Comm 1103 final test
What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?
1) Quote or paraphrase accurately. 2) Use Testimony from qualified sources. 3) Use testimony from unbiased sources. 4) Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.
What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
1) The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing 2) The author or sponsoring organization of the document 3) The authors qualifications with regard to the topic 4) The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated
What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?
1) Use examples to clarify your ideas. 2) Use examples to reinforce your ideas. 3) Use examples to personalize ideas. 4) Make your examples vivid and richly textured. 5) Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?
1) Use familiar words 2) Choose concrete words 3) Eliminate clutter
What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?
1) Using language accurately 2) Using language clearly 3) Using language vividly 4) Using language appropriately
What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?
1). Use statistics to quantify your ideas. 2) Use statistics sparingly. 3) Identify the source of your statistics. 4) Explain your statistics. 5) Round off complicated statistics. 6) Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
What guidelines are given in the chapter for presenting visual aids?
1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience 3. display visual aids only while discussing them 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5 Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid 6. Practice with your visual aids
Thesaurus
A book of synonyms
Extemporaneous speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Monotone
A constant pitch or tone of voice
Academic database
A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals
Preliminary bibliography
A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
Catalogue
A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
Pause
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
Call number
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
Vocalized pause
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um"
Speech to gain passive agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
Speech to gain immediate action
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
Question of fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
Question of value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
Question of policy
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
Newspaper and periodical database
A research that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
Virtual library
A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
Brief example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
Example
A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
Impromptu speech
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Online speech
A speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time
Manuscript speech
A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Extended example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
Abstract
A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the orginal author
Cliché
A trite or overused expression
Dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
Reference work
A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
Hypothetical example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Metaphor
An implict comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Research interview
An interview conducted to gather information for a speech
Sponsoring organization
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?
Appropriateness to the occasion, appropriateness to the audience, appropriateness to the topic, appropriateness to the speaker
Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?
Becuase it often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one. So the audience knows your aren't lying and so they can believe what your are saying instead of being skeptical
What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?
Before the interview, what to do during the interview, what to do after the interview. Before the interview to make it successful you have to define the purpose of the interview, decide whom to interview, arrange the interview, decide whether to record the interview, prepare your questions. During the interview to make it successful you have to dress appropriately and be on time, repeat the purpose of the interview, set up the recorder if you are using one, keep the interview on track, listen carefully, don't overstay your welcome. After the interview to make it successful you have to review your notes as soon as possible, transcribe your notes.
What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?
Brief, extended, and hypothetical examples. Brief can support your ideas by referring to in passing to illustrate a point. Extended can support your ideas by telling a story vividly and dramatically by pulling the listeners into the speech. Hypothetical can support your ideas by referring to what really happened.
How does language help create our sense of reality?
By using language accurately, clearly, vividly
Vocal variety
Changes in a speakers rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
Inflections
Changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice
Nonverbal communication
Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
Eye contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.
Expert is testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields and peer is opinions of people like ourselves; not prominent figures but ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic.
Why is it important to start your speech research early?
Gives your plenty of time to think about what you find, in researching you will collect much more material than you will actually use, preparing a speech is a little like constructing a jigsaw puzzle, once you gather the pieces you have to decide how they fit together, the more time you give yourself the more likely you are to get the pieces to fit just right
What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?
Imagery and rhythm
What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?
It is a matter of how you use your voice and body to convey the message expressed by your words
Inclusive language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?
Librarians, the catalogue, reference works, newspaper and periodical databases and academic databases
Gestures
Motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
Statistics
Numerical data
What factors should your consider when planning to use presentation technology in a speech?
Pluses and minuses of presentation technology, planning to use presentation technology
What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?
Prepare visual aids well in advance, keep visual aids simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively, use images strategically,
Conversational quality
Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
Quoting out of context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
Repetition
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
Alliteration
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet?
Search engines, specialized research resources, and evaluating internet documents
What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?
So you can see which works to use in your speech that are helpful to you
What are the elements of good speech delivery?
Speaking intelligbly, avoiding distracting mannerisms, and establishing eye contact with your listeners
What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?
Start early, make a preliminary bibliography, take notes effectively, think about your materials as you research.
Peer testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
Expert testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
Direct quotation
Testimony that is presented word for word
Pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
Mean
The average value of a group of numbers
Need
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the speakers voice
Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
Denotative meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Volume
The loudness or softness of the speakers voice
Supporting materials
The materials used to support a speakers ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
Connotative meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Mental dialogue with the audience
The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
Median
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
Mode
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
Burden of proof
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Articulation
The physical production of particular speech sounds
Target audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Plan
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Parallelism
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?
The speaker conveys their point more meaningfully than they could have in any other way.
Rate
The speed at which a person speaks
Kinesics
The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
Generic "he"
The use of "he" to refer to both women and men
Imagery
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?
They can be easily manipulated and distorted. 1) Are the statistics representative? 2) Are statistical measures used correctly? 3) Are the statistics from a reliable source?
Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What four usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
To be respectful of the different groups that make up American society and to avoid stereotyping based on age, race, gender, disability, and other factors. 1) Avoid the generic "he" 2) Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women 3) Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender 4) Use names that groups use to identify themselves
Paraphrase
To restate or summarize a sources ideas in one's own words
Abstract words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts
Concrete words
Words that refer to tangible objects
What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use each to convey your message most effectively?
You can use denotative to convey your mesaage by its meaning that is more precise, literal, and objective. You can use connotative to convey your message by it being more variable, figurative, and subjective.
