COMM 1301 - CH. 13, 14 & 15
Who among the following invoked the "decrees" that forbid journalists in Honduras from preaching or disseminating unfavorable doctrines or producing content that in any way attacks a public official?
the Honduran military government during a 2009 coup
Which of the following telecommunications technologies currently raise difficult questions regarding national sovereignty and cultural diversity?
the Internet satellite
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution establishes the right to a fair trial?
the Sixth Amendment
China's media system is based on that of
the Soviet Union.
In general, radio and television programming around the globe closely resembles that found in
the United States.
Using several factors to determine how much freedom the press can have is called
the ad hoc balancing of interests.
What aspect of libertarianism was increasingly seen as too idealistic, beginning in the 1930s?
the assumption of a rational, good, and informed public
There is a concern that the media is always at least a little dishonest in its reporting. For example, even when interviews are recorded on video,
the editing may affect the definition of the truth.
Which of the following best explains why confidentiality is important to reporting?
Without it, many sources would not tell what they know, for fear of retribution.
Pornography is an example of protected speech, unless
a court rules the content is obscene.
Which of the following tries to explain all aspects of a certain phenomenon?
a grand theory
Which of the following is an example of libel?
a newspaper article that incorrectly states that a local politician was seen using illegal drugs
Which of the following best explains the main issue broadcasters have with how the FCC handles indecency complaints?
Broadcasters feel the "guilty until proven innocent" approach infringes on their First Amendment rights.
In exchange for a license to broadcast, British media must have
a public service remit.
Legislation that expressly protects a reporter's rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law is called
a shield law.
Which of the following examples would be appropriate for airing on American commercial television systems?
a variety show that regularly shows pets doing tricks
Jeanetta is under pressure from her editor to produce a gripping story for their small paper. Her friend has recently discovered that through a hospital mix-up, he is not his mother's biological son, and that his mother knew this for years. Which of the following are ethical considerations for Jeanetta as a reporter?
the need to treat the family with respect her friend's right to privacy
Which of the following best defines slander?
the oral or spoken defamation of a person's character
Crime is committed by all races; but people disproportionately see crime as being committed by African Americans. Cultural theorists argue this is proof of
the power of media to shape attitudes toward race.
What is the industry named in the U.S. Constitution as deserving special protection?
the press
Even people who believe that the First Amendment allows for complete freedom of expression accept limits on the time, place, and manner of expression as long as
the restrictions do not interfere with the substance of the expression.
Libertarian philosophy is based on
the self-righting principle.
Which phenomenon, in the 1930s, suggested to many that the assumptions of libertarianism were fundamentally flawed?
the success of Nazi propaganda
Which of the following were attempts made by the Polish government to shut down Solidarity's clandestine media system?
the suspension of official broadcasting the suspension of mail services
The curtailing or limiting of rights is referred to as
abridgment.
If a publication reports on public figures with information it knows is not true or shows reckless disregard for the truth of the report, it is guilty of
actual malice.
Which of the following have contributed to evolution in mass communication theory?
advances in technology our commitment to democracy and cultural pluralism calls for control or regulation of new technologies
Which of the following heavily subsidized the British pirate stations?
advertisers record companies
Great Britain's public service remit requires commercial media to do which of the following?
agree to specified amounts of public affairs and documentary news programming limit aired advertising
In 1943, when NBC argued that the FCC was merely a "traffic cop" with limited power over regulation, the U.S. Supreme Court
agreed but saw the duties of such a "traffic cop" as more widespread, and it ruled in favor of the FCC
In 1995 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that "______ stimulates higher consumption of alcohol by both adults and adolescents."
alcohol advertising
In 2016, when Chinese president Xi Jinping saw the media drifting away from Chairman Mao's original vision, he announced that
all news media run by the Communist Party must work to speak for the party's will and it's propositions.
In South and Central America and in Africa, ______ movements made use of clandestine broadcasting.
anticolonial
Which of the following groups would most likely make use of international broadcasting via clandestine stations?
antigovernment organizations
Which of the following levels of ethics is most relevant to media practitioners who must consider general ethical guidelines and rules in terms of very specific situations?
applied ethics
Which of the following required broadcasters to actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity?
ascertainment
The idea of vicarious reinforcement suggests that seeing the aggression punished inhibits subsequent aggression in the viewer; but this is not always the case. The reason may be that
the viewed aggression is punished by even greater aggression.
The audience practice of willingly accepting content before them as real is known as
the willing suspension of disbelief.
Which of the following examines the ways that perceptions guide human behavior?
attitude change theory
Which of the following theories directly emerged from the Experimental Section of the army's Information and Education Division?
attitude change theory
China's media system best exemplifies which of Hachten's concepts?
authoritarian
The type of government that most needs to control the mass media in order to maintain power is a(n)
authoritarian government.
Proponents of the global village declare that individual cultures will endure because
the world's great diversity will ensure that culture-specific, special-interest fare remains in demand.
Which of the following best describes the issues that arise with copyright and cable companies?
Cable companies distribute many copyrighted works, and the creators must be compensated.
Which of the following statements describes how cable copyright issues are currently handled?
Cable copyright issues are handled by several different arbitration panels under the Library of Congress.
Which of the following statements about cameras in the courtroom today are true?
Cameras are prohibited in federal trials. All 50 states allow cameras in some courts.
Many journalists prefer that there be no shield law in U.S. federal courts because
they are afraid that Congress will start legislating too many things regarding the media.
The problem with fragmented news is that it relies on treating a story as a matter of two views as equally valid, which
bolsters the position of those in power.
Cuncun Tong was a Chinese government program designed to
bring radio to every one of China's hamlets.
The idea of ______ suggests that watching violence in the media reduces an individual's innate aggressive drive.
catharsis
Which of the following prompted the development of mass society theory?
charges that society was becoming too pluralistic totalitarian propaganda urban growth
Which of the following best explains why mass communication theory is an evolving field?
Changes in technology or media can challenge existing theories.
According to news production research, the way news is produced biases news coverage toward
those in power.
In 1997, the Chinese Communist Party began enforcing criminal sanctions against
those who would use the Internet to defame the government or threaten social stability.
Which of the following are types of formal controls, external to the industry, aimed at ensuring media professionals operate in an ethical manner?
codes defining permissible content laws and regulations
Although Chinese broadcasting operates under direct government subsidy, in 1979 the government approved
commercial advertising for broadcasting.
An increased diversity in broadcast content in China can be partly attributed to ______, which has also led to an important means of financial support.
commercialism
Which of the following statements about copyright and digital rights in the Internet age are true?
Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation that promotes collaboration and sharing of material by providing licenses and other copyright tools. Many traditional media companies now sell or distribute their products with limited or no DRM.
Between 1945 and 1989, the heated debate over ______ led thousands of radio and television pirates to take up the cause of either revolutionary or counterrevolutionary movements.
communism
The study of such concepts as the regulation of mass media, audience expectations, and economic foundations in various countries is known as ______ analysis.
comparative
The ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information is called
confidentiality.
Which of the following are among the informal controls, external to the industry, aimed at ensuring media professionals operate in an ethical manner?
consumers pressure groups advertisers
The U.S. Supreme Court's decision on Grokster raised many questions about
copyright versus technology.
What theory based on social construction of reality theory examines the constructed reality created by television?
cultivation analysis
Which of the following theories are well-suited to explaining the harmful effects of stereotyping?
cultivation analysis social construction of reality theory
The ritual perspective is needed to understand the ______ importance of mass communication.
cultural
Theories that assume that our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction are called ______ theories.
cultural
Which of the following is closely associated with electronic colonialism theory?
cultural imperialism
Which of the following terms best describes the invasion of an indigenous people's culture by powerful foreign countries own cultures?
cultural imperialism
In general, the courts have ruled that the FCC should be able to
decide if broadcasters are serving the public interest.
Mass society theory proved to be too limited, especially in how it characterized "average" citizens as being
defenseless.
Government by the people is known as
democracy.
Which of the following argues that media content is increasingly necessary for people to act effectively in society?
dependency theory
What is the term for people becoming more tolerant of violence in their environment because they have grown accustomed to seeing violence in media?
desensitization
The Open Door Policy in the 1970s spurred China to
develop the newspaper as a national medium.
Hachten's development concept applies primarily to
developing nations.
Today, all four record labels are allowing downloads of media with limited or no
digital rights management (DRM).
The micro-level view holds that media have few ______ effects on most people.
direct
McLuhan noted that a global village would guarantee
disagreement
In response to the Arab Spring freedom movements, authorities used social media tools to do which of the following?
discredit movement leaders spread false information
Before they can know what is real or not, children experience television through what researchers call the
early window.
For journalists, company positions on specific issues are identified through ______ policies.
editorial
Reporters accepting military control over their output in exchange for close contact with the troops is known as
embedding.
Since 2005, the Chinese government has
encouraged domestic media to coproduce content with foreign programmers.
Before the deregulation of the 1980s, the process of license renewal for broadcasters required which of the following?
thousands of pages of documents showing they knew what their audiences wanted and needed clear evidence that they had kept commercial time to acceptable levels
Which of the following contributes to fragmented news?
time constraints faced by journalists
What concept suggests that observers will ignore negative vicarious reinforcement if given real-world incentives?
environmental incentives
Which of the following describe efforts begun in the 1990s by the VOA as part of its commitment to the spread of American culture?
establishment of VOA Europe, a 24-hour top-40 style service establishment in 1998 of a 24-hour all-news English-language worldwide radio service
Rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations are together called
ethics.
Milton's self-righting principle is based in part on the idea that
even bad or uncomfortable ideas are inevitably of value.
McLuhan believed that in the global village people would
exchange ideas.
Because pirate broadcasters operate outside the geographic location to which they transmit, they can be considered a type of ______ operation.
exogenous
Clandestine opposition stations broadcasting from outside of the region they hope to influence are called ______ stations.
exogenous
Instead of narrowing its criteria regarding what is considered free speech, the U.S. Supreme Court tends to
expand its protection of free speech.
In media, a normative theory is defined as a theory that
explains how the media should ideally operate in a given system of social values.
The BBC World Service and the Voice of America are examples of which of the following?
external services
The right of the press to express opinions or comment on public issues is known as
fair comment.
The lawful use of copyrighted material without permission or payment is called
fair use.
If you believe African Americans have the highest rate of substance abuse or that Whites have the lowest rate of dependency on food stamps, you may be responding to
false stereotypes.
The application of media ethics involves which of the following?
finding the most morally defensible answer to a problem
Absolutists accept that the First Amendment provides
fundamental protection for the press and free expression.
Scientific research has shown that positive media portrayals of cooperation can lead to
good behavior and prosocial effects.
The MacBride report was commissioned to study the question of
how to maintain national and cultural sovereignty in the face of rapid globalization of mass media.
As defined by the FCC, language or material that depicts sexual and excretory activities in a way that is offensive to contemporary community standards is
indecency.
Clandestine stations operating inside the region to which they transmit are classified as ______ stations.
indigenous
Which of the following are examples of normative ethics?
journalists' codes of practice media industry standards
The philosophy that people can tell right from wrong and therefore govern themselves if they have access to information is called
libertarianism.
Which of the following theories are used in current debates over the regulation of video games and fast food advertising aimed at kids?
limited effects social cognitive theory uses and gratifications
The larger, cultural impact of media occurs at the ______ level.
macro
The movement of a mass public toward a shared, television-created understanding of reality is known as
mainstreaming.
Which of the following was used as a basis for attacks that the Disney movie Beauty and the Beast encouraged interbreeding with other species and another Disney movie, Frozen, was emasculating of men?
mass society theory
Which of the following examines how audience members create meaningful experiences using media content?
meaning-making perspective
Research has found that media portrayals play a(n) ______ role in determining people's judgments of race-based stereotypes.
meaningful
Who argues that non-native media content will not have an effect on local culture?
media content producers in the United States
Which of the following are typical objects of study for critical cultural theory?
media ownership disenfranchised groups
Among the core assumptions of social responsibility theory is that media should avoid disseminating, or distributing, material that
might lead to violence. could lead to civil disorder. might offend minority groups.
In part because they would broadcast popular content 24 hours a day, every day of the year, which of the following did 1960s pirate stations broadcasting into Great Britain most resemble?
modern commercial radio stations
The person responsible for applying ethics to bring together conflicting interests is known as the
moral agent.
Which of the following best describes why self-regulation of ethics is important in media?
Democracies need mass communication but generally do not like government involvement in media.
Exceptions to freedom from prior restraint became the basis of two landmark prior restraint court decisions that dealt with
national security in times of war and publishing instructions for building an atomic bomb.
The strand of critical cultural theory that studies the ways that news coverage is biased toward the powerful is known as
news production research.
According to agenda setting theory, which of the following groups have the most power to shape political reality?
newsroom editors broadcasters
Now that communist world domination is not a threat, the VOA's goals are
to disseminate health and social information. to spread American culture.
Which of the following are goals of revolutionary media as stated by Stevenson?
to facilitate the organization of opposition to the incumbent powers to end government monopoly over information
The overriding philosophy of how media ideally operate in any given system of social values is called a ______ theory.
normative
Social responsibility theory, a ______, is the standard against which the public should judge the performance of the U.S. media.
normative theory
True or false: An anticommunist radio station originating in South Korea and directed toward those suffering under the despotic rule of North Korea leader is an example of an indigenous station.
False
True or false: Clandestine stations are only broadcast via shortwave radio.
False
True or false: Obscenity is a protected form of press expression.
False
True or false: People generally agree about the strength and presence of media effects.
False
True or false: The Fairness Doctrine is still in effect in media today.
False
True or false: The upsurge in violence in the 1960s was directly related to television becoming a dominant mass medium at the same time.
False
Many noncommercial broadcast systems that rely on license fees and public support frequently offer programming specifically designed
to have educational, social, and political value.
The ______ Amendment in the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of the press.
First
Which of the following best sums up the idea "Congress shall make no law" with regard to a free press?
Government agencies cannot make laws.
Which of the following statements about the development concept is true?
Government and the media work together to make sure that the media focus on beneficial development of the country.
Which of the following countries' media systems would most likely operate under Hachten's Western concept?
Great Britain
A practitioner who is internal to a company and serves as a "judge" in disputes between the public and a media organization is called a(n)
ombudsperson.
The U.S. government uses prior restraint of the press
on rare occasions.
Time media writer James Poniewozik claims that the global village is the new cold war between
Hollywood/Mickey D's and every other world culture.
Reporters Without Borders analyzed media freedom in Honduras and concluded which of the following?
Honduras is a dangerous country for media personnel, with little respect for freedom of information.
Which of the following accurately describe limits placed on the distribution of The Simpsons.
In the Middle East, beer in the program has been changed to soda, and the bar regularly seen in the U.S. version does not appear. In Germany and Austria, episodes that include the topic of a nuclear accident are not aired
For which reasons does programming throughout the world so closely resembles American broadcast fare?
In the early days of television, American producers flooded the world with low-cost programming. The United States is a world leader in international distribution of broadcast fare.
In 1971, the American external broadcast services were brought openly under government control and funded and administered by the
International Broadcasting Bureau.
Which of the following are true of global media today?
Internet users can tune in to Web radio stations originating from every continent except Antarctica. It is common for movies and television programs to have key production and acting roles filled by people from a number of different countries. Television networks can now stream a program simultaneously to many different countries.
Which of the following statements best describes the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions?
It allows countries to legally establish quotas and subsidies to protect their local media industries.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Creative Commons?
It allows people to share and build on others' work in a way that is consistent with copyright rules.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of a music licensing company?
It collects fees and then distributes money to artists and songwriters.
Which of the following are true regarding the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS)?
It employs shortwave radio, satellites, and Internet technology. It provides American programming to Department of Defense personnel and their families serving overseas. It is an American external service.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of a Standards and Practices Department at a broadcast network?
It enforces policies for conduct and professional codes.
Which of the following do opponents of deregulation point to as among its negative results?
overcommercialization lowering of decency standards
Which of the following best describes a D-notice?
It is an official request in Great Britain for media to refrain from publishing or broadcasting a story because of national security issues.
In what way is privacy a metaethic?
It is considered by many to be a fundamental value.
Which of the following statements best defines mass media comparative analysis?
It is the study of different countries' mass media systems.
Which of the following statements best describe Hachten's Western concept?
It recognizes that there is no completely free media system on Earth. It recognizes that even commercially driven systems include the expectation of public service and government oversight of mass communication.
According to Chairman Mao Zedong, what are the primary functions of the Chinese media?
to propagandize the policies of the Communist Party to educate, organize, and mobilize the masses
Which of the following statements about social responsibility theory are true?
It recognizes the need for some form of control on the media. It believes that both the media and audiences have an obligation to use media responsibly.
Which of the following best defines public domain?
It refers to material with no active copyright that can be used without permission.
Which of the following best describes the Fairness Doctrine?
It required broadcasters to fairly cover issues that are important to the public.
Which of the following best describes electronic colonialism theory?
It states that nations receiving cultural products created in other countries can be negatively influenced by those products.
Which of the following are true of the ad hoc balancing of interests?
It suggests several factors be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted in individual cases. The concept acknowledges that freedom of speech and of the press has to be balanced with other important liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. This can be described as a "less-than-absolutist" approach.
Which of the following best describes Canon 35?
It was a rule that prohibited cameras and radio broadcasting of trials.
Which of the following best describes the issue that the courts had with DVD decryption software?
It was seen as a tool to let others violate copyright.
Why was Irvin v. Dowd a significant case for the Sixth Amendment?
It was the first conviction overturned because of pretrial publicity.
Why is shortwave radio well suited for long-distance transmissions?
Its high frequencies easily and efficiently skip off of the ionosphere and produce waves that can travel vast distances.
Which of the following statements accurately describe attempts to maintain cultural boundaries and resist the excessive flow of global media?
Jamaica's Broadcasting Commission banned American hip-hop music. French law requires that 40% of all music broadcast by its radio stations be in French. Iran bans "Western music" altogether from radio and television.
Which of the following were among the goals of the VOA during World War II and the Cold War?
to provide objective information to spread Western propaganda
Talking to one survivor of an apartment complex fire is an example of which news production convention that is used by U.S. media?
personalized news
Which of the following are common news production conventions used by U.S. media?
personalized news fragmented news dramatized news
Which of the following are terms used in James Carey's cultural definition of communication?
transmissional perspective ritual perspective
Illegally operated radio stations that broadcast to British audience from outside of Great Britain in the 1960s were known as
pirate broadcasters.
Where the broadcast networks have Standards and Practices Departments to enforce institutional policies for conduct, local broadcasters rely on what are called
policy books.
Paul Lazarsfeld introduced which of the following methods to the study of mass communications?
polling survey research
Expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement is
pornography
Which of the following best describes codes of ethics in journalism?
prescriptive codes that tell media practitioners what to do
Which of the following terms refers to the power of the government to prevent the publication or broadcast of expression?
prior restraint
The press still reports on news events, such as trials, even if a witness's comments might be untrue or damaging to someone's reputation. This is called
privilege.
Which of the following are prosocial behaviors?
problem solving cooperation
Symbolic interaction theory is often used in the study of the influence of advertising, particularly in how advertising often attempts to persuade people to associate particular meanings with a given product. For example, a brand of whiskey may be marketed in such a way that people will associate the brand with sophistication and success. Which of the following best describes what the advertising is doing?
product positioning
Match the argument with the most significant counterargument.
Media content has limited impact because it is only make-believe. matches Choice, Most film and television dramas are meant to seem real to viewers. Most film and television dramas are meant to seem real to viewers. Media simply hold a mirror to society. matches Choice, Media are very selective in what they show and how they show it. Media are very selective in what they show and how they show it. Media's effects are only on the unimportant things in our lives. matches Choice, The billions of dollars spent on swaying opinion on critical social issues suggest media's effects are not limited to fads and fashions. The billions of dollars spent on swaying opinion on critical social issues suggest media's effects are not limited to fads and fashions. Media content has limited impact because it is only play or just entertainment. matches Choice, People develop knowledge of themselves and the world through play. People develop knowledge of themselves and the world through play.
Which of the following best describes how society factors into the ethical choices that media professionals make?
Media professionals influence society with their work, so they have a responsibility to society.
Which of the following is not among the assumptions of social responsibility theory?
Media should sometimes consider the public good, but not in every case.
______ try to explain specific, limited aspects of mass communication.
Middle-range theories
Which court decision defined the test for obscenity?
Miller v. State of California
The content produced and distributed by media systems is known as
programming.
Which of the following are true of the problem of balancing profit and social responsibility?
News agencies' reputations suffer when it becomes known they have allowed reporting to be shaped by advertisers' demands. Sometimes the ethical decision comes down to whether the journalist should do as his or her boss has asked. It is not uncommon for a company to pull its ads from a network that has aggressively pursued a negative story about the company.
Which of the following influenced the American Bar Association to adopt Canon 35?
Newspaper photographers intruded on the 1935 trial of Bruno Hauptmann.
Which of the following statements about non-native media content is true?
Non-native media content will have an effect on local culture.
The theory of symbolic interaction was borrowed from which social science?
psychology
Stuart Hall developed the idea of the media as a ______ in which various forces fought to shape perception.
public forum
Deregulation and the relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television has resulted in a constant battle between
public interest and broadcasters' freedom.
Which media played a significant role in the Solidarity democracy movement in Poland?
radio television newsletters
Which of the following statements is not true?
Pirate stations broadcast the same content as the British Broadcasting Corporation, but 24 hours a day, every day of the year.
The theory developed by social scientist Joseph Klapper, often called ______ theory, is based on social science evidence developed prior to 1960.
reinforcement
Which of the following statements describes the ways in which media fueled the political unrest in Poland?
Poles were able to receive radio and television from neighboring democratic countries. Radio Free Europe, the VOA, and the BBC targeted Poland with a mix of Western news, entertainment, and propaganda.
British media are forbidden to
report on court trials in progress.
Who among the following must agree before a D-notice can be issued?
representatives of the media industry government officials
Which of the following best describes how the press affected the case of Irvin v. Dowd?
Pretrial publicity caused most potential jurors to be biased against the defendant.
During the Cold War, which of the following American external services broadcast to Communist-bloc Eastern European countries in their native languages?
Radio Free Europe
Which of the following are services that were established by the United States to counter the Soviet Union's Radio Moscow?
Radio Free Europe Radio in the American Sector Radio Liberty
Prompted by the success of the external services transmitting into the Eastern European communist bloc, which of the following was established by President Reagan in 1985 to broadcast into communist Cuba?
Radio Martí
The uses and gratifications approach was developed to explain several issues, including which of the following?
the impact of advertising apparent parallels between televised violence and real-world crime the media's role in sentiment against the war in Vietnam
Which of the following are true of the notion of catharsis?
Reduced aggression as a result of television violence is better explained by media portrayals of punishment. Catharsis theory continues to be supported by some in the media industry. Social cognitive theory largely disproves the notion of catharsis.
Which of the following are true of the effects of realistic portrayals of out groups in the media?
Repeated exposure to a wide range of realistic media representations can positively influence people's perceptions. When people see characters like themselves on TV interacting with members of outgroups, it can make viewers more open to those people.
Which of the following best demonstrates the application of media ethics?
Reporters must try to find the most morally defensible response to difficult problems.
Which of the following results were found by the Pew Global Attitudes Project in 2006?
Significant percentages of people in England, France, Germany, and Italy felt positive about the spread of American ideas and customs. Large percentages of people in England, France, Germany, and Italy said they liked American music, movies, and television.
Roger is trying to make an ethical decision whether or not to broadcast a story on child abuse. The story would likely cause some damage to the reputations of local child services organizations and the welfare of abused children. The story would be an exclusive for his local station. Rogers decides to air the story. Which of the following interests is Roger most influenced by?
the institution he works for
Today, how long does copyright remain with creators of media?
the life of creator plus 70 years
The push for deregulation of broadcasting started in the 1980s with FCC chair Mark Fowler, who believed that the audience's best protector was which of the following?
the market
To ensure that its people do not access "counterrevolutionary" Internet content, the Chinese government
requires that all Internet accounts be registered with the police.
The assumption that people better remember messages that are consistent with their preexisting beliefs is known as selective
retention.
A media system operating under Hachten's ______ concept aims to destroy the legitimacy of a standing government.
revolutionary
The experience of the Polish democracy movement Solidarity is an example of a media system operating under Hachten's ______ concept.
revolutionary
Governments can jam unwanted radio and television broadcasts, but they cannot easily disrupt
satellite signals.
Which of the following form Klapper's "nexus of mediating factors and influences"?
school family church
The idea that media tell us what to think as they tell us what to think about is known as
second-order agenda setting.
Which of the following are the selective processes in attitude change theory?
selective perception selective exposure selective retention
Which of the following are some of the assumptions upon which cultivation analysis is based?
Television builds general frames of reference regarding what "reality" is. Television reinforces existing power structures. Television functions as the "central cultural arm" of U.S. society.
Mainstreaming is the product of the processes at work in what basic assumption of cultivation analysis?
Television is the "central cultural arm" of U.S. society.
Which of the following are true of early developments in television?
Television, like radio, quickly attracted audiences from around the world. Among the pioneers of television technology was Scotland's John Logie Baird. The first transatlantic transmission of a television picture took place in 1928.
Which of the following statements is not true?
The Communist Party successfully shut down Solidarity's clandestine channels and squelched the revolution.
Which of the following best describes the absolutist position on the First Amendment?
The First Amendment gives the press protection for free expression, without exception.
Which of the following were decided in the 1925 U.S. Supreme Court case Gitlow v. New York?
The First Amendment is protected from state governments by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Government agencies can make no law regarding free expression.
Which of the following is the most popular newspaper website today?
The New York Times
Which of the following best describes the importance of the Pentagon Papers to freedom of the press?
The U.S. Supreme Court's decision to allow publication of the papers reinforced the importance of a free and unrestrained press.
Which of the following statements regarding the humanitarian goals of the current VOA are true?
The VOA has devoted programs aimed at developing nations on AIDS prevention, nutrition, and vaccination. The VOA frequently strikes agreements with local stations in developing nations to broadcast health information over their AM and FM stations.
Which of the following is true regarding the VOA?
The VOA was established to counter enemy propaganda and spread information about America.
When the Justice Department tried to halt publication of instructions on how to make a hydrogen bomb in the magazine The Progressive,
several newspapers published them anyway, causing the Justice Department to abandon its restraint.
What was the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2005 Grokster decision about digital rights management (DRM)?
The court's ruling against Grokster was a blow to digital rights activists.
A news report accused of libel or slander is protected under the First Amendment if the report meets any one test in which of the following groups?
truth, privilege, and fair comment
Which of the following are the main points of John Milton's self-righting principle?
The free flow of ideas ensures that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge. Because people are inherently rational and good, the truth will emerge from public discourse.
Which of the following are true of the first radio transmissions?
The inventor who had the most success was the British son of an Italian diplomat. In 1901 a wireless signal was successfully transmitted from England to Newfoundland.
Which of the following describe the material The Progressive magazine proposed to publish in 1979, prompting a court order halting publication?
The material was based on information freely obtained from public, nonclassified sources. The article contained instructions on how to make a hydrogen bomb.
Which of the following best describes how the media conflict with privacy?
The nature of media is to intrude on privacy.
Which of the following best describes the moral agent?
The person who is responsible for making ethical decisions.
What technology did the major European colonial powers begin to use in the 1920s as a communication link to their various international colonies?
shortwave radio
Which of the following restrictions are placed on the use of the Internet in China?
The state can arrest senders of "counterrevolutionalry" commentary. Websites that are independent of government control are blocked.
The stimulation model and aggressive cues model are both based on what theory?
social cognitive theory
Which of the following guidelines are part of the test for obscenity?
The whole work lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. The average person would find the whole work appeals to the prurient interest—that is, excessively sexual.
According to global village proponents, which of the following statements best describes the benefit of the global village?
The world community is being knit together as it negotiates a common culture.
Which of the following are ideas you should recognize to understand mass communication theory?
Theories from other fields of science are often borrowed for mass communication theories. There are many different mass communication theories.
Television, like radio, quickly attracted audiences from around the world. Among the pioneers of television technology was Scotland's John Logie Baird. The first transatlantic transmission of a television picture took place in 1928.
There are no requirements for licensing or professional training for media professionals.
Which of the following statements about limitations regarding self-regulation of media is true?
There are no requirements for licensing or professional training for media professionals.
What are some of the limitations of self-regulation of ethics in media?
There are no standards of professional training and licensing in media. It is difficult for media professionals to admit that their peers have done wrong. The ethical standards can be abstract and ambiguous.
Which of the following statements about mass communication theory is true?
There is no one mass communication theory.
Which of the following is true of media depictions of illegal drug use?
There is relatively little media content that glorifies illegal drug use.
Which of the following statements are true of prescription drug advertising?
There is research that indicates there is no causal link between prescription drug advertising and drug abuse. It is banned in every country except New Zealand and the United States. There is research that indicates a causal link between prescription drug advertising and drug abuse.
Which of the following statements about the link between advertising and alcohol abuse are true?
There is scientific research that alcohol advertising does not cause an increase in alcohol consumption. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism believes advertising causes an increase in alcohol consumption.
Which of the following best describes surrogate services?
They are broadcast operations established by one country to substitute for another's own domestic service.
Which of the following is not a restriction placed on journalists in Honduras?
They are forbidden to disseminate health and practical information to the working class.
Which of the following are limitations of self-regulation of ethics in media, according to critics?
They are unnecessarily restrictive. They are not enforceable and are thus meaningless.
Which of the following statements best describes Chinese reading walls?
They are walls or prominent places in towns and cities where official news is displayed for the local people.
Which of the following are examples of what critics of the expansion of copyright believe?
They believe that copyright gives incentive to creators to keep creating. They believe that copyright should encourage the flow of expression.
The idea that media must remain free of government control and that, in exchange, the media must serve the public is called
social responsibility theory.
When China committed itself to developing the newspaper as a national medium in the late 1970s, reading walls
steadily declined to near extinction.
Applying a standardized image to members of a particular group is called
stereotyping.
At present, how do broadcasters renew their licenses?
They file quarterly reports about compliance and renew every 8 years.
Which of the following describe the Pentagon Papers?
They had been labeled top secret. They included discussion of the conduct of the Vietnam War during the administrations of presidents Kennedy and Johnson.
Which of the following statements best explain why the writers of the Bill of Rights felt that democracy must have a free press?
They had experienced oppression with monarchies in Europe. They believed that people needed information to govern themselves.
Which of the following is the main issue with embedding and access journalism?
They present conflict-of-interest issues.
Which of the following are examples of benefits that codes of ethics offer to media practitioners?
They represent the shared wisdom of a given media industry. They can be used as an aid when making moral judgments.
For what reasons did early American television producers flood the international market with inexpensive programming?
They were encouraging future sales by ensuring that foreign audiences would develop tastes and expectations similar to those in the U.S. They were building markets for their programming.
Which of the following statements about British pirate broadcasters in the 1960s is true?
They were not politically motivated.
The content of a television news report on the problem of urban poverty that relies heavily on images of low-income African Americans walking in a dense urban environment and then of people in a line at a soup kitchen would be considered ______ content.
symbolic
According to the idea of ______, people give things meaning, and then that meaning controls their behavior.
symbolic interaction
The social construction of reality theory explains that cultures use which of the following to construct and maintain a uniform reality?
symbols signs
Which of the following are examples of fair use?
taping a baseball game in the morning to watch that evening photocopying a passage from a novel for use in the classroom
Cultivation analysis claims that human experience is shaped mainly by which of the following?
television
The case Chandler v. Florida determined that
television cameras in the courtroom did not inherently hurt the fairness of a trial.
One assumption on which cultivation analysis is based is that
television is fundamentally different from other mass media.
Which of the following situations demonstrate the conflict between the First and Sixth Amendments?
Too much pretrial publicity can cause the jury to be biased before the trial begins. Cameras, while informing the public, may alter the way the courtroom functions, causing the trial to be unfair.
True or false: Offensive content is protected by the First Amendment.
True
True or false: The British Parliament can pass restrictions on media whenever it wants.
True
True or false: The combination of meaning-making and cultural theories highlights the importance of people becoming media literate.
True
True or false: The freedom of expression in the United States is not absolute.
True
Who commissioned the 1980 MacBride Report?
UNESCO
Cultivation analysis was originally developed out of concern over what phenomenon?
television violence
In arguing in favor of regulation of the media, noted First Amendment scholar Alexander Meiklejohn made what key point?
that legislation to enlarge and enrich media is not forbidden
Which of the following describe how FCC chair Mark Fowler, in the 1980s, viewed regulation?
that television is just another appliance and did not need regulating
Why did most Western nations reject the rules proposed by the MacBride Report?
Western nations considered it an infringement on the freedom of the press.
Which of the following is not a rule proposed in the MacBride Report?
Western nations must purchase at least 25% of non-Western fare in order to give other countries a fair chance at the international market.
Although producers from across the globe are conducting business in China, and local versions of Western shows are flourishing, the Chinese government requires that
51% of all programming remain state-owned.
For what reasons did many developing and communist countries fear, at the time of the MacBride Report, that Western cultural values would overshadow and displace those of other countries?
Western-produced content was overwhelming the media of developing countries. International news coverage was dominated by the West.
With its rule of ascertainment, what did the FCC require from broadcasters?
that they determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity
Which of the following best describes why offensive content is a confusing issue?
What is offensive to one person may not be offensive to another.
What are the two biggest music licensing companies?
ASCAP and BMI
Which of the following statements about the social construction of reality theory are true?
According to the social construction of reality theory, people who belong to the same culture generally assign the same meaning to things. Signs have more subjective meanings.
What is the difference between actual malice and libel?
Actual malice is intended to hurt a person, and libel is false or malicious published material that damages a person's reputation.
Why is symbolic interaction of particular interest in the study of advertising's influence?
Advertisers often use symbolic meaning, beyond a product's function, to interest their target market.
Which of the following are considered underrepresented "outgroups" in the United States?
African Americans gays women
Which of the following statements about the authoritarianism concept and the example of China are true?
All of China's radio and television stations are owned by or affiliated with the Communist Party of China or a government agency. Authoritarianism and communism are similar concepts.
Why is there significant control over Honduran media content despite the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of the press?
All the major newspapers are owned by powerful business executives or politicians with allegiances to different elites.
Which of the following statements best illustrates the use of clandestine stations during World War II?
Allied nations operating clandestine stations encouraged German soldiers to sabotage their vehicles. Allied clandestine stations posing as official German stations frequently transmitted false reports to confuse the enemy.
Which of the following accurately explain why journalists constantly have a conflict between serving the public and generating profit?
Although journalists have a responsibility to the public, they also have to make a living. Most reporters work for media corporations, and they do not want to risk offending their bosses
Although the text of the 2005 UNESCO convention on cultural expression argued for the defense of every country's cultural heritage, it was clear from the debate preceding its passage that its true objective was protecting other countries from ______ media.
American
Established during World War II, the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) remains active today under what new name?
American Forces Radio and Television Service
Which of the following statements about sexuality in American and other countries' programming is true?
American broadcasting is more sensitive about sex and nudity than most commercial systems in South America and Europe.
Why did early foreign television operators buy American programming?
American programming was cheap, and most foreign countries could not afford to produce high-quality domestic material.
Which of the following accurately describe the role social media played in the Arab Spring?
Among the social media used were Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. People used social media to organize protests, monitor abuse, and make demands.
During the Cold War, the global community believed that the external broadcast services of the United States were funded by contributions from American citizens, when in fact they were paid for by
the Central Intelligence Agency.
During what conflict did clandestine broadcasting truly flower?
the Cold War
According to the traffic cop analogy in broadcast regulation,
the FCC has the right to control not only the flow of broadcast traffic but its composition as well.
China's numerous Internet-related laws, which are enforced by some 40,000 "e-police," are called ______ by dissidents.
the Great Firewall
Which of the following are true of the vicarious reinforcement experiment conducted by Bandura in 1965?
When offered a reward for performing the aggressive actions they had seen in the video, all the children could do so. Children shown a video of an aggressor punished for his behavior subsequently demonstrated lower levels of aggressive play.
Which of the following is a reason that the media can never be completely honest?
When the camera is pointing at one thing, it is ignoring another.
Jane tells her friend Sally that she is taking her out for a treat but wants to surprise her. So she blindfolds Sally until they arrive at their destination, which is a room with upright chairs that have basins full of water in front of them. When Sally sees this, she realizes that her friend is treating her to a pedicure. Which of the following best describes the way Sally assigns meaning to her surroundings?
typification scheme
Because soap operas attract a great number of viewers, many countries
use this particular genre to disseminate educational and social information.
The idea that a viewer's feelings are appeased if a character acts out what the viewer desires is known as
vicarious reinforcement.
The Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior was formed to investigate which of the following?
violence
Which of the following fall under First Amendment protection?
violence in movies advertising television
There is wide consensus among experts and organizations that
violence on television is the violence factor that can be most easily controlled.
The stimulation model has shown a direct causal relationship between aggressive behavior and
violent content.
Following the social responsibility model, the BBC was built on the premise that broadcasting
was a public trust.
In order to limit government and advertiser control, the BBC
was governed by a nonprofit corporation. was funded by license fees levied on receivers.
The government's power of prior restraint is heavily restricted. Which of the following are among the possible exceptions to restrictions on prior restraint?
when public order is endangered when national security is at risk
In which of the following cases is there a limit on freedom of expression?
when words create a "clear and present danger"
Which of the following prevented the newspaper from becoming an important medium until relatively recently in China?
widespread rural illiteracy the lack of good pulpwood
The army's Information and Education Division's Experimental Section was given the task of
testing the effectiveness of the government's mass communication campaigns.
What event in particular revealed the inadequacies of mass society theory?
the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast
Whose perspective do reporters typically rely upon in cases of natural or human-made disasters?
the authorities
With what do media researchers credit the 1938 radio broadcast of Orson Welles's The War of the Worlds?
the emergence of the limited effects perspective
Which story on a nightly newscast will audiences perceive as the most important?
the lead story
Which of the following researchers warned in 1941 against relying on administrative research?
Paul Lazarsfeld
Who was the social scientist that argued mere speculation about the impact of media was insufficient, and that more sophisticated studies were needed?
Paul Lazarsfeld
Which of the following are among the assertions of dependency theory?
We are dependent on media to understand the social world, act meaningfully in it, and find diversion. The central factor in media's influence is the relationship among the social system, the media's role, and how we relate to the media. Dependency is related to the number and importance of a medium's information-delivery functions and the amount of change and conflict present.
In social cognitive theory, modeling occurs in which of the following ways?
identification imitation
According to limited effects theories, which of the following limit media influence?
individual differences social categories personal relationships
The content of a television news report that discusses the concerns of residents, business owners, and public service providers regarding a growing homeless camp would be considered
informational.
Cultural theories give perspective on the ______ between the audience and the media.
interaction
True or false: British cultural theory assumes that media is an inherently negative force in society.
False
True or false: The Frankfurt School of media theory believed that typical media fare, such as popular music and movie comedies, elevated all people toward a better life.
False
The radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds had which of the following effects on mass communication theory?
It helped scientists discover that people were not all influenced in the same way.
Which of the following are among the criticisms of the uses and gratification approach?
It ignores media's cultural role in shaping people's media choices and use. It ignores unintentional media consumption.
Which of the following is the biggest problem with normalized news?
It keeps people from questioning and keeps journalists from investigating further.
List the following theories in order of their historical emergence, putting the earliest one at the top of the list.
Mass Society Theory Limited effects perspective cultural theory Meaning-making perspective
Agnes watches a television series about brothers who clean up crime scenes for secret assassins. The brothers always appear in unlikely places and seem to magically elude the police. Though the situations are improbable, Agnes sets aside any reservations and fully engages in the show and the characters. Which of the following describes what Agnes is doing?
She is willingly suspending disbelief.
Ingrid is the news director at a television news station. She has two significant reports to air on the evening news. She decides to air the report on a local gang shooting as the lead story and halfway through the news to show the investigation into charges of embezzlement and fraud of the city's police department. In which of the following ways is the audience likely to react?
The audience will view the gang shooting as the most important news.
According to modern neo-Marxist theory, which of the following are true?
The superstructure, which includes religion, politics, and mass media, oppresses people. People are oppressed by the powers that control the culture.
Match the type of mass communication research to its description.
administrative matches Choice, asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication critical matches Choice, asks broader questions about the greater implications of mass communication asks broader questions about the greater implications of mass communication
Which of the following investigates the immediate effects of mass communication?
administrative research
Which of the following theories argues that although the media may not tell us what to think, it can influence what we think about?
agenda setting
Which of the following argues that the media work to support the status quo?
critical cultural theory
Which of the following are considered to be the major contemporary forms of mass communication theory?
cultural theory meaning-making perspective
According to social cognitive theory, if a reality-show actor is rewarded for obnoxious behavior, it could lead to which of the following?
disinhibitory effects
In social cognitive theory, which of the following processes produce imitation and identification?
disinhibitory effects observational learning inhibitory effects
Which attitude change theory argues that new information can cause people mental discomfort?
dissonance theory
Mass communication theories are
human constructions. often borrowed from other fields. dynamic and changing.
According to social cognitive theory, which of the following modeling behaviors is the most likely way that television influences behavior?
identification
Samantha is watching a television drama that takes place in a modern house. She likes the living room featured on the show. It has two long, white leather couches and a glass coffee table. There are no curtains, and the walls are painted white. Samantha buys two charcoal-grey chairs and removes her curtains. Which of the following forms of modeling is Samantha displaying?
identification
Which of the following describes the political orientation of modern critical cultural theory?
left
The theories that emerged from the first systematic, scientific study of media effects are now called ______ theories.
limited effects
Joseph Klapper wrote a highly influential book on the effects of ______ in 1960.
mass communication
Which of the following is/are used to relate mass communications to our personal lives and social systems?
mass communication theories
Which of the following argues that media are corrupting influences that negatively affect defenseless, "average" people?
mass society theory
The concept of the early window is based on the idea that
media are a window on the world.
The motives of which of the following are emphasized by the uses and gratifications approach?
media consumers
Social cognitive theory argues that people learn through
observation.
People who receive media information, interpret it in light of their own beliefs, and pass it along to followers with similar beliefs are known as
opinion leaders.
According to dissonance theory, people consume, remember, and interpret information using three interrelated
selective processes.
The Frankfurt School assigned a higher value to which of the following?
serious art
In social construction of reality theory, what term describes something that has subjective meaning?
sign
The concept of typification schemes is used in which of the following?
social construction of reality theory
Mass communication theories attempt to explain or predict which of the following?
social phenomena
What changes as America entered the 1960s led theorists to consider both the limited effects idea and mass society theory inadequate to explain the media's impact?
social problems such as racial strife and gender inequality increased sophistication of media industries and consumers
Television news stations, in an effort to save time and money, tend to present ______ portrayals of violent crime, focusing on, say, crimes committed in a particular "bad" neighborhood, even if those crimes represent only a minute percentage of total crime in the area.
symbolic
What newly established medium did Joseph Klapper neglect in his development of reinforcement theory?
television
The uses and gratifications approach is often seen as absolving ______ of blame for negative media effects.
the media industries
Which of the following are the levels at which agenda setting operates?
the object level the attribute level
What led to the decline of limited effects theory?
the rise of media's influence in the 1960s
Which of the following, according to James W. Carey, sees media as senders of information for the purpose of control?
the transmissional perspective
Which of the following, an example of a limited effects theory, argues that voter behavior is limited by opinion leaders and followers?
two-step flow theory
