Combo with "Unit 1.1 Pyschology's History and Approaches" and 21 others

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle, the sleep/wake cycle

endocrine system

the body's "slow chemical communication system;" a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

What does body temperature rising each day as morning approaches a part of?

the body's natural circadian rhythm

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

central nervous system (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord

cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interocnnected neural cells covering the cerebal hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

What side of the brain processes speech and calculation (deaf people use this side to process sign language)?

the left side

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana, trggers a variety of effects like mild hallucinations- it is a hallucinogen (higher content in weed, high hallucogenic effect)

median

the middle score in a distribution: half of the scores are above it and half are below it

mode

the most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution

axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

dependent variable

the outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

illusionary correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate.

debriefing

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracts

learning

the process of aquiring new and relatively enduring information on behaviors

modeling

the process of oberserving and imitating a specefic behavior

spontaneous recovery

the reappearnace, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional struggle

negative correlation

the relationship between two sets of data, in which one set of data decreases as the other set of data increases.

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state- twilight sleep (after beta waves)

Which side of the brain processes perceptual tasks?

the right side

What were our ancestor's body clocks attuned to?

the rising and seeting of the sun

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

social influence theory

the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the pain stimulus. The hypnotized people act out the role of a "good subeject" by following directions given by an authoritative person.

Can anyone experience hypnosis?

to an extent, but some are more suspectable and others, this can be assesed on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale

What is the reason for nightmares?

to extinguish daytime fears

Why do people use stimulents?

to feel alert lose weight, boost mood, boost athletic preformance

Interneurons are said to do what?

transmit and send messages from body parts to the brain

Hypnotherapists

try to help patients harness their own healing powers, they use posthypnotic suggestions to alleviate headaches, asthma and stress-related disorders

amygdala

two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and in processing emotional information

spinal cord

two-way information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain

Does the brain's auditory cortex respond to sound stimuli when asleep?

Yes, the EEG confirms it

barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the same thing; true or false?

Yes, they are variations of the same thing

population

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (this does not refer to a country's whole population if it is not a national study).

coping

alleviating stress using emotional cognitive, or behavioral methods.

what must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principal of informed consent?

allow participants to chose whether to take part

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a. Acquisition b. Stimulus c. Learning d. Habituation e. Response

c

Which of the following is included in the PNS? (a) brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, (b) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, automatic ganglia (c), spinal cord, spinal nerves, sense organs, (d), medulla, pons, thalamus, (e) amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

c

insomnia

inability to fall or stay asleep; (10% of adults and 25% of older adults). It can be caused by anxiety, depression, worry, physiological reasons (diet) or more.

Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,

income and sleep levels are positively correlated.

the dual-processing model refers to.. give an example.

incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks

Atonia as relating to sleep

increase in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing, loss of muscle tone and inability to move voluntary muscles

What does the larger cortex of mammals give them?

increased capacities for learning and thinking, enabling them to be more adaptable

What does sleep deprivation do to the joints?

increased inflammation and arthritis

What does sleep deprivation do to the heart?

increased risk of blood pressure

Left hemisphere traits

language, rational, mechanics/math, object recognition, logic/analytic thought, perception of order, active

What are the cultural differences?

languages, family, religion, definitions of lonliness, collectivist vs. individualists

Difference between the basic psychologies and the applied psychologies?

the basic are basic research and findings, while applied tackles practical problems.

What does the pituitary gland do during sleep?

releases growth hormone necessary for muscle development (during REM and NREM-2)

negative reinforcement _______ a punishing (aversive) event

removes

replications

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different partipants in differant situations to see wheather the basic finding extends to other partipants and circumsances

respondant behavior

responses made to or elicited by specific environmental stimuli

Hindbrain function

responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles

What does sleep deprivation do to the muscles?

reudced strength and slower reaction time and motor learning

the hypothalamus is a(n) __________ center for the brain.

reward

Are most people (90%) right or left handed?

right

The left hemisphere controls the ___ side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls the __ side of the body

right, left

Why did Freud think we dreamed?

safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings. They were key to understand our inner conflicts

representitive sample

sample in which characteristics of subgroup closely correspond to larger population

thyroid

works with metabolism

Are sleep patterns culturally influenced?

yes

Are sleep patterns genetically influenced?

yes

Can hypnosis be therapeutic?

yes

Do other anumals also learn by association?

yes

Do participants retain the ability to control their behavior during hypnosis?

yes

Does worrying about insomnia make it worse?

yes

Wernicke's Area

Discovered by Carl Wernicke, controls language reception. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe. It is receptive.

Broca's Area

Discovered by Paul Broca, controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements invloved in speech. Damage leads to trouble speaking. It is expressive.

What do I mean when I say split-brain surgery leaves people with "two separate minds?"

If they attempt to do something with one hand (or side of brain), they may find themselves also doing it with the other. THey can do things simultaneously because both are being processed.

WEIRD (Cultural Acronym)

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

sleep spindles/k complexes (NREM-2)

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box. b. cold drink on a hot day. c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently. d. hug from a loved one. e. large meal following an extended time without food.

c

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? a. Latent learning d. Intrinsic motivation b. Insight e. Extrinsic motivation c. Cognitive maps

c

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. Self-control b. Learned helplessness c. Internal locus of control d. External locus of control e. Emotion-focused coping

c

REM nicknames

dream-sleep, paradoxical sleep (bc body can't move during REM),

What do the moderns think of Freud's Wish fulfillment

lacks scientific support

Alternate name for hypnagogic jerks

myoclonic jerks

Sleeep disorders according to DSM-V

narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, somnambulism, nightmares, insomnia

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year- olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?

naturalistic observation

Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using?

naturalistic observation

cerebrum

A portion of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia. Largest portion of the brain.

Why were SSRIs revolutionary?

Because the old antidepressants could kill a person and they had to be given in small doses to prevent this

Why does extinction occur?

Because you have stopped the pairing for too long

nicotine adverse effects

Heart disease, cancer

Would you prefer to have divided consciousness or focused awareness while driving?

focused awareness

which of the following's primary function is processing memories?

hippocampus

What communicates with the pituitary, which in turn controls the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating thirst?

hypothalamus

A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)

hypothesis

theory vs. hypothesis

hypothesis is before experiment, a theory is after

corpus callosum

nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres

Classical conditioning pattern

stimulus → response (ex: with pavlov's dog meat → salivation)

What does the APA say on animal experiementation

Comfort, health, and humane treatment of animals is a must and the researcher must try to minimize infection, illness, and pain

Does generalized fear linger?

Yes, like for example an Argenitian man who underwent torture recoils on seeing black shoes, like his tortorers wore

case study

a descriptive tecnique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

intrinsic motivation

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to preform a behavior to reviece promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiement

How much of ours lives does sleep account for?

2/3

How often do newborns sleep?

2/3 of their day

At what age do people shift from being night owls to morning larks?

20 (pre-20, menopause, kids or other for women)

the most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brain is the size of the...

association areas

nerves

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs

endorphins

"morphine within"- natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure (associated with pain relief)

parasympathetic nervous system

"rest and digest" the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

what does apnea mean

"with no breath"

Non-REM Sleep (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) high voltage, slow (EEG synchronization), (2) absent, (3) variable; generally reduced

Waking (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) low voltage, fast, (2) normal tracking, (3) present

REM sleep (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) low voltage, fast, (2) specific pattern of rapid eye movements, (3) absent (except ocular muscles)

What are the four major drawbacks of physical punishment?

(1) punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten, this temporary state may negatively reinforce parents punishing behavior, (2) punishment teaches discrimination among situatiions, (3) punishment can teach fear, (4) Physical punishment may increase aggression by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.

Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun

(1949) discovered that the reticular formation enables arousal and that electrically stimulating the reticular formation of a sleeping cat almost instantly produced an awake, but severing it causes permanent unconsciousness (coma)

James Olds and Peter Milner

(1954) McGill University neuropsychologists who discovered that the hypothalamus provides pleasurable rewards. Experimented with stimulating pleasure center in brains of rats

Philip Vogel and Joseph Vogan

(1961) Los Angeles neurosurgeons who speculated that major epileptic seizures were caused by an amplification of abnormal brain activity bouncing back and forth between the two cerebral hemispheres and created split brain surgery

reward centers

(previously called pleasure centers) Areas of hypothalamus and other parts of limbic system which have profoundly rewarding effects.

habituate

(v.) to become used to; to cause to become used to

Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate? (a) Nicotine (b) Marijuana (c) Heroin (d) Methamphetamine (e) Cocaine

c

perfect correlation

+1.00 or -1.00

What do nerve cells do?

conduct electricity and "talk" to one another by sending chemical messages across a tiny gap that separates them.

What parts of mikes brain have most been affected by his head injury if he struggles to control his emotions and has difficulty establishing new memories?

- damage to the amygdala would make it difficult for him to control his emotions. - damage to the hippocampus would affect his ability to establish new memories.

explain the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics in research.

- descriptive: organizes and summarizes the data collected during research - inferential: used to help determine whether results can be generalized to a larger population through the calculation of statistical significance.

Provide 3 reasons why nonhuman animals are sometimes used in psychological research.

- some researchers use nonhuman animals because they are interested in understanding the animals themselves, including their thinking and behaviors. -others use nonhuman animals to reduce the complexity that is part of human research. They hope to understand principles that may be similar to those that govern human psychological phenomena - researchers also study nonhuman animals in order to apply the findings in ways that will help both humans and the other animals themselves

What percent of dreams are sexy?

10% of men's and 3.3% of women's

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

Freud

1939 death, cocaine addict, discovered dreams could mean something by the late 19th century, he analyzed their dreams along with what was happening in their lives

What percent of percent of people are below and above the mean in standard deviation?

34%

How long is NREM-2 sleep

20 minutes

What percentage is above and what percentage is below standard deviation?

34%, 34%

thalamus

A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. A sensory switchboard if you will. located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory reciving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands (such as the heart). Its sysmpathetic division is fight or flight while its parasympathetic division calms

How low does your nightly sleep need to be to get a 71% higher risk of depression?

5 hours or less

CS is _____ relevant

ecologically

How many years of our life do we spend dreaming?

6

1 standard deviation of the mean

68%

How many hours do Canadian and American adults sleeping a night?

7/8 hours

What percent of dreams have at least 1 negative event or emotion?

80%

How much will an adult sleep if they are left unhindered?

9 hours

How long is a full sleep cycle?

90 minutes

2 standard deviations of the mean?

95%

3 standard deviations of the mean

99.7%

A business owner is considering different compensation plans for her sales force. Identify what schedule of reinforcement is reflected in each of the following plans, making sure you explain why each answer is correct: • The owner will pay a $1,500 bonus each time a hundred units are sold. • The owner will have a lottery each month. Each salesperson will get one lottery ticket for every one hundred units sold. The salesperson with the winning ticket will get $5,000. • The owner will pay each salesperson a monthly salary that does not depend on units sold.

?

A young boy is left at home with his older brother while their parents drop off the family car for repairs. While the parents are out, the older brother prepares lunch for the young boy. Then the older brother takes the younger brother outside where he entertains him by building several fires with small twigs. Explain how the older brother's conduct is: • Prosocial modeling • Antisocial modeling

?

Because Jerry suffered severe seizures, his neurosurgeon decided to "split his brain." What does this mean? How might a psychologist use people who have had split-brain surgery to determine the location of speech control?

?

Describe how each of the following can show the impact of cognition on operant conditioning. (1) Latent learning (2) Insight learning (3) Intrinsic motivation

?

Explain the following two theories regarding why we dream. Include a criticism each faces: • Freud's theory • Neural activation theory

?

Raud is planning to use operant conditioning to help him reach his self-improvement goal of running in his community's 10-kilometer race in July. Explain four things Raud should include in his self-improvement plan

?

Three of the most widely used psychoactive drugs— alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine—are legal for large segments of the population. Name the category that each of these drugs belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

?

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pineal gland

A brain structure located near the thalamus that secretes melatonin.

causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

Selective Attention

A phenomenon of divided consciousness in which a person is able to focus on one thing while focusing out other stimuli and still able to notice other important information

limbic system

A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Nucleus Accumbens

A limbic reward center that releases dopamine and makes GABA in the front of the hypothalamus

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversupply leads to migraines or seizures

skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Gestalt psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. Creates more detailed computerized images using a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves that cause emission of signals that depend upon the density of tissue.

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

variable interval

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

variable ratio

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

Venom of black widow interfers with what neurotransmitter?

ACh

What happens when a person passes out do to overdose?

Ability to control parasalsis (ability to throw up) goes away- bc the person goes quickly to delta sleep- NRM-3 and can't awaken

What does seratonin do?

Affects mood (low levels cause aggression), hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply leads to depression.

How do you turn a cc into an oc?

After a cc starts to work, to reinforce it you bring in the oc, with punishment and positive reinforcement

Exposure Therapy (ET)

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

within subjects design

An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called repeated measures design.

What is the ideal way to treat insomnia?

An ideal sleep aid would mimic the natural chemicals that are abundant during sleep, without side effects. file.

fixed ratio

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on number or frequency of event/incident

fixed interval

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on time

theory of the mind

An understanding that other people have different thoughts and feelings (often associated w/ autism spectrum disorders)

caffeine adverse effects

Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

confounding variables REPEAT

Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable. It mucks up the date and gets in the way of the data being pure/

Provide two specific examples of how biology can influence classical conditioning.

Any two examples from the module can be used to answer. Possibilities include: Garcia's research showed that rats are more likely to develop a classically conditioned aversion to tastes than to sights or sounds. Humans are biologically predisposed to form associations between the color red and sexuality.

nicotine pleasurable effects

Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being

Forensic Psychologists

Apply psych to legal issues, create public policies on mental health, help police in criminal investigations, consult jury and more. They assess for legal community. Mostly clinical psychologists, but not always. Some hold law degrees, Work in uni psych, law school, reasearch org, community mental health agency or a government org

A researcher paired the sound of a whistle with an air puff to the eye to classically condition Ashley to blink when the whistle alone was sounded. Explain how the researcher could demonstrate the following: • Generalization • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery

Ashley may generalize it to piercing sounds and blink also when a recorder was blown, and then eventually other woodwind instruments. After a while, this response may go extinct from lack of practice, but a 1-more tries after a dormant period could bring about spontaneous recovery.

Aziz has read that handwriting reveals important details about personality. Explain how each component of the scientific attitude can help Aziz investigate the accuracy of the information he has read about handwriting analysis.

Aziz is curious so he will actually do the study. Aziz will be skeptic and make sure he has humility so he does not contaminate his results by seeing only what he wants.

René Descartes thoughts on the mind?

Believed fluid in the brain contains spirits and through this fluid nerves flowed and opened up pores for memory. He also noted that the brain looks for patterns. He realized that nerve pathways allowed reflexes. He also believed in the immortal soul.

Marijuana vs. Alcohol

Both relax, hurt memory, impair motor coordination, give high, reaction time. Marijuana takes longer (a week vs. alcohol day) to get out of body,

In general, damage to _______disrupts speaking, while damage to _______ disrupts understanding of language.

Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area

cocaine adverse effects

Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

expectancy effects

Changes in a subject's behavior produced by the subject's belief that change should happen; also called placebo effects.

Explain two differences between classical and operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, but operant conditioning involves voluntary responses.In classical conditioning, the learner associates two events (a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus). In operant conditioning, the learner associates a behavior with a consequence.

Name the three components of the scientific attitude. Provide an example to show how each component contributes to the investigation of competing ideas in psychology.

Curiosity, or passion to explore, leads us to questions we want to investigate. Any examples of such questions will serve (For example, Does more money make us happier? Is schizophrenia inherited?). Skepticism keeps us from accepting ideas without sound support. The work of The Amazing Randi would be a good example here. Humility keeps us open to the possibility of changing our ideas when they are not supported by the data. For example, "the rat is always right.

Name and briefly describe three stages of sleep when rapid eye movements are not occurring.

DO LATER

Ectasy (MDMA) adverse effects

Dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

Barbiturates type

Depressant

heroin adverse effects

Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

Alcohol adverse effects

Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

cognitive development (dream theory)

Dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development—their knowledge and understanding. However this does not address the neuroscience of dreams.

between subjects design

Each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

Pavlov's dog

Each time the dog was fed, a bell was rung for a few seconds and the amount of saliva produced was measured. Then the bell was rung and no food was given. He discovered that the amount of saliva produced on this trial was the same as when the food was given.

People associated with operant conditioning

Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner

Ectasy (MDMA) pleasurable effects

Emotional elevation (artificial dopamine firing), disinhibition

What does Acetylcholine (ACh) do?

Enables muscle action, learning and memory. Deterioates with Alzheimers.

While hiking, Ken stumbled and fell down a 10-foot drop-off. Upon landing, he sprained his ankle badly. Ken was surprised that he felt very little pain for the first half hour. Explain how the following helped Ken feel little pain in the moments after the injury; Endorphins; the synapse

Endorphins are natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to controlling pain and the synapse is the space between neurons where neurotransmitters like the endorphins carry information that influences how Ken feels.

Marijuana pleasurable effects

Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

morally acceptable

Ethical

methamphetamine pleasurable effects

Euphoria, alertness, energy

stroop effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

Researchers interested in studying stress gave 150 high school seniors a very difficult math exam. After the test, the researchers measured stress by examining physiological changes with extensive medical testing that included drawing blood samples. What ethical principle governs what students must be told before the research takes place? What should the potential participants be told?What ethical principle governs the appropriate use of the results of the medical testing? What would that principle say about the use of these results?

FIX LATER: Students must have a basic understanding of what is happening, enough for them to give informed consent. The results must only be allowed to be used after the students are debriefed. The students should be told day of and allowed to drop out.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921), wrote "The Animal Mind"

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

First recognized a selective CS-UCS connection when they noticed that rats avoided drinking water from the water bottles in the chambers where they had previously been made nauseated by radiation. They found that rats readily learned an association between water and illness, yet the rats could not be conditioned to associate flavored water with an electric shock delivered through a grid on the floor of the test chamber

Identify two states of conscioussness that are psychologically induced and two that occur spontanteously

For any two psychologically induced states: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, or meditation. For any two spontaneously occurring states: daydreaming, drowsiness, or dreaming.

phrenology

Franz Gall; the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. It focused attention on localization of function.

How does a trip usually go?

Geoemtric forms (lattice, cobweb, spiral), next more meaningful images in a tunnel/funnel or replays of past emotion experiences, also a separation from the body

Pavlov

Got Russia's first nobel prise when studying digestive system, intially wanted to be a Russian priest. Looking at his dog salviating, he began to discover classical conditioning

hypnagogic REPEAT?

Hallucinations that occur before going to sleep- like feelings of floating or falling before sleep

Eugene Aserinsky

He was the first to observe periods of rapid eye movements in sleeping infants in the early 1950s. He used an EEG on his son Armond.

Counseling Psychologists

Help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes, they don't deal with severe psychopathology. THey are humanist in emphasizing clients strengths and helping them use their own skills, interests and abilities. Need to be licensed.

After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?

Hindsight bias

What does the limbic system include?

Hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus

Social Psychologists

Human interactions and how different ppl's beliefs, actions and behaviors are effected by and influence others, Work in organizations, market research, hospitals, and such doing applied reasearch.

Marijuana adverse effects

Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

Do correlations help us predict the future?

In a way

Can dreams teach you how to function in the real world?

In a way, they try

caffeine pleasurable effects

Increased alertness and wakefulness

Where did Plato think the mind was?

In the spherical (perfect form) head

Alcohol pleasurable effects

Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition (can cause loss of self awareness and control)

School Psychologists

Involved in assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings. Diagnose and treat cognitive, social and emotional problems. Collab with teachers, parents and administrators

methamphetamine adverse effects

Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures,

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

It allows others to replicate the procedure

How does modeling jive with hypocrisy?

It doesn't, when a child is exposed to a hypocrite, they imitate it

What does good sleep do for you?

It heightens your satisfaction with life

Is alcohol a stimulent? Why?

It is not, it is a disinhibitor (it lowers your guard- you do things you would not do sober). It is a depressent.

Lab situations are not real life, so how do they predict what will occur in real life?

It is the resulting principles—not the specific findings—that help explain everyday behaviors

While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?

It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.

What is the cause of sleep deprivation increasing ghrelin?

It makes people hungrier and decreases the leptin (a hormone that makes one feel saited)

How does sleep help us recuperate?

It restores and repairs brain damage caused by free radicals.

How was psychology defined at its beginning? How did this morph?

It started as the description and explanation of states of consciousness. It became solely behavior faced for a while until the 60s when neuroscience emerged

What does sleep do to our memories from the day?

It strengthens and stabilizes neural memory traces. It leads to better memory (especially in seniors), neural activity during sleep re-enacts and promotes recall of prior experiences

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors

John Watson

Alternate name for sleep spindles

K complexes

What drug makes people feel synthesia?

LSD

Name and compare the effects of the two hallucinogens discussed in the text.

LSD creates vivid hallucinations and strong emotions. Marijuana creates mild hallucinations, enhanced sensory experiences, and impaired judgment.

Brain lateralization means that each hemisphere has its own functions. Give an example of both a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere function. Then explain how the two hemispheres communicate with one another.

Left hemisphere functions include language, math, and logic. Right hemisphere functions include spatial relationships, facial recognition, and patterns. The corpus callosum carries information back and forth between the two hemispheres.

_______observations are more reliable than those that are more variable.

Less-variable

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Machine that measures electrical activity of the neurons below the electrodes placed on the scalp. Often used to show brain wave patterns of electrical activity during sleep stages and seizures.. Shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons.

A doctor thinks a person has depression (who is really bipolar) and gives the medicene to boost seratonin (ex: Prozac, zoloft), what could happen?

Manic episodes could be triggered

What is the most effective treatment for heroin addicts? It is a synthetic type of opiate... what does it do?

Methadone gets rid of withdrawl symptons while not creating a high

Explain how Bandura's Bobo doll experiment illustrates each of the following: • Modeling • Mirror neurons

Modeling can be described as the behavior of the child as he or she imitates the adult. Mirror neurons on the child's brain presumably would fire the same way when watching the adult or when imitating the adult's behavior.

As the sleep cycle repeats throughput the night time in _____ sleep decreases and time in _____ sleep increases

NREM, REM

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling?

NREM-1

What sleep stage follows stage 3 in normal sleep cycle?

NREM-2

What stage is half the night spent in?

NREM-2

Sleepwalking

NREM-3 sleep disorder, somnabulism, runs in families, they do not remember it, 2-10 minutes

skinner box

Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

Are conscious and conscience the same?

No

Can voluntary things be autonomic?

No

Naturalistic observation is a research method used by psychologists to investigate human and animal behavior. Identify three weaknesses of naturalistic observation.

Naturalistic observation is a valid research method, but it is not without its flaws. One flaw is that without various groups (control and experimental), it is hard to determine cause and effect. A second flaw of naturalistic observation is that it is hard to make sure that the researcher does not accidentally influence the results, as it is hard for people not to notice when they are being observed. A third disadvantage is that since naturalistic observation lacks clear-cut lines, different researchers/observers can get different results.

Can hypnosis enchance recall of forgotten events?

No, instead it can mix fact and fiction and is banned in Australia, USA and Britain from being used in courts.

Does the effect of a drug depend only on the biological effects of the drug?

No, it also depends on the psychology of the user's expecations, which are influenced by social and cultural contexts

Does deep NREM-3 sleep stay the same through each cycle?

No, it gets smaller during after each cycle

Does sleep deprivation decrease cortisol production?

No, it increases it which stimulates the body to be fatter

Are gender differences visible in what we dream, in how we express and detect emotions, and in our risk for alcohol use disorder, depression, and eating disorders? Is this all biological?

No, it is partially cultural, but also very psychological

Do humans have one-track minds?

No, they have two-track minds

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?

No, though it can make them do things they may not do otherwise

Are all our memories "in there" in the brain?

No, we don't automatically memorize everything around us, we only record some memories and even then it may be hard to retrieve them.

Basic rule of shaping

Notice people doing something right and affirm them for it

Bobo Doll

Nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively. Done by Albert Bandura.

antisocial effects

Observational learning can have adverse effect

What category of drugs has the effects of analgesia, a state of waking sleep, and constipation. They have painful withdrawl.

Opiates/narcotics

What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?

Overconfidence

People associated with classical conditioning

Pavlov, Watson

Ivan Pavlov

Physicist who discovered conditioning

_______ tells you what not to do; _____ tells you what to do

Punishment, reinforcement

What is the most reparative, rejuvinating kind of sleep? (hint: it increases as the night wears on)

REM

What sleep stage(s) feature saw tooth "beta-like" waves

REM

neural activation (dream theory) FIND THE REPEAT KEEP THIS

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain waves into stories. Critism is that it is not random because the stories woven about reflect on the dreamer.

neural activation

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

3 Stages of Sleep

REM, NREM (1, 2, 3)

What is 80% of a premie bady's sleeping find?

REM; to catch up

cocaine pleasurable effects

Rush of euphoria (fires dopamine), confidence, energy

heroin pleasurable effects

Rush of euphoria, relief from pain

spontaneous recovery

Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

physiological function (dream theory)

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. However this does not explain why we have meaningful dreams

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists

Relationship between people and their working enviorments. Want to increase productivity, improve personel or promote job satisfaction. Work with training, analysis or suck. Can be consultants, also work with business, industry and gov.

"Doctors sometimes have to remove a portion of the brain to control life-threatening seizures. Describe what the results of the removal of a portion of the motor cortex would be and explain how this procedure might be affected by brain plasticity.

Removing part of the motor cortex will result in paralysis in the parts of the body associated with the removed tissue. Because of brain plasticity, the person's brain may be able to change and reorganize new pathways based on experience. This is more likely if the person is a child.

Developmental Psychologists

Research age related behavior changles, apply knowledge to education, childcare, setting and such. They work with education, school and child psychology as well as gerntology. Work in reforms, as well. Specilize in specefic lifespan stages

Health Psychologists

Research and practitioners who work with pysch's contributions to health and disease. Work with ilness, addiction, weight loss, sleep, pain, stds spreading and such. Work to improve government policies and health care. Can be emplyed in medical places, university or private practice.

While walking barefoot, you step on a piece of glass. Before you have a chance to consciously process what has happened, you draw your foot away from the glass. Identify and explain the three types of neurons that deal with information regarding this painful stimulus.

Sensory neurons carry information from the point of the injury to the central nervous system. Interneurons are neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons would help you interpret the pain and enable your brain to send out marching orders. Motor neurons carry the instruction from the central nervous system to activate the muscles in your leg and foot.

Identify and briefly describe the three major sleep disorders experienced by adults.

Sleep apnea: stops breathing during sleep. Narcolepsy: falls asleep suddenly. Insomnia: can't fall asleep.

Why do tired people get sicker easier than well-rested people?

Sleep deprivation decreases immune cells that fight off viral infections and cancer

Sleep serves many functions for us. Briefly explain how sleep can provide protection and physical growth

Sleep kept our ancestors safe from nighttime dangers. Sleep promotes the release of pituitary growth hormone.

Are all vegetative patietns completely out of it? Do they even hear what people say around them?

Some do, we can tell by mapping their brains

John B. Watson

Started behavioralism, believed he could shape anyone into anything he wanted (nurture > nature and conditioning), after disgraced due to be unethical became advertiser on Madison Ave.

humanistic psychology

Started by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow the focus on the current environmental effects on a person's growth potential, began the cognitive revolution

behaviorism

Started by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner view that psychology is an objective science that can only observe behavior (without reference to mental processes), believed in conditioning, dismissed introspection (early start was from Pavlov though)

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied to self improvement?

State your goal in measurable terms, and announce, Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior, Reinforce the desired behavior, reduce rewards gradually

Synthetic marijuana (K2/Spice)

Stronger than marijuana can last in the brain and organs for longer period of time

Sperry and Gazzinga

Study patients with split brains revealing that the left and the right hemispheres do not preform exactly the same functions

What did Descartes say of superstition?

That is only notices the rare successes, not the numerous failures.

What did Socrates believe about the mind?

That it is separable from the body and continues after death. He also believed the knowledge was inate

Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporarily put away one of Maya's toys every time she spits. Mom is going to continue this until Maya has stopped spitting. • Explain whether Mom's plan uses reinforcement or punishment. • Explain whether Mom's plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment.

The plan uses punishment, because it is designed to reduce the frequency of spitting. This is negative punishment because toys are being taken away from Maya

alternate form (reliability)

The degree to which different version of an instrument result in the same or similar result. Involves comparing the results of 2 different but equivilent versions of a test (version A vs. B) given to the same subjects and if a strong positive correlation is found between the scores on the 2 versions it is alternate forms reliable. Also called equivalent forms reliability. This method eliminates the variable of practice effect.

inter-rater reliability (reliability)

The degree to which the same assessment given my multiple indiviudals achieves the same results. involves comparing scores given by 2 different examiners of the same participants. If both examiners give the same participants the same score the testing instrument has inter-rater reliability. This is important in determining if subjective data collected through obersvation is consisten regardless of who is recording behavior of participants

test-retest (reliability)

The degree to which the same outcome is achieved on at least two occasions. Comparing the results when the same individuals take the same test 2Xs. One major problem with this is the variableof practice effects.

Even after someone stops using the substance they are addicted to and has been sober for a while, can they still be effected by the drug?

There are of course the lasting effects and cravings that come, even after many years, for some

sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Fight or flight

violence-viewing effect

The effect that watching TV violence tends to desensitize people to cruelty and prime them to respond aggressively when provoked

selective attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, a form of dual processing

Carter's goldfish has been classically conditioned to swim to the top of the fish tank every time the light is turned on. This happened because Carter always turns on the light in the room just before feeding the fish. Identify what each of the following would be in this example, making sure you explain why you know your identification is correct. - Conditioned response (CR) - Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Unconditioned stimulus (US)

The goldfish swimming to the top of the tank when the light is turned on is the CR because the fish has learned to behave in this way. The light is the CS because the goldfish has learned to respond to this stimulus. The light was initially an NS. The food is the US because this stimulus will naturally cause the fish to swim to the top of the tank.

Identify the role of each of the following in listening to and taking notes during a psychology lecture;Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex

The hippocampus will help store the memories, the cerebellum will help you write the notes and the cerebral cortex will help you interpret them.

Ms. Ledbetter wants to determine if the new review activity she developed will improve student performance on unit exams. She randomly separates 160 students into two groups. Group A reviews for the unit exam in the traditional manner they have always used. Group B participates in the new review activity. After reviewing, both groups are given the same unit exam and their scores are compared. Identify the independent and dependent variables for this experiment.

The independent variage is the form of review and the dependent variable is their scores.

Why is classical conditioning useful?

The larger lesson: Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce—by re- sponding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

Pituitary Gland

The master gland that reports back to the hypothalamus

Ernest Hilgard

The person associated with the dissociation theory of hypnosis.

ratio

The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other; incidental frequency

cerebral hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum.

What is the brainstem an extension of?

The spinal cord REPEAT

sensory nervous system

The system of nerves that carries information from the body's receptors to the CNS

Anthony attends a high school band concert. First, identify and explain which two lobes of his brain are most important for watching and listening to the concert. Second, explain which lobe of the brain is most responsible for analyzing the music and finding personal meaning.

The temporal and occipital lobes allow Anthony to watch and listen. The temporal lone would analyze the music and the frontal lobe(?) would help him find personal meaning.

paradoxical sleep

The type of sleep encountered during REM when internally, the brain and body are active; while externally, the body appears calm and inactive

sleep inertia

The unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening

A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. Describe two things wrong with the design of this study.

There is no hypothesis stated. In asking for volunteers, the teacher is taking a nonrandom sample that is probably not representative of the population of interest. Neither dreams nor nightmares are operationally defined, so they might be interpreted differently by later researchers. The research is not blind. The teacher could influence the results by the way he asked questions.

How is classical conditioning shown in the struggles of recovering addicts?

They feel cravings in areas/people/contest they associate with their drug

Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?REPEAT

They find them interesting and also it is more ethical to do some experiements on animals rather than humans, because the shared similaries can help predict how humans will rreact.

Do dreams only happen in REM only?

They start in REM, but can dovetail into NREM-3

Students with higher scores on anxiety scales were found to have lower scores on standardized tests. What research method would show this relationship? Why can no cause-effect conclusion be drawn from the results?

This research method is a correlation study. There are three possibilities for causation: Anxiety could cause low test scores, low test scores could cause anxiety, or a third factor could cause both anxiety and low test scores. No conclusions can be drawn about causation because this is not an experiment.

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfacorable consequences become less likely

mental processes

Thoughts and feelings that are internal, personal and cannot be directly observed

US → ______

UR

US → UR → NS → CS → CR (explain)

UR becomes CR and NS becomes CS

David Reimer

Was the test subject in the Born A Boy Raised A Girl experiment run by Dr. Money (Johns Hopkins), was good choice because he was a twin. As he was more interested in masculine activities than girl activities, experiment failed and proved nature is more dominant. Committed suicide later after experiment.

When are brain areas most active (according to numerous fMRI studies)?

When people feel pain or rejection, listen to angry voices, think about scary things, feel happy, or become sexually excited.

Who coined the term "stream of consciousness?"

William James

Principle of Psychology

William James took 12 years to write, published by Henry Holt, very influential

Is deception allowed in informed consent?

Yes

Do genitals become aroused during dreams?

Yes, but not during scary dreams (this causes morning wood and increased vaginal lubrication- which lacks a slang to equal the previous)

Is the brainstem's motor cortex active during REM sleep? What does this cause?

Yes, but the brainstem blocks messages, this causes a mostly (finger and face twitches happen) paralyzed body

Does our brain process information outside of our awareness? Where?

Yes, in the old brain we may be aware of the results of the brain's labor, but not the how-to

what happens if you have an experimental group but no control group? How do you rectify that?

You test the people twice at different times, comparing the subject to the subject. This is called a within subjects design

normal curve

[normal discribution] a symetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response. b. is a naturally occurring response. c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response. d. objectively studies psychology. e. is Pavlovian

a

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as what? (a) Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminshing effects, (b) Antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain, (c) Excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain-control mechanisms, (d) Parasympathetic nervous system agents, because they calm the body, (e) Sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge

a

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a. Acquisition b. Habituation c. Generalization d. Functional fixedness e. Stimulus

a

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism a. associates events. b. associates behavior and resulting events. c. voluntarily operates on the environment. d. associates response with a consequence. e. quits responding when reward stops.

a

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. Law of effect b. Operant conditioning c. Shaping d. Respondent behavior e. Discrimination

a

What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus? a. Respondent behavior b. Operant behavior c. Extinguished behavior d. Biofeedback conditioning e. Skinnerian conditioning

a

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. Operant conditioning b. Respondent behavior c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping e. Punishment

a

When is prosocial modeling most effective? a. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model e. When the model is well-known

a

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. Self-control b. Locus of control c. Problem-focused coping d. Learned helplessness e. Emotion-focused coping

a

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. An innately reinforcing stimulus c. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. An event that decreases the behavior it follows e. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?(a) People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less. (b) Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males. (c) Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades. (d) As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test. (e) Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades.

a

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? a. Observational learning b. Modeling c. Mirror neuron imitation d. Prosocial model e. Imitation

a

Which of these is true about daydreaming? (a) it occurs spontaneously, (b) it is physiologically induced, (c) it is psychologically induced, (d) it is the same as waking awareness, (e) it is more like meditation than it is like dreaming

a

histogram

a bar grah depicting a frequence distribution

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods, any drug that effects you neurologically and behaviorally

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mostly corpus callosum) connecting them.

measure of central tendency

a descriptive statistic that tells which result or score best represents an entire set of scores

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative finding

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

ghrelin

a hunger-arousing hormone

Taste aversion and benefit?

a learned avoidance of a particular food, it leads to the avoidance of poisons and things that maek you sick

How long does the brain keep an accurate count of sleep debt for?

a least two weeks

split-half (reliability)

a measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared. Once major problem is the variable of practice effects. A meausre of consistency, which compares the results of the half of a test with the results of the other half of the test to be sure that the assessment device, has internal consistency. This involves comparing scores on one 1/2 of the test to the scores on the other 1/2 of the test OR comparing the scores on odd vs. even questions. Note: Split-half reliability involves giving the test only one time.

correlation

a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's enviorment. For example after exploring a maze, a rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (it wakes one up and without it, one will fall into a permanant coma). Also called RAS

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

limbic system

a neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying out feelings of sleepiness

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stresss

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

methamphetamine

a powerfully stimulent addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, which speeded-up bodily functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditoning experience is paired up with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn tha ta light predicts the tone and responding to the lught alone, AKA second-order conditioning

inverse correlation

a relationship between two variables where as one increases, the other decreases

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

experiement

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent cariables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experienmenter aims to control other relevant variables

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

dream

a sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

CT/CAT (computed tomography)

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a compositve representation of a slice of brain's structure. Also shows extent of a lesion

flight-or-fight response

a short-term reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus (or stimuli) such as a knee-jerk response

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, are randomly remembered

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Has daytime sleepiness and irritability, and (possibly) high blood pressure, which increases the risk of a stroke or heart attack. People have cpap machine.

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks- they last a few minutes. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. They may not remember it. Caused by genes.

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)

statistical signifigance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

posthypnotic syggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptons and behaviors

Ectasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulent and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risk and longer term harm to seratonin-producing neurons adn to mood and cognition. Can lead to permantly depressed mood if seratonin is damaged. Also suppresses memory, sleep and immune system. club drug

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. Looking at eg scans to read brainwaves and control.

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding, a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

survey

a tecnique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representitive, random sample of the group.

fMRI (functional MRI)

a tecnique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. They show bran functions as well as structure. Shows brain activity at higher resolution than the PET scan when changes in oxygen concentration near active neurons alter magnetic qualities.

hypothesis

a testable prediction

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or dimished if followed by a punisher

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

PET scan (positron emission tomography) scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive forms of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task. An amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity to an electroencephalograph machine

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, or content)

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

LSD is aka

acid

What do both classical and operant conditioning?

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase energy and are released by the ____.

adrenal glands and brain

epinephrine and norepinephrine are also called...

adrenaline and noradrenaline

When do are you required to debrief all research subjects?

after the experiement is over

alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawl, and a drive to continue problematic use

speed

amphetamine nickname

motor cortex/strip

an (front strip) area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest) often similar to drug-induced hallucinatins (think: loss of oxygen) Like LSD.

expectancy

an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they want to participate

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

double-blind procedure

an experiemental procedure in which both the research participants and the reserach staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research paricipants have recieved the treatment or placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

primary reinforcer

an inately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satistifies a biological need

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior towards closer and closer approzimation of the desired behavior

Reinforcement

any consequence that strengthens behavior

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

Sleep talking

any sleep stage (mostly nrem-3), somniloquy, runs in families

behavior

anything an organism does (observable/recordable actions)

Somatosensory/sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexcisting differences between different groups

paired association is the same as __________

associated learning

We learn by _____

association

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of ______ learning

associative

Scientific name for sleep paralysis

atonia

emotion focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction.

problem focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Associations influence ____

attitudes

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a. Cognitive mapping b. Insight c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning e. Unconscious associative learning

b

Endorphins are released in the brain in response to (a) morphine or heroin, (b) painful or vigorous exercise, (c) the all-or-none response, (d) the amount of reuptake, (e) a and b

b

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a. Habituation b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Habituation

b

Superstitious behavior can be produced by a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment. b. the accidental timing of rewards. c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items. d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others. e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval.

b

The purpose of random assignment is to (a) allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable. (b) ensure that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research. (e) eliminate the placebo effect. d. reduce potential confounding variables. (e) generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables

b

What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? a. Latent learning b. Extrinsic motivation c. Intrinsic motivation d. Insight learning e. Emotion-focused coping

b

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response? a. Acquisition b. Spontaneous recovery c. Discrimination d. Operant conditioning e. Classical conditioning

b

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following? (a) Increased productivity, (b) Depression, (c) Decreased mistakes on homework, (d) Increased feeling of well-being, (e) Sleep apnea

b, depression

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. Actual physical injury b. The risk of misremembering our own actions c. Interference with associative learning d. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

b?

Classical conditoning is a ____ form of learing

basic

3 categories of psychology as created by the book?

basic, applied, helping

What monday of the year has most caraccidents? WHy?

bc we are setting it behind or asleep (which makes reaction time and such down)

respondant behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the enviorment, producing consequences

operant behavior

behavior you respond with after operant conditioning

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat. After disgraced his married his assistant and started working in advertising, and was very successful

How do learned associations feed our habitual behaviors?

behaviors become habitual after around 66 days

How has the definition of addiction changed in recent years?

behaviors formly considered bad habits or sins can now be called addiction

_______the most commonly prescribed antianxiety drugs include these. Commonly known as Xanac and Valium. They replaced barbiturates (worse side effects so they needed replacement- though who they are in the category of).

benzodiazepines

Representative samples are _____ than biased samples

better

What is depleted when you exercise will power?

blood sugar and neural activity paired when mental focus

Is it the brain or heart that falls in love?

brain

Phrenology has been discredited, but which of its ideas turned out to be a breakthrough idea?

brain function localization

The feedback system

brain → pituitary → other glands → hormones → body and brain

What are the Hindbrain/Older Brain Structures?

brainstem (pons and medulla), thalamus, RAS/reticular formation, cerebellum

Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures? a. gender differences b. shared goals c. personal achievement d. cooperation of the group e. preservation of tradition

c. personal achievement

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. Biofeedback b. Discrimination c. Modeling d. Insight e. Creativity

c?

What drug is an active ingredient in coffee and energy drinks?

caffeine

What is the world's most widely used drug?

caffeine

An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. She is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did on any given date. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual including questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?

case study

A split-brain patient has a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. He will be able to identify the

cat using his right hand

computer enhanced x-rays used to create brain images are known as

computed tomography scans (CT)

What is the body composed of?

cells

glial cells (glia)

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking

a gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing, but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected?

cerebellum

Forebrain

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

You want to turn the neutral stimulus into a _______ stimulus

conditioned

CS

conditioned stimulus

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactored by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. They influence our interest in sex, food and aggression

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the recieving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

Hormones are_____released into the_____ .

chemical messengers; blood stream

Albert Hofmann

chemist creator of psychedelic drug LSD "acid"

overimitate

children 2-5, copy even irrelevant adult actions

which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individualist in a collectivist culture?

children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.

helping psychologies

clinical, community, counseling

Where does cocaine come from?

coca plant

What drug creates a high consisting of a 15-30 minute rush euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression?

cocaine

Alternate name for selective attention

cocktail party effect

There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is also ________

cognition

How do you best treat a phobia?

cognitive behavioral therapy (ET specefically)

lateralization

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

addiction

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

words to associate with reliability

constistent and repeatable

when in doubt about the validity type on the ap, go with...

content

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite signifigant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Our mental experiences arise from ______ brain activity.

coordinated

If you are measuring something that is already there is it correlational or experimental?

correlational, because in experiments you manipulate the subjects into independent variables

What do we call awareness of our enviorment and ourselves?

counciousness

most addictive drug?

crystal meth

crack

crystallized, faster worker cocaine with more intense shorter high and worse crash

Individualist cultures

cultural perspective which places the individual, independence and autonomy over the group.

What are the socio-cultural influences of learning?

culturally learned preferences, motivation, affected by presence of others

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them. b. lays them out in sequence. c. shuts down. d. anticipates events. e. receives a reward.

d

The work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. Humanism b. Gestalt psychology c. Trait theory d. Behaviorism e. Neuropsychology

d

This travels through the brainstem and the thalamus, regulating your state of arousal (sleep/wake rhythm). It is the (a) pons, (b) medulla oblongata, (c) acetylcholine, (d) dopamine, (e) reticular formation

d

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a. Generalization b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Acquisition

d

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? (a) +.30 (b) +.75 (c) +1.3 (d) -.85 (e) -1.2

d

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? (a) Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis. (b) Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline. (c) Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 per- cent of the time. (d) Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along. (e) Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.

d

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research? (a) Choosing a representative sample (b) Choosing a large sample (c) Choosing a biased sample (d) Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population (e) Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis

d

Which of the following is used only in correlation studies? (a) Double blind (b) Placebo (c) Random assignment (d) Scatterplot (e) Random sample

d

Which of the following represents drug tolerance? (a) Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol. (b) Jose often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he has his morning cup of coffee. (c) Pierre enjoys the effect of marijuana and is now using the drug several times a week. (d) Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition. (e) Chau lost his job and is now homeless as a result of his drug use.

d

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? (a) Alcohol is a stimulant because it produces insomnia. (b) Alcohol is a depressant because it produces bipolar disorder. (c) Alcohol is a stimulant because people do foolish things while under its influence. (d) Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body function. (e) Alcohol is a stimulant because it increases instances of casual sex.

d

Which task is primarily a right cerebral hemisphere function in most people? (a) understanding written language, (b) understanding spoken language, (c) processing visual information from the left eye, (d) recognizing faces, (e) processing sensory information from the right leg

d

in a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean? a. 34% b. 40% c. 50% d. 68% e. 95%

d. 68%

What is drifting awareness?

daydreaming

What are states of consciousness that can occur spontaneously?

daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?

debriefing

What is required for human partcipants?

debriefing (results, questions, have to answer questions), informed consent (also any time a person wants to drop out, they can)

What do sleeping pills and other sedatives do to the body? What are two examples?

decrease CNS activity. They lead to dowsiness, euphoria, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibition, mood swings and severe impairements in motor coordination and mental functioning. They can lead to high dependence and fatal overdose possibility. Two examples are barbituates and benzodiazepines

Unlike rats, humans do respond to _____ reinforcers

delayed

Alcohol type

depressant

heroin type

depressant; opiate/narcotic

Benzodiazepines and Tranquillisers types

depressent

What happens when seratonin has reuptake occur?

depression, if too much goes through the neurons however, mania will occur

descriptive statistics __________, while inferential statistics __________.

describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies

traits of a good hypothesis DELETE

descriptive, correlational, experimental

Weakest of the three categories?

descriptive- surveys, case studies, naturalistic observation

how do you decondition someone?

desensitize, than condition them to be a positive reaction, also called ET

correlational research method

detects naturally occuring relationships and how they predict eachother. No manipulation, two or more variables. Large groups, makes situation ethical, but does not specify cause and effect

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Franz Gall

different parts of brain connect to different aspects of behavior and phrenology

Effects of sleep deprivation on students

difficulty studying, diminished productivity, tendency to make mistakes, irritability, fatigue

What does sleep deprivation do to the brain?

dimished attentional focus and memory consolidation, and increased risk of depression.

Gustave Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

discovered the motor cortex

Sir Charles Sherrington

discovered the synapse after finding that neural impulses take a long time to travel neural pathway (rest)

What is being described in the following, "the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultanously than others?"

dissociation

what are the biological influences of hypnosis?

distinctive brain activity, unconscious information processing

validity in a nutshell

does it measure what it is supposed to measure

Low levels of what neurotransmitter are associated with ADHD?

dopamine

information processing (dream theory)

dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. This can be critized because sometimes we dream about things we have not experienced.

depressants

drugs (like alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activtivity and slow bodily functions

stimulents

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine and the more powerful amphetamines; cocaine, ectasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory and judgement, also known as downers

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

What causes the brain to hallucinate?

drugs, loss of oxygen, or extreme sensory deprivation

you are aware that a dog is viciously barking at you, but you are not aware of the type of dog. Later, you are able to describe the type and color of the dog. This ability to process information without conscious awareness best exemplifies...

dual processing

According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep deprivation? (a) night terrors, (b) sleep apnea, (c) manifest content dreams, (d) narcolepsy, (e) REM rebound

e

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Cognitive maps e. Observational learning

e

Neurons that carry information away from the spinal cord to produce responses in various muscles or organs throughout the body are called: (a)afferent neurons, (b) interneurons, (c) neurotransmitters, (d) sensory neurons, (e) efferent neurons

e

Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience? (a) Ecstasy (b) Nicotine (c) Barbiturate (d) Methamphetamine (e) LSD

e

Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey? (a) Is IQ related to grades? (b) Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals? (c) Does extra sleep improve memory? (d) What is the best study technique for AP® tests? (e) Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?

e

Which part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you are afraid? (a) amygdala, (b) thalamus, (c) hypothalamus, (d) hippocampus, (e) medulla

e

Traits of a good theory

effectively organizes a range of self reports and observations, leads to clear hypotheses, stimulates research for revised theory

ions

electrically charged atoms

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at school?

electronic tests, textbooks and immediate feedback on quizing

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at work?

employees share risk and rewards of ownership because it it influences productivity, reinforcement must be immediate, while merit must be rewarded, like employee of the month

Morphine elevates mood and eases pain, and is most similar to what nautral chemical?

endorphines

inhibitory neurotransmitter is to antagonist as agonist is to ____

excitatory neurotransmitter

Drug Action (substance abuse disorder)

expereiences building drug tolerance, experiences withdrawl when attempting to quit

placebo effect

experiemental results caused by expecations alonel any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

measures of central tendency and variation are used for what types of research?

experimental and correlation

Best form of study? (of the types like correlational, experiemental, etc.)

experimental; you control and manipulate subjects and variable

experiemental research method

explores causes and effects, manipulates one or more variables (independent variables), specifies cause and effect, sometimes not ethical to manipulation to an extent and can be impossible to conduct

postural sway

extent of movement of the center of pressure during static balance

What was B.F. Skinner's legacy

external influences shape behavior, and so do operant principles, behvaior is shaped by results. He dehumanized people

Underside of right temporal lobe allows what?

face recognition

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the abscense of an external visual stimulus

More cases are better than ____.

fewer

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

types of reinforcement REPEAT

fixed (occur at regular point- types are fixed interval or fixed ratio) or variable (random- types are variable interval and variable ratio)

getting paid every two weeks is ___

fixed interval

what are the psychological influences of hypnosis?

focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

applied psychologies

forensic, health, I/O, neurpsychology, rehab, school, sport

prefrontal cortex

front of front lobe that enables judgement, planning and processing of new memories. If it is damaged a person's moral judgments may seem unrestrained by normal emotions.

Damage of what could interfere with the ability to plan for the future?

frontal lobe

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientistics believe fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy

FPOT

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Psychological science focuses less on particular behaviors than on seeking ___________that help explain many behaviors

general principles

What causes narcolepsy?

genes

Why are people right, left handed or ambidextrous?

genes or prenatal factors

What are the biolgical influences of learning?

genetic predispositions, unconditioned responses, adaptive responses

adrenal glands

glutamate and insulin control

why do we sleep?

growth, organizes, creates, recuperates, protects GCORP

What are states of consciousness are physiologically induced?

hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

LSD type

hallucinogen

How did Pavlov lay the groundwork for watson?

he told collegues to lay aside the mentalistic concepts (like consciousness) and look at the outside facts of behavior, leading to behavioralism

Reasons for loss of consiousness

head trauma, surgical anethesisa, coma

Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well being. Dwayne should consider a career as a..

health psychologist

What leads humans to overestimate their intuition?

hindsight bias, overconfidence and percieval of patterns in random events

measures of variation

how do we measure how varied our numbers are (range)

CC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4N-7AlzK7s+++++https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0+++++https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZG8M_ldA1M

cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFV71QPvX2I

CC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE

What state of consiousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will occur?

hypnosis

divided-consciousness theory

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness; between normal sensations and concious awareness. Selective attention factors into this by blocking attention to certain stimuli.

hypnotic induction

hypnotists seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration, they often list a series of suggestions. A person has to really trust the person and want to change for it to work. They can be made aware or unaware of things.

How does classical conditioning jive with the immune system?

if a drug with a particular taste infleucnes, the immune system, after a while the taste alone might just do it

What does starting school later for teens lead to?

improved adolescent sleep, alertness, and mood

experiemental group

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

control group

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of treatment

condioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

aquisition

in classical conditioning, the intial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus, and a stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

where are independent and dependent variables found?

in experimental studies only

operant chamber

in operant condionting research, a chamber (AKA skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attatched devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

fixed-interval schedule

in operant condionting, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

fixed interval schedule

in operant condionting; a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant condiotning a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response only after a unspecified amount of time (random) has elapsed

reinforcement

in operant condiotning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

discriminative stimulus

in operant condtioning; a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Where did Aristotle think the mind was?

in the heart

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforce is any stimulus that when presented after a reponse, strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: it is not punishment)

What does dopamine do?

influences movement (like voluntary muscle movement), learning, attention and emotion. Too much leads to schizophrenia and too little leads to tremors and less movement of those with Parkinsons.

What do modern people think of dreams? theories

information processing, physiological function, neural activation, cognitive development

Which of the dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

information-processing

After working on a task, then sleeping people solve problems ______ than those stay awake

insightfully and can better make connections

Brain activity underlies our _________ nature.

intensely social

biopsychsocial

interaction of nature/nurture - mind/body

neural networks

interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning.

two types of validity

internal and external

What stimulates a muscle to contract?

interneurons

Daydreams involve what?

involve familiar details of life

specefic phobia

involve fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations: heights, certain animals, blood

Meth(amphetamine) aftereffects

irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, and occasional violent outbursts

What do PET Scans show about hypnosis?

it reduced brain activity in the area that process painful stimuli, but not the sensory cortex (it does not block the attention to stimuli)

What does bright morning light do to the cicadian clock?

it triggers signals to the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

correlation is not causation

just because two variables correlate strongly does not mean that one caused the other

secondary reinforcers

learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers. AKA condtioned reinforcer

oberservational learning

learning by observing others, also known as social learning

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimulu (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Operant conditioning

learning to associate a response (our behvaior) and its consequences. This we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

Is speech most likely to be a function of the left hemisphere or the right hemisphere?

left hemisphere

The right side of the brain controls the ___ side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the ____ side of the body

left, right

An authoritative person in a _______ can infuce people hypnotized or not- to perform some unlikely acts

legitimate context

hindbrain is to central core as midbrain is to ____ and forebrain is to _______

limbic system and cerebral cortex

Such experiments help explain why classical conditioning treatments that ignore cognition often have _____ success.

limited

What is the right hemisphere good at?

making inferences, modulating speech for clarity, orchestrates the sense of self (people damaged in right hemisphere and paralyzed may claim they are not paralyzed because they can feel movement)

2 FREUDIAN schools of thought on dreaming

manifest (actual content) and latent (hidden meaning)

Ottfrid Foerster and Wilder Penfield

mapped the motor cortex by stimulating different cortical areas and observing responses

which statistical measure of tendency is most affected by extreme scores? a. mean b.median c.mode d.skew e.correlation

mean

How does the Institute of Medicine suggest medical marijuana is given

medical inhalers

Antagonists and agonists refer to neurotransmitters or medications?

medications

what part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you're afraid?

medulla

The hormone that induces sleep is called _____ and is produced by _______ which recieves signals from _______

melatonin, pineal, SCN

What drug creates a high consisting up to 8 hours of heightened energy and eurphoria?

meth

Multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the what?

myelin sheath

Marijuana type

mild hallucinogen, stimulant

What might provide a neural basis of everyday imitation and obersvational learning?

mirror neurons or distributed brain networks

Why are North Americans sleeping less than their counterparts a century ago?

modern lighting, shift work, social media

free radicals

molecules toxic to neurons that are caused by the burning of calories, sleep repairs the damage they cause

Humans think they know ____ than they do

more

cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the..

motor cortex

George can move his hand to sign a document because the ________, located in the ________ lobe of the brain, allows him to activate the proper muscles.

motor; frontal

What does the pons help coordinate?

movement and basic vital functions

_____ of our behavior occurs on autopilot

much

Right Hemisphere Traits

music, creative, art/symbols, recognizable faces, holistic/intuitive thought, perception of patterns, receptive

sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Inhibitory and excitatory refer to neurotransmitters or medications?

neurotransmitters

NS

neutral stimulus: a stimulus that has not been paired with the US and elicits no response

Are most teens and young adults night owls or morning larks? Are most older adults night owls or morning larks?

night owls, morning larks

Can we learn material by playing on a ipod (or similar device) it while we sleep?

no

Do cogntive processes not influence behavior, like Skinner believed to his dying day?

no

Do people with sleep apnea remember their time without oxygen snoring?

no

Do severed neurons regenerate?

no

Does the ability to be hypnotized indicate gullibility or weakness?

no

Is hypnotic therapy useful for addiction?

no

Is negative reinforcement a punishment?

no

Even though 37% of people report not dreaming, do they actually not dream?

no, 80% if awakened during REM they will be dreaming

Is addiction an uncontrollable disease?

no, and calling it as such is counterproductive. Some addicts can quite on their own without group help, some get group help and some

Do the NREM-2 and REM sleep stay the same through each cycle?

no, they get longer at each cycle (they make up 20/25% of sleep)

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Explain population of a study for me?

not the specific random sample group of baseball players in your study, all baseball players or people in your group

What does increasing self control improve, or percieved control?

noticeably improves health and morale

inferentual statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

opiates

opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and axiety

What is sleep apnea related to?

obesity

descriptive research method

observes and record behaviors, does case studies, naturalistic observation or surveys. Hard to determine cause and effect, case studies are ethical, but can be misleading

naturalistic observations

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to maniulate and control the situation

not all respondant behavior is the result of _____ behavior

operant

methadone drug type

opiate/narcotic, depressant

Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many _________

other organisms

humility

our awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openess to surpirses and new perspectives

conciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our enviorment

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our enviorment; including our thoughts, feelings, sensations and perceptions.

What does overcondfidence result from?

our bias to seek information that confirms them

What does the hollow face illusion tell us?

our brains use our prior experience to interpret visual information

OTC

over the counter

Emotional options of LSD trip

panic, euphoria, detatchment

Which branch of the nervous system calms a person?

parasympathetic

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at home?

parents training kids to do stuff and caving into whining,

What are the four brain lobes found in each hemisphere?

parietal, frontal, occipital, temporaral

two types of reinforcement

partial (intermittent) and continous

blind-sight

people are clinically blind, have sensations of sight but no perceptions, light on a screen with people pointing a stick to it, blind people told to guess where it was, they were right 88% of the time, + or - on right side of screen, guessed right 100% of the time, on the left side, guessed right 90% of the time

Collectivist cultures

perceive themselves as members of a group, has group honor and status

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from uncounsiouness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

uncontrolled events → _______ → Generalized helpless behavior

pervieved lack of control

which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity?

positron emission tomography scan (PET)

Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12-year-old?

pituitary

What are the different parts of the endocrine system?

pituitary, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, thyroid

What are the two parts of the brainstem?

pons and medulla

occipital lones

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that recieve information from the visual fields

parietal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; recieves sensory input for touch and body position. Allows for mathmatical and spacial reasoning.

temporal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each revieving information primarily from the opposite ear

frontal lobes

portions of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; sequencing, organiation, planning, judgement, decisions, speaking

prosocial behavior

positive constructive helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

What takes the longest to get the desired behavior?

positive reinforcement

Biological constraints ______organisms to learn associations that are ______.

pre- dispose, naturally adaptive

What are the psychological influences of learning?

previous experiences, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination

What does losing control provoke?

provokes an outpouring of stress hormones which lead to more problems

SSRI family (examples)

prozac, zoloft, celexa, paxil, cymbalta, luvox

hallucinogens

psychedelic (mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

2 types of addiction

psychological and physical

What can hypnosis accomplish?

psychosomatic regulation, cognitive dissociation, unusual feats of attention control

A ______ is any consequence that _____ the frequency of a preceding behavior

punisher, decrease

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

What does the prescense of television do to homocide rates?

raise them

random assignment vs. random sample

random sample is part of the population, random assignment is making sure those in the samples are randomly assigned to groups

Give an example of a measure of variation?

range

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active, 10 minutes in first cycle about

Tractable effects of REM sleep

rapid/irregular breathing, rapid/saw-toothed brain waves, heart rate rises, eyes darting under lids

EEG electroencephogram/graph

reads brain waves

What are common dream themes

reaptedly failing, being attacked, pursued, rejected or expereincing misfortune

Which sleep theory emphazises a sleep's role in restoring and repairing brain tissue?

recuperation

Natural sleep aids

regular exercise, avoid caffeine and food at sleepy time, milk (seratonin/melatonin booster), relax with dim light pre-sleep, schedule of sleep, hidden clock (to avoid checking), don't have trauma or stress

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinct then does continuous reinforcement

Partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at sports?

reinforcing small success and gradually increasing challange, however supersticious behavior might be reinforced

continous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

structuralism

school of psychological thought started by Edward Bradford Titchner that considered the structure and elements of conscious experience to be the proper subject matter of psychology, very unreliable because memory is often not an accurate thing.

How did early researchers define psychology?

science of mental life

What does alcohol do paired with tiredness?

sedative

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, they are used to treat depression. They are not addictive and they cannot overdose (or committ suicide with them)

sleep paralysis

sensation of being unable to move despite being awake

What are states of consciousness that are psychologically induced?

sensory deprivation, hypnosis, mediatation

How can one take in cocaine?

snorting, injection, smoking

What kind of neuron carries the information necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object?

sensory neurons

3 types of neurons?

sensory, motor and interneurons

Junita does not feel like getting out of bed, has lost her appetite, and feels tired for most of the day. Which of the following neurotransmitters likely is in short supply for Junita?

seratonin

What neurotransmitters are most likely in undersupply in someone who is depressed?

serotonin and norepinephrine

red is connected with _____ for most species

sex/romance

What is a simple spinal reflex made of?

single sensory neuron and single motor neuron

ways of critical thinking/3 things to be? Why?

skeptical (don't believe it because somebody said it), curious (you wouldn't look at or do research if you weren't curious), humble (for when storied researchers become arrogant about what they know and refuse to look past what they believe, even when it is wrong)

What do we call the sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing and awaken in order to take a breath?

sleep apnea

Sleep theory functions REPEAT

sleep protects, sleep helps us recuperate, sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences, sleep feeds creative thinking, sleep supports growth

What is hypnosis not?

sleep, drug, any other state of consiousness

What are bad ways to treat tue insomnia? Why?

sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep and can lead to tolerance buildup and addiction

somnambulism

sleepwalking

NREM-3 Sleep

slow-wave sleep, 30 minutes, emits slow delta waves, hard to awaken, the time when children wet the bed

Sleep deprivation ____ reactions and ____ errors on visual attention tasks

slows, increases

beta waves

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity. It's the waves from being awake

Stimulation at a point on which of the following may cause a person to report being touched on the knee?

somatosensory cortex

Are brain functions preassigned to specefic areas?

some are, which means damage may be lasting

Specific brain systems serve ____ functions

specefic

What is below the medulla?

spinal cord

resting potential

states that the neuron cell membrane is electrically charged when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge

caffeine type

stimulant

cocaine type

stimulant

methamphetamine type

stimulant

nicotine type

stimulant

Ectasy (MDMA) type

stimulant; mild hallucinogen

Results of good sleep

strengthens memory, increases concentration, boosts mood, moderates hunger and obesity, fortifies the disease-fighting immune system, and lessens the risk of fatal accidents.

Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be _________

studied objectively

Wiliam Dement

studied the effects of sleep deprivation of REM sleep; discovered REM rebound

Cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked with mental activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information

Little Albert

subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

the dissociation theory of hypnosis

suggests that hypnotism is an extreme form of consciousness, an example would be putting an arm into an ice bath under hypnosis and dissociating from the pain stimulus.

Which division of the nervous system produces the startle response?

sympathetic

which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's train hub, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain?

thalamus

What does brain plasticity mean for the blind and deaf?

that due to the unused space in their brains, things are reassigned and other things expand

cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output (voluntary movement) and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

self control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

divided consciousness

the ability to divide consiousness allows us to perform more than one task at a time

Hypnotic ability

the ability to focus attention completely on a task and to become imaginatively absorbed in it and to entertain fanciful possibilities

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

mean/average

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

medulla

the base of the brainstem; controlls heartbeat and breathing, along with other basic functions

plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

When is thinking the sharpest and memory the most active?

the daily peak in circadian rhythm

predictive (validity)

the degree to which a particular assessment forecasts or anticipates (predicts) success on some future measure

content (validity)

the degree to which an asseement accurately measures what it claims to test. Is it a fair and representitive measurement of the total breadth of the material it is designed to cover? In conetent validity, the individiuals doing the evaluations are either experts or members of the tartget population

construct (validity)

the degree to which an assessment accurately measures a given hypothetical or theoretical idea (construct). Examples include personality such as shyness or extraversion. Intelligence is also considered to be a theoretical idea or construct. Construct validity may also be used when evalutating skills such as dancing or musical ability. They are ideas that are difficult to define operationally

criterion (validity)

the degree to which scores on a particular assessment are positively correlated with scores on another preexisting and well-established assessment tool (the criterion) for a particular skill, trait, or ability. Do the scores on the test being considered correlate with another already established test.

face (validity)

the degree to which the material on the assessment appears on the surface (at face value) to accurately measure what it intends to measure. Face validity may be deterined either by a non-expert or an expert who only gives a quick evaliation of the test. The decision in face validity is either bbeing made by a n exper or member of the target population without serious evaliation (someone merely glaces at ir), or by a non-expert

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

tolerance

the dimishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.

extinction

the dimishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not dollow a condional stimulus (CS); occurs in ooerant conditioning when a response is not longer enforced

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

Two theories of hypnosis

the dissociation theory of hypnosis, social influence theory

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal muscle system

pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, atitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the enxt

independent variable

the experiemental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

validity

the extent to which a test or experiement measures or predicts what it is supposed to

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons. THey form in the brain and can migrate, this is why stem cells are so important. It is a tossup if new ones can form

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Rem rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it (AKA the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon)

generalization

the tendency, one a response has been conditioned, for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimilus to elicit similar response

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most research psychologists today afree with (1), but not (2)

How does hypnosis work on warts vs. positive suggestions san hypnosis?

they both speed up the disappearance equally

Why do girls/women get drunk easier? What does this cause

they have less stomach enzyme and this leads to them getting more lung and brain damage with less drink as well

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions/ Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the sources, discerns hidden values, evaluated evicence and assess conclusions.

A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a five percent chance that results are due to chance. Give an accurate interpretation of this finding.

this is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant

cognitive neural prosthetics

those with paralyzed limbs may be able to use their brain signals to control computers and robotic limbs

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturalluy or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

Cerebral cortex

ultimate control and information-processing center

UR

unconditioned response

US or UCS

unconditioned stimulus

Social Impairment (substance abuse disorder)

use disrupts work/school/home obligations, use is continued despite social problems, use causes reduced social/recreational/work activities

Risky Use (substance abuse disorder)

use is continued despite hazards, use continues despite qorsening physical or psychological problems

Impaired control (substance abuse disorder)

uses more substances for longer than intended, unsuccessful at regulating substance abuse, spends a signifigant portion of time gaining/using/recovering from substance, craves the substance

Most effective form of reinforcement to get the person coming back

variable-ratio (most uncertain of all and therefore least conscious- stuff like lotteries)

empiricism

view that knowledge comes from experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation

Sleep wave types

waking beta, waking alpha, REM (skip the first time), NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3 (Delta Waves)

What does common sense most easily describe?

what has happened, not what will happen

Freudian Psychology

ways unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood affect behavior

excitatory neurotransmitter

when the neurotransmitter is not inhibited (exicatory overrules them) and go forward to the next neuron

measures of central tendency

where does the data point tend to go away from the central number? (mean, median, mode)

epinephrine

works with fight or flight

Can hypnosis relieve pain?

yes, it can reduce pain and fear, hypnotized patients can even recover sooner and major surgery can (with the really influenceible) be done without anesthesisa

Do words matter?

yes, they rebrand ideas and add judgement (enchanced interogation vs. torture). Different words have different connotations.

paired association

you learn something by two things being paired together (and reinforced)

Do older or younger adults sleep more?

younger

What happens to reward systems when you witness someone you indentify with getting an award?

your own award system activates

Anisha, a high school student, has been struggling in many areas in her life. She is overweight and spends a lot of time watching tv. She is having trouble keeping up in her classes and says she cannot seem to keep her focus. She has trouble making friends and "fitting in" at school. Explain how a health psychologist, social psychologist, and counseling psychologist can help her cope.

- health: attempt to find ways to encourage her to lead a more active lifestyle and focus on improving her lifestyle and focus on creating a diet and exercise program. This should help her lose some weight and become healthier in her daily habits - school; might work with her parents, teachers, and counselors to determine why she is struggling in her classes and make recommendations for improving her classroom performance. -counseling: might work with her to find out why she has recently found numerous aspects of her life more challenging and might work on strategies for helping Anisha cope with challenging situations, such as how to make friends.

the definition of psychology changed as the field evolved during the early years. Why did John B Watson object to the definition preferred by Wundt, Titchener, and James? what group of psychologists did Watson's ideas influence? How did Watson redefine psychology?

-watson objected to the "science of mental life" because he felt it was impossible to be scientific without observations. -Watson's ideas influenced the behaviorists -Watson preferred limiting psychology to behavior, because behavior could be observed and scientifically analyzed.

Community Psychologists

Focus on mental health in community settings, enchance enviormental settings, creating preventive measures and crisi introvention. Work specially on problems of groups and ehtnic minorities. They work in departments of mental health, corrections and welfare. Also can be consultants

Inate

Existing from birth

Which neurotransmitter inhibits CNS activity in order to calm a person down during stressful situations?

GABA

What were Plato's (student of Socrates) beliefs?

He believed knowledge was inate and people inherit character, certain ideas and intelligence

What did John Locke believe about the mind at birth? Are humans predestined to be good or evil?

He believed the mind was blank at birth, he called this tabula rasa

Experimental Psychologists

Research behavior in humans and other animals through comparative methods. Identify with a subfield (like psych), they are the researchers and overlap often, they often conduct research or teach.

Neuropsychologists

Study connection between neurological processes and behavior. Treat diagnose and treat nervous disorders like Alzheimer's. Evaute developmental disabilies, also can work in hospital units

Psychometric and quantitative Psychologists

Study methods and tecniques used to get pyschological knowledge. Update old tests, administer, score and interpret them as well. Collaborate with reserchers to deal with the results of their research programs. Good with Stats and computer tec. Work at higher education, testing, research firm or government

Sport Psychologists

Study psychological factors that influence and influenced by physical activities. They can work in coach education and athlete preparation. Have clinical or counseling degree, work with individuals with psychologcial problems like anxiety and substance abuse that could interfere with preformance

Cognitive Psychologists

Study thought processes and focus on language, attention, memory, problem solving and intelligence. They can work as professors, industrial consultants or human factors

What did Aristotle (student of Plato) believe contrary to his teacher?

That knowledge is not inate (he believed nothing was), it comes from memories and experience

Tell me about the birth of psychology (like labwork and stuff)

Wilhelm Wundt of the University of Lepzig created the first psychology lab when he measured people's awareness and their awareness of their awareness using a sound and telegraph key where some pressed when they heard a sound (1 tenth of a second) and the rest pressed when they were aware of it (2 10ths of a second). He was trying to measure mind atoms

Rehabilitation Psychologists

Work with people who lost optimal functioning after some event. Mostly work in rehab or hospital, but also other places (like schools).

myelin sheath

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage like node to the next

GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply leads to seizures, tremors and insomnia. Leads to Huntingtons.

antagonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response (medication, not neurotransmitter)

agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response (medication, not neurotransmitter)

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

dendrites

a neuron's bushy branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

all-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing

reutake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorbtion by sending neuron

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

Basic psychologies

cognitive, developmental, educational, experimental, psychometric, social

Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments? a. community b. clinical c. counseling d. industrial-organizational e. rehabilitation

community psychologist

a psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children?

counseling psychologist

which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time? a. Educational b. experimantal c. social d. cognitive e. developmental

developmental

a psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. With which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned? a. educational psychology b.experimental psychology c.school psychology d.social psychology e.forensic psychology

educational psychology

What is our adaptive brain wired by?

experience

What does norepinephrine do?

helps control alertness and arousal (like waking up); undersupply can lead to depressed mood

G. Stanley Hall

opened first psychology lab in the US, and he founded and became the first president of the APA, student of Wundt

experimental psychologists (society)

organization who explained behavior and thinking with experiments, male only at start

Clinical Psychologists

promote psychological health in indivduals, groups and organizations Specialize in different disorders, can treat them as well. Reaseach, teach, assess and consult. Work many places like gov, military, medical system, counseling, ect. APA sets standards for accredited programs and such. They need a license to operate, as well as a docterate

Educational Psychologists

psychological process of learning (relationship between learning, phyrical and scoail evniorments) and develop strategies. Can work in places of education or do research. Also designing tests that measure such things as aptitude and achievement. Can work on training programs for business and in government and schools.

When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside it, the neuron is in what

resting potential

Functionalism

school of psychology started by William James that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function and how these enable us to adapt, survive and flourish (influenced by Darwin). Father of American psych. Biological psychologists, believed that instincts are inherited tendencies

Neurotransmitters cross the_______to carry information to the next neuron

synaptic gap

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

biological psychology

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

synaptic gap/cleft

the small gap at the synapse between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

What do we integrate information processed in the different brain systems to do?

to construct our experience of sights, sounds, meanings and memories, pain and passion