the strong, independent, athletic, feminine, woman of the age

Rhode Island

chartered in 1644, served as a shelter for Quakers, Catholics, and Jews. "Free thinkers" no taxes to support a state church

free-soilers

cheap land for poor whites

sequoyah

cherokee warrior who invents an 86 character alphabet that represented the syllabus of spoken Cherokee

George W Goethals

chief engineer of the Panama canal

cold water army

children clubs opposed to consumption of alcohol

Thomas Jefferson

chosen to write a declaration separating the colonies from GB, works on document from June 10-28, 1776, initially attacks slave trade, but this is later removed due to Southern insistence

pietism

christian movement that emphasized pious behavior, originated in Germany around 1700, could form a mystical union with God in its emotional services, appealed to the heart rather than the mind

Philadelphia

city known for its ship building and naval yard in the Middle Colonies

waved the bloody shirt

claiming republicans were just and moral, used as a political tactic by Chester A Arthur to defeat Winfield Scott Hancock,

CT, NH, MD, MA

clergy were still civil servants supported by the state gov't

Nicholas P Trist

clerk of state department negotiated and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Boston Port Act

closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and order could be restored, part of intolerable acts

Jane Addams

college educated woman who founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889

Pennsylvania

colony founded as a refuge for Quakers

Major Robert Anderson

commander in charge of Fort Sumter who notified Lincoln that provisions and ammunition needed to be sent or Anderson would have been forced to surrender to the surrounding Confederal troops- reinforcements would be hit by Confederate fire

Giovanni de Verrazano

commissioned by King Francis in 1524 to look for a sea route to Asia, he went from Florida to Newfoundland

William Tweed

commissioner of public works of Tammany Hall (leader), gained influence in 1870s, used guaranteed votes from immigrants, factory workers, homesteaders returning to the city to arrange "favors" to benefit the members of Tammany Hall and their supporters

Bull Moose Party

common name for Progressive Party created by TR and supporters during election of 1912

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolf Hearst

competed against one another by printing scandalous stories of sex and scandal to sell papers

Half Way Covenant

compromise that allowed the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway members of the church, allowed halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church

Square Deal

credited with creating major expansion in federal authority in which the chief executive is a strong political force, compromised of three c's: CONTROL OF THE CORPORATIONS, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

Treaty of Paris

conditions of treaty included: -GB recognized American independence -America formally granted: east of Miss, South of Can, North of Gulf NOT New Orleans, some fisheries in Newfoundland -Spanish = FL -America agrees to not persecute loyalists -colonists not resist collected of debts owed to GB -GB eager to open trade with America -France signed to stop costly support of American effort and get out of commitments to Spain

blue-backed money

confederate money, suffered from severe inflation, end of war- dollar worth only 1.6 cents

National Banking System

congress established in 1863, gave charters to a number of National Banks, functioned under this system until it was replaced by Federal Reserve System in 1913

Forager Act, 1900

congress granted Peurto Ricans a limited degree of popular trade

negatives of the Articles of Confederation

congress had no money and no way of getting it, states argued about what was theirs, congress had no authority over states, foreign countries refused any and all business with US

Reconstruction Act

congress passed March 2, 1867. invalidated state governments formed under presidential reconstruction and temporarily disfranchised thousands of former Confederates, imposed martial law on the ex conf states, southern states hold new state conventions write new constitutions granting universal manhood suffrage

Clement L Vallandigham

congressman from OH whose speeches incited action against the war and demanded an end to the war, arrested for treason, convicted by a military tribunal and sent to prison

effects of the red scare

conservative business welcomed it because it helped to lesson the power of labor unions, contributed to the American pan and an anti-union open shop, fear of socialism and communism never truly went away

freed southern slaves

considered a "third race"

Non Intercourse Act of 1809

considered a failure, was a replacement for the Embargo Act, prevented trade with Britain and France only, opening up all other foreign markets, because of the British and french were most powerful- did little to stimulate american economy

effects of Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

considered giveaway to greedy corp, congress gave 156 million acres of land to the RR companies, western states gave an additional 49 million acres, railroad would create boom towns, huge profit to companies

Baptist Insurgency

considered radical protestant whose central ritual was adult, rather than infant baptists, born again, vigorous preaching and democratic messages, preachers repudiated social hierarchy, gave spiritual meaning

Intolerable Acts

consisted of many acts passed by Parliament in 1774

Webster Hayne Debate 1829-1830

contract vs compact theory, debate started out to be one over public lands but became of the most famous Constitutional Debates ever held in Congress, Webster considered to have won

Foreign Relationship with Spain under articles

controlled the Mississippi River and closed the river to America in 1784, disputed area north of Gulf of Mexico

Yorktown

cornwallis is waiting for supplies on Chesapeake, French Admiral de Grasse brings his fleet to attack, GW marches his trooped and Cornwallis never gets his reinforcements so he surrenders, last major military act of the war

Hayne

correlates with compact theory- strict

mulligan letters

corruption scandal which linked Blaine to corrupt Boston businessmen who were involved with a corrupt deal involving general favors to a southern RR

south

cotton for export to new england and GB

king

cotton was "__________"

Worcester v Georgia

court enraged Georgia and went against president's views

injunction

court order to stop a strike

Federal Trade Commission Act, 1914

created a 5 member commission to replace Roosevelt's Bureau of Corportations and assume new powers to define unfair trade practices , also looked out for false advertisement

Judiciary Act of 1789

created a federal district court in each state to hear: cases of interstate commerce, treaties, maritime law, federal law cases, constitutional cases, Supreme court is given final jurisdiction, 6 Supreme Court Judges

naval blockade

created by British during the Napoleonic wars (1802-1815), stopped all ships from entering Europe, GB began to plunder US ships and impress American soldiers

Association

created by the first continental congress, a complete boycott of British goods (nonimportation, non exportation, non consumption)

American Protective Association

created in 1887 to lobby for immigration restrictions

knights of labor

created in Philad in 1896, included skilled workers, unskilled workers, women, and blacks. excluded "non producers," won a successful strike against the Wabash Railroad

Freedmen's Bureau

created on March 3, 1865 by Congress, placed it under the jurisdiction of the War Department, under direction of General Olivier O Howard- assigned abandoned land to freedmen, supervised distribution of relief provisions for Blacks and poor white, developed education and medical facilities

Paul Revere

created the etching of the Boston Massacre

anti-imperialist league

created to oppose McKinley's imperialist policies, led by Mark Twain and William Jennings-Bryan, members included Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie, argues that imperialism violated Dec of Independence and the Constitution, believed that despotism abroad led to it at home, was expensive and unlikely to be turned into a profit

Boston Tea Party

crowds forced tea merchants of Dartmouth in Nov 1773 to barricade themselves in their warehouse, forced ship to Griffin's Wharf, Gov Thomas Hutchinson ordered that the Dartmouth not be allowed to sail back to England an the crowd would not let the tea be unloaded, standoff lasts until December, crowd of angry colonists met and on December 16, 1773 tea is dumped into the Boston Harbor (millions of $$$)

revenue acts of 1921 and 1924

cut the excess profits tax, abolished the gift tax, mellon's policies shifted the tax burden from the upper class to the middle class

penny papers

daily newspapers that printed the news of the day on all topics, became platform for editorials and opinion pages, social and political reforms were announced and debated via penny papers, North American Review was a magazine from Boston for highly educated to discuss improving society and culture in the US

March, 1766

date Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

June, 1775

date of the Battle of Bunker Hill

June 7, 1776

date of the Lee Resolution

March, 1845

date that Congress passed the joint resolution to annex Texas, entered the union in 1845 as the 15th slave state

April 9, 1865

date that Lee surrenders to Grant in VA

November 1775

date that Lord Dunmore, royal gov of VA, issued a proclamation promising freedom to any enlisted black man from VA

August 4, 1914

date that Wilson issued a proclamation of American neutrality

Feb 15, 1898

date that the USS Maine blew up in Havana Harbor, 260 American sailors died and Americans said that the Spanish had blown up the Maine with a mine, press wanted war

November 15, 1777

date the Articles are adopted by congress

July 4, 1776

date the Declaration of Independence is adopted by Congress and is signed

May 10, 1775

date the second continental congress first meets

March 5, 1770

day of the Boston Massacre

October 19, 1781

day that Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

July 4, 1754

day that the French retaliated at Ft. Necessity where Washington was forced to retreat, this conflict was the beginning of the French and Indian War

McCulloch v Maryland

dealt with limits or power and confirmed the right of Congress to utilize the implied powers clause

things Abraham Lincoln did- executive authority

declare blockade of Atlantic Coast, increase size of the army, authorized 2 million dollars to three private citizens for military purposes, suspended habeas corpus to arrest anti-unionists, suspended anti-Union newspapers, arrested editors of newspapers which Lincoln thought were obstructing the war

Wabash Case, 1886

declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long and short haul clauses in transportation contracts as infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution, result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

Colonel Alexander W Doniphan

defeated Mexicans at El Brazil to take El Paso in 1846 Dec

General Zachary Taylor

defeated a larger mexican army at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, defeated an even larger MX army at the Battle of Montery, troops were dispersed, withstood an attack by Santa Anna at the battle of Beuna Vista

Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie

John Adams

defended the soldiers at trial after the Boston Massacre

annexation of TX

delayed due to fear of war w Mexico and because TX wanted to come in as slave state, British wanted TX to be free to prevent southern expansion of US and allow for lower tariffs on cotton from TX, became top issue in election of 1844, Henry Clay- appease to both N and S, Van Buren- denounced annexation but was counter to the Manifest Destiny sentiment for Democrat

Convention of 1800

delegation arrived in France in 1799, found a new gov't in Napoleon Bonaparte, generous concessions were granted to the US, ended the quasi war, set the stage for the Louisiana Purchase

Foreign Relationship with France under articles

demanded payment of loans made during the war, restricted trade with the French West Indies

patting the eagles head

demeaning saying/policy following the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

civic virtue

democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good

1888

democratic controlled House passed a lower tariff bill but it was rejected in the Republican controlled Senate

coolies

discriminatory term given to the Chinese

Deborah Sampson

disguised herself as a man and joined the army and fought for years until doctor discovered her identity

Henry David Thoreau

displayed protest of war by refusing to pay his taxes and living on Walden Pond, wrote Civil Disobedience

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, 1895-96

disputed boundary between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana treated war when gold was found in the region, cleveland asked congress to have american advisors sent to guard the line which could have escalated into war, FIRST REAL ATTEMPT TO INVOKE MONROE DOCTRINE

three-fifths compromise

each slave was to be counted as 3/5 of a person for representation in the House of Rep, fugitive slave clause: norther states agreed to add into the Constitution that slaves who escaped to other states must be returned

Colonel Stephen W Kearny

easily secured NM on August 16, 1846

Roosevelt Panic of 1907

economic downturn, derogatory term, financial panic caused runs on banks, suicides, and criminal activity, Theodore the meddler, and roosevelt panic, TR blamed the trustees for arranging the panic

reasons France and Britain did not intervene in the war effort

economic ties with the North, public pressures to not support slavery, and eventual Union military victories

Effects of the War of 1812

economy devastated, nation's capital largely destroyed, nationalism intensified, US won foreign respect for its military capabilities, Federalists were discredited, ended the Federalist Party, Indians signed treaties granting US vast areas of land north of the Ohio Valley, manufactoring matured

Horace Mann

education reform, sec of education in the US, toured schooled and found inequities, no state supervision, proposed common schools- tax dollars, achievements- creation of state bureaus of education, teacher training, free tax-supported education for most northern states

Trail of Tears 1838

federal troops forced Cherokee off their land and they were marched to the Oklahoma territory

Massacre at Wounded Knee

federal troops were brought int region, Sitting Bull died in 1890 and Sioux attempted to flee reservation again, male Sioux handed in weapons and shot was fired, soldiers open fired and killed over 200 indians

American Federation of Labor

federation of independent labor unions providing a centralized strategy for labor, headed by Samuel Gompers, only for skilled laborers, established a separate class for labor in order to negotiate better on behalf of skilled laborers

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

feminists who campaigned against ratification of both 14th and 15th amendment

Southern Plan (beginning of war)

fight defensively- require fewer men and resources, mounting casualties lists would drive northerners to revel against Lincoln and insist that the South receive freedom, cotton-starved Britain would eventually break blockade and come to their aid, drag the war out

espionage act of 1917

fines and imprisonment for anyone aiding the enemy by obstructing the war effort

Dr WEB Dubois

first African american to earn PhD at Harvard, Washington's counterpart, program called for ceaseless agitation for civil rights, believed that education of blacks should not merely be vocational but should nurture bold leaders willing to challenge segregation and discrimination through political action, demanded that the talented tenth be given full and immediate access to every aspect of american life, founded the national association for the advancement of colored people

John Jay

first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Louis D Brandeis

first Jewish on the Supreme Court, appointed by Wilson

May 1, 1898

first action of Spanish American War, commander Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ship anchored in Manila Bay in the Philippines, destroyed Spain's entire Pacific fleet, 400 Spanish killed and 0 americans

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell

first american physician who organized the US Sanitary Commission to provide medical assistance and training for the military

Edmund Randolph

first attorney general

Oberlin College

first co ed college, also accepted blacks

Grover Cleveland

first democrat in office since James Buchanan, had two main issues: pensions for the grand Army of the Republic and tariff

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

first female graduate of a medical college in US, advocate for education and professional equality for women, opened the Women's Medical College

Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)

first great american writer born and raised west of App Mts, captured frontier realm and humor at the same time

Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890

first law passed by Congress to prohibit trusts, declared illegal every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade, authorized federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them, but Supreme Court rulings prevented federal authorities from using the act for some years

Stanford B Dole

first president of the Republic of Hawaii

Tariff of 1816

first protectionist tariff in our history, rates were set at 20-25% to protect the prices of American goods

ICC

first regulatory agency of the federal government

Thomas Jefferson

first secretary of state

Alexander Hamilton

first secretary of the treasury

Henry Knox

first secretary of war

Chateau-Thierry, 1918

first significant American engagement, mixed with Allied forces to prevent German from crossing Marne River

maine

first state to go "dry" in 1851

the shakers

first successful american communal movement, Ann Lee Stanley- Mother Ann, had visions she was incarnation of Christ, led 8 followers to the US and established a church near Albany, NY, danced, specialized in crafts/furniture making, banned alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war, practiced celibacy and relied heavily on adoption, disappeared by 1900

Pontiac's Rebellion

following the Treaty of Paris in 1763 Indian tribes were furious that their land was being granted to Great Britain, French were giving Indian tribes gifts in exchange for peaceful use of their and for fur trade, but instead, British demanded that the Indians live with their British without charity so they raided colonial settlements and killed several thousands of people

Northern Securities Decision, 1904

forced the giant railroad company to disband

confederacy

form of government in which independent states are loosely joined, typically for common defense, each independent state maintains power over the majority of its own affairs

republicanism

form of government in which supreme power resides in the hands of voting citizens and is exercised by a representative government answerable to this group of voters

Articles of Capitulation

formal document transferring governance of the colony from the Dutch to the British, provided a guarantee of individual rights unparalleled in the colonies-endorsed free trade, religious liberty, and local political representation served as a benchmark for disputes with Britain over colonial rights

National Progressive Republican League

formed in 1911

american temperance society

formed in Boston to limit consumption of alcohol

American Colonization Society, 1817

formed to send free African Americans to Africa, established Liberia

kentucky bluegrass

found to grow in ruined soil left behind by sugar cane, was an excellent feed for livestock

Hull House

founded by Jane Addams, provided from counseling, day-care, adult education services, recreational activities

Christian Science, 1879

founded by Mary Baker Eddy, believed that true faith in Christianity provided healing without medication, book- Science and Earth with Key Scriptures was widely read

Goody's Lady Book

founded in Philly, became periodical for women, promoted cult of domesticity

brook farm

founded outside of Boston in 1841, major transcendentalists were residents or frequent visitors, hoped to grow own food, most members were not farmers- is a failure, many transc accepted industrial society but tried to reform it after brook farm, transferred into abolitionist movement

Benjamin Bannecker

free African American whose parents had been slaves wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 reminding him that all men are created equal

Jeremiah

free black in SC, organized one of several slave uprisings in 1775 and 1776, discovered as organizer and was hanged and burned at stake in 1775. stirred paranoia of S Carolinians where there were 80,000 slaves (60% of population)

John P Hale

free soiler candidate in election of 1852, took northern Whig support from scott

Sojourner Truth

freed black slave- advocated for both black emancipation and women's rights

John Muir

friend of Roosevelt, conservationist, similar values and views

Reign of Terror

from 1793-1794, led to a clear distinction in American public opinion with Federalists opposing the Revolution and Anti-Federalists supporting the French Republic

Franklin Piece

from NH, democrat candidate in election of 1852, military veteran, pro-slavery northerner, enforcement of fugitive slave act, won the presidency

mountain whites

from south, sent 50,000 men to fight in the Union army

effects of Kansas Nebraska Act

fugitive slave law of 1850 met increased resistance, infuriated North, led to the creation of Republic Party- sectional party against slavery

internal improvements

funded by the tariff, would encourage commerce by improving transportation between states, supported by the West and opposed by NE

Jay Cooke

gained wealth and fame by financing Union war bonds, used process of stock watering, cooke was forced to close his powerful Philadelphia banking house, closure triggered crash and began Panic of 1873

Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914

gave lawmakers the power to punish monopolies, made interlocking directorates illegal, conservative costs had been ruling that trade unions were subjected to antimonopoly restraints of the Sherman Antitrust Act, legalized labor unions

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

gave state gov millions of acres to create land grant colleges specializing in agriculture and mechanical arts, states sold large portions of land to land spectators who sold land for profit

Robert E Lee and Ulysses S Grant

general who gained experience in the MX War

Pullmans Palaces

george pullman revolutionized train travel by created luxury cars

finality men

georgian whigs who voted for Webster- died 2 weeks before the election

sussex pledge

germany stopped attacking passenger ships for a few months, but in August 1915, germany sank both british and french vessel, Wilson treated to break diplomatic relations and Germany responded with this pledge to promise not to attack merchant ships without warning

central powers

germany, austria-hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Cross of Gold Speech

given by William Jennings Bryan- democrat nominee in election of 1896, Bryan's campaign effectively ended the populist movement

California Gold Rush

gold was discovered and gold fever led to massive movement to the west to get rich, many were criminals, miners sprung up in the west coast, "vigilante justice," CA drafted a constitution and applied for statehood- excluded slavery, Levis

rush to the rockies or pikes peak or bust

gold was discovered in the Pikes Peak region of Colorado in 1858, within a year colorado had a population of 35,000.

Australian ballot

government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states in the years up to and including 1890 as a means of reducing voting fraud

west

grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the east and in Europe

samuel morse

granted 30,000 from congress to develop a telegraph system, morse code

effects of Johnson's Plan

granted many pardons- elite back in power, southern states moved quickly to organize their governments under Johnson's provisions, ex-confederate civil officials and military men won election to statehouse positions, souther governments refused to ratify 13th amendment

Nobel Peace Prize

granted to Roosevelt after he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War

Homestead Act of 1862

granted to any citizen or alien who had filed the proper papers as much as 160 acres of land upon payment of a 10 dollar fee and proof that he had lived upon his homestead for 5 years, very successful, passed to help keep the northern agriculture economy healthy, over 1.2 million acres assigned under the act during the war

19th amendment, 1920

granted women the right to vote

fundamentalism

grew as conservative religious americans charged that the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution was destroying faith in God and the bible

YMCA/YWCA

grew in year after the Civil War to provide recreated facilities that included educational services in most american cities

New England Confederation

group of New England colonies that banded together to provide joint defense against the Dutch, French, and Indians

proprietors

group of settlers that would petition the General Court for a town and divide it according to a group principle of equity

Sons of Neptune

group responsible for New York Stamp Act Riot 1765, members of the lower class and distinguished themselves from the middle class Sons of Liberty

Regulators

group that became known, were successful and farmers went on to state supreme court, wealthy MA grew concerned, raised a militia to put down the protests,

planter elite

group, resembled English landed gentry, owned huge plots of land and rented them back to freed indentured servants, made up the first families of Virginia, acted as the bankers

harlem renaissance

growing spirit of protest and cultural expansion in literature and an artistic movement

Captain Thomas MacDonough

had a naval victory on Lake Champlain that stopped a British invasion of New York called the Battle of Plattsburg

Nathaniel Hawthorne

had a pessimistic worldview, wrote the Scarlett Letter, points to guilt and condemnation

Lyman Beecher

had been a staunch defender of the Congregational churches in CT, they lost tax support and he began to embrace the revival movements along with voluntary societies, joined prominent members in leadership of these societies, was convinced Mississippi Valley would transform nation, became president of Lane Theological Seminary- Cincinnati to prepare future ministers

US

had control of the great lakes during the war of 1812, was vital to the victory in Canada

General Thomas Jackson

had nickname "Stonewall Jackson" because his troops held their line like a stonewall

Buffalo Soldiers

hair was said to resemble the fur of the buffalo, black soldier who were used to post remote army forts

Bank of the United States

hamilton asked Congress to charter this, was modeled after the Bank of England, would print paper money backed by the federal government and would be located in Philadelphia, chartered for 21 years, Jefferson was against this- said not in the Constitution

pious

having or showing a dutiful spirit of reverence for God or an earnest wish to fulfill religious obligations

William Pitt

head of military units in Ohio valley, mobilized 45,000 troops half of whom were British regulars and the other half American colonist. treated colonists as allies, picked energetic leaders and focused on Quebec and Montreal

Roscoe Conkling

head of the NY Republican political machine

war industries board

headed by Bernard M Baruch, antitrust suits were suspended for the duration of the war

Gospel of Wealth

herbert spencer used evolution to explain economic success to denounce government intervention in the economy and society based on survival of the fittest

William Berkeley

highly corrupt governor from Virginia, used spoil system to aid his councilmen and grant them large plots of land, participated in the fur trade

Newburgh Address

horrified George Washington, send in March 1783 by Major John Armstrong threatening a takeover (sent to Congress),

Wilmot Proviso

house adopted but was never adopted by Senate, came to symbolize the issue of slavery in the territories

company town

housing and food provided by company as condition of their employment

Marbury vs. Madison

iconic court case that established judicial review

volstead act 1920

implemented the 18th amendment and defined alcoholic beverages as containing one-half of one percent alcohol by volume and imposed criminal penalties for any violations

Townshend Acts, 1767

import tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea: import tax payable to American ports to pay the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America, in 1767 Parliament suspended the NY colonial assembly for failing to comply with the Quartering Act

religious establishment

in 1802 CT was one of four states that still had an official state-supported church called a _____. all citizens had to pay taxes to support the church

Oregon Territory

in 1846 the territory became the designated 49th parallel as dividing line between US and GB, extended line to Pacific

Compromise of 1877- End of Reconstruction

in 1876 presidential election, republicans nominated moderate rutherford b hayes and democrats nominated Samuel J Tilden, tilden won popular vote- republicans challenged election returns in SC, FL, and LA. January 29 1877- congress voted to establish a special electoral commission with fifteen members, five each from the House, Senate, and Supreme Court, decision of the commission went by a vote of 8 to 7 in favor of Hayes 1.republicans promised that if elected, Hayes would withdraw last federal troops 2.democrats promised to withdraw their opposition to Hayes and accept reconstruction amendments

Coxey's Army

in 1894, Jacob S Coxey set out with 500 men for DC to petition the federal government for cheap money and debt-relief, when they reached capital building, Cleveland refused to meet with them and they were arrested for trespassing on the lawn

republicans

in 24 years following Abe Lincolns election in 1860- won't every election, in 1876 and 1880- won by narrow margins, supported by the Northeast, northern midwest, support came from freedmen, union-army vets and businessmen

Carlisle Indian School

in Carlisle PA, the motto was kill the Indian and save the man, idea was that the government would teach Indian youth and the youth would go back to their reservations to civilize their elders

Turnpike Era

in the East, private companies built toll roads, tolls paid for construction and brought ongoing profit to the road's owners, Lancaster Turnpike was built connecting Phila to Lancaster

benefits of prohibition

increase in bank deposits and a decrease in absenteeism on the job

Panic of 1819

increase in prices of cotton, cattle, and grain tempted many settlers in West to buy land far in excess of their pay ability, got into debt because did not have transportation to market products, BUS cut back on credit to wildcat Western banks and the banks foreclosed on many farms, banks forced to close

yellow journalism

increase in reading entertainment following the civil war, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

consumerism

increased in the post-war era

McKinley Tariff Act, 1890

increased tariff rates to their highest peacetime rate of 49% to protect republican industrialists from foreign competition, farmers bitterly resented the tariff as it raised the price of manufactured products but did nothing to protect domestic farm products, led to the created of the populists

Morrill Tariff Act

increased tax on imports by 5-10%, amount had to increase because of the internal taxes being paid by American businessmen, protective tariff would now be associated with the Republican Party and the profit of big business

yeoman farmer

independent farmer, member of a former class of small free holding farmers in England

black codes

laws in south to get around 13th amendment and to create a black work force in South- "quasi-slavery." outlawed interracial marriage, no black jury members, blacks cannot testify against whites, black curfew, vagrancy laws, labor contracts, captured/imprisoned blacks could be hired out to pay for their crimes, no blacks can rest land, no blacks can vote

Blue Laws

laws that restricted vices of card playing, theatrical performances, gambling, drinking in PA

Bruce Barton

leader of advertising on Madison Avenue in NYC

Washington Gladden

leader of social gospel, argued that Christian law should govern the workplace, with worker and employer united in serving each others inters, argued for labor's right to organize

Little Turtle

leader of the Miami, believed that the Ohio River was the border between the US and Indian land

Randolph Bourne

influenced by Kallen, believed that the uS should assimilate immigrant cultures into a new diverse culture, most famous work: Trans-National America

Molly Maguires

inner circle of the Hibernians coal miners who retaliated against exploitative mine owners with acts of sabotage, violence, intimidation, and murder

Thomas Jefferson

insisted on being a casual president, "common man," defending equal rights of man but owned slaves his whole life, allocated for religious freedom (VA Statues of Religious Freedom)

Ida B Wells

inspired black women to mobilize into an anti-lynching campaign and provided the inspiration for the National Association of Colored Women in 1896

transcendentalism

intellect movement that believed individuals should look within themselves for truth and and guidance rather than conform to the dogmas of formal religion, often wealthy New England families who questioned constraints of religion, radical, capture aspects of human spirit

voluntary societies

interdenominational organizations that worked together to change US culture- American Bible Society, American Sunday School Union, American Education Society, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, major mission was moral reform- sober, God-fearing American public

horse

introduction by the spanish allowed for a boom in population for the plains indians- allowed for more effective hunting of the buffalo and increased the nutrition of the Indians

Cyrus McCormick

invented a mechanical mower, reaper to harvest grain, was West what cotton gin was to the South, WHEAT

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin- made possible wide-scale cultivation of short-staple cotton, cotton quickly became very profitable, increase demand for labor

Emancipation Proclamation

issued following the battle of Antietam, in response to radical republicans in congress that demanded emancipation, worldwide appeal to end slavery, announced intention to free all slaves in those states still actively fighting the Union on January 1, 1863, eliminated the chance that the war could be ended with a negotiated settlement, war fought to a finish

contract theory of government

it was the people, not the states, that granted the federal government its power in the constitution *FEDERALISTS

proclamation to the people of south carolina

jackson claims that nullification will destroy the union, defended the tariff, Hayne issued a counter proclamation`

whig party

jacksons opponents, referred to him as king andrew and believed he had too much power as the president, 1834- coalition that opposed Jacksons removal of federal deposits and attempted to censure him, approved of american system, members include: southerners who turned away from Jackson due to nullification, northern industrialists and merchants, former anti-masons, conservatives

Commodore Robert Stockton

joined Kearny's troops to defeat Mexicans at the Battle of San Gabriel which completed the conquest of CA

David G Farragut

joined with Union ships in Spring of 1862 in the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico to cut supplies coming in through Vicksburg, Miss, and Port Hudson

George Creel

journalist created propaganda machine that flooded the nation with documentary films, etc message was that Americans and their allies were fighting a war in defense of freedom, villains were the Germans

Social Darwinism

justified aggressive business practices and apathy for the poor

Peter Cartwright

known as methodist "circuit rider" who traveled from TN to IL

1781-1789

known as the critical period, and also referred to as the Confederation period, this was the time the world was watching the "American Experiment," closely

Carnegie

known for donating to LIBRARIES

Steel Strike 1919

labeled the strikers as "red"

Democratic Party

laborers usually joined this party with its message of fighting against anything having to do with privilege

Pacific Railway Act 1862

land grants given to the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroads, Railroads sold land to arriving settlers

prominent harlem renaissance writers

langston hughes, zora neale, countee cullen, and james weldo johnson

Army of the Potomac

largest Union army

yellow journalism

mean sensational new coverage which emphasized crime and scandal

Coureus de bois

meaning "runner of the woods" was the name for independent french trappers and traders who established relationships with Native Americans who brought wealth through furs

Laws of free incorporation

meant that companies no longer needed to receive a charter from the state before incorporating their business

Industrial Workers of the World, Wobblies

members and other radicals were vigorously prosecuted during this red scare, led an effort to revive unions at the same time the Socialist Party was growing, founding convention in 1905, all inclusive union, came to be known as the wobblies because of their organizational they that the government needed to be destroyed and replaced by one big union, included socialists, Western Fed of mines, and lumbermen from the west

James Wilkinson

military Gov of Louisiana formed alliance with Burr to secede the western part of US from the East, Jefferson found out about plot and Burr was arrested and tried for treason, Chief Justice John Marshall (a federalist) claimed there was not enough evidence and Burr fled to Europe

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike

miners wanted a 20% pay increase, reduction in hours to 9 hour work day, strike treated to cut off needed coal, TR treated to use federal troops to seize and operate the mines to help ensure the nation's coal supply, significant because it was first time federal force was treated against capital instead of labor, called this a square deal for both sides in the strike

Jackson's policies

moderately low tariff, wanted to end the BUS, wanted full people participation in government, was considered a return to Jeffersonian republicanism- manhood suffrages, increase in factory system in North led to the elimination of skilled craftsman and labor unions formed-supported Jackson, did not oppose road building but did NOT want to use federal funding

rural farmers

most americans were...

Tammany Hall

most famous political machine, created in NYC in 1786 as social organization, associated with the DEMOCRATIC PARTY, in 1860s needed support of Tammany Hall to hold political power,

George Washington Carver

most famous teacher and researcher at the Tuskegee Institute, gained international fame when he discovered hundreds of new uses for agricultural products through chemistry, provided much needed boost to southern economy

Antietam

most important battle of the war, Lee decides to move north in order to A. convince Europe to intervene on South side B. entice Marylanders to leave and join Confederacy and C. cut the Union in two by capturing the railway bridge in Harrisburg, McClellan back in charge, Lee's army marched toward PA in September 1862 and two union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plans and now McClellan knew the location of Lee's advances, blocks Lee, bloodiest engagement of the war and McClellan was eventually successful in halting Lee's advance but never captures lee's army of northern VA, battle was a draw, ISSUED EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION following this battle

cotton gin

most important invention in country's history, believed to have revived slavery, increased slavery in the deep south, both N and S prospered, exported in huge quantities to GB

Central Pacific

most laid by Chinese immigrants, had to carve through Sierra Nevada Mountains

members of the progressive movement

mostly middle class citizens, democrats and republicans, from all regions, feminists, created a reform dominated the first decade of the 1900s

republican motherhood

mothers were to educate their children in the unselfish devotion of Americans to their country

Lyceum Lecture series

movement founded in 1826 to promote adult public education through lectures and performances speakers in science lit and moral philosophy

social gospel

movement in which church leaders preached that true christianity was not based in rituals, dogmas, or even mystical experience of God but in the principle that "though shall love thy neighbor as thyself," members of the clergy who believed that it was the duty of the church to fix social problems, criticized to be like socialism, preaching social gospel in churches prepared the middle class for progressive reforms to come at the turn of the century

nativism

movement of native born Americans to lessen the influence of immigrant groups, fear was that the groups of immigrants were too high in numbers and too fast that they would take over the country, expressed in public pressure to limit immigration

Anti-Saloon League

movement to get states to pass prohibition laws at the state level

the Germans

much more educated and had some wealth, moved to regions of WI, TX, and PA, seeking land and religious freedom

48ers

name for german immigrants who came in mass to the US as a result of the democratic revolutions in Germany

nullies

name given to South Carolinians who were in favor of nullifying the tariff

famine irish

name given to describe Irish immigrants sent to America by their families to work as a result of the potato famine

mugwumps

name given to republicans who wished to disassociate themselves with the Blaine scandals and moved to the Democratic party, called this by republican colleagues

robber barons

name given to the "titans of industry"

War of Northern Aggression

name given to the Civil war by southern based off of their perception of the north

splendid little war

name given to the Spanish American War by its supporters, resulted in change in respect and a new sense of nationalism

Corrupt bargain

name given to the election of 1824 by Jackson's supported because they felt that a deal had given Adams the presidency

snobocracy

name given to the elite by white farmers without slaves

iron horse

name given to the railroad

black list

names of agitators circulated among employers

election of 1800

nasty election between Adams and Jefferson, nation was extremely divided between the Federalists and the DM's

Andrew Carnegie- iron, steel, and railroads

owned the raw materials, production, and transportation needed for steel mills, used VERTICAL INTEGRATION: reduce costs by controlling all aspects of production in an industry and eliminating payment to independent suppliers, by 1900- produced 1/4 of the nation's Bessemer Steel

national currency/greenbacks

paper money, was not backed by gold, silver, or gov bonds, value fluctuated according to the credit of the US and news from the battlefield

Tea Act, 1773

parliament gave the almost bankrupt British East India a monopoly on tea to be sold in America, caused many protests in major cities

black belt

part of the deep south- SC, GA, AL, MS, LA

triple wall of privilege

part of wilson's new freedom, tariff, the banks, and the trusts

democratic

party associated with Tammany Hall

The Boxer

nationalist group in China that staged a rebellion in which they attempted to cast out all foreigners in 1900, invaded Beijing

order of the star-spangled banner

nativist group which used propaganda to instill fear in America that immigrants were poor criminals who needed to be restricted or deported

American Party

nativists eventually formed this, also referred to as the "Know-Nothing Party", performed demonizing the Catholic Church/church burnings and riots

literary naturalism

naturalists were young literary rebels who were said to reveal humanity's attachment to animal world, prey to natural forces, and internal drives without control over them or even full understanding of them

Gadsden Purchase

negotiated with Mexico on behalf of US to acquire land south of the New Mexico Territory into CA, opposed by northerners but was authorized by congress for 10 million dollars

Mad Anthony Wayne

new US army under him defeated the Miami at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, GB did not defend the Ohio Confederacy

flapper

new female symbol of the Jazz Age, wore hair and skirts short, independent and sexual

african slaves

new group that began to overtake white indentured servants in the New world around the 1680s

Young Guard

new leaders from the North who wanted to clean up the Union, strong abolitionists, led by William H Seward- thought slavery was immoral, appealed to God's higher law to forbid slavery in the territories, wanted to purge south from the north to keep union pure

Salvation Army, 1879

new religion imported from GB provided on the street preaching of Christianity to the destitute in the street, also provided relief services in the form of soup kitchens

war hawks

newly elected members of congress from the South and West were called this by Federalists, this group wanted a president and Congress to take a firm state against the british and the Indians, believed driving british out of canada would diminish the indian menace

The Liberator

newspaper printed in Boston written by William Lloyd Garrison- proposed immediate abolition of slaves in the South

German Athens

nickname for Milaqaukee, WI as so many Germans settled and prospered in that city

spotty Lincoln

nickname given to Abraham Lincoln after he demanded to know exactly where attack with Mexico had occurred

trust buster

nickname given to TR

monster bank

nickname given to the BUS

old ironsides

nickname given to the boat, The Constitution, after men saw enemy cannonballs bouncing from its heavy oak planks

Sacco-Vanzetti Trial

nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti were two italian atheists and anarchists who were arrested on May 5, 1920 for murder, worldwide protests claimed they were being tried for their political beliefs, executed on August 23, 1927, became symbol of extreme intolerance of difference and resurgence of nativism in the 1920s

sons of liberty and daughters of liberty

nonimportation agreements enforced by this, retaliation against violators, tarring and feathering, patriotic mobs

First Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861

north believed they could force rebel states back into union by showing force, thought it would be quick war, Lincoln chose to attack a small confederate force at Manassas Junction, VA (bull run), Army of the Potomac marches to Manassas and Winfield Scott ordered the attack to be led by General Irvin McDowell, appeared Union would win, heavy confederate reinforcements arrived by train, Army of Potomac retreats and fled, short war out the window, called a military panic, inflated confederate belief in military success

Wade-Davis Bill

passed Feb 1864 through Congress- own plan for reconstruction, required that majority of white male citizens in any conquered state must take oath of allegiance before they could call a convention to write a new state constitution, excluded from the majority: all who had held office, office holders in Conf, those who voluntarily had borne arms against the US, required each new state law outlaw slavery and repudiate the Confederate debt

Teller Amendment of 1898

passed by Congress and states that once the US overthrew Spain, it would not annex Cuba

14th amendment

passed by congress June 1866, meant to give civil rights act constitutional protection, gave citizenship to all born in US, prohibited states from denying citizenship under the law, reduced representation of state in Congress if it denied Backs right to vote, disqualified former federal officials who disobeyed their oath, Johnson opposed the bill

90

number of antitrust suits against monopolies in a 4 year administration by Taft

42

number of antitrust suits filed during the Roosevelt administration, TR wanted to prove that the government ruled the country

800-1,000

number of black slaves that joined the British Army

32

number of colonies the British empire had around the world by 1775

250,000

number of freed slaves in the South by 1860

80,000

number of loyalists that fled to Canada, another 50,000 fought for the British

5 million

number of members of the KKK by 1920, increase in membership led to a political increase, was discredited after a pyramid scheme

4 million

number of slaves by 1860

1,733

number of southern families who owned 100 or more slaves each of these families comprised the "cottonocracy"

1/4

number of southerners who even owned any slaves

8 million

number of women who worked outside of the home by 1910 in the US

18th amendment, 1920

october 1919- PROHIBITION, referred to as the nobel experiment

Richard Henry Lee

of VA, proposed three things in the Lee Resolution

Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb 6 1778

official French recognition of American independence, treaty offering French military support, French publicly provided aid, French now made up 1/2 of the American army and all of its navy, made the war for independence a WORLD WAR

ordinance of nullification

on both tariffs of 1828 and 1832- claimed they were unconstitutional and that SC was willing to secede from the Union, Jackson is furious and announces his intention to enforce the tariff

florence kelly

one time resident of a settlement house herself and became the first chief factory inspector for the state of illinois, took control of the newly founded National Consumer's League

Era of Good Feelings

one-party system allowed DR's to establish many new policies, from 1816-1825

Model Treaty

only commercial relationship

half breeds

only half loyal to Grant and half committed to reform of the spoils system

Rhode Island

only state to not send delegates to the Constitutional Convention

close shop

only union workers were hired

the young ladies' academy of Philadelphia

opened in 1787 and was considered the first female school offering the equivalent to a male curriculum in the country

Lillian Wald

opened the Henry street settlement house in NY NY in 1893

stalwarts

opposed Grant in his scandals with his cabinet, promoted Radical reconstruction of the south and the spoils system, strong/not budging

Free Soil Party, 1848

opposed slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War, most of members joined Republican party by 1854

Anaconda Plan

ordered on April 19, 1861 by Lincoln, blockade designed to prevent the South from exporting cotton and importing any needed supplies

San Francisco Board of Education, 1906

ordered the segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students in a special school to make room for white students

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

organization of ex-Union soldiers had supported Cleveland in his campaign, Cleveland approved more pensions than any other president, but because he also vetoes 300 claims, he was denounced by this group

Margaret Sanger

organized a birth control movement, attitudes towards sex changed, first instance of sex ed

Committees of Correspondence

organized by Samuel Adams in 1770, in Massachusetts to spread the spirit of resistance in the colonies, considered an effect of the Boston Massacre

Free Soil Party

organized by abolitionist from the N who disliked both Cass and Taylor, came out of the Wilmot Proviso, wanted to increase spending on internal improvements, free soil for settlers

selective service act

passed in 1917, faced bitter opposition, only a compromise outlawing the sale of liquor in or near military camps secured the passage of the law, all males between 18-45 had to register for the draft, women were admitted for the first time in WW1

Civil Rights Bill

passed in March 1866, gave black americans full citizenship and civil rights, also passed a bill to extend Freedmen's Bureau, BOTH bills were vetoed by Johnson, congress overrode the veto April 1866.

imperialists believed

patriotic duty to spread American ideas, civilized mission, obtain trade profits

Treaty of Ft Laramie 1851

peace treaty with the northern Plains Indians

popular sovereignty

people were given power under the Constitution and should therefore decide the slavery issue themselves- self determination made slavery a local issue

sportsmen

people who would shoot the buffalo from train windows- herds would hold up or destroy railroad equipment

75%

percent of British cotton that was imported from the Confederate states at time of war, however, Europeans were opposed to slavery and pressured GB and France not to intervene on side of the South

90%

percent of early colonies that were farmers

14%

percent of the population in 1700 of slaves in VA

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

perfected the sewing machine which led to mass production of clothing

antinomianism

person who does not obey societal or religious laws

four pillars of cult of domesticity

piety, purity, domesticity, submissiveness

Foreign Relationship with Africa under articles

pirates confiscated American ships and enslaved American sailors

bird of passage

plan where young male would go to US to make money and return to the home country

Root Takahira Agreement

pledge that the US and Japan would respect the Open Door policy in China and each others territorial integrity in the Pacific

isolationism

policy of avoiding conflicts and alliances with other nations, indifference to affairs outside of the United States

imperialism

policy of establishing economic, political, and military dominance over weaker nations on humanitarian and moral grounds

expansionism

policy of process of increasing a nation's land area by acquiring new territory

liberty party, 1840

political party based on abolitionism, merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

National Prohibition Party 1869

political party in the presidential election demonstrated the widespread support for prohibition

Walker Tariff 1846

polk's policy initiatives, would lower the tariff- reduced rates rom 32% to 25%

ten nights in a barroom and what i saw there

popular novel describing alcohol consumption

strengths/weaknesses of the Union

population of 22 million, had to fight offensive war, more factories, wealth, transportation, diverse economy, strong central government, eventually had generals who understand the nature of total war - Grant and Sherman

strengths/weaknesses of Confederates

population of 6 million (whites), defensive war, backward economy, underdeveloped, one-crop, weak central government under Jefferson Davis, better generals in the beginning of the war

remain neutral

position US took during French revolution, very important decision, washington issued a neutrality proclamation on April 22, 1793

Merrimac

powerful stream cruiser that was captured by the Confederate forces and then converted its sides with iron railroad rails and renamed it the Virginia, steamed into James River and sank two wooden Union ships

10th amendment

powers not delegated to the US are reserved to the states, or to the people, most important to the Anti-federalists

rebates

preferential treatment for the largest costumers

three purposes for writing the Declaration

present American theory of government, political propaganda- list of abuses to persuade colonists against king, proof to foreign nations- patriots needed money and supplies to win war, European nations new the colonists were serious, colonists were committing treason

Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction

presented in May 1865, called for official government pardon to all former Conf except those who had held civil office, held taxable property exceeding 20,000. state conventions had to be held where each seceded state was required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all debt, ratify 13th amendments, only white men who had received amnesty and taken loyal oath could vote, excluded both blacks and upper class whites from reconstruction, wanted backbone of new south to be on yeomen whites

Nicholas Biddle

president of the bus had a lot of power, him and two other directors owned majority of the stock

McKinley

president who signed off on the annexation of Hawaii

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

prevented misleading or false labeling of food and drugs

Lord North

prime minister proposed to repeal all of the Townshend Acts except the tax on tea

George Grenville

prime minister who was extremely anti-American, was committed to eliminating britains national debt from the 7 years war, ordered strict enforcement of navigation acts, proclamation act of 1763, sugar act, quartering act, currency act, stamp act

Charles Townsend

prime minister, Townshend Acts

Washington's Farewell Address 1796

printed, advised avoiding permanent alliances, warned against political factions

Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890

pro-silver interests passed legislation authorizing congress to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month at market prices, and issue Treasury notes redeemable in gold and silver, created inflation and lowered gold services, farmers wanted "cheap money" in circulation,

Railroads

problems encountered by transportation by roads and canals led to this, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad opened in 1830, by 1850- 9,000 miles of track was connecting various parts of the country

John Deere

produced a steel pow in 1837 which did not break in the rough soil and was lighter and therefore could be pulled by horses not oxen

whigs

progressives who were weary of the king having more power than their elected officials in parliament, "the best government is the government that governs least"

Embargo Act of 1807

prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed their restrictions on US trade, overestimated the dependence of Britain and France on American shipping, FAILED, exports went from 108 million to 22 million in 2 years, hurt farmers as well as merchants and prompted demands from repeal, created a resurgence of the Federalist party and NE threatened secession, was repealed March of 1809

currency act, 1764

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, only allowed to use gold or silver coins, claimed colonial currency could hurt economy of British empire, used butter nails and feathers as currency

maine law of 1851

prohibited manufacture and sale of liquor

Tallmadge Amendment

prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri which already had some 10,000 slaves and provided freedom at age 25 to those born after the territory's admission as state, passed the amendment on a sectional vote, demonstrated North's desire to acquire control of Congress over slavery issue

Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, George Mason

prominent Anti-Federalists

seminole

prominent native american group in FL

Phillis Wheatley

prominent slave and poet (African American), showed hypocrisy of ideas of natural rights and slavery in the colonies, was given good education, lived in Boston in 1760s and 1770s, became famous in London and was granted her freedom at eve of revolution

negro nationalism

promoted blackness, black cultural expression and black culture

temperance

promoted consumption of alcohol in small amounts

James G Blaine

promoted hemispheric solidarity with Latin America and economic expansionism, sec of state blaine was concerned with international trade, political stability, and excessive militarism in Latin America, international bureau of American republics was designed to promote a pan american customs union and peaceful conflict resolution, also wanted new Latin american markets for american trade

Albany Plan

proposed by Benjamin Franklin, which would provide a union for the colonies. Called for a chief executive to be called the president general of the united Colonies. Called for a supreme assembly called the Grand Council- would levy taxes to support its programs. The plan was rejected by crown but approved at the congress.

15th amendment

proposed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by states in 1870, guaranteed right to vote to any citizen (not women). amendment aimed to promote black suffrage in South and guarantee it in North and West

American System

proposed by Henry Clay and John C Calhoun, nationalists believed that the US relied too heavily on Europe for manufactured products

Foot Resolution 1830

proposed by Samuel Foot in order to restrict public lands, westerner aligned with south, Thomas Hart Benton denounced the tariff, Robert Y Hayne took Benton's side while Daniel Webster defended the tariff

Land Ordinance of 1785

proposed by Thomas Jefferson and outlined a plan of land surveying for the Northwest territory, rectangular grid pattern with six mile square townships, 640 acre sections were to be sold at auction for no less than a dollar an acre to pay off national debt

Indian Removal Act of 1830

proposed giving Cherokees a choice to either voluntarily move west or choose to stay-no liberties, was not much of choice, became a huge public fight

Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

protected black voters using federal troops

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

provided a frame for territorial government and a process for applying for statehood that required a population of 5000 free male adults for an assembly to be elected, SLAVERY WAS EXCLUDED from northwest territory

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act, 1921

provided federally funded maternal and infant care

16th amendment, 1913

provided for a graduated income tax, 1% on income over 3,000 with a graduated income tax up to a maximum of 7%, began to exceed tariff revenue by 1917

isolationists

provided for the main opposition of the Treaty of Versailles

Morrill Act 1862

provided land grants to states to support higher education, land grant colleges were required to provide training in agriculture, engineering, home ec, military

Madison declares war

public demanded war on GB, Madison believed being able to defend US was vital to the nation's survival

immigration act 1924/ national origins act

quotas reduced to 2% from the emergency quota act, percentage was based on the 1890 census benefitting western european immigrants, eliminated all immigration from Japan, canada and latin america were excluded from the quotas

"A house divided itself cannot stand"

quote from speech made by Abe Lincoln in Springfield IL on June 17, 1858

Second Seminole War

raged from 1835-42, fewer Seminoles moved West than any other

stock watering

railroad companies inflated amount of assets of companies and knowingly sold stocks and bonds in excess of the company's actual value, also used bribes on judges and legislatures, also gave free passes to journalists and politicians

pools

railroad companies would form a railroad pool in a given area and share the total profit rather than competing with each other

Woodrow Wilson

raised in south, educated, impatient

Mckinley Tariff

raised prices of Hawaiian sugar in 1890

sugar act, 1764

raised revenue by taxing goods imported by the Americans

Sally Tompkins

ran Confederate infirmary in Richmond

party bosses

ran political machines, professional politicians who dominated city gov't, often controlled jobs of city workers, schools, hospitals, police/fire departments, and any city-run services

Bill of Rights

ratified in December of 1791, proposed by James Madison, narrows to 10 amendments and are passed in 1789

6 to 1

ration of men to women in Virginia, that also had a shorter life span than in England

Macon's Bill No 2 1810

re-opened trade with France and GB, promised exclusive trade with whichever power recognized America's right to trade, seen as "childish," US would install embargo act against the other nation, France agreed and non-intercourse was declared with GB, PEACEABLE COERCION HAD FAILED

Second Great Awakening

reaction of liberal ideas such as unitarianism, from 1815-1860, religious enthusiasm spread in churches of New England and on the frontier as well as black slave churches, liberal thought- brought from huge changes in industrialization, social change, immigration, and slavery crisis, *democratization of christian religion-open to all, less rigid

populists

reaction to McKinley Tariff, political movement of farmers which claimed that laissez-faire capitalism and big business were responsible for the worsening economic circumstances in rural America, Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange)- secured passage of laws to limit railroad rates, farmers alliances were organized

12th amendment

rivalry between Burr and Hamilton led to this- states that states vote separately for President and Vice Pres in the electoral college

Hibernians

semisecret society from Ireland to fight oppressive landlords, brought to the US as a secret protection organization and pension system for Irish workers eventually became the "Molly Maguire's" were very violent

Pierre d'Iberville

sent in 1698 to scout the mouth of the Miss River, built a fort near a Bilochi Indian Settlement, which became to be called, Biloxi

Polk

referred to as "young hickory," Jackson was, "old hickory", based platform on annexation of TX and Oregon, drew in free soil support in the West, Oregon entering as free state would allow balance with TX as slave state, also wanted to annex CA and NM

Catherine Beecher

reformer associated with many different causes, organized women defended Indian rights and flooded Congress with petitions

Foreign Relationship with GB under articles

refused to make any commercial treated, shut off trade for America in the West Indies, British soldiers stayed along the northern border of the US maintaining trading posts with the Indians

food administration

regulated agriculture, herbert hoover as head of this agency encouraged the production of basic products

Model T, Tin Lizzie

reliable and made with interchangeable pats that could easily be repaired

Catholic

religion of France

Puritans

religion reserved for East Jersey

Quakers

religion reserved for West Jersey

deism

religious belief association with the Enlightenment in which a rational "watchmaker" God does not intervene directly in peoples lives- use your intellect, stressed the essential goodness of man and the ability to achieve salvation through good works, god is a loving father not a strict judge who would punish

Henry Clay

remained leader in the senate during Tyler's presidential term

General Amnesty Act 1872

removed political disabilities from all but 500 former Confederate leaders

Indian Removal Act 1838

removed the five civilized tribes west of the Mississippi River

Edmond Genet

rep of the new French Republic landed in SC, he encouraged privateers to capture British ships, attempted to encourage frontiersmen and land speculators to attack Spanish FL and Louisiana

scabs

replacement workers to take the jobs of striking workers, in 1830- there were 300,000 trade unions in the US

democrats

represented solid south and boss-ruled cities of the Northeast, support came from southern cotton farmers and immigrant factory workers

Quartering Act (revised)

required Bostonians to quarter British solders even in their private homes

Meat Inspection Act, 1906

required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions

annual elections

required political leaders to stay in constant contact with the people

Tenure of Office Act

requires the consent of the Senate for the removal, as well as for the appointment of federal government civil officers

united states shipping board

responsible for building ships and carrying supplies to the battle front

Independent Treasury

restored by Polk, sought to stabilize economy by preventing state banks from printing unsecured paper currency, establish treasury based on gold and silver, gov would remove deposits from state banks and deposit in in an independent treasury of federal gov, gov would also only conduct business in hard money, Whigs repealed act in 1841-wanted BUS back, Polk restored Independent Treasury Act in 1846

Hat Act, 1732

restricted the manufacture and export of hats in the colonies, reduced the number of people in the colonies employed in the hat trade

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

result of roosevelt panic, allowed national banks to issue notes to put more money in circulation, also created the national monetary commission

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

result of the Wabash Case, passed and provided that a new commission be established to: oversee free railway rates, prohibit rebates, end discriminatory practices, and require annual reports and finance statements

wall of separation between church and state

resulted from a letter sent to Danbury, CT, Baptist Association by Jefferson, became part of the American lexicon

1805 Peace Treaty Following Tripolitan War

resulted in no tribute for Tripoli and reduced tribute costs for US to other Barbary States

Bacon's Rebellion

results from Virginians expanding further into Indian territory and the Indians raided nearby farm in 1675 and Berkeley refused to retaliate (personal ties), so Nathaniel Bacon (respected Englishman-wealthy) led an attack against Indians despite being told not to by Berkeley, Bacon was arrested but released after mob forms, Bacon and followers burned Jamestown, Bacon dies suddenly and 23 men are hung by Berkeley

Francisco Menendez

runaway slave who won a special commendation in 1728 for defending St. Augustine in an English attack

Regulator Movement, 1765-1771

rural farmers in N and S Carolina angry with corrupt coastal authorities, angry about lack of representation in colonial gov't, gangs of criminals raided rural farm supplies and homes and the regulators were demanding local courts and government officials to provide safety and order on the frontier, said to be an effect of the Great Awakening, new life protestants, refused to pay taxes, closed courts, and attacked officials, 1771- gov of NC sent out militia and in one encounter 29 killed and 150 wounded

First Red Scare, 1919-1920

russian revolution inflicted fear of communism in the Americans, rise in number of laborers worldwide as a result of industrial revolution, growing socialism in eastern and southern Europe, increase in labor strikes,

rum, romanticism, and rebellion

said by priest, blaine made mistake of not correcting the priest (about Democrats), irish took offense and blaine lost the election (1884)

Patrick henry

said, "give me liberty of give me death"

John Adams

said, "the revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 go 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was shed at lexington" in 1818

Jacques Cartier

sailed from Newfoundland to the gulf of the St Lawrence River in 1534 laying the basis for future claims for France and the fur trade with Native Americans in the region

the Alamo 1836

sanata anna marched 3000 troops in and killed 180 americans except one woman and her baby- was a defeat

charleston and jitterbug

scandalous dances created during jazz age

Noah Webster

schoolmaster of the republic, provided standardized reading lessons, were very patriotic, dictionary

andrew mellon

sec of the treasury believed in low taxes and government policy on the economy which would free the rich from oppressive taxes and encourage investment, supporters- mellonites- believed that high taxes forced wealthy to seek out tax-exempt securities rather than investing in businesses

camp meetings

second great awakening-used these as outdoor religious services that were attended by huge audiences and lasted days, emotional styles of preaching, immediate conversion, more women than men, "feminization of religion" especially middle class women

Daniel Webster

secretary of state during Tyler's presidential term

Andrew Mellon

secretary of the treasury, tax policies resulted in an increase in capital for most of the decade, despite a recession, new machines, abundant labor, new machineries, and assembly line led to production in the US

Missouri Compromise

sectional divide after Panic of 1819, Missouri applied for statehood, northerners accepted slavery where it already existed but wanted it banned from new states created out of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri Compromise was first public debate on slavery, before Missouri was an equal amount of free and slave states,

immediate actions of Alexander Hamilton

secured a 50,000,000 loan from Bank of NY, established customs office to collect the tariff that Congress had passed, organized US coast guard, gave a report on the economic condition in 1789, congress paid off the foreign debt in whole

Moses Austin

secured from the Spanish a large grant of land in Texas on condition that 300 catholic families settle there, died before it could happen

Abigail Adams

seen as America's first feminist, married to John Adams, she wrote him a letter stating, "remember the ladies," but her request was ignored

Samuel d Champlain

seen as the Father of New France and befriended the Huron Indians, began to explore further West into the Great Lakes region

rice

seen as the most physically demanding plantation crop

Jim Crow Laws

segregated many public accommodations, from Plessy v Ferguson- "separate but equal."

Commander John D Sloat

seized Monterey and declared Ca to be part of the US

West Africa Squadron

seized hundreds of slave ships and freed captives to ensure no slaves were being illegally shipped worldwide

Andrew Johnson (D-TN)

selected as Lincolns running mater to bring War Democrats to Lincoln's side -champion of poor whites, states rights and Constitution -refused to secede with TN -northerners liked him, thought he didnt understand them -southerners did not trust him -democrat never trusted by republicans -never elected into office

Andrew Johnson

selected by Lincoln to be his running mate in 1864 election, attract members of the War Democrat fraction as well as voters from the border states

internal trade market

selling off slaves as they reached their adolescence, masters encouraged slaves to have children

First Open Door Note

sent in 1899 by John Hay to Japan and Euro powers requesting that they respect Chinese territory and free trade, GB backed the agreement but other nations said they could not commit

city beautiful movement

urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects and reformers that flourished in the US between 1890-1920, based on belief that building and park design should encourage civic pride and encourage civic virtue

molasses

used as currency

spoils system

used by Jackson, was an arrangement in which party leaders reward party loyalists with government jobs, was the first to use this on a national scale-created a political machine through this

Yankees

used by southerners to refer to easterners who moved west, wanted to recreate the educational and governmental structures of the east with taxes

Common Sense

used logic to try to prove to readers that it was the only option to separate from Great Britain, that it was common sense, used enlightenment principles especially, consent of the governed, argued for a republican form of gov't where individuals forgo some o their own self-interest for the common good, foundation for civil rights

pocket veto

used on the Wade Davis Bill by Lincoln

Quebec Act, 1774

used to address the 60,000 conquered French in Quebec, could continue to practice Catholicism, formally established the restrictive policies of Louis XIV, expanded boundaries of Quebec to extend all through the great lakes to the Ohio River, colonies believed this took away and from them

King Cotton

used to express the dominance of cotton in the economy

fordism

using moving assembly line

Jay's Treaty

very one-sided to benefit the Federalists, Britain gained most favored nation status, Britain agreed to abandon posts on US soil, and to compensate merchants for damages to ships, they also agreed to stop attacking and impressing US ships, trade with the British West Indies became legal and Jay conceded that the British did not need to be compensate US citizens for the loss of enslaved people, debts owed to British merchants would be paid, eventually signed the treaty. following this treaty, southern states calls for impeachment of Washington

John Q Adams

very unpopular president, did not remove federal officeholders, wanted to improve country using federal funds for internal improvements and a national university

Ulysses S Grant

veteran of Mexican war, captures Ft Donelson in 1862 and helped to secure access to TN and GA, helped to cut off supply lines to the Confederacy, suffered a terrible defeat in April 1862 in TX

President Madison

vetoed the authorization of 1.5 million for internal improvements, forced the states to fund internal improvements on their own`

tongs

viewed as gangs (chinese), violent rivalries

Second Creek war of 1836-37

violent resistance by the Creeks to authorities, ended quickly and Creeks moved to Oklahoma territory

rough riders

volunteer cavalry made up of cowboys, miners, policemen, college athletes, etc, led by T Roosevelt, on July 1, 1898 led a charge up San Juan Hill

demands of the Hartford Convention

wanted financial compensation from the federal government for commercial losses as a result of the embargo and the war, amendments to the constitution- 2/3 VOTES on: embargo, new states, declaration of war, abolish 3/5 compromise, no two successive presidents could be from the same state

Peace Democrats

wanted to negotiate and end the war

populist platform

wanted unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone lines, direct election of US senators, single term limits for presidents, referendums for citizens to bypass legislators, shorter workday, immigration restrictions, ban on private armies used by corporations to break up strikes

Peace Treaty at Ghent

was signed on December 24, 1814, but Battle of New Orleans took place 2 weeks after it was signed, Russian Tsar Alexander 1 proposed peace between US and GB, at first- British demands were unattainable, simply agreed to stop fighting, no mention of the treaty of the reasons why Madison originally asked for

Lusitania

was sunk on May 7, 1915 by a U-boat, killing thousands, provoked an anti-German backlash in the US

June 1, 1812

war is declared on GB, was supported from South and West (republicans), was voted against in North and South (federalists)

mid 1814

war was kicked up a notch after Napoleon was exiled and the British were able to deploy more troops to the US

Jackson killing the BUS

was a huge mistake, state banks began to issue increasing amounts of money, money lent all around

Tariff of 1828

was a protectionist tax to make American products less expensive than foreign imports, north was benefiting and saw economic good times, dev up cost of American products for other Americans, south felt victimized by tariff because had to buy imported or manufactured goods from the north, southerners were having to relocate to West due to an economic depression, referred to as tariff of abominations by the Southern States, became issue through which south could take a stand on states rights, divided Calhoun from Jackson

Henry Ford

was able to produce a cost effective inexpensive car that the average American could afford, transformed the economy and leisure time of the US

Proclamation of 1763

was an attempt by the British to stall and decide what to do about the Indians and avoid another rebellion, prohibited the settlement beyond the Appalachian mountains, stated that colonists already settled in this region must remove themselves, colonists believed they had earned the right to the land by fighting, many ignored the proclamation

Theodore Roosevelt

was assistant Sec of Navy, felt that Philippines could become a key base from which the US might protect its Asian trade, sent cables to US Navy commanders in the Pacific to prepare for war with Spain, cabled George Dewey who was in charge of the American squadron on the British Island of Hong Kong to advance to the Philippines in the event of war with Spain

Western Federation of Miners

was beginning of the industrial workers of the world, had many violent confrontations with mine owners who frequently raised private armies against miners

James K Polk

was considered the "dark horse" of election of 1844, won the election after being nominated at the convention who was not formally running

James Monroe

was elected in 1816 as beneficiary of one-party political system, continued nationalist movement of the day by supporting federal funding for internal improvements and raised protectionist tariff

General William Tecumseh Sherman

was given the mission of taking GA and on September 2, 1864 Sherman successfully occupied GA, burned Atlanta and began his March to the Sea

General Zachary Taylor

was nominated by Whigs, Hero of Beuna Vista, owned slaves but did not speak publicly about slavery, slave states held presidency and majority of House

Zachary Taylor

was ordered by Polk to advance 4,000 troops from Nueces River to the Rio Grande, his reasoning was defense of TX against MX forces, on April 25, 1846, Mexican forces crossed Rio Grande and attacked killing 16 americans, Polk asked Congress for declaration of war before hearing news of the attack

General John J Pershing

was ordered to Mexico after Pancho Villa killed 16 americans, several thousand troops also sent to eliminate Villa's forces

Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law

was passed in 1780, began freeing slaves in 1808 with the last slaves emancipated by 1847

Wilson

was reelected in 1916 after Americans praised him for remaining neutrality during the beginning of the WW1

excise tax

was repealed during Jefferson Administration, was too costly for farmers

Significance of the election of 1800

was seen as the first peaceful transition of power from on party to another, was a sign that the American experiment would survive dissent among different factions of people

John Slidell

was sent by Pole to speak with the Mexicans and negotiate to make this offer: MX would recognize Rio Grande as boundary, US would assume 3 mill dollars, MX would sell NM and Us would pay 5 million, sell CA for 25 million, Slidell was never admitted to even meet Mexican officials

Andrew Jackson

was sent to the FL border with 3,000 troops by President Monroe, was sent to raid the Indian parties in FL, forbidden to attack anything with a Spanish flag, did not listen and captured St. Marks and Pensacola where two British subs were hanged, Spain protested and Adams made clear to Luis de Onis that America had the right to pursue and punish Indians, Adams gave Onis an ultimatum to keep order or give territory to the US, Spain gave up FL to the US

Fort Sumter

was surrendered to the Confederates by the Union after 34 hours of fighting on April 14, 1861, but no one was killed, in Lincoln's eyes, the South had started the war and the honor and sanctity of the union must be preserved (start war)

George McClellan

was the democrat nominee in 1864 election

Benjamin Franklin

was the exemplar of the American Enlightenment, influenced by Enlightenment and became a deist, founded a library, fire co, helped start UPENN, he was untutored genius

Lincoln's assassination

watching my american cousin, fords theater in DC, John Wilkes Booth shoots him in head, April 15, 1865- Lincoln pronounced dead

May 16, 1811

waters off of NY, Little Belt (British) fired warning shot at USS President (US), US retaliated, 32 british killed

planter elite

wealthy southern families

James Monroe and Robert Livingston

were authorized by Congress to be sent to France to offer to buy the Port of New Orleans and as much land in FL for 10 million dollars and when they arrive Napoleon offers to sell the entire territory for 15 million dollars

German Hessians

were hired by George III in September of 1775 to stop the American revolution

burned over district

western NY near Erie Canal that had a large amount of religious revival activity

Feb 1782

when House of Commons votes against waging further war against America, same year Lord North's administration is replaced by Whig regime

Bank of the United States

when came up for re-charter in 1811 many DR's opposed re chartering, but when the war almost collapsed american banking system, saw it as necessary, the bank was rechartered in 1816, this charter lasted for 20 years

safety valve theory

when hard times hit the unemployed could move west, take up farming and prosper, considered a myth

second industrial revolution

when the US became involved, began in US and Germany, spurred by array of innovations and inventions in production of metals, machinery, chemicals, and food. this transformed the economy and the society onto their modern industrial form

William Henry Harrison

whig candidate in election of 1840, was hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, whigs hoped to have him appeal to those distrusting of Jackson and Van Buren in West, defeats Van Buren in 1840 election, died after a month

National Defense Act

wilson asked congress to pass this in 1916, called for buildup of military forces in prep for war, called preparedness

treaty of versailles

wilson decided to head the negotiation team himself at the Versailles peace conferance, signed on June 28, 1919, harsh on Germany

wilson's 14 points

wilson's goals for the terms of peace after the war, issued to Congress on Jan 8, 1918, and war ended Nov 11, 1918, were counter argument to Lenin's claims regarding the war, message of hope that peace would be achieved, contained specific recommendations for adjusting boundaries and for establishing new nations, all reflecting his belief in the right of all people to govern themselves

Andrew Jackson

wins the election of 1828 and his supporters unified after defeat in 1824 to persuade voters that Jackson was looking out for the common many

Whiskey Rebellion

with Mississippi River closed, whiskey was the only feasible way to make a profit from growing corn, settlers refused to pay the tax on whiskey, many states passed resolutions in opposing the tax but it was not repealed, terrorist actions began arising against whiskey tax collectors- shooting, tarring, feathering, beating, etc, riots arose and farmers were terrorized for paying the tax, the rebels threatened an attack on Pittsburgh, on August 1- 6000 rebels met outside of Pittsburgh and made plans to attack, Hamilton urged force and after Washington's attempts to negotiate with the rebels failed, he ordered 12,000 troops to capture any rebels and put them in prison, by the time the troops arrived, the rebellion was over.

Florence Kelly

with the women of the Hull House, successfully lobbied for an anti-sweat shop law in Illinois that protected the working conditions for women and prohibited child labor

James Madison

won election of 1808 (was Sec of State in Jefferson presidency), was the father of constitution, drafted Bill of Rights, republican leader

William McKinley

won election of 1896, some democrats claimed he has bought the white house after conservatives gave 15 million to his campaign

Jefferson

won the election of 1800 against Adams in a narrow election, Jefferson wanted to shrink the size of the federal gov't, wanted local and state gov't to hold more power

Walt Whitman

worked as teacher, journalist, and editor- best known as poet, "Leaves of Grass" considered poet laureate of democracy

catherine beecher

worked to get more women into the teaching profession, once married, women became housemakers

pullman strike

workers joined American Railway Union headed by Eugene V Debs and went on strike, ARU voted for nationwide strike of Pullman cars by its members, June 1894- 260,000 workers joined the strike, in response the General Managers Association was formed and went to president Cleveland for help, Cleveland got them an injunction and forced the ARU members to go back t work, Debs was arrested, business could now go to government to get an injunction

Hamilton Funding Plan

would issue a tariff on imports and would general revenue while protecting American industries, would put an excise tax on wines, coffee, tea, and spirits, tax on spirits in hope the government's power to tax would reach even the most rural areas of the US

Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions

written by John Cotton's son, Cotton Mather

White Man's Burden

written by Rudyard Kipling, wealthy americans must help to left underprivileged, underfed, and underclass f the world

Planter Elite

found in southern plantation colonies, selected families that held most wealth

James Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia, was given authority to establish the colony as an experiment in penal reform

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay

Second Powhatan War

launched surprise attack by 12 indian tribes in an attempt to stop the English from taking land, killed one fourth of the settlers including John Rolfe

primogeniture

laws which required that estates be passed on to the eldest son only

Puritans

opposed Church of England, wants to reform from within

John Rolfe

perfected pleasant tasting tobacco in Jamestown in 1612, married Pocahontas

Anglican Church

plantation colonies all provided tax support for this

Encomienda

term that allowed Spanish to take Indians as slaves if they promised to Christianize them

Pueblos

the "lumped together" Native American group that settled current day American southwest, were actually the anasazi people.

Sugar

the "rich mans crop"

Portugal, 1441

the country that established African slave trade

54 million

the number of people living in the Americas estimated in 1492

Georgia

the only colony to receive funding from the British gov't

Squash, beans, corn/maize

the three crops in three sister farming

Gold, Ivory, Slave

the three different names for the African coast

lumber, fish, and fur

three exports that were promised to the England by the Pilgrims after given a charter to settle in North America

1629

year in which Charles I dissolved Parliament eliminating representation of the minority Puritans thus fueling a puritan migration

1621

year in which Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoag Indians signed a peace treat with Pilgrims at Plymouth

1634

year in which Lord Baltimore founded Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics

1712

year in which North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina

1585

year in which Roanoke was founded, rumored to have been killed by Native Americans, was the first attempt at English colonization

1720

year in which it is stated that all coastal Indian tribes of the southern colonies had been devastated

1629

year in which the Puritans were granted a charter to leave England and settle north of Plymouth Plantation on condition they they would have political control of their colony

1540

year in which the Spanish arrived from Mexico into the Pueblo region looking for gold. They raped and massacred the Pueblo people living in the area

1598

year in which the Spanish returned to North America with priests and some other settlers. Set up a new Spanish colony: New Mexico

1609

year in which the West Indies became a resting station for the spanish

1609-1610

years known as the "starving time" for Jamestown settlers