COMM 101 - Public Speaking

24.7 what are the different types of organization of the persuasive speech?

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17.6 vocal filters

- "uh" "hmm" "yknow" "like" "i mean"

20.1 what are some important things in designing presentation aids?

KEEP IT SIMPLE - six-by-six rule: no more than six words a line, six lines on a slide. - use active voice and parallel grammatical structure "apply early" "gather necessary documents" - avoid clutter, white space or breathing room - create concise titles. summarize content and reinforce message. - ue consistent design elements - use typeface: specific stle of lettering, arial and times roman - use color carefully

3. what is the definition of public speaking anxiety?

a situation-specific social anxiety that arises from anticipating giving an oral presentation

2. what is the difference between general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement?

general purpose: inform specific purpose: inform about this thesis statement: concisely identifies to your audience, in a single sentence, what the speech is about

23.4 what are the different parts of Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs?

goes from bottom up - self-actualization needs - self-esteem needs - social needs - safety needs - physiological needs

12.4 problem-solution

organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem followed bt a proposed solution. - problem --> solution - could be: causes --> why its a prob --> discuss what doesnt work --> proposed solution

2. what does it mean to practice delivery?

rehearsing your speech

17.8 dialects

the preferred pronunciation and articulation of its languages

2. what is a presentation aid?

visual aid, audio, poster, etc.

2. what goes into selecting a topic?

what topics are suitable to your audience's needs and wants in these circumstances?

7. what is brainstorming and how is it done?

- a method of spontaneously generating ideas through word association, topic mapping, or internet browsing using search engines and directories. - word association: one topic, then the 1st thing that comes to your mind related to it. repeat until you have 15-20 items - topic mapping: mind mapping. lay our words in a diagram to show categorical relationships - internet browsing: general databases, books, news, blogs, finance, images, etc.

2. what does it mean to analyze an audience?

- a process of learning about audience members' attributes and motivations through techniques such as interviews and questionnaires

24.1 what is an argument and what goes into it?

- a stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it - claims: speaker's conclusion - evidence: supporting material providing grounds for belief - warrant: provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim

12.1 chronological arrangement

- also a temporal pattern, follows the natural sequential order of the topic under consideration. series of events in time, set of instructions.

19.1 what is a presentation aid, what are the different types?

- an object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, video, or multimedia - prop (any object), model (3d scale rep), graph, chart, flowchart, table - digital storytelling

14.1 what are the parts of an introduction?

- arouse the audience's attention and willingness to listen - introduce your topic and purpose - establish your credibility to speak on the topic - preview the main points - motivate the audience to accept your speech goals

9.3 what does it mean to be a critical consumer of online information?

- ask who put this here? why? what are the qualifications? where is similar info? when was the info posted, is it timely? when looking at online sources

6. what does it mean to be audience-centered?

- assuming this throughout the speech process--from selection and treatment of the speech topic to making decisions about how you will organize, word, and deliver it--will help you prepare a presentation that your audience will want to hear.

18.1 what is nonverbal communication

- body movements, phys appearance, and quality of voice

24.2 what are the different types of claims a speaker can make into a speech?

- claims of facts: focus on whether something will or will not happen - claims of value: address issues of judgement. speakers arguing claims of value try to show that something is right or wrong - claims of policy: recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved

8.3 how does one refer to their sources orally?

- clearly identify your source of info and provide enough context, including approx, date of publication, to accurately interepret it

7. how does one explore topics for your speech?

- consider each's potential appeal to the audience - identify your personal interests - consider current events and controversial issues, ones more important to you and your audience. - local issues, engage the community

10.2 what is an oral citation and how is it done?

- credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas. - mention them a lil "the national science forum.."

12.2 spatial arrangement

- describing the phys arrangement of a place, scene, or an object. use phys proximity or direction relative to one another. tour of a place.

13.3 list out the delivery cues.

- directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech. - transitions, timing, speaking rate/volume, presentation aids, source, statistic, quotation

17.5 pauses

- enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation,, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listerners a moment to contemplate

12.3 cause-effect arrangement

- events leading to higher rates - reasons students drop out of college - effects of something - cause --> effect

8.2 what are the different forms of supporting material?

- example, brief example: single illustration, extended example: multifaceted illustration, hypothetical example: what you think the outcome will be - story/narrative, anecdotes: brief real life--a moral - testimony: firsthand eyewitness, expert testimony: proffesional, lay testimony: nonexperts

8.1 what is supporting material?

- examples, stories, testimony, facts and statistics. they are relevant, motivating, and audience-centered

11.2 how are the main points defined in the textbook and what goes into them?

- express key ideas of the speech. represent each of the major ideas or claims being made in support of the thesis. 2-7 of them. fewer = greater chance of attentiveness. mutually exclusive. best for last. PARALLEL FORM

16.3 explain what extemporaneous speaking is? how is it used?

- extemporaneous speaking: speak from an outline or key words or phrases that isolates the main ideas you want to communicate

18.2 what goes into effective body language in public speaking?

- facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements during the delivery of a speech

7. what is a general/specific purpose?

- general: "what is my objective in spekaing on this topic to this audience on this occasion?" typically to inform, persuade, or mark a special occasion - specific: lays out precisely what you want the audience to take away from your presentation.

10.3 what does it mean to qualify a source?

- include a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic along with your oral citation "a researcher at harvard.."

10.1 what are the main reasons why speakers should cite sources in their speech?

- increase odds that audience willbelieve you - demonstrate quality and range of ur research - avoid plagiarism and gain credibility - enhance ur authority - enable lsiteners to locate your sources and pursue research LOOK MORE INTO

2. what is a general purpose?

- inform, persuade, or mark a special occasion

9.4 what is the diff btwn information, propoganda, misinformation, and disinformation?

- information: data that is presented in an understandable context. unprocessed facts - propoganda: info represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response. ideological, political - misinformation: refers to smth that is not true. rumors, urban legends - disinformation: thrives on the internet and elsewhere, the deliberate falsification of info. photos, falsified statements, etc.

11.1 what are the different parts of a speech?

- introduction: est the purpose of the speech and shows its relevance to the audience - body: presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose. - conclusion: brings closure to the speech by restating the purpose, summarizing the main points, and reiterating the speech thesis and its relevance to the audience

1. name and explain the canons of rhetoric.

- invention: discovering the types of evidence and arguments you will use to make your case - arrangement: is organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic and audience - style: the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas - memory: the practice of speech until it can be delivered artfully - delivery: the vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking

6. why are values, attitudes, and beliefs important to address to an audience?

- these are their feelings an opinions towards you and the topic - attitudes: our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events. - beliefs: the ways in which people perceive reality. what is true or real to us - our most enduring judgements about what's good in life, as shaped by our culture and our unique experiences with them.

7. what are some overused and trivial topics?

- tired issues - drunk driving, health risks of cigarettes, how to change a tire. - ppl want new info and diff perspectives

6. how does one adapt to a diverse audience?

- treat with dignity and integrity. identify those who respect your topic to avoid etthonocentrism and deliver the message in a culturally sensitive matter. - become familiar with different cultural values to anticipate and appeal to your audience. - focus on universal values - conduct interviews - survey the audience - consult published sources - analyze the speech setting and context

11.4 how does one strive for a united, coherent, and balanced organization?

- unity: contains only those points implies by the specific purpose and thesis statements - coherence: organized clearly and logically, using the principles of coordination and subordination to align speech points in order of importance. - balance: the appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative tot he other parts and to the theme.

12.5 topical arrangement

- when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic

11.5 what are transitions and what do they consist of?

- words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as he or she moves from one point to the next - "nest, first, similarly, we now turn,..."

13.2 what are the different types of outlines used in public speaking?

- working outline: organize and firm u the main points, and with the research youve gathered, dev supporting points to substantiate them. - speaking outline: practice and actually present the speech. speaking outlines contain the working outline in condensed form. - sentence outline format: each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative statement.

11.3 what does it mean to use supporting point in your main points?

- supporting points organize the evidence you have gathered to explain, in an informative speech, or justify, in a persuasive speech, the main points. - supporting material collected is examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics - indentation from main point, roman numeral --> letter --> number

23.3 how does one motivate and appeal to an audience using persuasive speaking?

- targeting motivations for their feelings and actions, appealing to their needs, and appealing to how likely they are to mentally process the message

17.4 speaking rate

- the pace at which you convey speech

6. what is the definition of audience analysis?

- the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members' attributes and motivations with the EXPLICIT AIM OF PREPARING YOUR SPEECH IN WAYS THAT WILL BE MEANINGFUL TO THEM.

17.2 pitch

- the range of sounds from high to low or vice versa. - anatomy determines natural pitch

17.1 volume

- the relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obv vocal element

17.3 intonation

- the rising and falling of sound across sentences

12.6 narrative arrangement

- the speech consists of a story or series of short stories complete with character, setting, brief plot, and vivid imagery

6. how does one gauge an audience?

- is it familiar or new? what is their attitude? once you know this, adjust the speech accordingly. - if the topic is new: show why its relevant, relate to familiar issues w their pos attitudes - if they know relatively little: stick to the basics and bg info, steer clear of jargon, define unclear terms, repeat important points, summarize often - neg view: focus on rapport and credibility, dont challenge-begin w areas of agreement, discover why the neg bias to introduce other side, offer solid evidence, give good reasons for developing a pos attitude - pos view: stimulate the audience to feel even more strongly, tell stories w vivid language - w a captive audience (required to hear): motivate to pay attention by stressing whats most relevant to them, pay close attention to the length of your speech - relate to you: eye contact and body movement for commonality. share personal story, shared role, stress mutual bonds.

22.1 what does it mean to 'enlighten rather than advocate'?

- it means to share knowledge and deepen understanding rather than modify attitudes

3. what are the reasons why people experience public speaking anxiety?

- lack of positive experience - feeling different, tiny differences, accent etc. - being the center of attention

1. what are the vital life skills that you gain with public speaking?

- leadership ability - ability to work in a team - skill in written communication - problem-solving skill - strong work ethic - analytic/quantitative and technical skills - skill in verbal communication - initative - computer skills - flexibility/adaptability

9.1 credible sources

- library.piercecollege.edu/home - library.piercecollege.edu/communication

2. what is speech outlining?

- logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another

23.2 define the classical appeals

- logos: appeal to reason - pathos: appeal to emotion - ethos: audience's perception of the speaker's competence, character, and concern for the audience

24.6 what goes into a call to action?

- make a specific appeal to take the specific action and so forth

23.1 what is persuasive speaking?

- meant to influence audience members' attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears

24.4 what is a warrant?

- motivational: offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions - authoritative: appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of evidence

24.3 how does one use convincing evidence in a speech?

- offer secondary sources: exmples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistic - consider speaker expertise as evidence: use your own experience - offer evidence that appeals to audience needs and motivations

2. what goes into developing main points, gathering supporting material, and separating speech into its main parts?

- organize three main points, research, intro-body-conclusion

22.3 what are the different categories of the informative speech?

- people, events, concepts, issues, processes, objects, phenomena

3. what are the different types of of speech anxieties?

- pre-preparation anxiety: feeling anxious the minute they know they will be giving a speech - preparation anxiety: anxiety arises when they actually begin to prepare for the speech - pre-performance anxiety: as they rehearse the speech

3. list the strategies to build your confidence.

- prepare and practice - modify thoughts and attitudes - visualize success - activation the relaxation response - briefly meditate

22.2 what goes into informative speaking?

- presenting new and interesting info that they can relate to and increase understanding

11.6 what is an internal preview and internal summary?

- preview: briefly mentions the main points and thesis of the speech. signal a shift from one main point or idea to another. - summary: draws together important ideas before the speaker proceeeds to another speech point. transition could use both of these

9.5 what is the diff btwn primary and secondary sources?

- primary: provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects, people - secondary: provide analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created.

17.7 pronunciation, articulation, lazy speech

- pro: the correct formation of word sounds - artic: the clarity or forcefulness with which sounds are made - ls: fer-for wanna-want to is not-aint

24.5 what is reasoning?

- process of drawing conclusions from evidence - deductive reasoning: general case suppoprted by one or more specific examples - inductive reasoning: build from specific cases

1. what is rhetoric? oratory?

- rhetoric: the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. - oratory: the art or practice of formal speaking in public.

13.1 what is an outline?

- separation the main points from the supporting points. plotting ideas into heirarichal fashion based on their importance. relationship of ideas

14.2 what are the parts of a conclusion?

- signal that the speech is coming to an end and provide closure - summarize the key points - reiterate the thesis or central idea of the speech - remind the audience of how your ideas will benefit them - challenge the audience to remember and possibly act upon your ideas - end the speech memorably.

16.2 what are the different methods of delivery?

- speaking from manuscript: read a speech verbatim - speaking from memory - impromptu speaking

6. what are demographics and why do they matter in the speech process?

- statistical characteristics of a given population. - age, ethnic, culture, socioeconomic status, religion, politics, gender, affiliations. LOOK MORE INTO - helps identify your target audience: those individuals who you are most likely to influence.

16.1 what goes into effective delivery?

- strive for naturalness - show enthusiasm - project a sense of confidence - be direct