COMD exam 2

The word order in English is

"Subject - Verb - Object (SVO)", such as "John(S) saw(V) the big dog(O)" ......While for Japanese, the word order is "Subject - Object - Verb (SOV)", such as "Jon ga("John", S) ooki inu o ("big dog", O) mita ("saw", V)".

. By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called _______________

"closed" class of words

We can keep creating new lexical words and add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called _______________

"open" class of words

When analyzing the structure of the sentence, we can use the __________, which are sentences with empty slots in them.

"test-frames" - _______________ makes a lot of noises. - I heard _____________ yesterday. - It can be found that many word(s) can fit into these slots, such as "an old car", "a baby", "a radio", "Cathy". As a result, based on the fact that all these forms fit in the same test- frame and appear in the same place of a sentence, we can category them into the same grammatical category, a "noun phrase". - This is a descriptive approach to analyze the grammar of language: structural analysis, which investigates the distribution of forms in a language.

"Give me the football!"

Commanding

Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme?

a. return b. receive c. replay d. remarry answer is receive the bound morpheme for the other 3 is "re-"

Please be familiar with the different lexical relations and relater terms.

(1) Synonymy (2) Antonymy (Gradable, Non-gradable, Reversives) (3) Hyponymy (4) Superordinate (5) co-hyponyms (6) Prototype (7) Homophones (8) Homonyms (9) Polysemy (10) Metonymy

Please be familiar with the different semantic roles

(1) agent (2) theme (3) instrument (4) experiencer (5) source (6) goal (7) location

What is "Determiner"? Please write the six types of determiner and two examples for each

- Determiners are used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last

What is "surface structure" and "deep structure"? What is the relation between them?

- Surface structure: the syntactic form of each individual sentence - Deep Structure: an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented. - Relation: Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms

What is "antecedent" and "anaphora"?

- antecedent: the first mention of people or other things. - anaphora: second and subsequent mentions

____________________ refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender"

Agreement

True or False: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act.

False. The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way.

"I have a meeting."

Informing

_____________________ characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words

Lexical relations

Who is the "Father of Language"?

Noam Chomsky

the noun phrase after the verb

Object

"I'll be there at six"

Promising

"Did you eat the pizza?"

Questioning

s. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called ____________________

Reduplication

"Please bring the jacket."

Requesting

_____________________ analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components.

Semantic features (componential analysis)

_____________ look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence.

Semantic roles

the first noun phrase before the verb.

Subject

What is "speech act"?

The action performed by a speaker with an utterance. - ex: when we talk, we do such things as greet, promise, warn, order, invite, congratulate, advise, thank, insult, and these are known as speech acts.

What is Syntax?

The study of the underlying rule system that used to produce or "generate" sentence. ex: Jillian hit the ball." Syntax allows us to understand that we wouldn't write, "Hit Jillian the ball."

How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "Those children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them."? Please also write them out.

There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them

. True or False: All affixes are bound morphemes.

True

True or False: Words and morphemes can have multiple morphs

True

True or False: the sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.

True. - There are two ways for us to understand the sentence: 1). The boy saw the man and the man was with a telescope. 2). The boy saw the man through a telescope.

True or False: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act.

True. The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.

What is "collocation"?

Words frequently occurring together, such as "salt" and "pepper", "table" and "chair"

What is "Generative Grammar"?

a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures

"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is:___________________ ; the semantic role of "the key" is _________________

agent; instrument

both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are

bound morphemes - they can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word!

gender

break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter"

Therefore, derivational morphemes are the morphemes that

can be used to make new words or 2 change the grammatical category of words. For example, "-ment" change the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement".

Free morphemes are those morphemes that

can stand by themselves as single words (eat, date, weak)

by contrast, bound morphemes are those morphemes that

cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form (s, re, ly, un, etc.)

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that

carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs (teach, elephant, etc.)

analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. It focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules

descriptive approach

Functional morphemes are the free morphemes that

do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. They simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning (and, the, so, but)

Cathy are crying now, and she is very sad.

does NOT show agreement, person, gender

Which of these options is a free morpheme?

dress

Therefore, both the lexical morphemes and functional morphemes are

free morphemes

article (e.g., an, the)

functional

conjunction (e.g., and, because)

functional

preposition (e.g., on, under)

functional

pronoun (e.g., it, my)

functional

Which of the following options is about the study of morphology:

in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something"

voice

including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") and passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog").

person

including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), and third person (any others)

_________________ are the morphemes that NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word.

inflectional morphemes ex: e if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). The inflectional morphemes do NOT change the grammatical category of the words

"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is __________________

instrument

the study of similarities in the grammatical structures of language that allow them to be classifies as members of the same type or group

language typology ex: English & Japanese using different word order

adjective (e.g., long, sad)

lexical

adverb (e.g., quickly, never)

lexical

noun (e.g., girl, house)

lexical

verb (e.g., break, sit)

lexical

the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant.

linguistic context

derivation

means to add affixes to existing words to create new words

In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called

morphemes

In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /əz/, are used to mean "more than one". Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called ____________ of the "plural" morpheme. They are the ____________ of each other.

morphs; allomorph

In creating a three diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts: _____________ and ____________.

noun phrase (NP) & verb phrase (VP)

Speech can be segment into different parts/grammatical categories

noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction

the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park.

physical context

a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin

prescriptive approach

We can say that

pronouns can occur at the place of a noun phase

The dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself.

shows agreement, number

We go school together, but he goes to school alone.

shows agreement, person, gender

Harry is looking for his pen now.

shows agreement, person, tense

Jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on YouTube

shows agreement, person, voice

Cathy is loved by her dog.

shows agreement, person, voice, gender

We went to church yesterday

shows agreement, tense

What is referential/linguistic meaning?

the basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

What is deictic?

the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week)

What is associative/emotive or speaker meaning?

the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning.

Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of Morphology

the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure.

What is Semantics?

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

What is Pragmatics?

the study of what speakers mean in a specific context. The study of the "invisible" meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written.

"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence?

two - They are "s" in "crocodiles" and "-ied" in "tried". They do not create new words and do not change the grammatical category of the words "crocodile" and "try". The plural noun "crocodiles" also refers to the noun "crocodile" and the past tense verb "tried" also refers to the verb "try".

tense

whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved")

number

whether the noun is singular ("apple") and plural ("apples")